Cancer in the oral cavity symptoms. Slug cancer: the outlook and what looks like. Forms and types of cancer in the oral cavity - stage development of oncology

Cancer cavity cancer is characterized by the formation of a malignant tumor, which is located on the mucous membrane. The group of possible ailments includes cancer of the language, the bottom of the mouth, cheeks, gums, solid neba, herbal and linguistic alignment, salivary glands. Pathology is manifested in ulcers that will overgrow long and in the growth of tissues.

Etiology

According to the doctors, the male has much more chance to get sick on the cavity cancer. The basis of the group is people aged older than 50 years. The provoking factors include such indicators:

• nicotine;
• using the "smokeless" tobacco;
• alcohol;
• heredity;
• prolonged sunbathing.

Also evolve diseases maybe when defeating the oral cavity. The risk of developing cancer can be in people with, with a weak immunity. Provice the appearance of pathology can also cause such reasons - unbalanced nutrition, a lack of vitamins, contact with asbestos.

Classification

The disease can manifest itself in various forms depending on the form of development. Thus, the doctors highlighted three main types of cancer:

• ulcerative - manifests itself in the form of ulcers, which long heals and can increase in volume;
• journal - seals are formed at different parts of the oral cavity, they quickly progress, have clear outlines and shape, sometimes covered with spots white Tint;
• papillary - increased dense education, which hang in the mouth and bring significant discomfort to the patient.

Localize the tumor can also in different places. At the location of the doctors identified several forms of cancer:

• cheeks;
• bottom of the oral cavity;
• language;
• in the field of alveolar processes;
• neub.

Development is developing with different intensity depending on the etiological factor. However, each patient pathology is formed in 5 stages:

• zero - the neoplasm does not enter the mucous membrane, the tumor dimensions are relatively small;
• the first - in the volume of the tumor is not more than 2 cm, the growing further does not occur on the cavity;
• the second - in diameter, the neoplasm reaches 4 cm, the progressive illness has not yet struck the lymphatic nodes;
• the third is a tumor more than four centimeters, lymph nodes are damaged;
• fourth - metastases apply to the internal organs, the pathological process is developing in lungs, it applies to the bones of the face, nasal sinuses.

Doctors and patients should take into account that if you run a illegal to 3 and 4 stages, then no therapy will help the patient. During this period, only supportive treatment is appointed to a person who is sent to the minimum improvement in the health of the patient.

The fourth stage of illness is characterized by the appearance of metastases, and they, in turn, can spread with different strengths. Therefore, the doctors highlighted another classification, which perfectly helps determine the degree of damage to metastases:

• N1 is the only metastase in the lymphatic node, the volume is no more than 3 centimeters;
• N2 - foci of inflammation in one or several nodes are formed, the size increases to 6 cm;
• N3 - metastases exceed six centimeters mark;
• M - separate metastases appear.

Symptomatics

On the initial stage Patology The patient does not feel any significant pain syndromes. At this moment, the patient can overcome specific symptoms of cancer of the oral cavity:

• minor pain in the damaged zone;
• with increasing tumor in volume progresses and pain syndrome;
• pain attacks can be given in the ear, temple;
• hammering and chewing food;
• the operation of the salivary glands increases.

Decramrates at the last stage, it is possible on a characteristic sign - malicious cavity. Such a symptom indicates the infection and disintegration of the tumor.

In addition to the above indicators, such signs may inform about the appearance of malignant education:

• stains of a red or white shade on the mucous;
• feeling of swelling and the sequity of some parts of the mouth;
• numbness and bleeding in the oral cavity;
• a little swollen neck;
• voting weight;
• pain in the ears;
• severe weight loss;
• loss of teeth.

Such indicators are characteristic not only for cancer, but also for other dental problems. Therefore, if you turn to the doctor on time, it is possible to avoid complications and eliminate malignant neoplasms.

Diagnostics

After the cancer of the oral cavity showed his symptoms and the patient felt a significant discomfort, he must necessarily apply for help of the doctor. If you reveal the initial stage of cancer in time, it is possible to eliminate it without serious surgery.

During the inspection, a doctor is prescribed several laboratory and instrumental examinations:

• natofaringoscopy;
• radiography of the organs of the chest and bones of the skull;
• biopsy;
• blood for oncomarkers;
• scintigraphy;

Research by all possible methods Allows you to accurately determine the ailment, progression of the tumor process and identify the stage of development of the neoplasm.

Treatment

Cancer treatment is to provide a patient for operational assistance, radiation impact on a tumor or chemotherapy to reduce the amount of cancer cells.

Operational treatment of the tumor in the oral cavity and the rotoglotus provides for the removal of the neoplasm with the neighboring lymph nodes.

If a patient has a moving formation, then it is assigned a tumor removal operation without excision of bone tissue. Depending on the progressive degree of pathology, surgical assistance can also be provided with partial removal of jaw bones or the affected part of the tongue, with the removal of a part of the skin and the restoration of it with particles in a different place.

In some cases, patients are prescribed to the micrographic operation, which is based on the removal of the damaged part of the tissue layers and the study of them during operating.

Rauchery treatment is very often carried out by those patients who have small tumors in the mouth or the rotoglot. If the patient found the formation of essential sizes, then such therapy is carried out with the operation and is characterized by the same removal of the tumor. Such treatment is also appointed to eliminate some signs - pain, bleeding, difficult swallowing.

In the chemotherapy of the doctor, preparations for each patient individually are selected. Such treatment helps to completely get rid of cancer cells. Therapy of chemicals can be assigned together with operation and radiation treatment.

Chemotherapy is prescribed after providing operational assistance. It is necessary in order to accurately eliminate all malignant cells.

When conducting therapy with a similar method, a patient may appear somewhat unpleasant side Effects - Nausea, vomiting, stool violation, baldness, fatigue. All manifestations that happen to the patient after the introduction of drugs intravenously, must be reported to the doctor so that it can analyze the effect of medication on the body.

With pathology therapy is also very important to follow the hygiene oral cavity. For cleansing, dentists recommend complying with such rules:

• brush your teeth;
• use dental thread;
• reduce the number of spices and hard food in the diet;
• eliminate nicotine and alcoholic beverages;
• chewing gum and lollipops should be without sugar.

Prevention

To avoid the malignant formation of human pathology, the doctors advise to monitor the oral hygiene, regularly clean your teeth, do not forget to rinse the mouth after each meal reception. It is also worth abandoning all negative habits, balance meals. The main Council concerns regular visits to the dentist. Thanks to constant consultations, the doctor will be able to quickly identify even the smallest diseases and the patient will be able to quickly cope with pathology.

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Most often education is developing on lips, side surfaces of the language, soft sky, as well as in the oral cavity. Some formations cause pain or irritation. Education may notice the patient or they can be discovered only during a scheduled survey.

The squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is common worldwide, and its frequency in the UK increased by 19% from the mid-90s. Mortality in this disease is about 50% mainly as a result of late diagnosis. The main risk factors are nutritional disorders, alcohol abuse and smoking or tobacco chewing. In some parts of Asia, the disease is common among people who have palm trees katech, wrapped in Bethel's leaves ("Bethel Nuts"). The cavity cancer can manifest itself in different ways and therefore is needed high alertness. In patients with suspicious defeats apply all possible methods Treating local injuries or infections, and after 2 weeks they need to be examined. In the absence of positive dynamics of the pathological process, biopsy is recommended. The low-dimensional tumor can be deleted, in some cases it is shown the sealing removal of the suspended lymph nodes. Some patients show only a radical removal with subsequent radiation therapy conducted in the postoperative period to eliminate microscopic foci of cancer cells. Some tumors are sensitive to photodynamic therapy (PDT), which eliminates the need for operation.

Symptoms and signs of cavity cancer

• Single ulcer without provoking factors in history, for example, local injury
• Single white spot (leukoplakia), which is impossible to remove
• Single red stain
• Fixed lump
• Lip numbness in the absence of injury or infection
• TRIZM SHEETING MUMBERS (Painful / Difficult Opening of the Mouth)
• Cervical lymphadenopathy

Causes of neoplasms in the oral cavity

Education in the oral cavity can be:

• benign;
• dysplastic;
• malignant.

Benign neoplasms

Most formations of the oral cavity are benign; Allocate many types.

Chronic irritation can cause a constant seal or a convex area on the gum. Benign education in response to irritation is rather common and can be removed with the help of surgery if necessary. In 10-40% of people, benign formations on the gum appear again as the stimulus is preserved. Sometimes such irritation, especially if it remains a long time, can lead to cancer changes.

Warts can develop in the oral cavity. Ordinary warts (vulgar warts) can develop in the mouth, if a person sucks or chews a wart, grown on the finger. Pointed Condylomes caused by papillomavirus infection (HPV) can also occur in the oral cavity when transmitting the pathogen during oral sex.

Candidiasis of the oral cavity is often manifested in the form of white, cheese plaques that adhere tightly to the mucous membranes and leave red erosion when erasing. Thrush is most common among patients with diabetes or immunodeficiency and among host antibiotics.

Network torus is a slowly growing, rounded bone projection, which is formed by the midline of the solid sky or on inner side Lower jaw. This heavy neoplasm is sufficient and harmless. Even a large neoplasm can be left alone, unless it is injured during a meal or patient needs a prosthesis that affects the area of \u200b\u200beducation. Several bone growths in the mouth may indicate a family adenomatous polypose, hereditary disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, involving several polyps.

Keratoacantomas are benign formations that are forming on the lips and other areas opened by sunlight, for example, on face, forearms and arms. Keratoacanta usually reaches the final size of 1-3 cm and more in diameter for 1-2 months, then months later begin to decrease and can ultimately disappear without treatment.

Many types of cyst cause pain and edema of the jaws. Often they are associated with the affected tooth of wisdom and can destroy large areas of the lower jaw as the development. Some kinds of cysts are likely to emerge after surgical removal. Different types of cyst may also arise in the bottom of the oral cavity. Often these cysts are removed surgically because they deliver inconvenience when swallowing or because they have unattractive appearance.

Odontoms are excessive growth of cells forming teeth, and look like small, deformed additional teeth. In children, they can be located on the way to rub the normal tooth. In adults, they can push teeth from the smooth position. Odontom women are usually removed surgically.

The tumors of the salivary glands mainly (7580%) benign, slowly growing and painless. As a rule, arise as the only mild rolling lump under the skin of a normal form or under the mucosa of the oral cavity. Sometimes these tumors are hollow and filled with liquid, then they are solid. The most common type is the pleomorphic adenoma, which arises mainly in women\u003e 40 years. Pleomorphic adenoma can become malignant and they are removed surgically. With not complete deletion, this type of tumor may appear again. Other types of benign tumors also remove surgically, but they have a much less likelihood of becoming malignant or re-appear.

Displanic changes

White, red or mixed white-red areas that are not easy to erase, saving for\u003e 2 weeks and not diagnosed as some other states can be dysplastic. For dyslastical changes there are the same risk factors as for malignant neoplasms. In addition, dysplastic changes can become malignant if they are not deleted.

Erythlace is a red and flat or erased area that occurs when the mucous membrane of the oral cavity is thinned. The region seems red because the main capillaries are more noticeable. Eritrekia is a much more sulstly predictor of cancer of the oral cavity than leukoplakia.

Cancer oral cavity

People who use tobacco, alcohol or both of these substances have a much higher risk (up to 15 times) the development of cancer of the oral cavity. Those who use chewing and snuff tobacco, common places of its localization are the inner surfaces of the cheeks and lips. In other patients, the most common places for cancer include side boundaries of the language, the bottom of the oral cavity and the oraloglot. Rarely cancer detected in the oral region is the result of metastasis from light, breast or prostate.

The cancer of the oral cavity may have many different performances, but, as a rule, resembles dysplastic lesions (for example, white, red or mixed white-red areas).

Assessment of the patient's condition with neoplasms in the oral cavity

Anamnesis. The history of the current disease includes questions about how long the tumor growth occurs, is there any injury in this area (for example, cheek bite, scraping with a sharp edge of the tooth or during the restoration of the teeth). Patients are asked about the symptoms of systemic diseases, in particular weight loss and general ailment.

In the history of the disease, it is necessary to strive to detect the risk factors for the development of candidiasis, incl. The recent use of antibiotics, diabetes and HIV infection (or HIV-infection risk factors). Number and duration of alcohol and tobacco consumption.

Physical examination. Physical examination focus on the oral cavity and neck, checking and palpming all areas of the oral cavity and throat, incl. under the tongue. The neck is palprate to detect lymphadenopathies that suggest possible cancer or chronic infection.

Alarming signs. The following signs are of particular concern:

• weight loss;
• neof formation on the neck.

Interpretation of results. The main task is not to be confused by the cancer of the oral cavity or dysplastic lesions with benign disorders. Clinicians must maintain a high degree of suspicion and send the patient to the biopsy if the defeat does not disappear within a few weeks.

Testing. Suspected candidiasis can be confirmed by the detection of yeast and pseudogify in painted horse scraps from the lesion area. Other acute lesions may occur, especially emerging due to local injury or irritation. However, most lesions are present for several weeks and during lesions, the duration of which is unknown, should be carried out by a biopsy, since cancer is difficult to exclude clinical grounds.

Treatment of neoplasms in the oral cavity

Treatment depends on the nature of the neoplasm.

Key points

• Most of the neoplasms in the oral cavity are benign.
• Warts, candidiasis and repeated injuries are common causes of benign neoplasms.
• Alcohol and tobacco consumption can be a risk factor for cancer.
• Since cancer is difficult to diagnose when inspection, biopsy is often necessary.

Malignant oral tumors of the oral cavity are developing in men 5-7 times more often than women. People aged 60-70 are most often sick.

Among the neoplasms of the oral cavity, 65% falls on malignant tumors of the language, 12.9% fall on the mucous cheeks, 10.9% - at the bottom of the oral cavity, 8.9 - on the mucous membrane of the alveolar process of the upper jaw and solid sky, 6.2% - On the mild sky, 5.9% - on the mucous membrane of the alveolar outflow of the lower jaw, 1.5% - on the tongue of the soft sky, 1.3% - on the front palas.

Preiodine States:

Bondnate prediction: Bowen's disease and erytoplasia Caera.

Optional presets: the verrup and erosive form of leukoplakia, papilloma and papillomatomatosis of the gum.

Background diseases: leukoplakia smokers, leukoplakia flat, chronic ozels of the oral cavity.

Factors contributing to malignization:

harmful household habits (smoking, alcohol abuse, use of "NASA", Betel's chewing);

harmful production factors (chemical production, hot workshops, work in dusty rooms, permanent stay outdoors, in a humid environment low temperatures, excessive insolation);

nutrition nature (insufficient content in food vitamin A or impaired its digestibility, systematic use of too hot food, sharp dishes);

chronic mechanical injury to a crown of a destroyed tooth, a sharp edge of a seal or a poorly made prosthetic;

single mechanical injury (biting language or cheeks during food or conversation, damage to the mucous membrane tool during the treatment or removal of the tooth.

International Histological Classification of Malignant Oral Tumors:

Intraepithelial carcinoma (Carcinoma in Citu).

Flake carcation cancer - germinates the connective tissue.

Varieties of flat-stacked cancer:

iirnory plane carcinoma cancer (drover carcinoma);

non-propelled flat-belling cancer;

the low-differentiated cancer consists of the cells of the spin-like shape resembling the sarcoma. This type of cancer is significantly malignant compared to previous.

Sarcomathe occurrences of the oral cavity are quite diverse, but it is rarely found than malignant tumors of epithelial origin.

They distinguish between the Fibrospar, Liposarcoma, Leiomiosarcoma, Rabdomiosarcoma, Chondrosarcom, Hemangioendothelioma (Angiosarcoma), hemangioperation.

There are four stages of cancer of the oral mucous membrane.

I. stage - Tumor (papillary), infiltration or ulcer in diameter up to 2 cm, not beyond what kind of oral cavity (cheek, gum, heaven, bottom of the oral cavity) is limited to the mucous membrane. In regional lymph nodes, metastases are not defined.

II. stage - The defeat of the same or larger diameter, which is not beyond what one of the oral cavity department, although propagating in the submucoscent layer. In regional lymph nodes - single moving metastases.

III stage - The tumor was introduced into the toed soft fabrics (but not deeper the periosa of the jaw), spread to the neighboring collapse of the oral cavity (for example, from the cheek per gum). In regional lymph nodes - multiple movable or limited moving metastases with dimensions up to 2 cm in diameter. A smaller tumor can be determined, but in regional lymph nodes, limited mobile or bilateral metastases are determined.

IV stage - The lesion applies to several departments of the oral cavity and deeply infiltrates the fabrics, the bones of the face, ulcerate its skin. In regional lymph nodes - fixed or disintegrating metastases. A tumor of smaller sizes can be determined, but with the presence of remote metastases.

Cancer Languageit is often found in the middle third of the side surface of the organ (62-70%) and in the root. The bottom surface, the back (7%) and the tip of the tongue (3%) are greatly affected. Language root cancer occurs in 20-40% of patients. Flake carcury cancer of the front of the language is more often 1-2 degrees of malignancy and comes from small salivary glands.

Classification. According to the degree of propagation distinguish between four stages of language cancer:

I. stage - limited tumor or ulcer with dimensions from 0.5 to 1 cm in diameter, located in the thickness of the mucous membrane and the submucosal base. Metastasis in regional nodes is not yet.

II. stage - The tumor or ulcer of large sizes is up to 2 cm in diameter, turbulent into the thickness of the muscular fabric, but not beyond the limits of half of the language. In submandibular and chin areas, single moving metastases are noted.

III stage - The tumor or ulcer occupies half the language and moves for its average line or at the bottom of the oral cavity. Long mobility is limited. Movable multiple regional metastases or single, but limitedly movable.

IV stage - a large tumor or ulcer, striking most of the tongue, applies not only to neighboring soft fabrics, but also on the bones of the facial skeleton. There are multiple regional, limited movable, or single, but fixed, metastases.

Malignant tumors of the patients are often detected independently and pretty early (exception - hard-to-reach distal departments). This occurs as a result of the appearance of painful sensations, early emerging functional disorders (chewing, swallowing, speech). With the help of the mirror, patients often inspect the patient part of the tongue, detecting pathological formations. At palpation, the presence of dense tumor infiltrate at the base of ulcers is determined. Sometimes it strikes the inconsistency of the size of small ulcers and a large, deep infiltrate around it. The size of the tumor tumor increases in the direction from the tip to the root. It is necessary to take into account the possibility of spreading the tumor for the average language line. Pains for cancer of the tongue at first have a localized character, a small intensity. As the tumor grows, they acquire constant character, are becoming more intense, irradiated along the branches of the trigeminal nerve. In terminal stages, patients are hardly talking, they often can't take ordinary food and even drink. It is possible to break the breathing in distal localizations due to the obturation of the tumor of the oral chub.

A characteristic feature of the malignant tumors of the language is frequent and early metastasis in regional lymph nodes. The presence of a thick lymph network, a large number of lymphovenous anastomoses between the vessels of both half of the language explains the frequency of contralateral and bilateral metastases. The direct lining of the lymphatic vessels of the distal language in the deep lymph nodes of the upper third of the neck leads to early detection of metastases in this group of lymph nodes. Often patients discover the tumor node on the neck, not in the language of the language, and turn to a general surgeon or therapist. If the doctor evaluates these manifestations like lymphadenitis, then incorrect medical tactics leads to the neglence of the tumor process.

Cancer of the mouth of the mouth.Pretty men aged 50-70 years are sick. The topographic and anatomical features are associated with the proximity and, consequently, the possibility of spreading to the lower surface of the language, the alveolar outflow of the lower jaw, the opposite side of the oral bottom of the oral cavity, which is a bad prognostic sign. In the terminal stage, the muscles of the mouth of the oral cavity will geruple the muscles of the oral gland, making it difficult to determine the initial point of growth. Often the proliferation of the tumor occurs paravazally on the system of the gear artery. Initially, patients note a tumor that is sensible. In the ulceration, pain appear, hypersion; When talking and receiving food, pain is enhanced. Repeated bleeding are possible. Sometimes, as with a cancer language, the first sign is a metastatic node on the neck. When localizations in the rear sections of the oral mouth often has the appearance of the gap. According to the histological type of the tumor of this localization, the planellic racks are most often.

Cancer mucosa sheath. In the initial stage, malignant tumor is difficult to distinguish from banal ulcers. Typichnaya Localization of cancer sensations of cheeks: Corners of the mouth, the line of closure of the teeth, the retromolar region.

Symptoms: pain when talking, meals, when swallowing. The damage to the distal departments of the region leads to the restriction of the opening of the mouth due to germination of chewing or inner wing like muscles. The loss of the mucous membrane of the cheek is more common in men of more elderly than malignant tumors of other localities of the oral cavity.

Sky mucosa cancer. On the solid sky, malignant tumors made of small salivary glands (cylinders, adenokystous carcinomas) occur more often. Flat-cell cancer of this localization is rare. The secondary tumors often occur as a result of the spread of cancer of the upper jaw, the nasal cavity.

On the soft sky, on the contrary, there are more commonly plane bakery cancers. The morphological features of tumors of this localization are reflected in their clinical flow. The solid sky cancer is quickly ulcerated, causing an unpleasant feeling first, and later pain, increasing during food and conversation. New-forming from small salivary glands for a long time may have small dimensions, increasing slowly, painlessly. In such patients, the first and main complaint - for the presence of a tumor on the solid sky. As the tumor grows and increase the pressure on the mucous membrane, it is ulcerated, the secondary infection is joined. Pain appear. Early engaged in the tumor process to be palaced.

Cancer Front Sky Dress- more differentiated and less prone to metastasis. It is usually found in men aged 60-70 years. Complaints on unpleasant feelings in the throat, later - pain, increasing when swallowing. The restriction of the opening of the mouth and repetitive bleeding belongs to the late and prognostically bad symptoms.

Cancer mucosa Alveolar's top and lower jaw processes. Almost always has the structure of flat-belling cancer. It manifests itself pretty early, because The teeth are involved in the process and the toggie pain occurs. It may pass the doctor to the wrong way. In the initial period, the tumor is local and bleed with a slight touch. Infiltration of the bone tissue occurs in a few months and is considered as a late manifestation of the disease. The degree of propagation on the bone is determined by radiographically. Regional metastasis is observed in third of the patients.

Features of regional metastasis of malignant oral tumors. The oral cancer cancer usually metastasizes in surface and deep neck lymph nodes. The frequency of metastasis is high and, according to various sources, is 40-70%.

With the damage to the mucous membrane of the cheek, the bottom of the oral cavity and the alveolar trails of the lower jaw metastases are found in the subband lymph nodes. The chin lymph nodes are affected by metastases rarely when localizing tumors in the front sections of the listed organs.

Cancer tumors of the dystal oral cavity are more often metastasized in the middle and upper jugular lymph nodes. With the damage to the mucous membrane of the oral surface of the alveolar processions of the upper jaw, the metastasis occurs in the surviving lymph nodes, inaccessible to palpation and surgical removal.

Remote metastases when cancer of the oral cavity are rare. According to the US oncologists, they are diagnosed in 1-5% of patients. Remote metastases can affect light, heart, liver, brain, skeleton bones. Their diagnosis is very complex and in some patients are detected only on autopsy.

Treatment Malignant oily formations of the oral cavity is a very complex problem.

Conditionally treatment can be divided into two stages:

1. Treatment of primary hearth;

2. Treatment of regional metastases.

For the treatment of primary focus, radiation, surgical and combined methods are used. One of the most common methods for treating tumors of this localization is radial. It is used in 89% of patients with malignant oral tumors.

Many authors indicate the advantages of combined radiation therapy, when the remote outer exposure in soda is used in the first stage of the course, and then go to the intra-breasted irradiation technique, giving an additional dose of about 30-35 gr.

The use of chemotherapy, especially a complex of chemotherapy, allowed to ensure regression of tumors in some cases than 50% of the initial value. In this case, it turned out that the flat-belling cancer of the oral cavity is sensitive, mainly to two drugs: methotrexate and bleomycin.

The surgical method of treatment of malignant oral tumors is carried out by all the rules adopted in oncology: i.e. The resection of the affected organ should be carried out within the limits of healthy tissues, retreat from visible and palpable tumor boundaries by 2.5-3.0 cm. An isolated surgical method with this localization of the neoplasms is practically no applied due to their special malignancy.

The most common up to date type of surgical interventions during language cancer is hemiglossectomy (half resection). For the first time this operation was performed by the Pimperhell Dane in 1916.

- Malignant neoplasms that develop from the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and make up about 1.5% of all human tumors.

Most often, the disease occurs in men aged 40-60 years. Experience shows that in most cases, tumors are developing on pathologically modified tissues. Most often it is a long inflammatory processes Various etiology and discratosis, which relate to the so-called prejudice.

Causes of mouth cancer

Significant role in development pathological processes In the oral cavity plays such bad habits, like smoking, abuse of strong alcohol, the use of "NASA" from peoples Central Asia, Peoples of India are chewing betel leaves.

Also, factors such as chronic mechanical injury caused by a destroyed tooth crown, a sharp edge of a seal or a poorly made prosthetic. The nature of nutrition has a certain value for the development of prematum states.

Insufficient content in food vitamin A or a violation of its digestibility leads to a change in the processes of the energization. Undoubtedly the harmful effects of systematic use of too hot and acute food.

Symptoms of oral cancer

The clinical course of cancers of the oral cavity organs can be divided into three phases or periods: initial, developed and period of launch.

Initial period

At this time, the patients most often note the unusual sensations in the zone of the pathological focus.

When examining the oral cavity, various changes can be detected:

• sealing mucous membrane;
• tissue seal;
• surface ulcers;
• papillary neoplasms;
• white spots, etc.

During this period, it is necessary to carefully examine the organs of the oral cavity, since the analysis of observations shows that almost 10% of cases at the first appeals to the doctor, local lesions on the mucous membrane were not detected.

Pains that are usually forced to turn to the doctor are noted in the initial period of cancer development in about 25% of cases. However, more than 50% of cases of pain are associated with an angina, teeth disease, etc.

Especially often it is observed when cancer with localization in the rear half of the oral cavity and the alveolar edge of the jaw. Often, the doctors are sent along the false path.

In the initial period of development of cancer of the oral cavity, it is advisable to distinguish three anatomical forms:

• peptic;
• nodogo;
• papillary.

The peptic form is observed most often, about 50% of patients with sizes of ulcers increase slowly, others quickly. Conservative treatment, as a rule, does not lead to a decrease in ulcers. This can be said about the two following forms.

A noded form is manifested by a seal in the mucous membrane with whitish spots around or hardening in tissues. In the latter case, the mucous membrane over hardening can be unchanged. Seals typically have clear boundaries and develop faster than with peptic form.

The papillary form is characteristic of the presence of dense increases over the mucous membrane. They are developing rapidly and are often covered with an undisturbed mucous membrane.

Developed period

At this time, numerous symptoms appear. First of all, almost all patients are disturbed by pain of different intensity, although sometimes, even with large sizes of tumors, pain may be absent.

Pains become painful, have a local character or irradiate into a particular area of \u200b\u200bthe head, more often to the appropriate ear, the temporal area. Many patients enhances savance as a result of irritation of the mucous membrane with products of the tumor decay.

A typical symptom is a malware smell of mouth - satellite decay and tumor infection.

In the developed period of cancer of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, two anatomical forms are distinguished:

Period of launch

Cancer of the oral mucosa, quickly spreading, destroys the surrounding tissues and should be attributed to those tumors that are considered exclusively aggressive and malignant.

It should be noted that in general the casing of the mucous membrane of the rear half of the oral cavity proceeds more malignant than the front, treat the cancer of the rear half of the oral cavity is also much harder.

Descriptions of the symptoms of cavity cancer

Diagnosis of mouth cancer

The clinical recognition of the oral mucosa of the oral mucous membrane is based on the knowledge of the features of the development of this form of a malignant tumor and does not cause great difficulties.

This requires an estimate of the localization of the tumor, its size, the degree of propagation and the clinical form of growth. To date, the degree of propagation of the tumor is determined visually and palpatorially.

The secondary damage to the tumor of the bones of the facial skeleton is determined by the X-ray method of research and scintigraphy. However, the infiltration of the tumor of the perception is not possible in this way, and therefore it is necessary to be content with a clinical assessment of its engagement in the tumor process.

The problem of the morphological method of the study is to determine the tumor belonging to the biopsy material, the histological structure of malignant neoplasm, differentiation of the plane carcinction cancer, the prevalence of tumor infiltration into the surrounding tissues, vessels.

All these signs are important to predict the course of the disease and the choice of treatment method. The cytological method is of particular importance for the differential diagnosis of small tumors and prematubolic diseases.

The diagnosis of regional metastases, as a rule, does not represent difficulties. To predict the course of the disease and the choice of the most rational method of treatment, an assessment of the number of regional metastases and their localization in the corresponding groups of lymph nodes of the neck is necessary, which is determined by palpare and using ultrasound scanning.

A cytological study of points from a metastatic node allows in 80% of cases to put the correct diagnosis.

The diagnosis of remote metastases requires the study of organs of the most frequently affected by flat-milk cancer, for this purpose is carried out:

• radiography of the chest organs;
• liver functional study;
• ultrasonic liver study.

Treatment of cavity cancer

The treatment of patients with cancer of the oral mucous membrane can be divided into two stages: treatment of primary hearth and treatment of regional metastases.

I Stage - Treatment of the Primary Fragment

Remembered, combined and surgical methods are used to treat primary neoplasms.

Rade method of treatment of cavity cancer

One of the most common methods for the treatment of oral mucosa and oral mucosa. It is used in 88.7% of patients with tumors of the oral cavity organs, and in 72.4% as an independent method. He is recognized as the main thing in the treatment on early stages development of tumors.

Most often remote gamma therapy is used, less often intramilia and their combination. As for the results, according to domestic and foreign authors in the primary cancer of the mobile part of the language corresponding to the I and II stages (T1 and T2), the use of various methods of radiation therapy allowed 70-85% and 38-56% for 5 years and 38-56% patients.

In case of cancer I, the bottom of the oral cavity for 5 years is cured 53-66% of patients, and stage II - 43-46%, with cheek cancer - 81 and 61%, respectively. The results of radiation treatment of the oral mucosa of the oral sheath of the III stage are much worse - 16-25%.

Combined method of treatment of cavity cancer

Currently, the combined method for treating the oral mucosa cancer, the main component of which is the main component of which is widely used in our country.

Most specialists at the first stage of treatment recommend remote gamma therapy, and on the second - operational intervention. Doses of preoperative irradiation are 35-45 grams.

The favorable results of the 5-year-old combined treatment of cancer of the language I and II stages are comparable to the results of only radiation impact on the tumor and will automatize 80-94% and 39-65%, respectively.

In tumors of other localizations I and II steps, a long-term cure was achieved in 30-53% patients with cancer of the mouth of the oral cavity, in a 42.8% alveolar traction of the lower jaw and, respectively, 94 and 65% of chick cancer patients.

In case of disease III stage, the results of combined treatment of cancer of any localization in the oral cavity accounted for up to 37% of cure for 5 years. This method is used as a leading prostrated cancer.

The main component is an operation, its volume must correspond to the degree of propagation of the primary tumor, the form of its development and its histological structure.

Surgical method of treatment of cavity cancer

In the surgery of the language is widely used to date half-sizing language. This operation is performed in both the I-II cancer, and for large tumors in the composition of combined interventions (by 2 or more organs). The boundaries of excision are at least 2-4 cm healthy fabrics.

When the rolling part of the language and the bottom of the oral cavity, the rolling part of the language and the bottom of the oral cavity is performed with resection of the mouth of the oral cavity (with indications and resection of the lower jaw) with simultaneous plastic with skin-muscle flaps of tissue defects and the bottom of the oral cavity.

Stage II - Tactics Impact on Regional Metastasation Areas

Regional metastases of the oral mucous membrane of all localities are observed in 23-40% of cases.

The greatest percentage of metastases in the lymph nodes of the neck is noted with a primary tumor of 4 cm and more. The following data of domestic and foreign authors speak about the influence of regional metastases on the fate of patients.

With primary tumor 4 cm and more with morphologically confirmed metastases in the timeline of 5 years, only 17-20% of patients are alive and metastases. Regardless of the size of the primary tumor with regional metastases, 9-33% of patients are alive, and in their absence - 50-70%.

The leading method of treatment of regional metastases is a surgical method. For this purpose, fascial-and-case excision of the fiber of the neck and an operation of kraila are performed. In order to prevent the development of regional metastases, a number of radiologists use electrically irradiation of regional lymphatic ottock zones.

Questions and answers on the topic "Crack of the mouth"

Question: Good day. Please tell me how much the operation is needed by my 37-year brother, which in August of this year diagnosed the mouth of the oral mucosa in the front department to the right with MTS to the submandibular, cervical l / y on the right, T3N2BM0. With that time, three courses of chemotherapy were conducted, But still it was decided to make an operation. Last ultrasound: On the right in front of the PSG, a hypo echogenic infiltrant was determined 3.1x2.6 cm. Without clear contours and single l / y No. 3, 1 cm. In diameter. In the course of the municipal muscle, the chain l / y with a hyperheogenic center, a maximum of 2.0x0.7 cm. Aluminum glands are not changed, the ones of l / in a specific nature are not defined, thyroid iron unchanged.

Answer: The operation is necessary - without it the chances of extending life, and even more so for recovery, extremely small.

The oral cancer is a less common type of oncology, which occurs about 5% of all cancer patients. Malignant tumors are affected by the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. The collapse cancer is a serious pathology that requires immediate medical care.

Why does the disease occur?

Scientists still can not determine from which malignant cells begin to develop malignant cells on the mucous membrane, soft and solid sky. Oncological diseases suffer from different categories of people. There are a number of factors that significantly increase the risk of developing collapse cancer:

The presence of one or more of the above factors can cause the development of the cancer of the mucous membrane. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and careful attitude towards their health will exclude you from the risk group and will significantly reduce the likelihood of the disease.

Mouth cavity diseases that can grow into cancer

Practically any disease of the oral cavity (cracks, ulcers, deprive, warts), which was not treated on time, can overround in the oral cancer. There are two pathologies that doctors are called a precancerous state.

For a long time, the red stain on the mucous membrane is called erythlace of the oral cavity. It does not cause painful sensations, changes in well-being, so diagnosed on the inspection of the dentist. Patients rarely detect spots on their own.

1. Erythlace is not a separate disease, the red stain itself does not carry a direct threat. These are altered cell epithelium cells. The risk of erythlace of oral cavity is that with a high probability it can be reborn into a cancer tumor. Finding signs of pathology, you need to take all measures to eliminate it.
2. Lakeaukia is considered the second precancer condition. It is the burden of the mucous membrane. Lakeaukia is diagnosed more often, since the rough stain is easier to fill with the help of the language. In the same way, as in the previous case, leukoplakia does not directly harm health, but often develops into oncology. Iirnoval sections without treatment continue to change and gradually turn into malignant.

Stages and symptoms of the disease

The main symptoms of the cavity cancer include:

Additional symptoms depend on the type of disease, and informational medical photos will help to understand what a malignant tumor looks like:

According to their form of education, they are divided into three types:

1. area (visually resemble ulcers that do not heal after processing with antiseptic means; over time, the ulcer begins to increase in size) (we recommend reading: how to get rid of ulcers in the mouth in the mouth?);
2. knotted (represent seals with outlined boundaries);
3. papillary (dense hanging education).

The development of cavity cancer is determined by five stages:

• zero - the tumor is small, affects the upper layer of the mucous;
• the first - the tumor does not apply to other fabrics, at this stage it grows up to 2 cm (see also: Causes of cheek tumors);
• the second - malignant neoplasm can grow up to 4 cm, but the lymph nodes are not yet affected;
• the third - the tumor reached the lymph nodes and continues to increase its dimensions;
• the fourth is characterized by abundant metastases in the internal organs.

Methods for diagnosing the mouth mucosa cancer

Usually, the mucosa cancer find dentists on the inspection. People go to the dentists with the problems of the oral cavity, without thinking about oncology. With any suspicions, the patient immediately goes to the oncologist for further diagnostics.

An oncologist can put an accurate diagnosis only after a comprehensive study:

1. Primary inspection. The doctor collects a complete history of the patient, heers the complaints, asks questions and conducts a visual inspection.
2. Biopsy. It is this differential study that determines the malignant tumor or not. With the help of a special syringe, the formation of formation cells for morphological analysis occurs.
3. Laboratory research. The patient gives a full range of blood tests, including the detection of oncomarckers.
4. Nosepharingoscopy. It is appropriate when studying the bottom of the oral cavity and a soft sky. A thin movable tube with a camera at the end of the doctor can carefully examine the celestial ring and the walls of the pharynx.
5. Scintigraphy. The method of diagnosing soft and bone tissues with gamma radiation. Pretty precisely defines pathogenic cells in the body.
6. Radiography, CT and MRI. Complement to additional research and search for metastases.

After a number of procedures and analyzes, the doctor will have all the necessary information for the diagnosis. An integrated examination allows not only to confirm the mystery of the oral mucosa, but also to determine the type of cancer (flat-mellular, adenocarcinoma, cylindrome), set the stage and find metastasis if they are. This will allow you to choose effective and proper treatment.

Methods of treating oncology of the oral cavity

There are three ways to treat cavity cancer:

1. radiation (irradiation);
2. chemotherapy;
3. surgical intervention.

The use of one treatment method is practiced extremely rare at the most initial stages of the alend's development. Complex treatment has become common, that is, simultaneous or alternate combination of radiation and chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgical intervention, operations and chemotherapy.

Such practice is at times increasing the chance of complete recovery. Survival of patients increases, the risk of relapses decreases.

Radiation therapy

It is high-energy X-ray, that is, exposure to a large dose of radiation capable of killing malignant cells. There are two types of radiation method - remote (external) and internal (radiation source is in proximity to the tumor).

Both types of irradiation can be used. First remote - to reduce the cancer and prevention of its growth. Then the internal, which is directed to the destruction of specific pathogenic cells.

With each procedure, the necessary dose of radiation, the impact area and the depth of penetration of the rays are calculated. Radiologists try to use the maximum permissible values \u200b\u200bof these indicators to destroy as much cancer cells as possible. Modern powerful devices make it possible to achieve positive results of treatment.

At the initial stages of the collapse cancer, the use of exclusively radiation therapy with large doses of radiation is practiced. Much more often this treatment method is used in a complex with others. For example, radiation therapy before the operation reduces the tumor, the surgeon will have to excort less tissues, which will accelerate rehabilitation and recovery.

Side Effects and Disadvantages:

The appearance of side effects must be informed of the doctor. It will prescribe drugs that improve well-being.

Treatment of chemotherapy products

In primary tumors, cisplatin or fluooracil are used. In the case of relapses, other drugs are applied, which are selected individually. The chemotherapy solution is introduced intravenously with a dropper.

Chemotherapy is used simultaneously or before radiation treatment. Preparations reduce the pathogenic area, which reduces the amount of the overall irradiation patient. Chemotherapy is always applicable in metastases and relapses. Often the course of treatment with drugs is prescribed after surgery, which reduces the risk of recycling tumor. Independently chemotherapy products can be used at the initial stages.

The treatment of cavity cancer has a number of consequences:

Surgical intervention

Operation as an independent method of treatment is practically not applied, but it is a decisive factor in the overall rate of anti-cancer therapy. Over the years, new methods of operational intervention during the oral cancer have been developed and enhanced.

Doctors practice two types of operations - "economical" and extended. In the first case, the surgeon removes a tumor without affecting neighboring organs and bone tissues. In the second, extensive resection is used with the complete removal of malignant cells, adjacent soft tissues, maxillary bones and lymph nodes. In practice, it is difficult to carry out a line between these types of operations. The surgeon must remove all the affected areas for the maximum effect of the procedure.

The layer-by-layer excision of the oral cavity tissues was common when the mucous membrane cancer. Each remote layer is checked under the microscope right during surgical intervention. Fabrics are removed until malignant "will not end."

Depending on the type of cancer, the surgeon determines the place of the cut, it is not always possible to remove the tumor of the mouth. An incision is made in the cheek, lower jaw, under the bottom lip. When cancer of the sky or the root of the tongue, one of the pharyingotomy methods is used (we recommend reading: language cancer at the initial stage: symptoms, photos and treatment).

When spreading tumor or metastases, extensive intervention is shown. Achievements of plastic surgery and dentistry allow maximum restore former appearance and return disability.

Forecast for recovery

When the cavity cancer is found at the beginning of its development, a positive forecast for recovery is great. Properly selected course of therapy increases the chances of full recovery.

The third and fourth stage, the presence of metastasis worsen the situation. With the growing cancer, the chances of full cure decrease. Modern technologies, drugs and experience of oncologists allowed to achieve patient survival in 60% of cases.