Federal agency of Education
State educational institution of higher professional education
Department of Life Safety
EXPLANATORY NOTE
to the final qualifying work
Assessment of hazardous and harmful factors in the workplace of a chemistry teacher
abstract
HAZARDOUS AND HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONAL FACTORS (OHPF), WORKPLACE CERTIFICATION, LABOR SAFETY, MICROCLIMATE, LIGHTING, MEASURES TO IMPROVE WORKING CONDITIONS, CLASS OF WORKING CONDITIONS
In the thesis, the object of research is workplace chemistry teacher. Hazardous and harmful production factors have been identified at the workplace. Comparison of RVPF values with standard values is made. The class of working conditions at the workplace of a chemistry teacher was determined, based on hygienic criteria and principles of classification of working conditions. The card for attestation of the workplace in terms of working conditions was completed and measures were developed to improve working conditions and increase the level of safety.
The purpose This thesis is a study and assessment of the working conditions at the workplace of a chemistry teacher.
Graduate work 45 pages, figures - 10, tables -11, used literature sources - 20.
Introduction
1. State of the assessment problem negative impacts in ergatic systems
1.1 Basic concepts and terminology of occupational safety
1.2 Classification of working conditions
1.3 Dangerous and harmful production factors
1.3.1 Industrial lighting
1.3.2 Industrial microclimate and its influence on the human body
1.4.1 The procedure for a general assessment of the tension of the work process
2. Identification of hazardous and harmful production factors (HCPF) at the workplace of a chemistry teacher
2.1 Description of the workplace of a chemistry teacher
2.2 Characteristics of the work performed
2.3 Measurement and Evaluation of Lighting in a Laboratory Chemistry Teacher
2.3.1 Daylight
2.3.2 Artificial lighting
2.4 Measurement of temperature and humidity in the working area of the laboratory
2.5 Measuring and evaluating lighting in the classroom
2.5.1 Natural light
2.5.2 Artificial lighting
2.6 Measuring air temperature and humidity in the classroom
3. Development of measures to normalize working conditions at the workplace of a chemistry teacher
3.1 Calculation of artificial lighting and the development of measures to improve the working conditions of a teacher in a laboratory
3.2 Calculation of artificial lighting and the development of measures to improve working conditions in the classroom
3.3 Assessment of the workplace of a chemistry teacher according to tension indicators
labor process
4. Filling out the certification card for the workplace of a chemistry teacher
List of used literature
Introduction
Working conditions are understood as the totality of the facts of the working environment that affect the health and performance of a person in the labor process.
Studies of working conditions have shown that the factors of the working environment in the labor process are: sanitary and hygienic conditions, psychophysiological elements, aesthetic elements, social and psychological elements.
From the above it follows that the production environment, which creates healthy and efficient working conditions, is mainly ensured by the choice of the technological process, materials and equipment; distribution of the load between the person and the equipment; the mode of work and rest, the aesthetic organization of the environment and the professional selection of workers.
Organization and improvement of working conditions at the workplace is one of the most important reserves of labor productivity and economic efficiency of production, as well as the further development of the working person himself. This is the main manifestation of the social and economic importance of the organization and the improvement of working conditions.
To maintain long-term human performance great importance has an alternation of the regime of work and rest (tension of the labor process). A rational physiologically grounded regime of work and rest means such an alternation of periods of work with a period of rest, at which a high efficiency of socially useful human activity, good health, a high level of working capacity and labor productivity are achieved.
Also, in order to create optimal working conditions at the workplace, it is necessary that the optimal indicators of factors are established at the enterprise the environment(lighting, noise, microclimate, ventilation) for each type of production, consisting of data characterizing the production environment.
Economic aspects. The level of solving the problems of ensuring the safety of human life in any modern state can serve as the most reliable and comprehensive criterion for assessing both the degree economic development and the stability of this state, and to assess the moral state of society. This is explained by the fact that a deep and comprehensive solution of complex problems generated by scientific and technological progress requires huge investments and a high culture of production, and therefore, only an economically highly developed, stable state with a powerful scientific, technical and intellectual potential can do it.
Environmental aspects. Particularly acute are the problems of ensuring human safety directly at enterprises, where the zones of formation of various hazardous and harmful factors practically permeate the entire production environment in which the labor activity of personnel is carried out. Labor protection problems affect many aspects of the life and work of labor collectives. The difficulty lies in the fact that a solution must be provided at every stage of the production process, at every production site, at every workplace. The creation of a fundamentally new, safe and harmless to humans equipment and technology requires a systematic, integrated approach to solving the problems of labor protection.
NS aesthetic aspects. The ethical aspects of ensuring safe working conditions include those aspects that can cause a person to have a positive attitude towards their work, depending on the environment. Aesthetic needs include the need for high qualities of the environment that delivers visual auditory images, the need for the beauty of relationships in the process of work. Aesthetic needs are met by the interior of the production facility; of great importance is the decoration of the interior by means of information, green spaces, the placement of equipment and furniture.
The purpose of this thesis is to research and assess the working conditions at the workplace of a chemistry teacher.
When completing the thesis, the following tasks were set:
- identification of hazardous and harmful production factors;
- a comprehensive assessment of production factors at the studied workplace;
- conclusion on the compliance of working conditions with the current standards and on the assignment of a class of working conditions for harmful factors;
- development of measures to ensure safe working conditions.
1 State of the problem of assessing negative impacts in ergatic systems
1.1 Basic concepts and terminology of occupational safety
Labor is a purposeful human activity aimed at modifying and adapting objects of nature to meet their vital needs. Labor provides for the presence of three elements, namely, the actual labor activity, the subject of labor and the means of labor.
The working (production) area is a space up to 2.2 m above the floor or platform level, where there are places of permanent or temporary residence of workers.
The workplace is a part of the working area in which workers are permanently or temporarily in the course of work. A permanent workplace is a workplace in which the worker is at least half of his working time or more than two hours continuously.
Negative factors in the work area are factors that negatively affect a person, causing deterioration in health, illness or injury.
Danger is a property of the human environment that causes a negative effect on a person's life, leading to negative changes in the state of his health.
A hazardous production factor is such a production factor, the impact of which on a person leads to injury or death.
A harmful production factor is such a production factor, the impact of which on a person leads to a deterioration in well-being or, with prolonged exposure, to a disease.
Labor safety is the state of labor activity that ensures an acceptable level of its risk.
Risk is a quantitative characteristic of a hazard, determined by the frequency of occurrence of hazards: it is the ratio of the number of cases of hazard manifestation to the possible number of cases of hazard manifestation.
1.2 Classification of working conditions
Working conditions are a combination of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person in the labor process.
There are four groups of factors of labor activity:
Physical factors, including microclimatic parameters and dustiness air environment, all types of radiation, vibroacoustic characteristics of the workplace and the quality of lighting;
Chemical factors, including some substances of a biological nature;
Biological factors, which include pathogenic microorganisms, protein preparations, as well as preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms;
Labor process factors.
Working conditions in which exposure to the worker of harmful and hazardous production factors is excluded or their level does not exceed hygienic standards are called safe working conditions.
Working conditions are generally assessed in four classes. Safe working conditions are optimal (1st grade) and acceptable (2nd grade) conditions.
Optimal (comfortable) working conditions (1st class) ensure maximum labor productivity and minimum tension of the human body. This class is set only for assessing the parameters of the microclimate and factors of the labor process. For the rest of the factors, the working conditions are considered to be conditionally optimal, in which the unfavorable factors do not exceed the safe limits for the population.
Permissible working conditions (2nd class) are characterized by levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces. Possible changes functional state organisms are restored during a regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse effect in the near and long term on the health of the worker and his offspring. The optimum and permissible classes correspond to safe working conditions.
Harmful working conditions (3rd class) are characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and / or his offspring. Depending on the level of exceeding the standards, factors of this class are divided into four degrees of hazard:
3.1 - causing reversible functional changes in the body;
3.2 - leading to persistent functional disorders and an increase in morbidity;
3.3 - leading to the development of mild occupational pathology and the growth of chronic diseases;
3.4 - leading to the emergence of pronounced forms of occupational diseases, a significant increase in chronic and a high level of morbidity with temporary disability.
Traumatic (extreme) working conditions (4th class). The levels of production factors of this class are such that their exposure throughout the work shift or part of it poses a threat to life and / or a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases.
1.3 Dangerous and harmful production factors
According to the Occupational Safety Standards System (OSBS), a hazardous factor is an occupational factor, the impact of which on a worker in certain conditions leads to injury or other sharp deterioration in health.
Harmful is a production factor, the impact of which on a worker in certain conditions leads to illness or decreased performance.
Hazardous and harmful factors, depending on the nature of the impact, are divided into:
1) active - manifested thanks to the energy contained in them ( ionizing radiation, vibration, etc.);
2) active - passive - manifested due to the energy contained in the person himself (an example is the dangers of slippery surfaces, work at height, sharp corners and poorly processed equipment surfaces, etc.);
3) passive - manifesting indirectly, such as fatigue failure of materials, scale formation in vessels and pipes, corrosion, etc.
1.3.1 Industrial lighting
Light is a natural condition of human life, necessary for health and high productivity, based on the work of the visual analyzer, the most subtle and universal sense organ. Providing a direct connection between the body and the surrounding world, light is a signal stimulus for the organ of vision and the body as a whole: sufficient lighting acts as a tonic, improves the course of the main processes of higher nervous activity, stimulates metabolic and immunobiological processes, and influences the formation of the daily rhythm of human physiological functions. Basic information about the world around - about 90% - comes through visual perception. This is why hygienically sound industrial lighting is of great value.
From the point of view of physics, light is visible to the eye electromagnetic waves of the optical range with a length of 380-760 nm, perceived by the retina shell of the visual analyzer. Best of all, rays with a wavelength of 555nm (yellow-green) are perceived by the eye. Light has various physical characteristics: luminous flux (the power of radiant energy according to the visual sensation it produces, measured in lumens [lm]) is the luminous flux emitted by a point source in a solid angle of 1 steradian (a solid angle that cuts out on the surface of a sphere an area equal to the square of its radius ) at a luminous intensity of 1 candela (unit of luminous intensity)).
Luminous intensity: luminous flux propagating within a solid angle equal to 1 steradian [cd - candela].
Illuminance (E): the distribution of luminous flux (F) on a surface with an area
S. E = F / S [lx = lm / m2]
Illumination (E) is measured in lux [lx] - this is the illumination of the surface S = 1m with a luminous flux Ф = 1lm.
From an occupational health point of view, illumination is essential because according to it, the lighting conditions in industrial premises and lighting installations are calculated. In the physiology of visual perception, the level of brightness of illuminated industrial and other objects, which is reflected from the illuminated surface in the direction of the eye, is also important. The brightness depends on their light properties, the degree of illumination and the angle at which the surface is viewed, measured in nits [nt]. Frequent changes in brightness levels lead to a decrease in visual functions, the development of fatigue due to re-adaptation of the eye, and visual fatigue leads to a decrease in visual and general performance (Adaptations: light - when the brightness in the field of view increases quickly, within 5-10 minutes; dark - adjusting the eye to low levels brightness, within 0.5-2 hours).
The luminous flux can be reflected or absorbed by the surface, or transmitted. Therefore, the luminous properties of a surface are characterized not only by the incident luminous flux, but also by the reflection (q), transmission (r) and absorption (a) coefficients, with q + r + a = 1.
Industrial lighting is of three types: natural - due to solar radiation (direct and diffusely scattered light from the sky dome); artificial - from sources artificial light; combined.
In accordance with SNiP 23-05-95 "Artificial and natural lighting" for artificial lighting, the lowest permissible illumination of workplaces is regulated, and for natural and combined - the coefficient of natural illumination KEO. The normalized values of artificial lighting are given at the points of minimum illumination on the indoor working surface.
All classrooms have natural light (EO). The best view natural light is lateral left-handed. With a room depth of more than 6 m, right-side illumination is arranged. The direction of the main luminous flux to the right, front and rear is not used, because the level of EO on the working surfaces of the desks is reduced by 3-4 times.
Window glass is wiped daily with a damp inside and washed outside at least 3-4 times a year, and from the side of the premises at least 1-2 times a month.
For painting desks, a green range of colors is used, as well as the color of natural wood with a Q (reflection coefficient) of 0.45. For chalkboard - dark green or Brown color with Q = 0.1 - 0.2. Glass, ceilings, floors, classroom equipment have a matte surface to avoid
glare formation. The surfaces of the interior of the classrooms are painted in warm colors, the ceiling and tops of the walls are painted white.
Artificial lighting is provided by fluorescent lamps (LB, LE) or incandescent lamps. When lighting a room with an area of 50m2 with incandescent lamps, 7-8 operating light points with a total power of 2400W should be installed. Lamps in the classroom are placed in two rows parallel to the line of the windows at a distance from the inner and outer wall 1.5m, from the chalkboard 1.2m, from the back wall 1.6m; distance between luminaires in rows 2.65 m. Luminaires are cleaned at least once a month.
1.3.2 Industrial microclimate and its influence on the human body
The microclimate of industrial premises is the climate of the internal environment of these premises, which is determined by the combinations of temperature, humidity and air velocity acting on the human body, as well as the temperature of the surrounding surfaces.
The optimal indicators apply to the entire working area, and the permissible ones are set separately for permanent and non-permanent workplaces in cases where, for technological, technical or economic reasons, it is impossible to ensure optimal rates.
Optimal microclimatic conditions are a combination of quantitative indicators of the microclimate, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, ensure the maintenance of the normal thermal state of his body without stressing the mechanisms of thermoregulation. They provide a feeling of thermal comfort and create the preconditions for a high level of performance.
Acceptable microclimatic conditions are a combination of quantitative indicators of the microclimate, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause transient and rapidly normalizing changes in the thermal state of his body, accompanied by a tension in the thermoregulation mechanism that does not go beyond the physiological adaptive capabilities. In this case, there is no deterioration or impairment of the state of health, but uncomfortable sensations of heat, deterioration of well-being and a decrease in working capacity can be observed.
When standardizing meteorological conditions in industrial premises, the time of year and the physical severity of the work performed are taken into account. The season means two periods: cold (the average daily outdoor temperature is + 10 ° С and below) and warm (the corresponding value exceeds + 10 ° С).
Normalization of microclimate parameters
The main regulatory document, which determines the parameters of the microclimate of industrial premises is SNiP 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises"
The specified parameters are standardized for the working area - a space limited in height 2 m above the floor level or a platform where the workplaces of permanent or temporary stay of workers are located.
The principles of standardizing microclimate parameters are based on a differential assessment of the optimal and permissible meteorological conditions in the working area, depending on the thermal characteristics of the industrial premises, the category of work by the degree of severity and the period of the year.
Optimal (comfortable) conditions are those conditions under which the highest performance and well-being take place. Permissible microclimatic conditions provide for the possibility of intense work of the thermoregulation mechanism, which does not go beyond the limits of the body's capabilities, as well as discomfort.
Means of normalization of microclimate parameters
Creation of optimal meteorological conditions in industrial premises is a difficult task, which can be solved through the use of the following measures and means:
Improvement of technological processes and equipment. The introduction of new technologies and equipment that are not related to the need to carry out work in conditions of intense heating will make it possible to reduce the release of heat into production facilities.
Rational placement of technological equipment. It is advisable to place the main heat sources directly under the aeration lantern, near the outer walls of the building and in one row at such a distance from each other so that the heat fluxes from them do not intersect in the workplace.
Automation and remote control of technological processes allow, in many cases, to take a person out of production areas where unfavorable factors are at work.
Rational ventilation, heating and air conditioning. They are the most common methods for normalizing the microclimate in industrial premises. The creation of air and water-air showers is widely used to combat overheating of workers in hot workshops.
Rationalization of work and rest regimes is achieved by reducing the duration of working hours due to additional breaks, creating conditions for effective rest in rooms with normal meteorological conditions.
Application, equipment thermal insulation and protective screens. As thermal insulation materials are widely used: asbestos, asbestos cement, mineral wool, fiberglass, expanded clay, polystyrene.
Use of personal protective equipment. Personal protective equipment is essential for the prevention of overheating of the body.
Labor intensity – characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, senses, the emotional sphere of the employee.
The factors that characterize the intensity of labor include: intellectual, sensory, emotional stress, the degree of monotony of stress, the mode of work.
The intensity of the work process is assessed in accordance with the recommendations of the Guidelines R 2.2.755-99. The assessment itself is based on an analysis of labor activity and its structure, which are studied by time-based observations in the dynamics of the entire working day, for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the entire complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the preconditions for the occurrence of unfavorable neuro-emotional states (overvoltage). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped by types of loads, which are discussed below.
1.4.1 The procedure for a general assessment of the tension of the labor process
The general assessment of the intensity of the labor process is carried out as follows.
Regardless of the profession, all of the above 22 indicators are taken into account. Selective accounting of any individual indicators for a general assessment of labor intensity is not allowed.
For each of the 22 indicators, its own class of working conditions is determined separately. In the event that, by the nature or characteristics of professional activity, any indicator is not presented (for example, there is no work with a video terminal screen or optical devices), then according to this indicator, 1 class (optimal) is put - the intensity of labor of a mild degree. After that, they move on to the final assessment of the intensity of labor.
"Optimal" (class 1) is established in cases where 17 or more indicators have an assessment of class 1, and the rest belong to class 2. At the same time, there are no indicators related to class 3
"Acceptable" (class 2) is established in the following cases:
when 6 or more indicators are assigned to class 2, and the rest - to class 1;
when from 1 to 5 indicators are attributed to hazard levels 3.1 and / or 3.2, and the remaining indicators are assessed as 1 and / or 2 class.
"Harmful" (class 3) is established when 6 or more indicators are assigned to the third class.
In this case, intense work of 1 degree (3.1) in those cases when:
6 indicators have an assessment of only class 3.1, and the remaining indicators refer to 1 and / or 2 classes;
From 3 to 5 indicators are assigned to class 3.1, and from 1 to 3 indicators are assigned to class 3.2.
Strenuous work of the 2nd degree (3.2) is established when:
6 indicators are assigned to class 3.2;
More than 6 indicators are assigned to class 3.1;
From 1 to 5 indicators are assigned to class 3.1, and from 4 to 5 indicators - to class 3.2;
When 6 indicators are assigned to class 3.1 and there are from 1 to 5 indicators of class 3.2.
In cases where more than 6 indicators have an assessment of 3.2, the intensity of the labor process is assessed one degree higher - class 3.3.
2. Identification of hazardous and harmful production factors (HCPF) at the workplace of a chemistry teacher
At the workplace of a chemistry teacher, the following dangerous and harmful production factors may be present: unfavorable meteorological conditions, insufficient lighting of the room, an ineffective ventilation system, as well as the tension of the labor process.
2.1 Description of the workplace of a chemistry teacher
The assessment of working conditions was carried out at the workplace of a chemistry teacher. The room in which the chemistry teacher's workplace is located is a room divided into two zones by a wall. The first zone is a laboratory assistant, where the chemistry teacher is during breaks between lessons and after lessons, as well as during the preparation of experiments for laboratory work. The second zone is the classroom, which is the main workplace of the chemistry teacher. The classroom is a room measuring 5.5 mx 11 m and a height of 2.8 m. The walls are painted with light blue paint, the ceiling is whitewashed. The laboratory has dimensions of 3 mx 5.5 m, the walls are painted in light beige, the ceiling is whitewashed. In fig. 1 shows a plan of the analyzed room (top view).
In the laboratory there is a teacher's desk, located by the window. Cabinets with reagents and instruments for chemical experiments are placed against the walls. The most dangerous chemicals are kept in the safe. In the laboratory there is one window measuring 2 mx 1.8 m.
The classroom has a demonstration table and school desks, in the amount of 15 pieces. Opposite the display table, on the wall, is a board. There are 4 windows in the classroom, 3 of which are 2 mx 1.8 m, and the last window is 1.5 mx 1.8 m.
Artificial lighting in the laboratory is provided by 3 lamps with two fluorescent lamps in each. Moreover, only 3 out of 6 lamps are in working order. In the classroom, artificial lighting is provided by 14 lamps with incandescent lamps. These luminaires are arranged in two parallel rows along the classroom.
Also, the board is illuminated by two fluorescent lamps located above the board at a distance of 20 cm from the top edge of the board.
2.2 Characteristics of the work performed
In accordance with SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting", the work performed can be classified as Ib visual work, i.e. work of the highest accuracy (smallest difference object size 0.15 mm).
In accordance with GOST 12.1.005–88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air in the working area" (reprinted in September 1999), the work of a teacher belongs to category Ib, ie. work performed while sitting, standing or associated with walking and accompanied by some physical exertion.
2.3 Measurement and Evaluation of Lighting in a Laboratory Chemistry Teacher
2.3.1 Natural light
As a normalized value for natural lighting, a relative value is used - the coefficient of natural lighting (KEO). With side illumination, the minimum value of KEO is normalized, with top and combined illumination - the average. In the investigated room, natural lighting is only lateral, therefore, rationing is carried out according to the first condition.
Let's measure the natural light in the room of the laboratory chemistry teacher. The measurement is carried out using a luxmeter as follows. At a distance of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 m from the window, the natural illumination in the room and the outdoor illumination are measured (Fig. 2).
I- chemistry teacher's desk
1-5 - natural light metering points
Fig. 2. Scheme of the premises of a laboratory chemistry teacher
For each point, calculate the KEO value using the formula:
(1)
The results of measurements and calculations are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Results of measurements of natural illumination
As can be seen from Table 1, the minimum value of the coefficient of natural light at permanent workplaces in the laboratory under study is 0.1%, and the maximum is 22%. Based on the data obtained, we will determine the uniformity of illumination.
0,1/22 = 0,005 < 0,3.
The resulting value less than 0.3 therefore, the lighting in the laboratory of the chemistry teacher is uneven. The uneven illumination is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. The graph of the dependence of the coefficient of natural light on the distance from the window in the laboratory
Since a laboratory chemistry teacher performs visual work of the first category (the size of the smallest object of discrimination is less than 0.15 mm), then according to SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting" for this category of visual work, the normalized value of KEO is 1.2%, with side lighting.
After analyzing the obtained values and comparing them with the normative one, the discrepancy between the KEO in the laboratory assistant's norm was revealed.
2.3.2 Artificial lighting
The normalized parameters for artificial lighting are the horizontal illumination of the working surface En, as well as the pulsation of the luminous flux. For public buildings the cylindrical illumination, which characterizes the overall light saturation of the room, is also normalized. Therefore, we will measure horizontal and cylindrical illumination in a chemical laboratory.
Measurements are carried out as follows. With the help of a luxmeter, the illumination is measured at points 1, 2, 3, located at a height of 0.8 m (at the level of the teacher's working surface) and natural illumination at the same points (Fig. 4). Let's calculate KEO for each point. We enter the obtained data into table 2.
I- chemistry teacher's desk
II - cabinets for chemical reagents
III - safe for toxic substances
1–3 - measuring points of artificial illumination
Fig. 4: Scheme for measuring horizontal and cylindrical illumination in a laboratory chemistry teacher
Table 2. Measurement of horizontal illumination (from fluorescent lamps)
As you can see from table 2. the value of horizontal illumination does not correspond to the standard. The normalized value of KEO is observed in the first and second measurement points, in the third it is below the norm by 0.3%.
Let's measure the cylindrical illumination in the laboratory.
The measurement is also carried out using a luxmeter at all points shown in Figure 4. The measurement results are presented in Table 3.
As can be seen from Table 3, the values of the cylindrical illumination do not correspond to the norm.
Table 3. Measurement of cylindrical illumination
At all three points of measurement, the values of the cylindrical illumination deviate from the standard. In the first two points, it is higher than the required one, and in the third, it is lower. Thus, at points 1, 2, there is a saturation of space with light, and at point 3, there is a lack of it.
2.4 Measurement of temperature and humidity in the working area of the laboratory
Humidity characterizes the degree of saturation of the air with water vapor. Distinguish between absolute, relative and maximum humidity.
Absolute humidity is the weight amount of vapor expressed in grams per cubic meter of air.
Relative humidity is the ratio of the absolute humidity to the maximum humidity at a given temperature.
Maximum humidity is the maximum possible amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature.
Measurement of relative humidity is carried out by a psychrometer device, which allows you to simultaneously determine the temperature and humidity of the air.
A psychrometer consists of two identical mercury thermometers mounted on one base or panel. The ball of one of the thermometers is covered with a cloth or cotton wool and then moistened with water. Wet bulb thermometer readings are always less than dry bulb thermometer. part of the heat in it is spent on the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the ball. The lower the humidity of the ambient air, the more intense the evaporation and the more more difference between dry and wet bulb readings. By the difference in thermometer readings using tables or nomograms attached to the psychrometer, we determine the air humidity.
The results of measuring the temperature and humidity in the dental office are shown in Table 4.
Let's define the absolute and relative humidity according to the formulas (2) and (3). Absolute humidity:
А = Р1 - α (tc - tv) Р (2)
where A is the absolute air humidity, kPa;
Р1 = elasticity of saturated water vapor at the temperature of a wet bulb, kPa (at tv = 19 ° С Р1 = 2.191 kPa);
α - psychrometric coefficient, depending on the speed of the air supplied by the fan (α = 0.0015);
tс and tв - readings of dry and wet thermometers, оС;
Р - barometric air pressure, kPa.
According to the value of the device (barometer), the barometric pressure is 751 mm Hg. Art.
P = 751 133.3 = 100 108.3 Pa = 100.1 kPa
A = 2.191 - 0.0015 (25 - 19) 100.1 = 1.290 kPa.
Table 4. The results of measuring the temperature and humidity in the laboratory (for the cold and transitional seasons)
The relative humidity is determined by the formula (3):
where B is the relative humidity, kPa;
А - absolute humidity, kPa;
P2 - pressure of saturated water vapor at dry bulb temperature, kPa (P2 = 3.16 kPa).
B = (1.29 / 3.16) 100 = 41%
We enter the obtained values into table 4.
2.5 Measuring and evaluating lighting in the classroom
2.5.1 Natural light
Measurements are carried out in the same way as in a laboratory chemistry teacher, at the points shown in Figure 5.
Rice. 5. Measurement points of natural light
External illumination is EH = 5400 lux.
For each point, calculate the KEO value using the formula (1):
where Ev and En are the illumination, respectively, inside and outside the room, lx.
The results of measurements and calculations are presented in Table 5.
Table 5. Results of measurements of natural illumination
As can be seen from table 5, the minimum value of the coefficient of natural light at the workplace in the classroom is 1.8%, and the maximum is 61%. Based on the data obtained, we will determine the uniformity of illumination.
1,8/61 = 0,03 < 0,3.
The resulting value is less than 0.3, therefore, the lighting in the class is uneven. The uneven illumination is shown in Fig. 6.
 |
Fig. 6. The graph of the distribution of natural light in the classroom
In the classroom, the chemistry teacher performs visual work of the first category (the size of the smallest object of discrimination is less than 0.15 mm). According to SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting" for this category of visual work, the normalized value of KEO is 1.2%, with side lighting.
After analyzing the obtained values and comparing them with the standards, it was revealed that in this room the value set in the standard is observed.
2.5.2 Artificial lighting
Measurements are carried out as follows. A luxmeter measures the illumination at points 1, 2, 3 located at a height of 0.9 m (at the level of the working surface) and natural illumination at the same points (Fig. 7). Let's calculate KEO for each point. We enter the obtained data into table 6.
Fig. 7. Arrangement of points for measuring artificial lighting
Table 6. Values of horizontal illumination (from incandescent lamps)
The measured values of horizontal illumination do not correspond to the normative values at all three measurement points. And the value of KEO is observed at all points.
Let's measure the cylindrical illumination in the classroom. The measurement is also carried out using a luxmeter at all points shown in Figure 7. The measurement results are presented in Table 7. As can be seen from Table 7, the values of the cylindrical illumination do not correspond to the norm.
Table 7. Values of cylindrical illumination
The value of the cylindrical illumination corresponds to the standard only at the first point, in the second it exceeds the standard value, which indicates the saturation of space with light, in the third there is a lack of cylindrical illumination.
2.6 Measuring air temperature and humidity in the classroom
The measurements were carried out according to the method described in section 2.4. The values obtained as a result of measurements are the same with the values of the microclimate parameters in the laboratory (table 8).
Table 8. Microclimate parameters in the classroom
As can be seen from the table, the temperature value exceeds the standard value by 1 ° C, the relative humidity meets the established sanitary regulations requirement. The calculated and measured values of relative humidity differ slightly. Thus, the parameters of the microclimate in the laboratory chemistry teacher are optimal.
3. Development of measures to normalize working conditions at the workplace of a chemistry teacher
To ensure optimal working conditions at the workplace of a chemistry teacher, it is necessary to carry out a calculation for those factors that deviate from the norm. In this case, we will calculate the artificial lighting in the laboratory and in the classroom.
3.1 Calculation of artificial lighting and the development of measures to improve the working conditions of a teacher in a laboratory
Since the artificial illumination system of the workplace provides a horizontal illumination of 250 lux, and the standardized horizontal illumination is 400 lux, the existing artificial lighting system does not provide the standardized illumination. Therefore, it is necessary to design an artificial lighting system to meet regulatory requirements.
There are two main methods for calculating artificial lighting: point and the method of the utilization of the luminous flux.
The point method is used when calculating lighting installations with a very uneven distribution of illumination (for example, localized lighting), as well as when calculating the illumination of inclined surfaces with lamps of direct light, illumination of open spaces and local lighting.
The luminous flux utilization method is designed to calculate the overall uniform illumination of surfaces. The method is used to calculate the general illumination of a horizontal working surface, taking into account the light reflected by the walls and ceiling, and makes it possible to determine the luminous flux of lamps required to create a given (most often normalized) illumination.
The luminous flux is determined by the formula:
(4)
S is the area of the room;
N is the number of lamps;
n is the number of lamps in the luminaire;
h is the utilization factor of the luminous flux (in percent), i.e. the ratio of the flux falling on the calculated surface to the total flux of all lamps. The utilization factor of the luminous flux is determined depending on the value of the room index i, the reflection coefficients of the ceiling and walls rП and rС, as well as the type of luminaire. The i value is calculated by the formula:
(5)
h = H - (c + d),
where H is the height of the room, H = 2.8 m;
с - height of the working table, c = 0.8 m;
d is the height of the luminaire, d = 0.17 m.
h = 2.8 - (0.8 + 0.17) = 1.83 m.
Ceiling area: S = 3 * 5.5 = 16.5 m2
Number of lamps: N = S / 4 = 16.5 / 4 = 4 pcs.
The number of lamps in the luminaire is n = 2.
Thus, the estimated number of lamps is 4, and only 3 lamps with 2 lamps in each are installed in the laboratory. Moreover, three lamps are inoperative. The layout of the luminaires in the laboratory is shown in Figure 8.
3) Safety factor K = 1.5
4) Fluorescent lamps are installed in the room. Therefore, we take the coefficient Z to be 1.1.
i = (5.5 * 3) / (1.83 * 8.5) = 1.06
F = (300 * 16.5 * 1.5 * 1.1) / (4 * 2 * 0.47) = 2172 lm
Those. the lamp should provide a luminous flux of 2172 lm.
Let's choose a lamp that provides the required luminous flux.
Lamps of type LD40 provide a luminous flux of 2340 lm. Then we determine the deviation of the calculated luminous flux from the actual one.
((2340-2172)/2340)*100 % = 7 %
The characteristics of the lamp are shown in table 9.
Table 9. Characteristics of the LD40 lamp
For illumination of low rooms (up to 4.5 m) with normal environmental conditions, lamps of the type LD - 2x40, with dimensions of 1240x270x170 mm, are suitable.
Taking into account the size of the luminaires, we will design lighting for a given room (Fig. 9).
Thus, to ensure the standardized illumination in the room, it is necessary to install 4 lamps with 2 lamps of the LD40 type in each.
The problem of insufficient illumination of the workplace in the room in question can also be solved by adding local lighting.
3.2 Calculation of artificial lighting and the development of measures to improve working conditions in the classroom
Since the artificial lighting system of the workplace provides a horizontal illumination of 300 lux, and the standardized horizontal illumination is 500 lux, the existing artificial lighting system does not provide the standardized illumination. Therefore, it is necessary to design an artificial lighting system to meet regulatory requirements.
Since only general uniform illumination is used in the room, we will use the luminous flux utilization method to calculate the illumination.
The luminous flux is determined by the formula (4):
where F is the luminous flux of the lamp, lm;
EН - minimum standardized illumination;
K is a safety factor that takes into account a decrease in illumination due to aging lamps, dust and pollution of lamps;
S is the area of the room;
Z is the ratio of the average illumination to the minimum;
N is the number of lamps;
n is the number of lamps in the luminaire;
h is the utilization factor of the luminous flux (in percent), i.e. the ratio of the flux falling on the calculated surface to the total flux of all lamps. The utilization factor of the luminous flux is determined depending on the value of the room index i, the reflection coefficients of the ceiling and walls rП and rС, as well as the type of luminaire. The value of i is calculated by the formula (5):
where h is the estimated height of the luminaire suspension above the working surface, m;
a and b are the main dimensions (length and width) of the room, m.
Let's calculate the required luminous flux:
1) Determine the suspension height of the luminaires:
h = (0.2 ... 0.25) * Npr;
Npr = 2.8 - 0.8 = 2 m
h = 0.2 * 2 = 0.4 m
Нср = 2 - 0.4 = 1.6 m
2) Determine the number of lamps required to illuminate the room at the rate of 1 lamp per 4 square meters.
Ceiling area: S = 11 * 5.5 = 60.5 m2
Number of lamps: N = S / 4 = 60.5 / 4 = 15 pcs.
The number of lamps in the luminaire is n = 1.
Thus, the estimated number of luminaires is 15.
3) Safety factor K = 1.5
4) Luminaires with incandescent lamps are installed in the room. Therefore, we take the coefficient Z equal to 0.8.
5) Determine the utilization factor of the luminous flux h. To do this, we calculate the value of the room index using formula 5:
i = (5.5 * 11) / (1.6 * 16.5) = 2.29
Because the walls in the room and the ceiling have a light tone - we take the reflection coefficient of the walls rС and the reflection coefficient of the ceiling rП equal to 50 and 70%, respectively.
Depending on the reflection coefficient of the walls rС and the reflection coefficient of the ceiling rП according to the table we determine h:
Then the luminous flux of the lamp is:
F = (500 * 60.5 * 1.5 * 0.8) / (15 * 1 * 0.68) = 3558 lm
Those. the lamp should provide a luminous flux of 3558 lm. Among incandescent lamps there is no one that could provide the required luminous flux. therefore we choose a fluorescent lamp of the LD65 type.
Lamps of the LD65 type provide a luminous flux of 3570 lm. Then we determine the deviation of the calculated luminous flux from the actual one.
((3570-3558)/3570)*100 % = 0,3 %
This deviation is allowed.
The characteristics of the lamp are shown in table 10.
Table 10. Characteristics of the LD65 lamp
We will select lamps for this room.
For illumination of low rooms (up to 4.5 m) with normal environmental conditions, luminaires of the LDOR-2x65 type, with dimensions of 1540x240x170 mm, are suitable.
Taking into account the size of the luminaires, we will design lighting for a given room (Fig. 10).
Thus, to ensure the standardized illumination in the room, it is necessary to install 15 lamps with 2 lamps of the LD65 type in each.
Rice. 10. Classroom lighting project
3.3 Assessment of the workplace of a chemistry teacher by indicators of the intensity of the labor process
The purpose of attestation of workplaces in terms of working conditions is to establish harmful and dangerous production factors acting on an employee during the performance of his labor duties, with the subsequent development of recommendations for improving working conditions.
PROFESSION: chemistry teacher
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WORK PERFORMED.
Monitors the work of students in the classroom, monitors the quality of work, explains incomprehensible questions, teaches students.
In accordance with the methodology for assessing labor intensity, we establish:
2. Perception of signals - perception of signals with subsequent comparison of the actual values of the parameters with their nominal values. Final assessment of the actual values of the parameters.
3. Distribution of functions according to the degree of complexity of the task - processing, verification and control over the implementation of the task.
4. Work on schedule with possible correction.
5. Duration of concentrated observation 70-80% of the shift time.
6. The density of signals (light, sound) and messages for 1 hour of operation is up to 25. The number of objects of simultaneous observation is up to 25.
7. The size of the object of discrimination (when the distance from the eyes of the worker to the object of discrimination is not more than 0.5 m) 0.15 mm with the duration of concentrated observation more than 50% of the change time.
8.Work with optical devices (microscopes, magnifiers, etc.) with a duration of concentrated observation up to 10% of the shift time.
9. Monitoring the screens of video terminals (hours per shift):
With alphanumeric type of information display up to 0;
With the graphical type of information display, up to 0.
10. The load on the auditory analyzer (with the production need for speech perception or differentiated signals): the intelligibility of signals is from 70% to 90% (there are interference, against the background of which speech is heard at a distance of up to 2 m).
12. Degree of responsibility for the result of their own activities: is responsible for the quality of training. The error introduces gaps in student knowledge.
13. The degree of risk to your own life - excluded.
14. The degree of responsibility for the safety of others is full responsibility.
15. The number of elements (techniques) required for the implementation of a simple task 3-5.
16. Duration of execution of simple production tasks is more than 20 minutes.
17. Time of active actions 80% of the duration of the shift.
18. Monotony of the production environment: the time of passive monitoring of the technological process is less than 20% of the shift time.
19. The actual duration of the working day is 10-11 hours.
20. Work throughout the working day.
21. Breaks are regulated, not of sufficient duration: up to 7% of working time.
After evaluating the indicators, we will determine the class of working conditions for each of them, and we will record the results in the protocol for assessing working conditions (Table 11).
Table 11. PROTOCOL FOR ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS BY INDICATORS OF LABOR PROCESS STRENGTH
Full name __ Sapozhnikova N.V.____, gender _______ female ____
profession ______ chemistry teacher ______________________
Production ___ Secondary School No. 103____________________________
Since more than 6 indicators belong to class 3.1, and there are from 1 to 5 indicators of class 3.2, the general assessment of the labor intensity of a teacher of chemistry and biology corresponds to class 3.2, that is, harmful working conditions characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and having an adverse effect on the body of the worker and his offspring. Such working conditions cause persistent functional disorders, an increase in morbidity, the appearance of the initial signs of prof. pathology.
To improve the working conditions of a chemistry and biology teacher, it is recommended to regulate work breaks and make them sufficiently long.
4. Filling out the certification card for the workplace of a chemistry teacher
An important component of the organization of labor protection at the enterprise is the certification of workplaces. Certification of workplaces in terms of working conditions - assessment of workplaces for compliance with state regulatory requirements for occupational health and safety, ensuring safe working conditions The emerging certification system practically solves two problems: assessment of working conditions and ensuring the socio-economic protection of the employee.
We will determine the class of working conditions, based on hygienic criteria and principles of classification of working conditions, and fill out the workplace certification card (line 060 - Actual state of conditions), including an assessment of working conditions according to sanitary and hygienic criteria, the severity and intensity of labor.
The general assessment of the degree of physical severity is carried out on the basis of the following indicators: static and physical dynamic load, the mass of the load lifted and moved manually, stereotypical working movements, working posture, body tilts, movement in space. At the same time, at the beginning, a class is established for each measured indicator and entered into the protocol, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is established according to the indicator assigned to the largest class.
Let's make the calculations:
Physical dynamic load: 0.2 · 3 · 12 = 7.2 kg · m - class 1;
One-time lifting weight (maximum): 0.2 kg;
The total weight of the cargo during each hour of the shift: 0.2 · 2 = 0.4 kg - class 1;
Stereotyped movements (regional load on the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle): the number of movements per shift reaches 100 - class 1;
Stereotyped movements (local load involving the muscles of the hands and fingers): the number of movements per shift reaches 100 - class 1;
Static load with one hand: 0.1 28800 = 2880 kgf - class 1;
Working posture: up to 80% standing - class 3.2;
The number of body inclinations per shift reaches 100 - class 2;
Moving in space: constant movement of the teacher in the classroom; the distance traveled was 0.25 km.
Let's enter the indicators into the protocol for assessing working conditions according to the indicators of the severity of the labor process.
PROTOCOL for assessing working conditions in terms of the severity of the labor process
FULL NAME. Sapozhnikova N.V., female
| № | Indicators | Actual values | Class |
| 1 | |||
| 1.1 | regional - cargo movement up to 1m | 2,4 | 1 |
| - from 1 to 5 m | 7,2 | 1 | |
| - more than 5 m | - | ||
| 2. | Weight of the load lifted and moved manually (kg): | ||
| 2.1 | when alternating with other work | 0,2 | 1 |
| 2.2. | constantly during the shift | - | 1 |
| 2.3 | total weight for each hour of the shift: From the work surface |
||
| 3 | Stereotyped labor movements (number) | 100 | 1 |
| 100 | 1 | ||
| 4.1 | with one hand | 2880 | 1 |
| 4.2 | with two hands | - | |
| 4.3 | involving the body and legs | - | |
| 5. | Working posture | up to 80% standing | 3.2 |
| 6. | Body inclinations (quantity per shift) | 100 | 3.2 |
| 7. | Displacement in space (km) | ||
| 7.1 | horizontally | 0,25 | 1 |
| 7.2 | vertically | - | 1 |
| Final assessment of the severity of work | 3.2 | ||
Thus, of the nine indicators characterizing the severity of labor, two belong to class 3.2, the rest - to the first class. The final assessment of the severity of the labor process of the teacher of chemistry - 3.2.
After carrying out the calculations, we will determine the actual state of working conditions at the workplace of the teacher of chemistry and biology, the results will be entered in line 060.
Line 060. The actual state of working conditions at the workplace (laboratory)
| No. pp | Factor code |
unit |
acceptable level |
Measurement date | The amount of deviation | Duration of exposure, min | |||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
| 1 | 4.62 | Air temperature, оС | 25 | October 20, 2006 | 25 | 0 | 2 | 120 | |
| 2 | 4.62 | 40-60 | October 20, 2006 | 43 | - | 1 | 120 | ||
| 3 | 4.68 | not less than 1.2 |
October 2006 |
0,1 | -1,1 | 3.2 | 120 | ||
| 4 | 4.68 | 400 |
October 2006 |
250 | 150 | 3.2 | 120 | ||
| 5 | less than 6 |
October 2006 |
4 | - | 3.2 | - | |||
Line 060. The actual state of working conditions at the workplace (classroom)
| No. pp | Factor code | The name of the production factor, unit |
acceptable level |
Measurement date | Actual level of production factor | The amount of deviation | Class of working conditions, degree of hazard and hazard | Duration of exposure, |
||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ||
| 1 | 4.62 | Air temperature, оС | 25 | October 20, 2006 | 25 | 0 | 2 | 540 | ||
| 2 | 4.62 | Relative humidity, % | 40-60 | October 20, 2006 | 43 | - | 1 | 540 | ||
| 3 | 4.68 | Natural illumination: coefficient of natural illumination KEO,% | not less than 1.2 |
October 2006 |
1,8 | 0,6 | 1 | 540 | ||
| 4 | 4.68 | Artificial lighting: illumination of the working surface, lx | 500 |
October 2006 |
300 | 200 | 3.2 | 540 | ||
| 5 | The intensity of the labor process, the number of indicators of class 3 | less than 6 |
October 2006 |
4 | - | 3.2 | - | |||
Line 061. Assessment of working conditions: according to the degree of hazard and hazard 3 CLASS 2 DEGREE OF HARMFUL
conclusions
The thesis contains general characteristics the main forms of human activity, production factors, the factors of the working environment at the workplace of the chemistry teacher are considered, the features of the teacher's labor activity are noted.
Considered the requirements for the microclimate, lighting, sanitary and hygienic requirements for the space-planning solutions of the classroom, the basics legal regulation workload of teachers.
The description of the investigated workplace and the work performed is given. The temperature and humidity in the working area of the laboratory and training class, natural, artificial horizontal and cylindrical illumination at the workplace were measured. According to the measurement results, the air temperature was 25 ° C, the humidity was 43%, the minimum natural light ratio was 0.1%, and the horizontal illumination was 110 - 420 lux.
The calculation of the required luminous flux of the lamp in the laboratory and in the classroom was carried out, according to the results of the calculation, lamps of the type LD40 and LD65 were selected that meet the regulatory requirements. Designed lighting in the laboratory and in the classroom. The required number of lamps for the laboratory was 4, and for the classroom 15. Recommendations were developed to ensure safe working conditions.
A sanitary and hygienic assessment and certification of the workplace for working conditions, including an assessment for sanitary and hygienic criteria, the severity and intensity of labor, were carried out. According to the results of certification, the teacher's workplace belongs to class 3.2.
List of used literature
1. Bakaeva T. N. Life safety. Part II: Safety in the Industrial Environment: A Study Guide. - Taganrog: TRTU, 1997.
2. Muravei L. A. Ecology and life safety. - M .: UNITI, 2000.
3.Shokina L.G. Labor protection at communication enterprises. - M .: Radio and communication, 1983.
4. “Analysis of industrial accidents. Occupational Safety and Health. workshop "98/2 M.
5.Evtushenko N.G., Kuzmin A.P. "Safety of life in emergency situations" M. 94.
6.P.P. Kukin, V.L. Lapin, E.A. Podgornykh, N.L. Ponomarev, N.I.Serdyuk. Life safety. Safety of technological processes and production (Labor protection): Textbook for university students. - M: " graduate School", 1999.
7. Life safety: Textbook ed. Prof. E.A. Arustamova. - 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. - M: Publishing house "Dashkov and K", 2000.
8 A.P. Platonov, N.E. Arkhiptsev. Labor protection: textbook. Moscow: MUPK, 1998.
9.Belov S.V., A.V. Ilnitskaya, A.F. Koziakov. and other Safety of life. - M .: Higher school, 1999.
10. T. V. Lukyanova, Methodical instructions"Assessment of the workplace by the intensity of the labor process", Ivanovo 2004.
11. GOST 12.0.003-74 “Dangerous and harmful production factors. Classification".
12. Methodical instructions for laboratory work on the topic "Industrial lighting". Ufa: UAI, 1998.
13. GOST 24940-97 “Buildings and structures. Methods for measuring illumination ".
14. SNiP 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises"
15. Denisenko G.F. Occupational Safety and Health. A textbook for economic specialties. M., 1988.
16. Reference book for the design of electric lighting. Ed. G.M. Knorring. L., "Energy", 1992.
17. SNiP 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises"
18. R 2.2.2006-05 “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of the factors of the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions "
19. Schwarzburg L.E., Ryabov S.A., Ivanova N.A. educational institutions// Life safety. Application. - 2006. - No. 6. - with. 1 - 24.
Federal Agency for Education
State educational institution of higher professional education
Department of Life Safety
EXPLANATORY NOTE
to the final qualifying work
Assessment of hazardous and harmful factors in the workplace of a chemistry teacher
abstract
HAZARDOUS AND HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONAL FACTORS (OHPF), WORKPLACE CERTIFICATION, LABOR SAFETY, MICROCLIMATE, LIGHTING, MEASURES TO IMPROVE WORKING CONDITIONS, CLASS OF WORKING CONDITIONS
In the thesis, the object of research is the workplace of a chemistry teacher. Hazardous and harmful production factors have been identified at the workplace. Comparison of RVPF values with standard values is made. The class of working conditions at the workplace of a chemistry teacher was determined, based on hygienic criteria and principles of classification of working conditions. The card for attestation of the workplace in terms of working conditions was completed and measures were developed to improve working conditions and increase the level of safety.
The purpose This thesis is a study and assessment of the working conditions at the workplace of a chemistry teacher.
Thesis on 45 pages, figures - 10, tables -11, used literature sources - 20.
Introduction
1. State of the problem of assessing negative impacts in ergatic systems
1.1 Basic concepts and terminology of occupational safety
1.2 Classification of working conditions
1.3 Dangerous and harmful production factors
1.3.1 Industrial lighting
1.3.2 Industrial microclimate and its influence on the human body
1.4.1 The procedure for a general assessment of the tension of the work process
2. Identification of hazardous and harmful production factors (HCPF) at the workplace of a chemistry teacher
2.1 Description of the workplace of a chemistry teacher
2.2 Characteristics of the work performed
2.3 Measurement and Evaluation of Lighting in a Laboratory Chemistry Teacher
2.3.1 Natural light
2.3.2 Artificial lighting
2.4 Measurement of temperature and humidity in the working area of the laboratory
2.5 Measuring and evaluating lighting in the classroom
2.5.1 Natural light
2.5.2 Artificial lighting
2.6 Measuring air temperature and humidity in the classroom
3. Development of measures to normalize working conditions at the workplace of a chemistry teacher
3.1 Calculation of artificial lighting and the development of measures to improve the working conditions of a teacher in a laboratory
3.2 Calculation of artificial lighting and the development of measures to improve working conditions in the classroom
3.3 Assessment of the workplace of a chemistry teacher according to tension indicators
labor process
4. Filling out the certification card for the workplace of a chemistry teacher
List of used literature
Introduction
Working conditions are understood as the totality of the facts of the working environment that affect the health and performance of a person in the labor process.
Studies of working conditions have shown that the factors of the working environment in the labor process are: sanitary and hygienic conditions, psychophysiological elements, aesthetic elements, social and psychological elements.
From the above it follows that the production environment, which creates healthy and efficient working conditions, is mainly ensured by the choice of the technological process, materials and equipment; distribution of the load between the person and the equipment; the mode of work and rest, the aesthetic organization of the environment and the professional selection of workers.
Organization and improvement of working conditions at the workplace is one of the most important reserves of labor productivity and economic efficiency of production, as well as the further development of the working person himself. This is the main manifestation of the social and economic importance of the organization and the improvement of working conditions.
To maintain the long-term working capacity of a person, the alternation of the regime of work and rest (tension of the labor process) is of great importance. A rational physiologically grounded regime of work and rest means such an alternation of periods of work with a period of rest, at which a high efficiency of socially useful human activity, good health, a high level of working capacity and labor productivity are achieved.
Also, in order to create optimal working conditions at the workplace, it is necessary that the enterprise has established the optimal indicators of environmental factors (illumination, noise, microclimate, ventilation) for each type of production, consisting of data characterizing the production environment.
Economic aspects. The level of solving the problems of ensuring the safety of human life in any modern state can serve as the most reliable and comprehensive criterion for assessing both the degree of economic development and stability of this state, and for assessing the moral state of society. This is due to the fact that a deep and comprehensive solution of complex problems generated by scientific and technological progress requires huge investments and a high culture of production, and therefore, only an economically highly developed, stable state with a powerful scientific, technical and intellectual potential can do it.
Environmental aspects. Particularly acute are the problems of ensuring human safety directly at enterprises, where the zones of formation of various hazardous and harmful factors practically permeate the entire production environment in which the labor activity of personnel is carried out. Labor protection problems affect many aspects of the life and work of labor collectives. The difficulty lies in the fact that a solution must be provided at every stage of the production process, at every production site, at every workplace. The creation of a fundamentally new, safe and harmless to humans equipment and technology requires a systematic, integrated approach to solving the problems of labor protection.
NS aesthetic aspects. The ethical aspects of ensuring safe working conditions include those aspects that can cause a person to have a positive attitude towards their work, depending on the environment. Aesthetic needs include the need for high qualities of the environment that delivers visual auditory images, the need for the beauty of relationships in the process of work. Aesthetic needs are met by the interior of the production facility; of great importance is the decoration of the interior by means of information, green spaces, the placement of equipment and furniture.
The purpose of this thesis is to research and assess the working conditions at the workplace of a chemistry teacher.
When completing the thesis, the following tasks were set:
Identification of hazardous and harmful production factors;
Comprehensive assessment of production factors at the studied workplace;
Conclusion on the compliance of working conditions with current standards and on the assignment of a class of working conditions for harmful factors;
Development of measures to ensure safe working conditions.
1 State of the problem of assessing negative impacts in ergatic systems
1.1 Basic concepts and terminology of occupational safety
Labor is a purposeful human activity aimed at modifying and adapting objects of nature to meet their vital needs. Labor provides for the presence of three elements, namely, the actual labor activity, the subject of labor and the means of labor.
The working (production) area is a space up to 2.2 m above the floor or platform level, where there are places of permanent or temporary residence of workers.
The workplace is a part of the working area in which workers are permanently or temporarily in the course of work. A permanent workplace is a workplace in which the worker is at least half of his working time or more than two hours continuously.
Negative factors in the work area are factors that negatively affect a person, causing deterioration in health, illness or injury.
Danger is a property of the human environment that causes a negative effect on a person's life, leading to negative changes in the state of his health.
A hazardous production factor is such a production factor, the impact of which on a person leads to injury or death.
A harmful production factor is such a production factor, the impact of which on a person leads to a deterioration in well-being or, with prolonged exposure, to a disease.
Labor safety is the state of labor activity that ensures an acceptable level of its risk.
Risk is a quantitative characteristic of a hazard, determined by the frequency of occurrence of hazards: it is the ratio of the number of hazard manifestations to the possible number of hazard manifestations.
1.2 Classification of working conditions
Working conditions are a combination of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person in the labor process.
There are four groups of factors of labor activity:
- physical factors, including microclimatic parameters and dustiness of the air environment, all types of radiation, vibroacoustic characteristics of the workplace and the quality of lighting;
- chemical factors, including some substances of biological nature;
- biological factors, which include pathogenic microorganisms, protein preparations, as well as preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms;
- factors of the labor process.
Working conditions in which exposure to the worker of harmful and hazardous production factors is excluded or their level does not exceed hygienic standards are called safe working conditions.
Working conditions are generally assessed in four classes. Safe working conditions are optimal (1st grade) and acceptable (2nd grade) conditions.
Optimal (comfortable) working conditions (1st class) provide maximum labor productivity and minimum tension of the human body. This class is set only for assessing the parameters of the microclimate and factors of the labor process. For the rest of the factors, the working conditions are considered to be conditionally optimal, in which the unfavorable factors do not exceed the safe limits for the population.
Permissible working conditions (2nd class) are characterized by such levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces. Possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during a regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse effect in the near and long term on the health of the worker and his offspring. The optimum and permissible classes correspond to safe working conditions.
Harmful working conditions (3rd class) are characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and / or his offspring. Depending on the level of exceeding the standards, factors of this class are divided into four degrees of hazard:
3.1 - causing reversible functional changes in the body;
3.2 - leading to persistent functional disorders and an increase in morbidity;
3.3 - leading to the development of mild occupational pathology and the growth of chronic diseases;
3.4 - leading to the emergence of pronounced forms of occupational diseases, a significant increase in chronic and a high level of morbidity with temporary disability.
Traumatic (extreme) working conditions (4th grade). The levels of production factors of this class are such that their exposure throughout the work shift or part of it poses a threat to life and / or a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases.
1.3 Dangerous and harmful production factors
According to the Occupational Safety Standards System (OSBS), a hazardous factor is an occupational factor, the impact of which on a worker in certain conditions leads to injury or other sharp deterioration in health.
Harmful is a production factor, the impact of which on a worker in certain conditions leads to illness or decreased performance.
Hazardous and harmful factors, depending on the nature of the impact, are divided into:
1) active - manifested due to the energy contained in them (ionizing radiation, vibration, etc.);
2) active - passive - manifested due to the energy contained in the person himself (an example is the danger of slippery surfaces, work at height, sharp corners and poorly processed surfaces of equipment, etc.);
3) passive - manifesting indirectly, such as fatigue failure of materials, scale formation in vessels and pipes, corrosion, etc.
1.3.1 Industrial lighting
Light is a natural condition of human life, necessary for health and high productivity, based on the work of the visual analyzer, the most subtle and universal sense organ. Providing a direct connection between the body and the surrounding world, light is a signal stimulus for the organ of vision and the body as a whole: sufficient lighting acts as a tonic, improves the course of the main processes of higher nervous activity, stimulates metabolic and immunobiological processes, and influences the formation of the daily rhythm of human physiological functions. Basic information about the world around - about 90% - comes through visual perception. This is why hygienically sound industrial lighting is of great value.
From the point of view of physics, light is visible to the eye electromagnetic waves of the optical range with a length of 380-760 nm, perceived by the retina shell of the visual analyzer. Best of all, rays with a wavelength of 555nm (yellow-green) are perceived by the eye. Light has different physical characteristics: luminous flux (the power of radiant energy according to the visual sensation it produces, measured in lumens [lm] -luminous flux emitted by a point source in a solid angle of 1 steradian (solid angle cutting out on the surface of a sphere an area equal to the square of its radius ) at a luminous intensity of 1 candela (unit of luminous intensity)).
Luminous intensity: luminous flux propagating within a solid angle equal to 1 steradian [cd - candela].
Illuminance (E): the distribution of luminous flux (F) on a surface with an area
S. E = F / S [lx = lm / m2]
Illumination (E) is measured in lux [lx] - this is the illumination of the surface S = 1m with a luminous flux Ф = 1lm.
From an occupational health point of view, illumination is essential because according to it, lighting conditions in industrial premises are normalized and lighting installations are calculated. In the physiology of visual perception, the level of brightness of illuminated industrial and other objects, which is reflected from the illuminated surface in the direction of the eye, is also important. The brightness depends on their light properties, the degree of illumination and the angle at which the surface is viewed, measured in nits [nt]. Frequent changes in brightness levels lead to a decrease in visual functions, the development of fatigue due to re-adaptation of the eye, and visual fatigue leads to a decrease in visual and general performance (Adaptations: light - with an increase in brightness in the field of view occurs quickly, within 5-10 minutes; dark - adjusting the eye to low brightness levels, within 0.5-2 hours).
The luminous flux can be reflected or absorbed by the surface, or transmitted. Therefore, the luminous properties of a surface are characterized not only by the incident luminous flux, but also by the reflection (q), transmission (r) and absorption (a) coefficients, with q + r + a = 1.
Industrial lighting can be of three types: natural - due to solar radiation (direct and diffusely scattered light from the sky dome); artificial - due to artificial light sources; combined.
In accordance with SNiP 23-05-95 "Artificial and natural lighting" for artificial lighting, the lowest permissible illumination of workplaces is regulated, and for natural and combined - the coefficient of natural illumination KEO. The normalized values of artificial lighting are given at the points of minimum illumination on the indoor working surface.
All classrooms have natural light (EO). The best type of natural light is left sided. With a room depth of more than 6 m, right-side illumination is arranged. The direction of the main luminous flux to the right, front and rear is not used, because the level of EO on the working surfaces of the desks is reduced by 3-4 times.
Glass windows are daily wiped with a damp method from the inside and washed outside at least 3-4 times a year, and from the side of the premises at least 1-2 times a month.
For painting desks, a green range of colors is used, as well as the color of natural wood with a Q (reflection coefficient) of 0.45. For a chalkboard - dark green or brown with Q = 0.1 - 0.2. Glass, ceilings, floors, classroom equipment have a matte surface to avoid
glare formation. The surfaces of the interior of the classrooms are painted in warm colors, the ceiling and tops of the walls are painted white.
Artificial lighting is provided by fluorescent lamps (LB, LE) or incandescent lamps. When lighting a room with an area of 50m2 with incandescent lamps, 7-8 operating light points with a total power of 2400W should be installed. Lamps in the classroom are arranged in two rows parallel to the line of windows at a distance of 1.5 m from the inner and outer walls, 1.2 m from the blackboard, 1.6 m from the back wall; distance between luminaires in rows 2.65 m. Luminaires are cleaned at least once a month.
1.3.2 Industrial microclimate and its influence on the human body
The microclimate of industrial premises is the climate of the internal environment of these premises, which is determined by the combinations of temperature, humidity and air velocity acting on the human body, as well as the temperature of the surrounding surfaces.
The optimal indicators apply to the entire working area, and the permissible ones are set separately for permanent and non-permanent workplaces in cases where, for technological, technical or economic reasons, it is impossible to ensure optimal rates.
Optimal microclimatic conditions are a combination of quantitative indicators of the microclimate, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, ensure the maintenance of the normal thermal state of his body without stressing the mechanisms of thermoregulation. They provide a feeling of thermal comfort and create the preconditions for a high level of performance.
Acceptable microclimatic conditions are a combination of quantitative indicators of the microclimate, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause transient and rapidly normalizing changes in the thermal state of his body, accompanied by a tension in the thermoregulation mechanism that does not go beyond the physiological adaptive capabilities. In this case, there is no deterioration or impairment of the state of health, but uncomfortable sensations of heat, deterioration of well-being and a decrease in working capacity can be observed.
When standardizing meteorological conditions in industrial premises, the time of year and the physical severity of the work performed are taken into account. The season means two periods: cold (the average daily outdoor temperature is + 10 ° С and below) and warm (the corresponding value exceeds + 10 ° С).
Normalization of microclimate parameters
The main regulatory document that determines the parameters of the microclimate of industrial premises is SNiP 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises"
The specified parameters are standardized for the working area - a space limited in height 2 m above the floor level or a platform where the workplaces of permanent or temporary stay of workers are located.
The principles of standardizing microclimate parameters are based on a differential assessment of the optimal and permissible meteorological conditions in the working area, depending on the thermal characteristics of the industrial premises, the category of work by the degree of severity and the period of the year.
Optimal (comfortable) conditions are those conditions under which the highest performance and well-being take place. Permissible microclimatic conditions provide for the possibility of intense work of the thermoregulation mechanism, which does not go beyond the limits of the body's capabilities, as well as discomfort.
Means of normalization of microclimate parameters
Creation of optimal meteorological conditions in industrial premises is a difficult task, which can be solved through the use of the following measures and means:
Improvement of technological processes and equipment. The introduction of new technologies and equipment that are not related to the need to carry out work in conditions of intense heating will make it possible to reduce the release of heat into production facilities.
Rational placement of technological equipment. It is advisable to place the main heat sources directly under the aeration lantern, near the outer walls of the building and in one row at such a distance from each other so that the heat fluxes from them do not intersect in the workplace.
Automation and remote control of technological processes allow, in many cases, to take a person out of production areas where unfavorable factors are at work.
Rational ventilation, heating and air conditioning. They are the most common methods for normalizing the microclimate in industrial premises. The creation of air and water-air showers is widely used to combat overheating of workers in hot workshops.
Rationalization of work and rest regimes is achieved by reducing the duration of working hours due to additional breaks, creating conditions for effective rest in rooms with normal meteorological conditions.
Application, equipment thermal insulation and protective screens. As thermal insulation materials are widely used: asbestos, asbestos cement, mineral wool, fiberglass, expanded clay, polystyrene.
Use of personal protective equipment. Personal protective equipment is essential for the prevention of overheating of the body.
Labor intensity - characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, and the emotional sphere of the employee.
The factors that characterize the intensity of labor include: intellectual, sensory, emotional stress, the degree of monotony of stress, the mode of work.
The intensity of the work process is assessed in accordance with the recommendations of the Guidelines R 2.2.755-99. The assessment itself is based on an analysis of labor activity and its structure, which are studied by time-based observations in the dynamics of the entire working day, for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the entire complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the preconditions for the occurrence of unfavorable neuro-emotional states (overvoltage). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped by types of loads, which are discussed below.
1.4.1 The procedure for a general assessment of the tension of the labor process
The general assessment of the intensity of the labor process is carried out as follows.
Regardless of the profession, all of the above 22 indicators are taken into account. Selective accounting of any individual indicators for a general assessment of labor intensity is not allowed.
For each of the 22 indicators, its own class of working conditions is determined separately. In the event that, by the nature or characteristics of professional activity, any indicator is not presented (for example, there is no work with a video terminal screen or optical devices), then 1 class (optimal) is assigned for this indicator - the intensity of labor of a mild degree. After that, they move on to the final assessment of the intensity of labor.
"Optimal" (class 1) is established in cases where 17 or more indicators have an assessment of class 1, and the rest belong to class 2. At the same time, there are no indicators related to class 3
"Acceptable" (class 2) is established in the following cases:
when 6 or more indicators are assigned to class 2, and the rest - to class 1;
when from 1 to 5 indicators are attributed to hazard levels 3.1 and / or 3.2, and the remaining indicators are assessed as 1 and / or 2 class.
"Harmful" (class 3) is established when 6 or more indicators are assigned to the third class.
In this case, intense work of 1 degree (3.1) in those cases when:
6 indicators have an assessment of only class 3.1, and the remaining indicators refer to 1 and / or 2 classes;
From 3 to 5 indicators are assigned to class 3.1, and from 1 to 3 indicators are assigned to class 3.2.
Strenuous work of the 2nd degree (3.2) is established when:
6 indicators are assigned to class 3.2;
More than 6 indicators are assigned to class 3.1;
From 1 to 5 indicators are assigned to class 3.1, and from 4 to 5 indicators - to class 3.2;
When 6 indicators are assigned to class 3.1 and there are from 1 to 5 indicators of class 3.2.
In cases where more than 6 indicators have an assessment of 3.2, the intensity of the labor process is assessed one degree higher - class 3.3.
2. Identification of hazardous and harmful production factors (HCPF) at the workplace of a chemistry teacher
At the workplace of a chemistry teacher, the following dangerous and harmful production factors may be present: unfavorable meteorological conditions, insufficient lighting of the room, an ineffective ventilation system, as well as the tension of the labor process.
2.1 Description of the workplace of a chemistry teacher
The assessment of working conditions was carried out at the workplace of a chemistry teacher. The room in which the chemistry teacher's workplace is located is a room divided into two zones by a wall. The first zone is a laboratory assistant, where the chemistry teacher is during breaks between lessons and after lessons, as well as during the preparation of experiments for laboratory work. The second zone is the classroom, which is the main workplace of the chemistry teacher. The classroom is a room measuring 5.5 mx 11 m and a height of 2.8 m. The walls are painted with light blue paint, the ceiling is whitewashed. The laboratory has dimensions of 3 mx 5.5 m, the walls are painted in light beige, the ceiling is whitewashed. In fig. 1 shows a plan of the analyzed room (top view).
In the laboratory there is a teacher's desk, located by the window. Cabinets with reagents and instruments for chemical experiments are placed against the walls. The most dangerous chemicals are kept in the safe. In the laboratory there is one window measuring 2 mx 1.8 m.
In the classroom there is a demonstration table and school desks, in the amount of 15 pieces. Opposite the display table, on the wall, is a board. There are 4 windows in the classroom, 3 of which are 2 mx 1.8 m, and the last window is 1.5 mx 1.8 m.
Artificial lighting in the laboratory is provided by 3 lamps with two fluorescent lamps in each. Moreover, only 3 out of 6 lamps are in working order. In the classroom, artificial lighting is provided by 14 lamps with incandescent lamps. These luminaires are arranged in two parallel rows along the classroom.
Also, the board is illuminated by two fluorescent lamps located above the board at a distance of 20 cm from the top edge of the board.
2.2 Characteristics of the work performed
In accordance with SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting", the work performed can be classified as Ib visual work, i.e. work of the highest accuracy (smallest difference object size 0.15 mm).
In accordance with GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area" (reprinted in September 1999), the work of a teacher belongs to category Ib, i.e. work performed while sitting, standing or associated with walking and accompanied by some physical exertion.
2.3 Measurement and Evaluation of Lighting in a Laboratory Chemistry Teacher
2.3.1 Natural light
As a normalized value for natural lighting, a relative value is used - the coefficient of natural lighting (KEO). With side illumination, the minimum KEO value is normalized, with top and combined illumination, the average. In the investigated room, natural lighting is only lateral, therefore, rationing is carried out according to the first condition.
Let's measure the natural light in the room of the laboratory chemistry teacher. The measurement is carried out using a luxmeter as follows. At a distance of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 m from the window, the natural illumination in the room and the outdoor illumination are measured (Fig. 2).
1-5 - measuring points of natural light
Fig. 2. Scheme of the premises of a laboratory chemistry teacher
For each point, calculate the KEO value using the formula:
The results of measurements and calculations are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Results of measurements of natural illumination
|
Distance from the window, m |
||||||
|
Illumination EB, lx |
||||||
As can be seen from Table 1, the minimum value of the coefficient of natural light at permanent workplaces in the laboratory under study is 0.1%, and the maximum is 22%. Based on the data obtained, we will determine the uniformity of illumination.
0,1/22 = 0,005
The resulting value is less than 0.3, therefore, the lighting in the laboratory of the chemistry teacher is uneven. The uneven illumination is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. The graph of the dependence of the coefficient of natural light on the distance from the window in the laboratory
Since a laboratory chemistry teacher performs visual work of the first category (the size of the smallest object of discrimination is less than 0.15 mm), then according to SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting" for this category of visual work, the normalized value of KEO is 1.2%, with side lighting.
After analyzing the obtained values and comparing them with the normative one, the discrepancy between the KEO in the laboratory assistant's norm was revealed.
2.3.2 Artificial lighting
The normalized parameters for artificial lighting are the horizontal illumination of the working surface En, as well as the pulsation of the luminous flux. For public buildings, cylindrical illumination is also standardized, which characterizes the overall light saturation of the room. Therefore, we will measure horizontal and cylindrical illumination in a chemical laboratory.
Measurements are carried out as follows. With the help of a luxmeter, the illumination is measured at points 1, 2, 3, located at a height of 0.8 m (at the level of the teacher's working surface) and natural illumination at the same points (Fig. 4). Let's calculate KEO for each point. We enter the obtained data into table 2.
I - Chemistry teacher's desk
II - cabinets for chemical reagents
III - safe for toxic substances
1-3 - measuring points of artificial light
Fig. 4: Scheme for measuring horizontal and cylindrical illumination in a laboratory chemistry teacher
Table 2. Measurement of horizontal illumination (from fluorescent lamps)
|
Index |
Horizontal lighting, |
|||||
|
Actual, Eph |
||||||
|
Norm, En |
||||||
|
Deviation, E = Eph - En |
observed |
observed |
Not complied with |
|||
As you can see from table 2. the value of horizontal illumination does not correspond to the standard. The normalized value of KEO is observed in the first and second measurement points, in the third it is below the norm by 0.3%.
Let's measure the cylindrical illumination in the laboratory.
The measurement is also carried out using a luxmeter at all points shown in Figure 4. The measurement results are presented in Table 3.
As can be seen from Table 3, the values of the cylindrical illumination do not correspond to the norm.
|
Measurement points |
|||||||
|
average value |
Deviation from the norm |
||||||
Table 3. Measurement of cylindrical illumination
At all three points of measurement, the values of the cylindrical illumination deviate from the standard. In the first two points it is higher than required, and in the third it is lower. Thus, at points 1, 2, there is a saturation of space with light, and at point 3, there is a lack of it.
2.4 Measurement of temperature and humidity in the working area of the laboratory
Humidity characterizes the degree of saturation of the air with water vapor. Distinguish between absolute, relative and maximum humidity.
Absolute humidity is the weight amount of vapor expressed in grams per cubic meter of air.
Relative humidity is the ratio of the absolute humidity to the maximum humidity at a given temperature.
Maximum humidity is the maximum possible amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature.
Measurement of relative humidity is carried out by a psychrometer device, which allows you to simultaneously determine the temperature and humidity of the air.
A psychrometer consists of two identical mercury thermometers mounted on one base or panel. The ball of one of the thermometers is covered with a cloth or cotton wool and then moistened with water. Wet bulb thermometer readings are always less than dry bulb thermometer. part of the heat in it is spent on the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the ball. The lower the humidity of the ambient air, the more intense the evaporation and the greater the difference between the readings of dry and wet thermometers. By the difference in thermometer readings using tables or nomograms attached to the psychrometer, we determine the air humidity.
The results of measuring the temperature and humidity in the dental office are shown in Table 4.
Let's define the absolute and relative humidity according to the formulas (2) and (3). Absolute humidity:
А = Р1 - α (tc - tv) Р (2)
where A is the absolute air humidity, kPa;
Р1 = elasticity of saturated water vapor at the temperature of a wet bulb, kPa (at tv = 19 ° С Р1 = 2.191 kPa);
α - psychrometric coefficient, depending on the speed of the air supplied by the fan (α = 0.0015);
tс and tв - readings of dry and wet thermometers, оС;
Р - barometric air pressure, kPa.
According to the value of the device (barometer), the barometric pressure is 751 mm Hg. Art.
P = 751 133.3 = 100 108.3 Pa = 100.1 kPa
A = 2.191 - 0.0015 (25 - 19) 100.1 = 1.290 kPa.
Table 4. The results of measuring the temperature and humidity in the laboratory (for the cold and transitional seasons)
|
Index |
Thermometer reading |
Absolute humidity, kPa |
Relative humidity,% |
||
|
wet |
Estimated |
Tabular |
|||
|
Actual value |
|||||
|
Standard |
|||||
The relative humidity is determined by the formula (3):
where B is the relative humidity, kPa;
А - absolute humidity, kPa;
P2 - pressure of saturated water vapor at dry bulb temperature, kPa (P2 = 3.16 kPa).
B = (1.29 / 3.16) 100 = 41%
We enter the obtained values into table 4.
2.5 Measuring and evaluating lighting in the classroom
2.5.1 Natural light
Measurements are carried out in the same way as in a laboratory chemistry teacher, at the points shown in Figure 5.
Rice. 5. Measurement points of natural light
External illumination is EH = 5400 lux.
For each point, calculate the KEO value using the formula (1):
where Ev and En are the illumination, respectively, inside and outside the room, lx.
The results of measurements and calculations are presented in Table 5.
Table 5. Results of measurements of natural illumination
As can be seen from table 5, the minimum value of the coefficient of natural light at the workplace in the classroom is 1.8%, and the maximum is 61%. Based on the data obtained, we will determine the uniformity of illumination.
1,8/61 = 0,03
The resulting value is less than 0.3, therefore, the lighting in the class is uneven. The uneven illumination is shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. The graph of the distribution of natural light in the classroom
In the classroom, the chemistry teacher performs visual work of the first category (the size of the smallest object of discrimination is less than 0.15 mm). According to SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting" for this category of visual work, the normalized value of KEO is 1.2%, with side lighting.
After analyzing the obtained values and comparing them with the standards, it was revealed that in this room the value set in the standard is observed.
2.5.2 Artificial lighting
Measurements are carried out as follows. A luxmeter measures the illumination at points 1, 2, 3 located at a height of 0.9 m (at the level of the working surface) and natural illumination at the same points (Fig. 7). Let's calculate KEO for each point. We enter the obtained data into table 6.
Fig. 7. Arrangement of points for measuring artificial lighting
Table 6. Values of horizontal illumination (from incandescent lamps)
|
Index |
Horizontal illumination, lux |
|||||
|
Actual, Eph |
||||||
|
Normative, En |
||||||
|
Deviation, E = Eph - En |
observed |
observed |
observed |
|||
The measured values of horizontal illumination do not correspond to the normative values at all three measurement points. And the value of KEO is observed at all points.
Let's measure the cylindrical illumination in the classroom. The measurement is also carried out using a luxmeter at all points shown in Figure 7. The measurement results are presented in Table 7. As can be seen from Table 7, the values of the cylindrical illumination do not correspond to the norm.
Table 7. Values of cylindrical illumination
|
Measurement points |
Cylindrical illumination, lx |
||||||
|
average value |
Deviation from the norm |
||||||
The value of the cylindrical illumination corresponds to the standard only at the first point, in the second it exceeds the standard value, which indicates the saturation of space with light, in the third there is a lack of cylindrical illumination.
2.6 Measuring air temperature and humidity in the classroom
The measurements were carried out according to the method described in section 2.4. The values obtained as a result of measurements are the same with the values of the microclimate parameters in the laboratory (table 8).
|
Index |
Thermometer reading |
Absolute humidity, kPa |
Relative humidity,% |
||
|
dry, оС |
Wet, oC |
calculated |
tabular |
||
|
Actual value |
|||||
|
Standard |
|||||
Table 8. Microclimate parameters in the classroom
As can be seen from the table, the temperature value exceeds the standard value by 1 ° C, the relative humidity meets the requirement established by sanitary rules. The calculated and measured values of relative humidity differ slightly. Thus, the parameters of the microclimate in the laboratory chemistry teacher are optimal.
3. Development of measures to normalize working conditions at the workplace of a chemistry teacher
To ensure optimal working conditions at the workplace of a chemistry teacher, it is necessary to carry out a calculation for those factors that deviate from the norm. In this case, we will calculate the artificial lighting in the laboratory and in the classroom.
3.1 Calculation of artificial lighting and the development of measures to improve the working conditions of a teacher in a laboratory
Since the artificial illumination system of the workplace provides a horizontal illumination of 250 lux, and the standardized horizontal illumination is 400 lux, the existing artificial lighting system does not provide the standardized illumination. Therefore, it is necessary to design an artificial lighting system to meet regulatory requirements.
There are two main methods for calculating artificial lighting: point and the method of the utilization of the luminous flux.
The point method is used when calculating lighting installations with a very uneven distribution of illumination (for example, localized lighting), as well as when calculating the illumination of inclined surfaces with lamps of direct light, illumination of open spaces and local lighting.
The luminous flux utilization method is designed to calculate the overall uniform illumination of surfaces. The method is used to calculate the general illumination of a horizontal working surface, taking into account the light reflected by the walls and ceiling, and makes it possible to determine the luminous flux of lamps required to create a given (most often normalized) illumination.
The luminous flux is determined by the formula:
S is the area of the room;
N is the number of lamps;
n is the number of lamps in the luminaire;
h is the utilization factor of the luminous flux (in percent), i.e. the ratio of the flux falling on the calculated surface to the total flux of all lamps. The utilization factor of the luminous flux is determined depending on the value of the room index i, the reflection coefficients of the ceiling and walls rП and rС, as well as the type of luminaire. The i value is calculated by the formula:
h = H - (c + d),
where H is the height of the room, H = 2.8 m;
с - height of the working table, c = 0.8 m;
d is the height of the luminaire, d = 0.17 m.
h = 2.8 - (0.8 + 0.17) = 1.83 m.
Ceiling area: S = 3 * 5.5 = 16.5 m2
Number of lamps: N = S / 4 = 16.5 / 4 = 4 pcs.
The number of lamps in the luminaire is n = 2.
Thus, the estimated number of lamps is 4, and only 3 lamps with 2 lamps in each are installed in the laboratory. Moreover, three lamps are inoperative. The layout of the luminaires in the laboratory is shown in Figure 8.
3) Safety factor K = 1.5
4) Fluorescent lamps are installed in the room. Therefore, we take the coefficient Z to be 1.1.
i = (5.5 * 3) / (1.83 * 8.5) = 1.06
F = (300 * 16.5 * 1.5 * 1.1) / (4 * 2 * 0.47) = 2172 lm
Those. the lamp should provide a luminous flux of 2172 lm.
Let's choose a lamp that provides the required luminous flux.
Lamps of type LD40 provide a luminous flux of 2340 lm. Then we determine the deviation of the calculated luminous flux from the actual one.
((2340-2172)/2340)*100 % = 7 %
The characteristics of the lamp are shown in table 9.
Table 9. Characteristics of the LD40 lamp
For illumination of low rooms (up to 4.5 m) with normal environmental conditions, lamps of the type LD - 2x40, with dimensions of 1240x270x170 mm, are suitable.
Taking into account the size of the luminaires, we will design lighting for a given room (Fig. 9).
Thus, to ensure the standardized illumination in the room, it is necessary to install 4 lamps with 2 lamps of the LD40 type in each.
The problem of insufficient illumination of the workplace in the room in question can also be solved by adding local lighting.
3.2 Calculation of artificial lighting and the development of measures to improve working conditions in the classroom
Since the artificial lighting system of the workplace provides a horizontal illumination of 300 lux, and the standardized horizontal illumination is 500 lux, the existing artificial lighting system does not provide the standardized illumination. Therefore, it is necessary to design an artificial lighting system to meet regulatory requirements.
Since only general uniform illumination is used in the room, we will use the luminous flux utilization method to calculate the illumination.
The luminous flux is determined by the formula (4):
where F is the luminous flux of the lamp, lm;
EН - minimum standardized illumination;
K is a safety factor that takes into account a decrease in illumination due to aging lamps, dust and pollution of lamps;
S is the area of the room;
Z is the ratio of the average illumination to the minimum;
N is the number of lamps;
n is the number of lamps in the luminaire;
h is the utilization factor of the luminous flux (in percent), i.e. the ratio of the flux falling on the calculated surface to the total flux of all lamps. The utilization factor of the luminous flux is determined depending on the value of the room index i, the reflection coefficients of the ceiling and walls rП and rС, as well as the type of luminaire. The value of i is calculated by the formula (5):
where h is the estimated height of the luminaire suspension above the working surface, m;
a and b are the main dimensions (length and width) of the room, m.
Let's calculate the required luminous flux:
1) Determine the suspension height of the luminaires:
h = (0.2 ... 0.25) * Npr;
Npr = 2.8 - 0.8 = 2 m
h = 0.2 * 2 = 0.4 m
Нср = 2 - 0.4 = 1.6 m
2) Determine the number of lamps required to illuminate the room at the rate of 1 lamp per 4 square meters.
Ceiling area: S = 11 * 5.5 = 60.5 m2
Number of lamps: N = S / 4 = 60.5 / 4 = 15 pcs.
The number of lamps in the luminaire is n = 1.
Thus, the estimated number of luminaires is 15.
3) Safety factor K = 1.5
4) Luminaires with incandescent lamps are installed in the room. Therefore, we take the coefficient Z equal to 0.8.
5) Determine the utilization factor of the luminous flux h. To do this, we calculate the value of the room index using formula 5:
i = (5.5 * 11) / (1.6 * 16.5) = 2.29
Because the walls in the room and the ceiling have a light tone - we take the reflection coefficient of the walls rС and the reflection coefficient of the ceiling rП equal to 50 and 70%, respectively.
Depending on the reflection coefficient of the walls rС and the reflection coefficient of the ceiling rП according to the table we determine h:
Then the luminous flux of the lamp is:
F = (500 * 60.5 * 1.5 * 0.8) / (15 * 1 * 0.68) = 3558 lm
Those. the lamp should provide a luminous flux of 3558 lm. Among incandescent lamps there is no one that could provide the required luminous flux. therefore we choose a fluorescent lamp of the LD65 type.
Lamps of the LD65 type provide a luminous flux of 3570 lm. Then we determine the deviation of the calculated luminous flux from the actual one.
((3570-3558)/3570)*100 % = 0,3 %
This deviation is allowed.
The characteristics of the lamp are shown in table 10.
Table 10. Characteristics of the LD65 lamp
We will select lamps for this room.
For illumination of low rooms (up to 4.5 m) with normal environmental conditions, luminaires of the LDOR-2x65 type, with dimensions of 1540x240x170 mm, are suitable.
Taking into account the size of the luminaires, we will design lighting for a given room (Fig. 10).
Thus, to ensure the standardized illumination in the room, it is necessary to install 15 lamps with 2 lamps of the LD65 type in each.
Rice. 10. Classroom lighting project
3.3 Assessment of the workplace of a chemistry teacher by indicators of the intensity of the labor process
The purpose of attestation of workplaces in terms of working conditions is to establish harmful and dangerous production factors acting on an employee during the performance of his labor duties, with the subsequent development of recommendations for improving working conditions.
PROFESSION: chemistry teacher
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WORK PERFORMED.
Monitors the work of students in the classroom, monitors the quality of work, explains incomprehensible questions, teaches students.
In accordance with the methodology for assessing labor intensity, we establish:
2. Perception of signals - perception of signals with subsequent comparison of the actual values of the parameters with their nominal values. Final assessment of the actual values of the parameters.
3. Distribution of functions according to the degree of complexity of the task - processing, verification and control over the implementation of the task.
4. Work on schedule with possible correction.
5. Duration of concentrated observation 70-80% of the shift time.
6. The density of signals (light, sound) and messages for 1 hour of operation is up to 25. The number of objects of simultaneous observation is up to 25.
7. The size of the object of discrimination (when the distance from the eyes of the worker to the object of discrimination is not more than 0.5 m) 0.15 mm with the duration of concentrated observation more than 50% of the change time.
8.Work with optical devices (microscopes, magnifiers, etc.) with a duration of concentrated observation up to 10% of the shift time.
9. Monitoring the screens of video terminals (hours per shift):
With alphanumeric type of information display up to 0;
With the graphical type of information display, up to 0.
10. The load on the auditory analyzer (with the production need for speech perception or differentiated signals): the intelligibility of signals is from 70% to 90% (there are interference, against the background of which speech is heard at a distance of up to 2 m).
12. Degree of responsibility for the result of their own activities: is responsible for the quality of training. The error introduces gaps in student knowledge.
13. The degree of risk to your own life - excluded.
14. The degree of responsibility for the safety of others is full responsibility.
15. The number of elements (techniques) required for the implementation of a simple task 3-5.
16. Duration of execution of simple production tasks is more than 20 minutes.
17. Time of active actions 80% of the duration of the shift.
18. Monotony of the production environment: the time of passive monitoring of the technological process is less than 20% of the shift time.
19. The actual duration of the working day is 10-11 hours.
20. Work throughout the working day.
21. Breaks are regulated, not of sufficient duration: up to 7% of working time.
After evaluating the indicators, we will determine the class of working conditions for each of them, and we will record the results in the protocol for assessing working conditions (Table 11).
Table 11. PROTOCOL FOR ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS BY INDICATORS OF LABOR PROCESS STRENGTH
Full name __ Sapozhnikova N.V.____, gender _______ female ____
profession ______ chemistry teacher ______________________
Production ___ Secondary School No. 103____________________________
|
Indicators |
Working conditions class |
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|
1. Intelligent loads |
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|
2. Sensory loads |
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3. Emotional stress |
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4. Monotonicity of loads |
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5. Mode of operation |
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Number of indicators in each class |
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Common och-ka Directions of labor |
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Since more than 6 indicators belong to class 3.1, and there are from 1 to 5 indicators of class 3.2, the general assessment of the labor intensity of a teacher of chemistry and biology corresponds to class 3.2, that is, harmful working conditions characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and having an adverse effect on the body of the worker and his offspring. Such working conditions cause persistent functional disorders, an increase in morbidity, the appearance of the initial signs of prof. pathology.
To improve the working conditions of a chemistry and biology teacher, it is recommended to regulate work breaks and make them sufficiently long.
4. Filling out the certification card for the workplace of a chemistry teacher
An important component of the organization of labor protection at the enterprise is the certification of workplaces. Certification of workplaces in terms of working conditions - assessment of workplaces for compliance with state regulatory requirements for occupational health and safety, ensuring safe working conditions The formed certification system practically solves two problems: assessment of working conditions and ensuring social and economic protection of the employee.
We will determine the class of working conditions, based on hygienic criteria and principles of classification of working conditions, and fill out the workplace certification card (line 060 - Actual state of conditions), including an assessment of working conditions according to sanitary and hygienic criteria, the severity and intensity of labor.
The general assessment of the degree of physical severity is carried out on the basis of the following indicators: static and physical dynamic load, the mass of the load lifted and moved manually, stereotypical working movements, working posture, body tilts, movement in space. At the same time, at the beginning, a class is established for each measured indicator and entered into the protocol, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is established according to the indicator assigned to the largest class.
Let's make the calculations:
- physical dynamic load: 0.2 · 3 · 12 = 7.2 kg · m - class 1;
- one-time lifting weight (maximum): 0.2 kg;
- total weight of the cargo during each hour of the shift: 0.2 · 2 = 0.4 kg - class 1;
- stereotyped movements (regional load on the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle): the number of movements per shift reaches 100 - class 1;
- stereotyped movements (local load involving the muscles of the hands and fingers): the number of movements per shift reaches 100 - class 1;
- static load with one hand: 0.1 28800 = 2880 kgf - class 1;
- working posture: up to 80% standing - class 3.2;
- the number of body inclinations per shift reaches 100 - class 2;
- movement in space: constant movement of the teacher in the classroom; the distance traveled was 0.25 km.
Let's enter the indicators into the protocol for assessing working conditions according to the indicators of the severity of the labor process.
PROTOCOL for assessing working conditions in terms of the severity of the labor process
FULL NAME. Sapozhnikova N.V., female
|
Indicators |
Actual values |
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|
regional - cargo movement up to 1m |
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1 to 5 m |
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More than 5 m |
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Weight of the load lifted and moved manually (kg): |
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when alternating with other work |
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constantly during the shift |
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total weight for each hour of the shift: From the work surface |
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Stereotyped labor movements (number) |
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with one hand |
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with two hands |
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involving the body and legs |
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|
Working posture |
up to 80% standing |
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Body inclinations (quantity per shift) |
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Displacement in space (km) |
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|
horizontally |
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vertically |
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|
Final assessment of the severity of work |
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Thus, of the nine indicators characterizing the severity of labor, two belong to class 3.2, the rest - to the first class. The final assessment of the severity of the labor process of the teacher of chemistry - 3.2.
After carrying out the calculations, we will determine the actual state of working conditions at the workplace of the teacher of chemistry and biology, the results will be entered in line 060.
Line 060. The actual state of working conditions at the workplace (laboratory)
|
Factor code |
unit |
acceptable level |
Measurement date |
The amount of deviation |
Duration of exposure, min |
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|
Air temperature, оС |
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|
not less than 1.2 |
October 2006 |
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|
October 2006 |
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|
October 2006 |
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Line 060. The actual state of working conditions at the workplace (classroom)
|
Factor code |
The name of the production factor, unit |
acceptable level |
Measurement date |
Actual level of production factor |
The amount of deviation |
Class of working conditions, degree of hazard and hazard |
Duration of exposure, |
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|
Air temperature, оС |
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|
Relative humidity, % |
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|
Natural illumination: coefficient of natural illumination KEO,% |
not less than 1.2 |
October 2006 |
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|
Artificial lighting: illumination of the working surface, lx |
October 2006 |
|||||||||
|
The intensity of the labor process, the number of indicators of class 3 |
October 2006 |
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Line 061. Assessment of working conditions: according to the degree of hazard and hazard 3 CLASS 2 DEGREE OF HARMFUL
conclusions
In the thesis, a general description of the main forms of human activity, production factors is given, factors of the working environment at the workplace of a chemistry teacher are considered, and the features of the teacher's labor activity are noted.
The requirements for the microclimate, lighting, sanitary and hygienic requirements for the space-planning solutions of the classroom, the foundations of the legal regulation of the workload of teachers are considered.
The description of the investigated workplace and the work performed is given. The temperature and humidity in the working area of the laboratory and training class, natural, artificial horizontal and cylindrical illumination at the workplace were measured. According to the measurement results, the air temperature was 25 ° C, the humidity was 43%, the minimum natural light ratio was 0.1%, and the horizontal illumination was 110 - 420 lux.
The calculation of the required luminous flux of the lamp in the laboratory and in the classroom was carried out, according to the results of the calculation, lamps of the type LD40 and LD65 were selected that meet the regulatory requirements. Designed lighting in the laboratory and in the classroom. The required number of lamps for the laboratory was 4, and for the classroom 15. Recommendations were developed to ensure safe working conditions.
A sanitary and hygienic assessment and certification of the workplace for working conditions, including an assessment for sanitary and hygienic criteria, the severity and intensity of labor, were carried out. According to the results of certification, the teacher's workplace belongs to class 3.2.
List of used literature
- . Bakaeva T. N. Life safety. Part II: Safety in the Industrial Environment: A Study Guide. - Taganrog: TRTU, 1997.
- . Muravei L. A. Ecology and safety of life. - M .: UNITI, 2000.
- .Shokina L.G. Labor protection at communication enterprises. - M .: Radio and communication, 1983.
- . "Analysis of industrial accidents. Occupational Safety and Health. workshop "98/2 M.
- Evtushenko N.G., Kuzmin A.P. "Safety of life in emergency situations" M. 94.
- P.P.Kukin, V.L. Lapin, E.A. Podgornykh, N.L. Ponomarev, N.I.Serdyuk. Life safety. Safety of technological processes and production (Labor protection): Textbook for university students. - M: "High School", 1999.
- ... Life safety: Textbook ed. Prof. E.A. Arustamova. - 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. - M: Publishing house "Dashkov and K", 2000.
- A.P. Platonov, N.E. Arkhiptsev. Labor protection: textbook. Moscow: MUPK, 1998.
- Belov S.V., A.V. Ilnitskaya, A.F. Koziakov. and other Safety of life. - M .: Higher school, 1999.
10. T.V. Lukyanova, Methodological instructions "Assessment of the workplace by the intensity of the labor process", Ivanovo 2004.
11. GOST 12.0.003-74 “Dangerous and harmful production factors. Classification".
12. Methodical instructions for laboratory work on the topic "Industrial lighting". Ufa: UAI, 1998.
13. GOST 24940-97 “Buildings and structures. Methods for measuring illumination ".
14. SNiP 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises"
15. Denisenko G.F. Occupational Safety and Health. A textbook for economic specialties. M., 1988.
16. Reference book for the design of electric lighting. Ed. G.M. Knorring. L., "Energy", 1992.
17. SNiP 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises"
18. R 2.2.2006-05 “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of the factors of the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions "
19. Schwarzburg L. E., Ryabov S. A., Ivanova N. A. Certification of educational and work places in educational institutions // Life safety. Application. - 2006. - No. 6. - with. 1 - 24.
The parameters of the working environment that affect the state of human health are the following factors:
- physical factors: microclimate (temperature, humidity, air mobility); electromagnetic fields of various wavelengths (ultraviolet, visible, infrared - thermal, laser, micro-wave, radio frequency, low frequency), static, electric and magnetic fields; industrial noise, ultrasound, infrasound; vibration (local, general); aerosols (dust) of predominantly fibrogenic action; lighting - natural (absence or insufficient), artificial (insufficient illumination, ripple of illumination, excessive brightness, high unevenness of brightness distribution, direct and reflected glare); electrically charged air particles - air ions;
- chemical factors: harmful substances, including biological ones (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes);
- biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, producer microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms, protein preparations.
According to the factors of the working environment, working conditions are divided into four classes (Fig. 12):
1st class - optimal working conditions- conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions for high performance are created. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);
2nd class - permissible working conditions- characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes in the functional state of the body occur during breaks for rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;
3rd grade - harmful working conditions - characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring.
Harmful working conditions according to the degree of exceeding the standards are subdivided into 4 degrees of harmfulness (Fig. 12):
- 1st degree- characterized by such deviations from acceptable standards, in which reversible functional changes occur and there is a risk of developing the disease;
- 2nd degree- characterized by the levels of harmful factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, an increase in morbidity with temporary disability, the appearance of the initial signs of occupational diseases;
- 3rd degree- characterized by such levels of harmful factors at which, as a rule, occupational diseases develop in mild forms during the period of labor activity;
- 4th degree- conditions of the working environment, in which severe forms of occupational diseases may occur, there are high levels of morbidity with temporary disability.
4th grade - dangerous (extreme) working conditions - characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during the work shift and even part of it creates a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases.
Rice. 12. Classification of working conditions by factors of the working environment
Human labor activity must be carried out in acceptable working environment conditions. However, when performing some technological processes, it is currently technically impossible or economically extremely difficult to ensure that the norms for a number of factors of the production environment are not exceeded. Work in hazardous conditions should be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment and with a reduction in the time of exposure to harmful production factors (protection by time).
Work in hazardous (extreme) working conditions (4th class) is not allowed except for the elimination of accidents, emergency work to prevent emergencies. Work should be carried out using personal protective equipment and in strict observance of the regimes regulated for such work.
Control questions
1. Formulate the concept of "system".
2. The subject of study of ergonomics. What systems does ergonomics study?
3. The role of humans in security systems.
4. Types of compatibility of the environment with human characteristics.
5. anthropometric and energy compatibility, basic recommendations for their provision.
6. Informational, biophysical and technical-aesthetic compatibility.
7. The role of physiology and occupational health in solving problems of ergonomics.
8. Classification of forms of labor activity.
9. Criteria and classification of working conditions according to the severity and intensity of the labor process.
10. Parameters of the working environment affecting the state of human health. Their classification.
11. Classes and degrees of harmfulness of working conditions by factors of the working environment.
12. Work in hazardous (extreme) working conditions.
Psychophysiological foundations of occupational safety
Safety psychology examines the application of psychological knowledge to ensure the safety of human labor. The problems of safety and injury in modern production facilities cannot be solved only by engineering methods. Practice shows that accidents and injuries (from 60 to 90% of cases, depending on the type of labor activity) are often based not on engineering and design errors, but on organizational and psychological reasons.