All bowel cancer symptoms. As the intestine cancer is manifested in the early stages: the very first signs and symptoms. Symptoms of crawling cancer

The intestine is an organ located in the abdominal cavity that performs digestive and excretory functions. According to anatomical sign, the intestine is divided into two segments:

• tolstick,
• thin gut.

According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, the intestine is the second body in the human body, which is most often affected by oncological diseases. The first are lungs. Every year about 600 thousand cases of bowel cancer are recorded in the world. This figure is even more impressive if you consider the fact that the identification of this pathology, regardless of the development stage, covers no more than 70 percent cases of the disease. That is, we are talking about a million people per year, the intestines of which annually amazed with cancer neoplasms. In modern medical terminology, the intestine cancer is called colorectal cancer (CRP).

The prerequisites of such a wide dissemination of this pathology lies in the risk factors for its development. The following main reasons for intestinal cancer are distinguished:

• excessive passion for diets, due to which the diet is saturated with solid animal fats and is impoverished by fiber;
• excess weight;
• harmful habits, including smoking and alcohol abuse;
• the presence of inflammatory intestinal pathologies.

In addition, recent studies in this direction have shown that people who in youth often or long have taken antibiotic drugs have a tendency to develop colorectal cancer. The survey of more than 15 thousand volunteers showed that in the risk group there are from 39 to 69 percent of those who took antibiotics for more than two months in a row.

Stages of development of intestinal cancer

The most common and widely used in our country, the classification of the stages of the development of colorectal cancer is the classification by the TNM method. In its title, the capital letters of three cancer characteristics are laid: tumors, lymphatic assembly and metastasis. Consider this classification in the form of a table:

Symptoms and signs of intestinal cancer

Like most of the oncological diseases, the CRP is often manifested by distinct symptoms on the second-third or only in the fourth stage. In addition, vivid manifestations of this pathology practically no and its people are often confused with enough banal problems of digestive organs: poisoning, overeating, poor etching.

Therefore, in the event of any unusual manifestations from the intestine, it is necessary to consult with a specialist and try in no case to resort to self-treatment of even the simplest, it would seem problems. Since the timely diagnosis of intestinal cancer is the basis of its effective treatment.

Symptoms characteristic of colorectal cancer, consider individual groups: for thick and small intestine cancer, as well as for men and women, since in all cases of manifestations of this pathology have enough differences.

Colon cancer symptoms

This form of colorectal cancer develops at the first stages almost asymptomatic, but after a certain time, it begins to manifest themselves sufficiently obvious symptoms. It is believed that the colon cancer is fairly easily diagnosed in the first manifestations of only on the basis of the study of the patient's history and the analysis of its complaints. This oncology is accompanied by the following features:

• the abdominal pain, which has a tendency to strengthen under certain positions of the body;
• problems with digestion, most often among which there are bloating, chronic chair disorder, intestinal obstruction, chronic nausea and vomiting;
• ascites or abdominal water - pathology, for which the accumulation in the abdominal cavity of anomalous volume of fluid is characterized, sometimes up to 20 liters;
• intra-painted hypertension.

Symptoms of small intestine cancer

This subspecies of the intestinal oncology is characterized by a higher complexity of treatment, especially if it is detected in the later stages. Therefore, in the case of cancer of the small intestine, it is extremely important to be attentive to the next manifestations of the body, which can witness the development of this pathology:

• changing the color of the wheel masses towards the dark tones, as well as the presence of blood engines in them;
• acute attacks of gastralgia - pain in the abdominal area of \u200b\u200ba grapple-shaped character;
• suddenly occurring intolerance to certain foods;
• copper taste in the mouth;
• traditional manifestations of problems with etching: vomiting, nausea, feeling of bitterness in the oral cavity.

Symptoms of colorectal cancer in women

A characteristic feature of the flow of the CRR in women is the involvement in the oncological process of the bladder. This contributes to the development of a rectovaginal fistula - direct passage connecting the rectum and vagina. This formation is manifested by partial output through the vagina of gases and carts. This symptom is the most specific manifestation of colorectal cancer in women.

In addition to the rectovaginal fistula, the intestinal cancer in women can manifest themselves with the following symptoms:

• menstrual cycle failures,
• blood splashes in the urine,
• harsh weight loss
• unmotized intolerance of fried and oily food.

Symptoms of colorectal cancer in men

In men, the course of intestinal cancer is quite often accompanied by the defeat of the prostate gland, which is manifested by specific symptoms. First of all, problems with urination should be a promise to an unscheduled medical examination: pain, false urges, unnatural color of urine. In addition, Krr in men is often accompanied by such signs:

• long
• reduced sexual deposition
• poles in the abdominal cavity and classical manifestations of problems with etching.

As for the symptoms of the intestine cancer, characteristic of all its types and for all categories of patients, then among them are most often found:

• reducing disability and large fatigue with the same amount of work;
• non-obsolete feeling of general weakness, in which the subfebrile temperature is also quite often observed;
• unmotivated decrease in body weight of a progressive nature;
• visual change in fees: the predominance of dark colors and the presence of blood linations or mucus;
• pale leather and mucous membranes.

It is worth remembering that none of these symptoms is a specific indicator of the CRR. Moreover, such manifestations in this oncology simply not. But noticing the changes described above in its body and, moreover, a combination of several of them, you need to close attention to health care, so as not to miss the development of serious pathology.

Life expectancy after the treatment of intestinal cancer

Finally, consider another question regarding the colorectal cancer - the life expectancy of patients whose treatment has given a positive result. The numbers here will be based on statistical studies that cover a sufficiently large number of patients. The so-called "five-year survival" is a concept that is used in official medicine. Under it understand the number of patients who have lived for more than five years after successful therapy. The data of this study is directly dependent on the development stage, on which the oncology of the intestine was diagnosed and treatment began.

It should be understood that all this is very averaged indicators that additionally depend on the many associated factors:

• the age of the patient
• the state of its immune system,
• the presence of associated pathologies.

And the main thing is that it is necessary to remember the probability of complete overcoming the bowel cancer exists regardless of which at what stage it was diagnosed. At the same time, time is both a partner, and the enemy of the patient. If used rationally, the result of therapy, with a sufficiently high probability, will be positive.

Cancer intestinal - This is a malignant disease, affecting the lower departments of the digestive tract. The neoplasms develop from the epithelium of the mucous membrane. They are neoplasia at which the normal cells of the intestinal wall are replaced by atypical. Most often, the disease occurs in the elderly people (after 55 years). In men, this ailment is registered less often than women.

Anatomically, the entire intestine is divided into 2 departments: thin and fat.

• The delicate intestine is responsible for the absorption of nutrients, the secretion of digestive enzymes and the promotion of the chimus (food lump).
• The large intestine is responsible for the absorption of water, glucose, amino acids, formation and release of carts.

Due to chronic constipation, which are accompanied by irritation of the intestinal wall with toxic exchange products (indole, scatle) and reduced peristaltics, the large intestine is most susceptible to malignant neoplasms.

The tumor may affect any of the divisions of the large intestine: or the rectum. Malignant Tolstoy Intestinal Process is called colorectal cancer (About 15% of cases among all oncological diseases of the lower departments of the digestive system). The carcinoma of the small intestine is found only in 1% of patients.

Food. Some ingredients in the diet provoke the development of intestinal neoplasia, that is, they are carcinogens. The first place is fried, smoked, pickled, sharp, fatty and difficult to digest products. This also includes ingredients containing gennometric organisms (GMOs) and subject to refining (sugar, vegetable oil, bleached flour, confectionery, wheat bread, etc.).

In the second position, products contaminated with various chemical additives (preservatives, dyes, emulsifiers, flavors and amplifiers of tastes), "Fast Food" (chips, crackers, pizza, potatoes, Popcorn, Hamburgers and others) and carbonated drinks ("Coke Cola, "Pepsi", lemonade, beer, kvass and others).

In third place, an unhealthy diet. It is associated with an abundance of animal food products and a deficiency of plant fibers (vegetables, fruits, greenery, whole grain porridge, etc.). As a result of digestion of protein food (meat) there is a significant amount of harmful compounds. When calming, the stitch and mucosa irritated to the products of rotting, ulceration appear. Normal epithelial cells begin to change their differentiation, become malignant.

Inflammatory process in the lower digestive tract. and (Crohn's disease, nonspecific ulcerative colitis), accompanied by erosive-ulcent defects of the mucous membrane or damage to the intestinal wall by the pathogens of hazardous infections (salmonellosis, dysenteria, amoebiasis and others) provoke the development of malignant neoplasms. The intolerance of gluten (congenital celiac disease) is also a harbinger of cancer.

Heredity.The presence of malignant diseases in relatives of malignant diseases is genetically determined. Such patients are determined by the risk group on oncology. According to medical literature, only 3-5% of patients with intestinal cancer are genetically determined. Most often occurs family adenomatosis of the colon and Lynch syndrome. In the rest of the patients, the development of cancer is associated with other factors.

The presence of benign tumors.Benign tumors in the lumen of the colon can mutate and turn into cancer. The lower departments of the digestive system in the absence of timely treatment in 100% of cases are transferred to malignant neoplasms (adenocarcin, terrest, lymphosarcoma and others). The intestinal adenomatosis is also a harbinger of neoplasia.

Impact on the body of toxic chemical compounds.Abuse of alcohol, smoking, addiction and work in harmful production become provocatives of failure in the work of organs and systems. This can lead to cell mutation and malignant process.

Endocrine pathology. There is a link between intestinal cancer with obesity, diabetes.

Hydodine. Insufficient motor activity - a risk factor for constipation. The disorder of the digestive tract leads to the stagnation of the carts, provokes the exacerbation of chronic pathology and increases the risk of cancer tumor.

Stages of cancer

Symptoms of intestinal cancer

Primary manifestations in the early stages (I, II)

A malignant tumor of small sizes does not cover the intestinal lumen. There are no metastasis. Consequently, symptoms at the initial stages of the development of the tumor are non-specific. Clinical manifestations can be associated with any inflammatory bowel diseases or digestive disorders. Therefore, it is important not to miss the time and spend early diagnosis. The intestinal cancer at the I-II stage is good to treat.

Disps syndrome. Associated with digestion violation, characterized by the following symptomatics:

Enterocolithic syndrome.It is characterized by the intestinal dysbiosis by type. Accompanied by a violation of the process of the formation of the path masses and their derivation of the body. The following symptoms are present:

• alternation of constipation ("sheep" feces) with diarrhea (a foam chair with an unpleasant fermentation smell);
• bloating and rumbling in the stomach as a result of increased gas formation;
• the feeling of gravity and cutting in the abdominal cavity even after the act of defecation;
• the appearance of mucus, streams of blood or pus.

Asthenic syndrome.Accompanied by weakness, drowsiness, increased fatigue.

Pain syndrome. At the initial stages of the intestine cancer are poorly expressed. Periodic abdominal pains or before the act of defecation are possible.

Anemic syndrome.Characterized by the pallor of the skin and mucous oily cavity; Periodic dizziness.

Further development of symptoms in the later stages (III, IV)

The cancer tumor reaches impressive sizes and overlaps the intestinal lumen, causing partial or complete obstruction. Metastases appear. Due to the collapse of malignant neoplasms, pronounced intoxication develops, dramatically worsening the patient's condition. There is a disgust for food with the subsequent exhaustion of the body (cachexia).

Obstrument syndrome.There is due to due to the growing cancer tumor. The blockage can be partial or complete. Violates the process of removal of carts. The stenosis of the final division of the large intestine (sigmoid or rectum) is accompanied by an attack of grapple-shaped pain and pronounced bleeding (forged blood) from the rear pass. The character of the chair changes: "Lentiform" with streaks of blood. When bleeding from the upper sections of the thick bowel and the small intestine appears.

As a result of complete obturation, signs of acute intestinal obstruction are developing:

Inxication syndrome.Located with stagnation of carts and intestinal obstruction as a result of the growth of the cancer. It is possible to develop due to irritation of the peritoneum by the products of the decay of tumors and feces. Also occurs the body poisoning by atypical cells and growing foci of metastases. The following symptomatics is characteristic:

• pronounced weakness (malaise);
• sharp decline in appetite;
• an increase in body temperature to subfebrile digits (37-38.5 ° C);
• dryness and change of color of the skin (gray-blue shade);
• headache;
• weight loss with extreme exhaustion of the body.

Pain syndrome.When blocking the intestinal lumen, obstruction with sharp spasms in the abdomen or perineum is developing with malignant neoplasm. The pain is strong, unbearable.

Other symptoms.C may be affected by adjacent organs (bladder, uterus with appendages). Pains during urination, incontinence, in the analysis of urine - hematuria (blood) are determined. In women, menstruations are broken, mucous-bleeding from the vagina appear. Due to the expanding tumor and cringe compression, itching can occur in the anus area, Enchnoprez - the inability to hold the feces and gases.

Diagnostics

Built on the basis of complaints and objective examination of the patient. Then the additional diagnostic methods (laboratory, instrumental) intestinal cancer are connected.

Inspection

The doctor during the examination of the patient conducts the following manipulations:

Laboratory methods

Clinical blood testit is appointed to all patients who applied with complaints of abdominal pain. This study is uninformative, as it indicates only the process of inflammation in the body and the presence of anemia. Such signs may be observed with other diseases. In the analysis of blood under the intestinal cancer, identify:

• reducing the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin (anemia, in which iron preparations are ineffective);
• leukocytosis or leukopenia (increase or decrease in leukocyte numbers);
• reduction of platelets;
• significant lifting of ESP (more than 30 mm / h in the absence of complaints - a serious symptom for oncological alertness);
• the shift of the leukocyte formula to the left (the emergence of young and degenerative forms of neutrophils).

Diagnose the presence of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. The positive reaction of Gregersen is not an accurate feature of the cancerous tumor.

Blood chemistryit may be an indirect marker of the cancer in the body:

• hypo- or hyperproteinemia (reduction or increase in general protein);
• increased urea and creatinine (reinforcement of protein decay in the presence of a tumor);
• an increase in alkaline phosphatase (the presence of metastases in the liver, bones);
• a sharp increase in hepatic enzymes (AST, Alt) - the collapse of hepatocytes due to an inflammatory or malignant process;
• a significant reduction in cholesterol level (liver metastasis);
• hypercalemia at the normal level of sodium (cancer inxication with cachexia).

Coagulogram -increase blood coagulation and formation of microtrombov (when atypical cells in the vascular channel). Is a little informative study.

Blood test on intestinal cancer oncomarkers (REA, CA 19-9)not applied in primary diagnostics. It is estimated in a complex with other more accurate methods. Used to track the recurrences of the cancer process and the growth of the tumor.

Tool methods

Refer to the most accurate in the detection of bowel cancer.

- X-ray method of research using a contrast agent. It is introduced into the rectum through the enema. Then make an x-ray-contrast shot. It is studied for the presence of tumor and signs of intestinal obstruction (). This method is rather informative and rarely causes complications. The procedure of irrigoscopy is not traumatic and painless. It is characterized by a small radial load on the patient, in contrast to computed tomography.

- Study of the direct and sigmoid intestine using a metal tube, at the end of which there is an optical equipment (lenses) with lighting and air injection system. The reorganooskop is introduced through the rear passage to a depth of 30 cm. The mucous membrane of the intestinal wall is examined, the suspicious areas are taken to the biopsy using forceps. RectorOnoscopy is an effective method for diagnosing a straight and sigmoid cancer. It has a small pain and lack of pronounced discomfort.

- endoscopic study of the intestine to a depth of up to 100 cm. Special equipment (probe), equipped with a camera and a flashlight is introduced through an anal hole and gradually moves throughout the bottom of the digestive tract. The mucous membrane of the walls of the fat intestine is examined. Suspicious fabric sites are plugging for further. Polyps are removed.

Colonoscopy allows you to identify the disease in the early stages of development (with planned inspections), when there is no symptoms. It helps to accurately diagnose the tumor: its localization, dimensions, development stage and the presence of metastases. The minus of this procedure lies in its pain and the need to use anesthesia.

- the most reliable method of detection of cancer. The portion of the intestinal wall (bioptat) obtained by instrumental diagnostics is placed in a specialized solution and delivered to the laboratory. Slices are made from it, which are placed on the slide and paint. Then the microscopy is carried out. Cells are studied, after which a histologist makes a conclusion about the presence or absence of a malignant neoplasm in the intestine. Depending on the urgency of the study, the result will be ready no earlier than 4-14 days.

- Endoscopic study, allowing to reveal a duodenal tumor. The procedure is similar to colonoscopy, only the probe is introduced through the rotoglotka in the stomach. When FGDS, the state of the mucosa is estimated, tissue tissue for histological examination. The procedure is accompanied by pronounced discomfort due to nausea and vomit urges.

It is used in the diverticulse of the thick bowel, hernias and bleeding, when the colonoscopy is contraindicated. MRI helps to diagnose the neoplasm, but does not allow to determine its type. Biopsy is required.

And MRI are held in order to identify metastases in neighboring and remote organs.

Treatment

The most efficient method of combating intestinal cancer is still surgical treatment.

Chemotherapy does not give significant results. It is used only to prevent the development of the tumor and the spread of metastases. It can be assigned before and after surgery.

Radiation therapy is used to eliminate the remaining atypical cells after radical surgery. And also for preventing the recurrence of the malignant process and the spread of metastases.

Treatment should be complex, that is, combine various methods.

Surgical therapy

In the early stages of intestinal cancer (I, II), surgery is quite efficient (in 90% of cases). When metastasising the tumor, in addition to radical treatment, chemo and radiotherapy are used.

The main methods of intestinal cancer surgery:

• Resection (removal) of a part of the intestine with small tumors (I or stage II)

The operation is carried out under general anesthesia by laparoscopy. Small cuts are made by the scalpel (from 0.5 to 1.5 cm) on the front wall of the abdomen. Through them, surgical instruments and an endoscope are introduced into the abdominal cavity, at the end of which there is a video camera and a light source. The image is displayed on the monitor screen. The surgeon distinguishes the affected part of the intestine and produces resection. The tumor is completely eliminated without contact with it (prophylaxis of relapses). Then anastomosis is formed. The formed cults of the two intestinal tubes are flashing a surgical stapler.

This method is small-acting and has a low risk of infectious complications. Patients are restored during the week.

• Resection of the affected gut

It is used for large tumors (III, IV). The operation is carried out by laparotomy. On the front abdominal wall, a longitudinal cut is made, fixed with the clips. The operating field is examined to determine the resection zone. The affected intestine is isolated, fixed by clamps. The excision is carried out within healthy tissues (to prevent contact with a tumor and reducing the risk of relapse).

Total resection is carried out with malignant tumors of impressive sizes. In this case, a thin or thick intestine is completely removed, the anastomosis is superimposed. The remaining cults can be different diameters, there are difficulties in restoring the organ.

Complications are possible: infection and bleeding (during and after surgery), spikes in the places of anastomosis, pain due to limited peristaltics, hernia (intestinal protrusion), disorder of digestion (meteorism, constipation or diarrhea) and violation of the intestinal emptying process and bladder ( Enchnoprez and Enures).

• Section of the guts with the removal of colosty

The artificial hole for the separation of feces is formed above the area of \u200b\u200bdamage to the organ. The colostom can be temporary (for unloading the intestine after the operation and effective recovery). Seams are heal faster (within one month). Then the colostomy is eliminated, the patient restores the physiological emptying of the intestine. In rare cases, an artificial hole is preserved for the rest of his life. With permanent worship, patients need to learn how to enjoy special castryamics. Anal hole is invented.

Complications of this method of surgery: the formation of an abscess due to the infection of the abdominal wall by the powerful masses, necrosis of the derived intestine, the narrowing of the outlet (with insufficient fixation), loss of the intestinal looping into the wound with weak mobilization, the intestinal loss due to active peristaltics and increased intra-abdominal pressure.

Chemotherapy

Toxic drugs are prescribed to reduce tumor growth and metastasis risk. Apply before and after surgery, as well as as palliative care for cancer patients with non-cultural tumors at the last stage. The following chemical compounds are used: "5-fluorouracil", "Capecitabine", "Oxaliplatin" and others. All drugs block the division of atypical cells, worsening their metabolism.

Chemotherapy is accompanied by side effects:

• pronounced weakness;
• headache;
• dyspeptic disorders (nausea and vomiting);
• alopecia (hair loss).

"Lovekovorin" is a physiological tool based on folic acid, reduces the side effect of chemotherapy on healthy organs and fabrics. Appointed together with toxic drugs.

Radiation therapy

Treatment of intestinal cancer using ionizing radiation (neutron, x-ray, gamma). Radiotherapy prevents the restoration of cancer cells, their further division and growth. The radiation load is contraindicated in severe heart pathology, lung diseases, liver and kidney diseases in the period of exacerbation, with acute infections and blood diseases. Not used in pregnant women and children under 16.

Types of radiation therapy:

1. Application of radionuclides. Preparations are introduced inside the body with the help of special solutions that need to drink; either intravenously, in the abdominal cavity or directly to the tumor itself.
2. Remote technique. Cancellation is irradiated through healthy fabrics. Suitable for tumors located in hard-to-reach places.
3. Contact radiotherapy. In the neoplament, closed radiation sources (needles, wire, capsules, balls, etc.) are introduced. The implantation of foreign objects may be temporary or constant.

Radiotherapy is accompanied by side effects due to damage to healthy organs and tissues. Select local and general reactions. Local damage affects the skin (dermatitis, erythema, atrophy and ulcers), mucous membranes (redness and swelling, erosion and ulcers, atrophy, formation of fistulas) and organs (ulcers, fibrosis, necrosis). The overall symptomatics is associated with the adverse effects of radiation on the body (inflammation of the intestine, violation of exchange processes, resistant changes in the composition of the blood, dysfunction of the digestive system). With repeated use of radiotherapy, chronic radiation disease and cancer of other organs are developing.

Forecast for life

It is determined by the 5-year survival rate of patients from the moment of detecting a cancer. This is the critical period during which the high risk of relapses and complications of the malignant process remain. The forecast for life directly depends on the stage of the disease. It is important to identify the intestinal cancer in a timely manner. In the initial stages, he cure.

An indicator of 5-year survival depending on the stage of the disease:

• Stage I - up to 95% of patients overcomes a 5-year frontier;
• Stage II - up to 75% of cancer patients lives more than 5 years;
• III Stage - up to 50% of patients overcomes a 5-year frontier;
• IV Stage - no more than 5% of cancer patients survive for 5 years.

Patients who overcoming 5 years of life, after the operational treatment of bowel cancer, get rid of the possibility of obtaining the recurrence of this malignant process.

Prevention

In clinical practice, it is customary to divide the intestine cancer on the cancer of the small intestine and the colon (colorectal cancer), since the clinical picture of these diseases is different. At the same time, in the group of neoplasms of the subtle intestine, clinicians can separately consider the cancer of the duodenum, skinny and ileum, and among the neoplasms of the large intestine - caressing cancer and rectum.

In the diagnosis of all forms of cancer, the collection of anamnesis (medical history), complaints, application of instrumental methods of examination is important. For the treatment of this pathology, the entire arsenal of oncology is applied: polychimotherapy, radiation therapy and surgical operations.

Epidemiology

Tolstoy's cancer in the last decade has rapidly moved in the structure of all cancer from the sixth place on the third in male patients and in second place in female patients. Cancer of the small intestine is much less common - it is only 0.5-2% of all the tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.

Among men, the oncology of the intestine is found almost 1.5 times more often. The most vulnerable categories of the population in the intestinal cancer are people over 50 years old.

The prevalence of intestinal cancer is significantly higher in developed countries: in Europe, Canada, USA. It is explained by the greater alertness of doctors and early detectability of this pathology, as well as a large number of predisposing factors.

Causes of intestinal cancer

Researchers include intestinal cancer to polyethological diseases - it occurs when a combination of several predisposing factors.

The most significant of these are three factors:

• family-hereditary predisposition;
• alimentary causes;
• inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract).

In the structure of the small intestine cancer, up to 50% occupies a defeat of a 12-rosewoman, almost 30% - skinny, and 20% falls on the iliac. This distribution allows us to conclude that the determining moments in the occurrence of cancer of this localization is the irritant effect of bile and gastric juice. In addition, the 12-point intestine itself is in contact with incoming carcinogens.

Colutive intestinal cancer is more often detected in people who use a large amount of meat products. The deficiency of fiber in food also provokes the development of colorectal cancer. Scientists explain this by the fact that the insufficient amount of fiber inhibits the intestinal peristalsis, the result of which becomes a longer exposure to the carcinogens on its mucous membrane.

Crown disease, ulcerative colitis, duodenitis, intestinal polyposis - all these diseases with high probability are transformed into cancer. The probability of transformation depends on the duration of inflammation: if a person is sick of less than five years, the risk of malignancy (misstitution) is 5%, and if more than ten years - 40%.

Intestinal cancer with metastases

Metastasis - the transfer of malignant cells from a tumor (main foci) to other organs and tissues. Metastasis is carried out by hematogenic (with blood) and lymphogenic (with lymph) paths.

For the tumors of distal (final) intestinal departments, such as a sigmoid and straight intestine, there is also an implantation mechanism for metastasis. There is enough one malignant cell that fell into another body so that there is also a tumor. Compare Metasic Methods will help the table.

The frequency of different methods of metastasis of gut cancer:

Stages of intestinal cancer

The division of intestinal cancer in the stage is the international TNM system. Each letter in this abbreviation carries important information:

• letter T. - Overrite about the size of the tumor: T0 is a small tumor, and T4 is a huge neoplasm;
• letter N. - reflects the degree of involvement in the oncological process of lymph nodes: N0 - nodes are not affected by metastases, N3 - multiple lesion of regional lymph nodes;
• letter M. - indicates the presence or absence of metastases to other organs: M0 - metastasis was not detected, M1 - there are metastases.

Additional indexes are added to designate the metastasis area, for example, M1OSS indicates the identification of metastases in the bones, and M1Bra is in the brain.

Intestinal cancer

At the initial stage, the neoplasm in the intestines has a small size and affects only the mucous membrane and the submembrance layer of the intestinal wall. The tumor is clearly deliberate, movable, its dimensions do not exceed 2 cm. There is no metastasis, neither nearby lymph nodes or other organs are not affected at this stage.

In the first stage, clinical manifestations are most often absent, although there are signs of light dyspepsia and minor intoxication. Sometimes blood is found in the feces, which indicates intestinal bleeding.

The identification of the tumor in the first stage makes the forecast for its treatment very favorable. On the TNM system, the patient's medical documentation is made to record the form: T1N0M0. The patient must be reduced in the shortest possible time to referred it to surgical treatment.

Second stage intestine cancer

According to the international system, this stage is denoted as T (1-2) N (0-1) M0. The growth of the intestinal tumor leads to the fact that it increases in size and penetrates the muscular layer of the intestine. This leads to the appearance of weakly pronounced clinical symptoms. Up to 40% of the intestinal tumors are detected at this stage.

Classical ideas about the stagnation allow you to highlight two substards:

• IIa - the tumor takes less than half of the circumference of the intestine, it does not germinate its wall, there are no metastases, the lymph nodes are not affected;
• IIb.- The tumor begins to grow through the intestinal wall, single metastases in lymph nodes can be seen.

In the second stage, there is a decrease in body weight, general weakness, increased fatigue. Digestion is broken, constipation or diarrhea arise. The patient is worried about pain in the stomach, crotch, false calls for defecation (tenesmas). There are intestinal bleeding, as evidenced by the appearance of blood in feces. Unlike hemorrhoidal bleeding, when blood comes out after defecation, when the intestine cancer, the blood leaves before the feet or mixed with it.

Intestinal Cancer Third Stage

The transition of intestinal cancer into this stage is accompanied by germination of the tumor through the entire thickness of the intestine wall with invasion (penetration) into the deceible tissue. There is a pronounced intestinal deformation. The metastatic defeat of all groups of regional lymph nodes is confirmed. There is no metastasis to other organs.

The third stage on the TNM system is encoded as T3N (0-2) M0. It is characterized by severe clinical symptoms. Patients complain of severe abdominal pain and the area of \u200b\u200bthe rear pass, the crotch. Pain may occur after defecation, but it is often present all the time. Due to bleeding, anemia is developing, which is manifested by the pallor of skin cover, weakness, drowsiness, dizziness.

The lack of metastases into remote organs leaves the ability to cure, although the volume of operation increases significantly and always retains the risk of recurrence. The prospect is determined by the type of tumor, the degree of its differentiation. The general condition of the patient also affects the forecast.

Intestinal Cancer Fourth Stage

The last stage of the intestine cancer, in which the tumor grows up all the surrounding tissues, captures the retroperitoneal fiber, the gland. Metastases are affected not only regional lymph nodes, but also other organs: brain, bones, liver. The fourth stage can be exhibited in the detection of a fast-growing tumor having a low differentiation of cells (very malignant).

In the fourth stage, clinical symptoms progresses and becomes pronounced. Abdominal pain intense. The work of the gastrointestinal tract is dramatically violated, against the background of which intestinal obstruction and intestinal perforation can develop. Inxication of the body caused by the breakdown of the tumor can lead to liver failure. Metastatic lesions of other organs cause the corresponding symptoms: shortness of breath and cough (metastases in the lungs), dizuriy (bladder damage), jaundice skin, vomiting, sharp exhaustion (liver damage).

In mediDocument, this stage is encrypted as t (any) n (any) M1. It is also called terminal, as it is already impossible to cure it. When identifying cancer at this stage, only palliative treatment is carried out, aimed at creating relatively comfortable conditions for the patient's existence.

Symptoms of intestinal cancer

For symptoms of malignant intestinal tumors, polymorphism is characterized by a manifestation of manifestations. This is connected with the variability of the sizes of the tumor, and with the fact that the department is amazed. The effect on the clinical picture has the degree of malignancy of the tumor. At the same time, in the initial stages there may be no symptoms.

Any intestinal disorders - reason to think about the intestinal cancer! This disease can be hidden under the mask of ordinary gastrointestinal diseases: duodenitis, colitis, cholecystitis.

Very often, the manifestations of cancer are masked under the usual intestinal disorder. And it is possible to identify pathology only when aiming examination. As the tumor grows, the increase in its volume appear signs of intestinal lesion in the form of intestinal obstruction, symptoms of general intoxication. All symptoms can be divided into several groups.

Toxico anemic symptoms

These symptoms are characterized more to damage the large intestine. These include:

• general malaise;
• increasing weakness;
• pallitude of the skin;
• anemia.

Symptoms are explained by developing anemia due to the fact that the patient loses blood through the ulceration of the tumor. The blood loss can be slow, then the symptoms are growing slowly, but profuse bleeding can also develop, in this case the symptoms are growing for several hours.

Inxication is due both to the tumor itself and autointoxication (self-determining) with blood from the intestinal lumen. It is often attached to an increase in temperature to subfebrile numbers (up to 37.5 ° C).

Enterocolitical inflammation of the large intestine: symptoms

They occur both when cancer thick and under the cancer of the small intestine. The complex of intestinal disorders is dominated. The following manifestations are leading:

• constipation;
• diarrhea;
• rumbling in the stomach;
• intestinal distention;
• tenses (painful urges for defecation).

In colorectal cancer, purulent, mucous or hemorrhagic (bloody) isolation from the anal opening may be observed. All the above symptoms proceed against the background of pain in the stomach. The pain varies from very insignificant to acute grapple-shaped.

Very often, constipation and diarrhea alternate: for several days the patient can not empty the intestines, and then the allocation of a large number of feces is released. After that, for several days there is a liquid chair with a milder smell. This is explained by a disorder of intestinal peristals. As a result of stagnation of content, it begins to wander, which causes the above symptoms.

Disps intestinal disorder: symptoms

During dyspeptic disorders, the phenomena of functional intestinal work disorders are noted:

• reducing or complete loss of appetite;
• belching
• vomit urge;
• owl of belly in epigastrics.

When cancer of the ascending division of the intestine, pains in the right half of the abdomen are noted. At the initial stage, the symptoms are poorly pronounced and similar to the symptoms of neuhroquo diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (duodenitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis). As the clinic is increasing, the phenomenon of intestinal discomfort is becoming increasingly pronounced. The overall condition of the patient human - weight loss and weakness are developing in 80% of patients.

Obstrument blocking of the gum of intestines: symptoms

The tumor growth often leads to the fact that it covers the intestinal lumen, causing obtuctational intestinal obstruction. This phenomenon is more characteristic of cancer of the left large intestine - descending and sigmoid gut.

In the first place among the symptoms leaves pain syndrome. At the initial stage, the pains wear an indefinite character, patients complain about constipation. At first, it can be resolved independently or after the enema. It is noted the release of a large number of carte masses with an unpleasant odor.

In later stages, total intestinal obstruction is developing. The pain is continuous. Without operation, it is impossible to resolve obtuctive symptoms.

Pseudo-fixed (reminiscent of general inflammation) symptoms

This symptom complex is inherent in the manifestation of signs of inflammation in the abdominal cavity:

• abdominal pain;
• protective tension of the muscles of the abdominal wall;
• changes in blood test (leukocytosis and an increase in ESR).

In the abdominal cavity there may be inflammation with the formation of abscess or phlegmon.

Depending on the localization, the clinical picture can resemble such with other acute diseases of the abdominal organs: appendicitis, cholecystitis, cystitis. It is necessary to carry out a differential (distinguishable) diagnosis with these diseases. Any surgical profile doctor must be alerted to identify the intestine cancer when the symptoms appeared above.

General symptoms and manifestations

It is possible to suspect the intestine cancer in the presence of general features that can be defined both individually and in combination with each other.

The most common common symptoms in the intestinal cancer are the following:

• pain - pain syndrome can vary from unpleasant sensations to grapple-shaped digge pains;
• intestinal disorders - expressed in the form of constipation or diarrhea, a typical manifestation - a rumbling in the stomach;
• violation of general condition - fever, anemia, weight loss - all this should disturb both patients and doctors;
• pathological discharge - For the rectum cancer, the appearance in the feces of pathological impurities - blood or mucus;
• palpiced tumor - In some cases, the patient himself may feel an additional volume in the stomach - this is a reason to urgently contact the doctors.

Any form of intestinal cancer is capable of perforation of the intestine walls and feces in the abdominal cavity, which becomes the cause of spilled peritonitis and requires an immediate operation.

Symptoms in germination to neighboring organs

Tumors of the lower intestinal departments are prone to germination to neighboring organs - bladder, uterus, ovaries. This is the most unfavorable option for the development of the disease. Such a scenario for the development of the disease is characteristic of slowly growing tumors that are not inclined to metastasis.

The complexity of treating tumors forming a conglomerate with nearby organs is due to the need to operate and these bodies, which significantly increases the risk of developing complications. When cancer of the small intestine, germination in neighboring organs is extremely rare.

Cystitis

The inflammation of the bladder is a fruitful intestinal cancer satellite. The appearance of two factors is explained:

• seaming bladder - constant inflammation near the tumor increases the permeability of tissues, as a result of which microorganisms from the chronic inflammation zone can penetrate the intestine in the bladder;
• tumor germination in the bladder - In this case, aseptic (without microorganisms) inflammation of the bladder is developing.

Dysuric disorders are also attached to the general symptoms of cancer: pain in urination, a feeling of urination incompleteness. The germination of the tumor in the bladder can be accompanied by the isolation from the urine.

Difference of signs in women and men

In general, this disease flows along the same scenario in both sexes. Significant differences are noted only in epidemiology (disease prevalence). The intestinal cancer suffers mostly male face.

Differences are available in the frequency of defeat of a large intestine: men are 60% of all cases - rectum cancer, in women in 55% of cases - colon cancer.

In the clinical picture, some differences are available at the launched stage of the disease. Women more often says germination in the bladder. Dysuric manifestations of them begin before and expressed more brightly.

Symptoms in children

The intestinal cancer in children arises extremely rare - the prevalence of this pathology is one case per million children. The risk group includes children with nonspecific ulcerative colitis, intestinal polyposis.

The symptoms of bowel cancer in children are no different from those in adults. The clinic is also diverse: alternating diarrhea and constipation, abdominal pain, anemia. Unfortunately, the symptoms of this disease are nonspecific, so children, like in adults, is often the diagnosis is exhibited already in the late stage of the disease, which significantly worsens the forecast.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis of intestinal cancer implies the collection of anamnesis and conducting instrumental and laboratory surveys. When collecting anamnesis, pay attention to all manifestations of intestinal functional disorders: abdominal pain, chair disorders, dyspeptic phenomena.

The diagnosis can be confidently installed only according to the results of such methods of examination, as a duodenoscopy (endoscopic study of the 12-risen intestine), RectorOnoscopy, colonoscopy. During these studies, biopsy is performed - a piece of tumor is taken, which is then studied under the microscope. The result of such a study determines the tactics of treatment - with malignant neoplasms, more radical surgical operations are used.

Blood test

Laboratory test of blood with intestinal cancer includes:

• general blood analysis;
• determination of biochemical indicators;
• research on oncomarkers.

In general blood test, there may be no changes at all, especially at the initial stage of the disease. With a pronounced inflammatory process in the intestine, the acceleration of ESP, leukocytosis is determined; With anemia, a drop in hemoglobin is detected.

In biochemical analysis there are also no specific indicators for intestinal cancer, an increase in the level of gray-reactive protein can be determined as an inflammation marker. Signs of intoxication and liver damage is to increase the level of transaminase (ALT, AST).

Definition in the blood of oncomarcers, that is, substances synthesized by the tumor, does not matter in the primary detection of bowel cancer, so they are lowly specific and can appear when cancer of another localization. Oncomarcresses of REA and CA 19-9 are used to identify cancer recurrences and for predicting outcome. The high level of CA 19-9 is unfavorable in prognostic plan.

Instrumental diagnostic methods

Different instrumental techniques apply to estimate the state of the intestine in suspected cancer. They can also be used in preventive inspections to identify a tumor at an early stage.

Radiological research methods, ultrasound, endoscopy are used. With the help of modern technologies, it is possible to carry out 3D intestinal modeling - this is allowed to achieve MSCT (multispiral computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance tomography).

With the help of special endovideosurgical instruments, doctors may inspect the intestinal lumen from the inside. These methods have a high informational value. Histological research allows you to determine the type and degree of malignancy of the tumor.

Colonoscopy or rectoromanososcopy

RectorOnoscopy - inspection of the rectum using a reorganoskop, which is a metal tube with an eyepiece. This method is suitable for revealing rectal cancer.

A colonoscopy is a more voluminous study, during which a flexible endoscope is introduced through an anal hole, with which the intestine is inside from the inside. During fibrocolonoscopy, you can explore the entire large intestine, right up to the connection site with thin. This is the most informative method for detecting a thick bowel cancer. Modern colonoscopes are equipped with high resolution cameras that allow you to notice even zero cancer.

Irrigoscopy

For irrigoscopy into the colon, a contrasting agent is introduced, after which they produce a series of X-rays. This study allows you to obtain data on the morphological (structural) state of the fat intestine.

Enhance informativeness helps the use of a double contrast technique, when air is additionally introduced into the intestines. It helps the contrast to fill all the bends and collar folds.

In the pictures with the contrast, the tumor of the colon is visible as a fill defect - an area of \u200b\u200bnot painted contrast. When the tumor is detected after irrigoscopy, it is necessary to carry out a biopsy colonoscopy.

MRI and KT.

With the help of CT and MRI, you can visualize the entire intestine. The layer-by-layer scan has a high resolution. However, the lack of these methods in the diagnosis of intestinal cancer is that they do not allow to distinguish benign tumors from malignant.

A more informative method is PET (positron-emission tomography). The essence of this method is that a particular substance is introduced to the patient, labeled with isotopes (nitrogen-13, oxygen-15, carbon-11, fluoro-18). Tumor cells with greater metabolic activity (they are faster all metabolic processes) are inclined to accumulate this positron-emitting isotopes. When scanning, the tissues that accumulated their large quantities are determined are the foci of malignant transformation. With PET, it is possible to identify both primary tumors and metastases.

Treatment of intestinal cancer

In the intestinal cancer therapy, preference is given to radical methods, which consists in removing the affected intestinal department with the capture of healthy tissues and excision of nearby lymph nodes. Radiation therapy and polychimotherapy are used as auxiliary methods.

Treat the intestinal cancer should immediately after its detection. The preoperative preparation stage should be as short as possible - it reduces the risk of metastases. In advanced cases, at 4 tumor stages, palliative treatment is carried out, which allows for a patient a decent quality of life in the last few weeks and months.

Radiation and chemotherapy

Radiation therapy is applied before the operation. The irradiation of the tumor by narrow-controlled X-rays allows to reduce its volume, which facilitates the conduct of operational intervention.

Chemotherapy is most often appointed into the postoperative period to prevent the development of the tumor relapse. Are used:

• formuracyl;
• irinotecan;
• tomasex.

The individual therapy scheme is selected taking into account the sensitivity of cancer cells to a particular chemotherapy. At the early stage of the ink tumor, chemotherapy can be assigned as starting treatment. However, the risk is always maintained that the tumor is resistant (stable) to the selected medicine.

Surgical methods

The volume of the operation depends on the form of cancer - as far as it is malignant - and localization. When cancer, the small intestine produce resection of the affected intestine with nearby lymph nodes and mesenter. The intestinal integrity is restored by imposing an anastomosis (society) between healthy sites.

* With a thick bowel cancer, different operations are performed:

• abdominal anal extirpation (resection) - This operation is shown in the rectal cancer, during it the entire distal division of the intestines is removed along with the closure apparatus (anus);
• sphincing resection - only the intestine is removed, the anus muscles are saved;
• right-sided hemicotomy - With this operation, the entire right half of the large intestine is removed: ascending, blind intestine and half of the transverse colon.
• left-sided hemicultomy - the left half of the large intestine is removed;
• sigmectomy - Delete only the sigmoid intestine.

After any intestinal removal operation, the bowel is performed - the intestine is removed on the front abdominal wall so that the wheel masses come out. In some cases, reconstructive operations are made after curing cancer, allowing you to restore the normal defecation process.

Food

Given the pronounced violations of the intestine during cancer, the nutrition of patients with this pathology should be aimed at full-fledged provision of the body's needs with nutrients.

Food should be gentle - it should not exacerbate the course of the disease due to mechanical or other damage to the intestinal mucosa. All pickles, canned food, spices, fried and oily food are excluded.

• fruits and vegetables - cauliflower, carrots, zucchini, pumpkin;
• dairy products - Ryazhenka, yogurt, kefir;
• non-fat meat - Veal, turkey, chicken.

All food should be exposed to good thermal processing: cooking or extinguishing, but not frying. It is recommended to drink abundant, if there are no contraindications, cyvel, compotes, green tea.

Prevention of intestinal cancer

Prevention measures include thorough dispensary observation of people from risk groups. Timely detection and treatment of precancerous diseases, such as intestinal polyposis, nonspecific ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease.

All people over 50 years old, and on American recommendations over 40, must undergo a colonoscopy at least once every two years. The prophylactic examination of the doctor must necessarily include the finger study of the rectum and the definition of hidden blood in feces.

With a prophylactic goal, you need to revise the diet: reduce the amount of red meat in it, especially fried, increase the number of products with fiber (fruits and vegetables).

Folk remedies

No folk remedy allows you to cope with the intestinal cancer! Numerous recipes using vegetable oil, kerosene, vodka, various vegetable products are useless and can harm the body.

Statistics show that treatment with folk methods in a 100% case leads to the fact that patients are too late to see a doctor.

The detection of intestinal cancer at an early stage increases due to only the failure of patients from self-treatment. Herbal chambers, infusions and other "miracles" of traditional medicine can be taken only as an accessory, but only after consulting a doctor.

Forecast of the disease

The forecast for the treatment of gut cancer largely depends on the stage on which it was detected. The long-term results of therapy at the initial stage are quite favorable. The higher the stage, the more unfavorable the forecast for patients even with extensive surgical interventions. The first and second stages of intestinal cancer can be completely cured. Assess the dynamics of survival at different stages of cancer will help the table.

Five-year survival at different stages of intestinal cancer:

The probability of recurrence with a colon cancer is 13-18%, a small intestine - less than 10%. Any patient who has undergone treatment from intestinal cancer must have been observed every three months from the oncologist.

Intestinal cancer is an oncological process characterized by the development of malignant education in any of the intestinal departments. In the small intestine there is a duodenal intestine, skinny, iliac loop.

The following colon departments are distinguished: a colon with its ascending, horizontal and downward parts; Sigmoid, straight. The pathological process is formed in any of the sites. Also, he can hit all the layers of the wall: the mucous, submucosity, muscular, serous, with the capture of pure leaves.

According to statistics, cancer in the same percentage is striking both men and women. In the frequency of occurrence, it ranks fifth among all malignant neoplasms among organs and systems.

To an unequivocal decision that is the main cause of the disease, scientists have not yet come. However, groups of predisposing factors that lead to the formation of the intestinal oncology are revealed. These include:

Definitely answer this question is definitely impossible. The body of each person is individual. Each exchange processes and their violations may manifest itself in the same period of time in a more pronounced or vice versa - very slowly. It is necessary to understand that the speed of the pathological process depends on all the same.

• Age criterion. In young people, the disease develops much less often and slower than those of elderly. For the formation of a cancer process, the young will need decades. In the age category of persons, the disease may be formed for months. This is due to structural changes in people over 65 years old.
• The presence of unpriced chronically diseases of intestinal waste. Such cases are then when the patient either does not want to visit doctors in the presence of explicit clinical manifestations, or refuses treatment. In these cases, the disease can sprive up very quickly and with aggressive dynamics. If the necessary therapy is affected by the chronic process, then oncology may not arise at all.
• Accelerate the misstatement of bad habits.
• Rapid development occurs if the patient does not pass systematic medical examinations and does not know the full information about the state of his health.
• In addition, the speed is influenced by the type of tumor, its stage, histological structure. So, for example, epithelial tumors can develop a very long time, and undifferentiated sarcoma develop and proceed very supreme.

Stages of intestinal cancer

According to the sources of the World Health Organization, it is customary to allocate the process of process in the TNM system. This means that the process is classified depending on the spread of the tumor itself in the intestinal thickness and relative to other organs and systems, lesions of the lymphatic apparatus and metastatic changes.

• Stage 0.

Some sources adhere to the fact that this stage is not an independent disease, but only a precancerous process. Others argue that this is already cancer. Let's try to figure out.

According to the morphological state, this degree reflects changes in cellular composition. However, pathology affects only one cell layer located to the basal membrane.

This phenomenon is taken in medicine to call "Cancer in place" or carcinoma in CITU. As a rule, clinically, this phenomenon does not exhibit itself. The patient does not impose complaints.

In case of early detection of the described stage and high-quality treatment, the process will not continue further, and the prejudice state will be considered cured.

• Stage 1.

The first stage is the earliest and initial. Most often, this process is detected in instrumental treatment methods. The first stage is manifested by small tumor sizes, up to 3 cm, damage to a minor sequin.

The process is not involved in the lymph nodes and metastatic foci in other organs appear. In prognostic plan, this degree is extremely favorable.

Most often for treatment it will be necessary surgical intervention and a short course of chemotherapy. After that, in 80-90% of cases, complete remission and recovery occurs.

• Stage 2.

On the localization of the process and prevalence in one or another division of the intestines, two substards are distinguished:

2A - the oncological process affects the mucous layer to the muscular inclusive, but does not apply to the overlying walls and adjacent organs. The tumor is localized within one intestinal segment. At the same time, metastases in neighboring and remote organs are not formed.

2B - cancer appears outside the muscular layer, can germinate into other intestinal departments. Extremely rarely gives metastases, and only to nearby neighboring organs. The lymphatic apparatus will not affect.

The general forecast at 2 stages is also favorable. If the therapy begins as early as possible, the disease can be completely cured. For health, the forecast will be favorable.

• Stage 3.

In the predictive plan and the course of the disease are more serious. Also has its own classification on the oncological process. The lymph nodes are already involved in the process and metastases appear.

3A - Oncology is formed in one of the divisions of the body, then applies to neighboring departments, exciting more and more square. At the same time, metastases are formed. Groups of mesenterial or intestinal lymph nodes are affected. This is usually a group of no more than 3-5 nodules.

3B - all the layers of the intestine wall are affected, there is a tendency to germinating the tumor not only within the intestinal tract, but also in the surrounding organs. Metastases affect neighboring organs, most often it is a stomach. The lymphatic device is actively involved.

3c - heavy cancer shape. The tumor has large sizes. Metastases with blood current are distributed to remote organs: kidneys, bone system. Not only the nearest lymph nodes are affected, but also remote.

The forecast for intestinal cancer 3 is ambiguous. Always worn serious. This stage you need to pay as much attention as possible, due to the fact that it quickly progresses and goes to 4 degree.

If minimal groups of lymph nodes are involved in the process and there are no metastases, then there are forecasts for recovery with adequate treatment. If there are metastases in neighboring organs, this is an unfavorable sign, since the process has a launched and most likely uncontrolled current.

The percentage of complete recovery is 50%. There are already resorted to radical surgical measures, a completely lymphoapparation is removed and the affected segment of the organ.

• Stage 4.

The most terrible and unfavorable degree. Reflects an already extremely neglected process and large in terms of lesion.

4a - the huge sizes of the malignant process, the tumor is visible in the abdomen visually, metastases in the liver and light, 3 or more groups of lymphatic formations are damaged.

4B - oncology is striking more than two neighboring and remote organs at the same time, almost the entire lymphatic system is affected. Survival at this cancer stage is almost minimal. Doctors give a life forecast for no more than 1 year.

The first symptoms and signs of intestinal cancer in the early stages

In the earliest stages, as a rule, patients do not pay attention to clinical signs and symptoms of the disease. They are not pronounced in nature and are not always forced to think about cancer rebirth.

Patients celebrate such symptoms:

• Fast and constant fatigue, fatigue. Immediately and you will not think about what it may indicate oncology. As a result of the growth and formation of the tumor, pathological substances are distinguished, which cause intoxication syndrome. Also alarms that fatigue, apathy does not pass after rest and change the type of activity.
• Unstable stools. There is an alternation of constipation and diarrhea. As a rule, people associate this with poor-quality food or infectious process. In the initial stages of the disease, standard anti-diagracial preparations help. As the tumor progress, drugs become powerless.
• Increased gas formation. Patients celebrate heaviness ,.
• Periodic temperature lifts to subfebrile numbers: no higher than 38 degrees. If the patient is fertilized without a reason for a month, it is necessary to seem to see a doctor and exclude oncological pathology.
• Stomach ache. Depending on localization, pains can wear a pulling, gravity character in the upper or lower floors of the abdominal cavity.

As pathology progresses, such phenomena may appear:

• False calls to the act of defecation. This may be due to the pressure of tumors on the lower guts. At the same time, the defecation itself is usually occurring.
• Changes in taste. The patient can radically change its diet. More often a decrease or complete loss of appetite.
• An increase in the volume of the abdominal cavity. The stomach becomes asymmetric, more in the amount of the defeat. At the same time, neighboring organs can be shifted: liver, lung. A shortness of breath may be formed.

Oncology 4 stages manifests symptoms:

• Strengthening pain in the stomach and frequency of spasms.
• Detection of impurities in feces that are pathological character. It may be abundant mucus, blood, pus, rotary discharge. It is characteristic of the breakdown of the tumor or complications.
• Thread or ribbon chair. It is characteristic of cancer of the lower intestinal departments.
• Sharp and fast body weight loss, right up to anorexia.
• Permanent high body temperature numbers.
• Pallor skin.
• Explicit bleeding from the rear pass.

Separately, it is important to note the characteristics of the feces under the intestinal cancer. In the initial stages, he may not change his character. Then, when the stage becomes more running, the chair can acquire different colors.

When the secondary infection is connected, the feces can be liquid, silent with an unpleasant odor, frequent. When squeezing the pancreas tumor, the discharge may be bold with an admixture of mucus.

If such a complication arises, like bleeding, then the carte masses acquire a black party shape. Such a chair is called Melena. A significant criterion is diarrhea. Initially, it can be rare and periodic, then carried a regular character.

If tumor-like formation overlaps completely intestinal lumen, then the chair may not be at all, up to a complete mechanical one.

It's important to know:

When the intestinal cancer in women, symptoms and signs can be masked under menstruation, uterine bleeding, inflammatory processes in a small basin.

When localizing the process in the lower intestinal deposits, the tumor can border the female sexual system. Thus, it contributes to injury to the uterus, causing "pseudomaging" and pain in the lower abdomen.

This phenomenon is characteristic of women in menopause. In addition, such spasms can come out for the idea of \u200b\u200binflammation of the appendages. Therefore, it is very important to remember that if women have any deviations from the norm, in the obligatory case, you need to contact the doctor.

Diagnosis of intestinal cancer

Determine the oncological process in a particular division of the intestines currently allow high medical technologies.

Diagnose and confirm the diagnosis can only qualified specialist!

First of all, make complaints and clinical manifestations are forced. Therefore, the doctor carefully collects anamnesis, especially specifies the duration of the process, its intensity and flow.

After that, depending on which the department is localized, certain endoscopic manipulations are prescribed:, irrigoscopy, retroromoscopy.

This method is slightly frightened by patients in the fact that the procedure can somehow cause uncomfortable sensations. However, the manipulation itself is very informative, because under the control of the doctor the state of the gossip, it can take a piece of fabric from the damaged area. This allows you to immediately appreciate the cell morphology and set the histological diagnosis.

Resort to methods of radiography of abdominal organs with contrast. The patient is introduced a contrast substance intravenously or asked to drink. Then make a number of abdominal pictures. In the place where the contrast is delayed, or there is a visual negative on film, perhaps a tumor is formed.

The ultrasound of the abdominal cavity organs is also informative and allows us to determine volume formations.

Recently, it is often resorted to a study using tomography - an image of a body in several projections. The most common are computed tomography and magnetic resonance tomogram.

With a diagnostic purpose and further with therapeutic uses a low-alignment operation - laparoscopy. At the same time, several punctures in the skin and special sensors inspect the cavity.

Taking into account the development of the level of medicine, the definition of the development of the disease in the early stages contributes to the determination of the blood of oncomarcres. These are special substances that normal in the blood should not be. They appear in cases where the tumor is formed, and it begins to allocate them independently.

What are there oncomarkers:

• Cancer-Embryonic Antigen - Raa. Indicates the intestine oncology more often in the upper departments.
• Carbohydrate CA 19-9. It is formed in colotela cancer, oncology of the rectum.
• Oncomarker sa - 242. This is the most sensitive and diagnostic plan of the intestinal neoplary indicator. It is investigated during oncology at the initial stages, during treatment for evaluating performance and for recurrence prevention.
• TU M2 - RK. This substance is a cancer. As a rule, it is not specific for the disease, but displays the oncological process in the body as a whole. It is investigated to confirm or exclude a diagnosis.

With confidence it can be said that the intestinal cancer is treated, but only in cases where the disease is diagnosed in the early stages. Then curable reaches 80-90%. In the launched forms, as at any other pathology, therapy may become difficult.

Treatment with intestinal cancer

The main medical events are: surgical intervention, chemotherapy, radiation therapy. Basically resort to a combination of these methods.

Surgical intervention is in the excision and removal of the tumor, the site or the entire organ. It depends on the size, degree, process prevalence.

Chemotherapy implies the use of special chemicals that adversely affect tumor cells, killing them. As a rule, these substances are entered by intravenously defined courses and doses, which calculates, assigns and controls only the doctor!

Radiation therapy lies in the effects of gamma - radiation on the affected area. When combining all these methods, treatment becomes effective and the forecast for life increases.

In addition to the main methods, antibacterial therapy is prescribed, for the prevention of infections, antifungal, reception of polyvitamins and mandatory observance of the diet.

The intestinal cancer is a malignant tumor of the intestinal mucosa. Cancer can develop in any intestinal department, the most often disease occurs in a thick intestine. The intestine cancer is very common, and the incidence continues to increase, and in economically developed countries the incidence rate is highest. Currently, the intestinal cancer ranks second among the oncological diseases in the frequency of occurrence among older people.

People in the age group after 45 years old, men and women are most susceptible to this disease, the incidence frequency is increased by 10% every 10 years. The intestinal cancer varies according to the histological structure, in 96% of cases, it develops from glazed iron mucosa (adenocarcinoma).

Causes of intestinal cancer

Highlight three main signs of intestinal cancer:

• Genetic predisposition. If the family has cases of a bowel cancer, then family members are included in the risk group. Moreover, if someone from family members are diagnosed by the intestinal polyposis, it also indicates the genetic prerequisites for the occurrence of malignant intestinal cancer.
• Tumor and inflammatory bowel diseases. Usually the intestine cancer is preceded by chronic diseases called preiodas. Such diseases include polyps, adenoma, chronic ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease. These diseases are not malignant, but being not cured, create prerequisites for the occurrence of intestinal cancer.
• Diet, poor vegetable fibers, and rich in oily protein food. Such food contributes to the appearance of stagnant phenomena in the intestines, constipation and mechanical irritation of the intestines of the intestine with tightly blinded cartoons. Gastroenterologists believe that such food has become the main reason for the spread of intestinal cancer among people living in economically prosperous countries.

Symptoms of intestinal cancer

The disease can be asymptomatic for a long time, often the first symptoms of bowel cancer are accepted for colitis phenomena. The main symptom of intestinal cancer at an early stage is the blood in the carte masses, falling there from the site affected by the tumor. Blood can be inconspicuous, therefore, the preventive analysis of the feces on the hidden blood of all people belonging to the risk group is important.

Symptoms depend on the intestinal cancer stage and from its location. For the tumors of the right department, diarrhea, abdominal pain and blood flow, and subsequently iron deficiency anemia as a result of a constant blood loss, for the tumors of the left department - constipation and swelling of the abdomen. The signs of intestines include resistant (last two weeks) dyspeptic phenomena: nausea, belching, feeling of gravity in the abdomen, decreased appetite, irregular stool.

Another of the characteristic symptoms of intestinal cancer is the appearance of disgust for meat food. As the disease progressing, the listed features of the intestine cancer are joined by signs of the organism of the body of the breakdown of the tumor: the overall decrease in the tone, the decline, the patenity of the skin, the erase, increased nervousness.

In the later stages of the intestine cancer, metastases appear - child tumors arising from the propagation of cancer cells on lymphatic or blood vessels. The intestase cancer metastases are transmitted to regional lymph nodes, then into the lymph nodes of a small pelvis and a mesentery, hematogenic path - into the lungs and liver. The most often intestase cancer metastases are found in the liver.

Diagnosis of intestinal cancer

The diagnosis of intestinal cancer in the early stages of the disease is extremely important, since the disease is distinguished by slow flow, and in time the measures taken can completely eliminate the intestinal cancer in the event that he did not go too far. The diagnosis is made after the following studies:

• X-rayian intestinal (irrigoscopy). It is an X-ray study of the intestinal walls after administration by enema of the x-ray system, for which the barium suspension is used.
• Retroman storage. The study of the intestinal portion from the anal opening to a depth of 30 cm is carried out by a special device that allows the doctor to see the intestinal wall.
• Colonoscopy. The study of the intestinal portion from the anal hole to a depth of up to 100 cm.
• Laboratory research feces on hidden blood.
• CT, MRI allow you to determine the localization of the tumor, as well as the presence or absence of metastases.

Treatment of intestinal cancer

Regardless of the intestinal cancer stage, the main method of its treatment is the surgical removal of the tumor. If the disease is diagnosed at an early stage, the treatment of intestinal cancer can be gentle, in this case the tumor is removed endoscopically, using a retromanne or a colonoscope. In other cases, a bandwidth surgery is required in the abdominal wall. The sector of the intestine, struck by the tumor, is excised, the edges of the intestine are stitching among themselves. In some cases, the operation is carried out in two stages: at the first stage, the tumor is excised, and the intestine is displayed in an artificial hole on the side, the coogent. At the second stage, the colostomy is removed, the intestinal sections are crosslinked between themselves, and the natural selection of feces is restored through the anal hole of the rectum.

Chemotherapy and irradiation are also used to treat bowel cancer. In the early stages, these methods are used as auxiliary with the main surgical, and are prevention of metastases and recurrence of the disease. In later, inoperable stages, chemotherapy and irradiation help relieve pain and improve the overall condition of the patient.

Forecast

The forecast directly depends on what stage of the intestine cancer was started. If the disease was diagnosed at an early stage, when the tumor did not go beyond the mucous membrane, five-year survival after removal of the tumor and the adequate treatment of the intestinal cancer is about 97%. With the defeat of the entire intestine wall without the formation of metastases - about 60%, if there are metastases, the forecast deteriorates sharply, and if there are remote metastases, five-year survival is not more than 35%.

Prevention of intestinal cancer

For the prevention of intestinal cancer, regular prophylactic medical examinations are needed, especially people belonging to a risk group for this disease. A balanced diet is extremely important, with a large content of coarse vegetable fibers and fermented milk products, and a reduced content of animal fats, as well as fried and smoked food. It is necessary to monitor the regular empty of the intestine and take timely measures to eliminate constipation.

Video from YouTube on the subject of Articles: