Assessment of the value of intangible assets. Methods for valuing intangible assets How intangible assets are valued in the balance sheet

In section No. 1 "Non-current assets". What kind of property they represent and how they are accounted for, we learn from this publication.

What is included in intangible assets in the balance sheet

Having no material form, this property brings the company promising benefits in economic and production terms, that is, income. According to PBU14 / 2007, intangible assets in the balance sheet are objects of intellectual property, software products, licenses, etc. These may include:

• various kinds of production secrets;
• scientific achievements, works of art and literary works;
• brands, trademarks / trademarks;
• inventions;
• patents and rights to models, inventions, industrial designs;
• copyright and property rights to various objects, etc.

In addition, in the composition of intangible assets, the balance sheet takes into account both a positive business reputation, as well as expenses associated with the foundation of the company and recognized as a share of contribution to the authorized capital of the enterprise.

The listed intangible assets in the balance sheet are accumulated in line 1110. It reflects the residual value of intangible assets, calculated in accounting as the difference between the debit balance of the account. 04 "intangible assets" (excluding R&D costs) and credit balance on account. 05 "Depreciation of intangible assets".

Since July 2016, simplified enterprises have been granted the right to write off intangible assets as expenses when incurring expenses, bypassing the charge of depreciation.

Intangible exploration assets in the balance sheet

This property also belongs to intangible assets, but for their accounting, line 1130 is set aside in the balance sheet, where the costs of prospecting, exploration and evaluation of mineral deposits are recorded. Regulates the accounting of search assets PBU 24/2011. Intangible search assets in the balance sheet are:

• the right to conduct prospecting and exploration activities, confirmed by license;
• information generated as a result of various geophysical surveys;
• results of exploration drilling / pitting, collection of samples and samples, other specific information about the subsoil;
• assessment of the market feasibility of development and production.

Exploratory intangible assets are reflected in the balance sheet and accounted for on account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" at their residual value - the debit balance on account 08 at the beginning of the period is reduced by the amount of the credit balance on account 05.

Expenses that form the initial cost of intangible assets

The costs of acquiring / creating intangible assets include:

• amounts paid to the seller of the asset under the contract;
• payments for the performance of contractual contract work;
• remuneration paid to the intermediary through whose efforts the asset was received;
• payment of fees for consulting services;
• customs fees and duties;
• taxes (non-refundable) and state duties;
• costs incurred in the direct creation of the asset: depreciation, employee benefits, company liabilities related to environmental protection and other costs associated with the creation of the asset and ensuring optimal conditions for its use, etc.

The initial cost of intangible assets is determined by combining the costs of their creation or acquisition. When intangible assets enter the balance sheet as a share of the authorized capital, the assessment is carried out by the decision of the founders.

The company has the right to establish the market value based on the results of the expert assessment, but it can also independently determine the price. Usually, the method of calculating expected income is used to assess intangible assets.

Valuation of intangible assets in the balance sheet

Intangible assets have value without material content. Therefore, the valuation of these assets is a very complex process. The value of intangible assets, especially in high-tech companies, significantly increases the total value of the company, and knowledge of their real value and its competent use contribute to strengthening the company's market position.

Intangible assets (balance sheet line 1110/1130) are assessed depending on belonging to one of four groups:

• industrial property - patents for inventions, industrial designs, achievements, certificates for trademarks;
• objects of copyright and related rights to works of science and art, programs for electronic devices, databases;
• objects constituting a commercial secret - know-how, R&D results, design and construction and other technological documentation;
• property rights to use natural resources.

The valuation of intangible assets confirms ownership rights and allows this property to be included in the composition of assets, making it possible to charge depreciation and form depreciation funds.

EAT. Petrikov,
Doctor of Economic Sciences,
Professor at the Department of Finance and Prices
E.I. Isaeva,
student

M.A. Ovsyannikova,
student
Faculty of Finance Master's Degree
Russian University of Economics
them. G.V. Plekhanov
Finance and credit
12 (636) – 2015

Subject / topic. The article notes that at present Russian organizations underestimate the role of intangible assets in their property, paying insufficient attention to their assessment and amortization.

Goals / objectives. The analysis of methods for assessing intangible assets, the preference of their use to determine the quality of various types of intangible assets, their advantages and disadvantages. Some aspects of the amortization of intangible assets are considered.

Methodology. With the help of a systematic approach, the concepts of "intangible assets", "amortization of intangible assets", "useful life" are disclosed, approaches to the assessment of these assets are determined, the ratio of risk-return, methods of amortization are considered.

Results . The high degree of influence of intangible assets on the activities of the organization and the income received has been determined. The approaches to the valuation of intangible assets used in Russia have been studied, the most optimal of them have been established. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods for assessing intangible assets, differences in amortization of intangible assets in accordance with Russian and international standards are highlighted.

Conclusions / Relevance... The proposed methods of valuation and amortization of intangible assets have practical application, but for their use it is necessary to conduct an in-depth analysis of the essence of the intangible asset, the activities of the organization, the structure of its assets, as well as the market.

It is determined that in Russia the valuation of intangible assets has not reached the proper level of development. The necessity of improving the assessment methods for maintaining and increasing the competitiveness and financial stability of the company has been substantiated.

* This article was prepared with the financial support of the Russian University of Economics. G.V. Plekhanov in the framework of a grant for the implementation of research work by a team of young scientists

In the modern world, with the development of the economy, the introduction of new technologies and the release of high technology products, intangible assets become one of the most important components of the assets of any business entity. This is due to:

• a wave of absorption of some enterprises by others;
• the speed and scale of technological change,
• a new stage in the development of educational technologies due to the spread of information technologies;
• integration of the domestic financial market into the global architecture of finance.

Intangible assets (intangible assets) are non-monetary assets that do not have physical form. They must meet the following conditions:

• lack of material and material structure, the ability to identify from other property, the ability to bring the organization economic income in the future;
• use for a long time (useful life over 12 months, or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months) in the manufacture of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, or for the management needs of the organization. Subsequent resale of this property is not expected;
• the presence of correctly executed documents confirming the existence of the asset itself and the exclusive right of the organization to the results of intellectual activity (patents, certificates, other documents of title, an agreement on the assignment or acquisition of a patent, trademark, etc.) 1.

1 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 27, 2007 No. 153n “On Approval of the Accounting Regulations“ Accounting for Intangible Assets ”(PBU 14/2007)”.

In accordance with paragraph 3 of Art. 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, intangible assets are understood as the acquired and / or created by the taxpayer the results of intellectual activity (RIA) and other objects of intellectual property (exclusive rights to them) used in the production of products (performance of work, provision of services) or for the management needs of the organization during long time (lasting over 12 months).

Intangible assets may include:

1) objects of intellectual property on RIA, including the exclusive right:

• patent holder for an invention, industrial design, utility model and selection achievements;
• author on computer programs, databases, on the topology of integrated circuits;
• the owner of the trademark and service mark, appellation of origin of goods;

2) the business reputation of the organization.

Modern business entities strive to form non-current assets as the basis of their high value. As you know, any company can be represented as the sum of the main types of its assets:

• Money;
• stocks;
• accounts receivable;
• tangible assets;
• intangible assets.

However, due to the inability to correctly apply an appropriate valuation method, assets are often significantly cheaper than they actually are. This situation is especially relevant for intangible assets due not only to low liquidity, high profitability and the lack of an objective assessment, but also due to a lack of understanding of the need to capitalize them on the balance sheet of an economic entity. For example, in organizations working in the field of the production of science-intensive products, intangible assets in certain cases can surpass in value the aggregate of the rest of the assets of the enterprise, as well as bring additional competitive advantages and influence the formation of a stable business reputation of the company.

There are three known methods of asset valuation:

• profitable;
• expendable (or costly);
• comparative (or market).

The use of one method or another depends on the tasks facing the appraiser, as well as the availability of the initial information for appraising the asset. The most preferable for business is the comparative approach, because it reflects how the market values ​​a given asset. If we assume that the market evaluates the asset correctly, then this is the approach that gives the most accurate results. The profitable approach, in turn, is more preferable than the costly one, since the cost that the company spends on the creation of an asset is almost always less than the benefits it receives from its use.

Using comparative approach the value of an asset is based on information about the purchase or sale of an asset in the market. The approach is based on the fact that the market values ​​this asset fairly. To find the cost, cost multipliers or data on comparable transactions are used.

Under profitable approach is understood as a valuation method in which the value of an asset is equated to the net present value of the cash flows generated by this asset, or to the present value of the costs that were avoided as a result of owning this asset. In other words, the value of an asset depends on its ability to generate income.

Cost approach is an approach to valuation based on finding the replacement cost or the replacement cost of assets. With regard to intangible assets, when assessing the cost, which were incurred to create this asset, and their total amount is equal to the value of the analyzed intangible asset. According to the basic idea of ​​the cost approach, an investor will never pay more for an asset than the amount for which it can be created or purchased elsewhere.

Obtaining the same results when using different methods indicates the correctness of the assessment.

In accordance with the Federal Law of July 29, 1998 No. 1E5-FZ "On appraisal activities in the Russian Federation", the appraisal objects include:

• separate material objects (things);
• a set of things that make up the property of a person, including property of a certain type (movable or immovable, including enterprises);
• ownership and other property rights to property or individual things from the composition of the property;
• rights of claim, obligations (debts);
• works, services, information;
• other objects of civil rights in respect of which the legislation of the Russian Federation establishes the possibility of their participation in civil circulation.

Thus, intangible assets are also subject to valuation.

In the valuation process, there are many different situations in which valuers use different types of value. The result will depend on the approach used by the appraiser to determine the value. It should be noted that at present, in accordance with Russian accounting regulations (Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Intangible Assets” PBU 14/2007), intangible assets are accepted for accounting at their actual (initial) cost, which is calculated based on the cost approach. In accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the value of intangible assets created by the organization itself is determined as the sum of the actual costs of their creation, production (including material costs, labor costs, costs of third-party services, patent fees associated with obtaining patents, certificates), except for the amounts of taxes accounted for in the composition of expenses, general business and other similar expenses.

However, according to International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS 38 "Intangible Assets" 2), three well-known approaches can be applied to the valuation of intangible assets, as well as to the valuation of any asset (Fig. 1). Due to the fact that intangible assets as a type of funds of an economic entity are a non-standard object for assessment, the use of these approaches has its own specifics, since different types of intangible assets carry different risks and this must be taken into account when using the appropriate approach to assessment.

2 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 25, 2011 No. 160n "On the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards and Clarifications of International Financial Reporting Standards in the Russian Federation."

The ease of application of one or another approach depends on the specifics of the intangible asset being assessed. For example, in the monograph by G. Smith and R. Parr "Valuation of Intellectual Property and Intangible Assets 3", a classification is given that reflects the applicability of approaches to valuation for various types of intangible assets (see table). When evaluating intangible assets, you should never isolate this type of funds from the characteristics of the organization within which these assets exist. For a correct assessment of intangible assets, it is necessary to study their structure, distribution of profits both among different types of intangible assets, and in relation to other assets of the company.

3 Smith G. K, Parr R.L. Valuation of Intellectual Property and Intangible Assets. 3rd Edition. John Willey & Sons Inc. 2000.638 p.

Valuation of intangible assets is based on the concept of the relationship between the risk of an asset and its return. As noted by JI. Baruch: “The risk inherent in investing in intangible assets is much higher than the risk of investing in tangible or even financial assets. When investing in the development of a new drug, there is a risk of losing all investments, while investments in equipment, if they lead to losses, still most of the investments can be returned. Even more risky assets associated with the construction of commercial real estate rarely end in losses ”4. The company must be presented as a portfolio of assets, and the resulting profit must be considered from the point of view of the profitability of each individual asset and its share in the overall structure of assets. Therefore, for the correct assessment of intangible assets, it is necessary to understand that different assets of the company are required to have different returns (Fig. 2).

4 Baruch Lev. Intangibles: Management, Measuring and Reporting. Washington. DC: Brookings Institution Press. 2001. P. 39.

In the process of recognizing intangible assets as part of a company's non-current assets, the difficult task arises of developing a methodology for assessing each category of intangible assets. As you know, one should not recognize a serious methodology in which coefficients reflecting real factors are indicated and multiplied by each other, since a simple product of conventional values ​​of various factors results in an unreliable value of intangible assets, which will need to lead to the "desired" result. In addition, one should not take seriously the methods, where calculations are carried out according to very complex mathematical formulas, including logarithms, integrals and differentials, since these calculations are practically unattainable in practice.

In valuation, there are quite a few situations in which valuers use different types of value. The result will depend on what type of value the appraiser chose. This can be fair market value, investment value, value in use, tax value, residual value, etc. Fair value is one of the most commonly used types of value.

At its core, the term “fair value” is an accounting term. The concept of fair value is considered one of the fundamental concepts of international financial accounting and reporting standards. It is this value that needs to be determined for the next revaluation of the company's assets, for the purchase price allocation when companies are merged, etc.

International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 13 Fair Value Measurement provides that fair value is the amount at which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled in a transaction between knowledgeable willing parties in an arm's length transaction. It is important to understand the terminology used in the valuation so as not to confuse fair value with either purchase price, investment value, value in use or residual value.

Let's consider the possible approaches to the valuation of intangible assets in more detail.

Cost approach(cost approach to valuation) is based on finding the replacement cost or the replacement cost of assets. The basic idea behind the cost approach is that an investor will not want to pay more for an asset than the amount for which it can be purchased or created elsewhere.

Within the framework of the cost approach, there are four main methods for evaluating intangible assets.

1. Method for determining initial costs(method of seed money identification). It is based on the so-called historical cost of the asset, which includes the actual costs reflected in the financial statements for the last three years.

In this case, the cost of the object of assessment depends on the following factors:

1. costs for the creation, acquisition, commissioning of intellectual property objects and for organizing the use of the objects of assessment;
2. costs of registration, patenting of objects of intellectual property;
3. costs of insurance of risks associated with intellectual property objects;
4. the validity period of the title of protection, the license agreement at the time of the assessment of its value and the useful life of the object;
5. obsolescence of the assessed object, inflation, etc.

Assessment within the framework of this method is built in several stages.

First, you need to establish the historical cost for which the appraised object was purchased. Then, the historical value of the intangible asset is reduced to the present value at a discount rate equal to the inflation index in each considered period, and the functional depreciation of the assessed object is calculated. In the third step, the fair value is determined by deducting the resulting depreciation from the current historical cost.

2. Replacement cost method(method of substituted value). When using this method, the appraiser is based on the thesis that the maximum value of an asset will be equal to the minimum price for a product with similar utility or use value ( market value assessed asset). An analog asset must have the maximum equivalence of functionality, options for its use, consumer utility.

Valuation using this method is made by summing all costs (including the costs of acquiring or creating an asset and bringing it to commercial suitability), estimated profits, payments and taxes.

3. Replacement cost method(method of replacement value). Within the framework of this method, the replacement cost of an intangible asset is established, which means the amount of costs for creating a similar identical intangible asset (for example, for the acquisition of property rights, development in the production of goods using an intangible asset, marketing, etc.). In addition, when creating an intangible asset at the enterprise itself, the costs of search work and the development of a theme, the creation of experimental samples, the payment of patent fees and the creation of design and technical, technological, project documentation, etc. are taken into account.

Evaluation by a costly approach, as already noted, is to determine the amount of funds that must be spent in order to obtain an object that matches the existing one in its characteristics. This value is the replacement cost, which is divided into the cost of replacement and the cost of reproduction (Fig. 3). These two types of value differ from each other in that the cost of replacement is the cost of creating an absolutely identical object, and the cost of reproduction is the cost of creating a similar object. In this regard, it is worth noting that economists often do not see the difference between the replacement cost method and the replacement cost method. However, the difference is that the replacement cost is based on the market valuation of an identical intangible asset, and the replacement cost is based on the historical cost of actual costs (including depreciation) when creating a similar intangible asset.

4. Cost benefit estimation method(method of winning costs value). This is an assessment method that allows you to assess the growth in the value of a company through the use of intangible assets (patented technology, utility model, know-how, etc.), which leads to a reduction in the costs of the company using it. For example, the company has qualified personnel, whose professional qualities allow it to conduct economic activities at lower costs, preferential terms for the supply of raw materials, fuel, etc., can help to reduce costs.

The application of this method is reduced to finding the value of the gain in the cost price for a certain period of time. The reduced costs and / or released revenues can then be brought up to date using the discount rate and capitalized depending on whether these costs / gains are assumed to be constant over time. Many economists identify the calculated value of the cost benefit with the profit gain method considered in the income approach.

The main disadvantage of the cost approach is the discrepancy between the costs of the present time and the cost in the future. The essence of the problem lies in the fact that the existing methods for evaluating intangible assets within the framework of the cost approach do not fully take into account the inflationary change in the purchasing power of money, as well as the ability of money to generate income provided that it is wisely invested in alternative projects.

In the process of evaluating intangible assets, a situation often arises when it is very difficult to identify those flows that are generated by this particular intangible asset, or to find analogues on the market, and therefore it is difficult to use the income and comparative approaches. Although the cost approach is inferior to the income approach in terms of the total cost indicators (since the cost that a company spends to create an asset is almost always less than the benefits that it ultimately receives from its use), it must be applied.

The income approach to valuation assumes that the value of an asset equates to the net present value of the flows generated by the asset, or to the present value of the costs that were avoided by owning the asset. In other words, the value of an asset depends on its ability to generate income. Therefore, in order to apply the income approach, first of all, it is necessary to predict additional flows generated by the intangible asset. The basis of the theory underlying this approach was developed by J. Campbell and J. Taylor back in 1972 in their work on the assessment of IA 5.

5 Ian R. Campbell and John D. Taylor. Valuation of Elusive Intangibles. Canadian Chartered Accounting. 1972.

There are four main methods used in valuing intangible assets under the income approach.

1. Added cash flow method(method of discounting cash flows - incremental cash-flow method). Its essence is to predict the cash flows that a given asset will generate during its life cycle. Cash flows are discounted to the valuation date, summed up, and the total is the cost of the intangible asset (Figure 4).

When evaluating intangible assets with the income approach, this approach is most often used. There are several stages in the valuation using the discounted cash flow method. At the first stage, it is necessary to predict the pre-tax added cash flows created by the intangible asset being valued and check these flows for belonging to the intangible asset being valued (if other assets are found that create a part of the found flows, it is necessary to clear the flows from their influence). Then you need to clear the flows from taxes and discount the resulting flow values ​​for each year at a discount rate equal to the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). As a result, savings on tax payments are calculated due to depreciation on this intangible asset.

One of the main advantages of this method is that it allows you to take into account most of the positive and negative effects associated with the ownership of intangible assets. However, there are a number of disadvantages that quite often lead to the fact that evaluators refuse to use this approach. In essence, it is quite laborious, since it is necessary to predict the change in a large number of factors, and this takes a lot of time. In addition, forecasts are quite subjective and require high professionalism from the appraiser.

But the main disadvantage of the approach is that it is necessary to predict the flow that generates the priced asset. It is extremely difficult to do this due to the specifics of intangible assets. As a consequence, the evaluator has to use assumptions that allow the flow to be allocated to only one intangible asset from the entire flow, and this, in turn, lowers the level of reliability of the results.

2. Excess return method(multi-period excess-eamings method). It consists in separating the value of the flows generated by the intangible asset being valued from those generated by the entire company by subtracting the value of the flows that bring the rest of the assets. In other words, you first need to predict the total cash flow, and then subtract from it all that is earned by the non-valued intangible asset.

The excess return method for determining the value of an intangible asset assumes, at the first stage, forecasting pre-tax flows that a company or a separate project of a company creates, and determining the types of intangible assets that, in addition to the asset being valued, contribute to the creation of this cash flow. At the second stage, the rate of return required by the company's shareholders from each type of intangible assets is determined, and the absolute value of the return on capital for each type of intangible assets is determined. Then you need to find the pre-tax cash flow generated from the created intangible asset, clear it from taxes and discounted in each period at the discount rate, summing the post-tax present value of the intangible asset.

3. Intellectual property market method(this evaluation method is also called method of saving royalty payments- relief from royalty method). This method is based on the assumption that the intellectual property used does not belong to the company. That is, the object of valuation is provided to the organization on a licensing basis for a certain fee, called royalty - a percentage of revenue (if we divide the difference in profit by the total revenue of the company that owns intangible assets, we get the royalty rate). Then that part of the proceeds that should be paid by the owners of the intangible asset is considered as additional profit generated by this asset, and the value of the cash flows that are formed from this profit is capitalized and forms its market value.

The essence of the method of saving royalties is that by owning intangible assets based on knowledge (trademarks, trademarks, patents and secret technologies), the company saves on royalty payments. Otherwise, the company would have to make periodic payments to the owners of intangible assets.

1) establish a fair royalty rate, which depends on the following factors:

• royalty rate for similar assets;
• estimated profit;
• cost savings due to the use of this asset;
• the required level of return on tangible assets and other intangible assets that are used by the firm;
• the uniqueness of this intangible asset;
• availability of substitutes for this type of intellectual property.

In general, a fair royalty rate can be found as the rate that can be set when an agreement is entered into between the party that owns the intangible asset and the party that acquires it, while satisfying both the buyer and the seller;

2) find the product of the fair royalty rate and the base for which it was calculated for each forecast year. These amounts must also be reduced by the amount of tax payments. Then, discounting the amounts obtained using the discount rate calculated for the intangible asset in question, we obtain tax savings due to depreciation of this intangible asset.

4. Profit Advantage Method(method of advantages in revenues). This is a method that allows you to assess the profit margin of a company due to the presence of a strong intangible asset that is not related to marketing (for example, licenses, patents, technology, etc.). The more high-tech the industry in which this intangible asset is used, the greater the advantage in profit can result from the presence of such intangible assets.

To apply the profit advantage method, it is necessary to establish the amount of additional net profit before tax received by the enterprise using this intangible asset, in comparison with enterprises that produce similar products without using such a CSA object (additional profit obtained after the application of any improvements in the enterprise). In practice, to obtain the amount of additional profit, the difference in the price of products manufactured using the estimated intangible asset and products similar in quality, produced without its use, can be used. The specified difference in price multiplied by the volume of issue is identified with the additional profit of the owner of intangible assets.

Some complexity of this method is that in practice it is not easy to establish to what extent the products used as an analogue have characteristics similar to those for the production of which the estimated intangible assets are used. In addition, the difference in prices, on which the entire calculation is based, is often quite volatile, which creates difficulties for justifying the cost of intangible assets.

The main advantage of the income approach is that it takes into account most of the positive and negative effects associated with the ownership of intangible assets. But there are also drawbacks that lead evaluators to abandon this approach quite often. One of the disadvantages is its labor intensity. Evaluators need to predict changes in a large number of factors, and this takes a long time. Such forecasts are quite subjective and require professional assessment. The main disadvantage of the approach is the need to predict the flow that only the asset under valuation creates. Taking into account the specifics of intangible assets, it is rather difficult to develop a forecast. Therefore, it is necessary to make assumptions that allow the flow to be allocated to only one intangible asset from the entire flow. This leads to a decrease in the reliability of the results.

Comparative approach(comparative approach to valuation). It consists in the fact that the value of an asset is calculated based on market information about the purchase or sale of this asset. It should be noted that the use of a comparative approach is very difficult, since the objects of intangible assets are often original and have no analogues in the market or at competing companies. Or intangible assets are sold together with other assets rather than separately. Accordingly, it becomes necessary to separate the amount paid for the valued intangible assets from the transaction value, and this can be very difficult to do.

The comparative approach to the valuation of intangible assets involves determining the value of an intangible asset based on the price at which similar intangible assets can be acquired in comparative circumstances. To determine the value of the assessed asset, various multipliers are used, which are equal to the ratio of the transaction price to any factor that quantitatively characterizes the intangible asset involved in the transaction. These factors can be: revenue generated by this intangible asset; profit from its use; other indicators. The found multiplier is multiplied by the same factor, but already inherent in the asset being valued. Thus, the cost of intangible assets is found.

Within the framework of the comparative approach, the following main methods of valuation of intangible assets are used.

1. Comparative method(method of comparative intangible assets). This is a method, the essence of which is to find information about the market value of intangible assets, which can be analogous to the evaluated object in terms of their purpose and utility. It is advisable to apply it in an efficiently operating market of intangible assets. The considered valuation method implies a comparison of the value of the assessed asset with the price of an already completed transaction for the sale of a similar asset.

When using this method, you must:

• to collect information on completed transactions for similar objects of assessment and to determine a list of indicators for which the comparison of objects of assessment is carried out;
• adjust the actual prices of transactions taking into account the correction factor and determine the value of the appraised object based on the adjusted actual data for matched transactions.

The correction factor, taking into account the quantitative and qualitative differences between the characteristics of the assessed object and the comparable analogue, is formed by assessing the impact on the value of the intangible asset of the following factors:

• country - the owner of this asset;
• industry;
• scope of the intellectual property object;
• the completeness of the transferred rights;
• the term of the granted rights;
• availability of legal protection;
• the degree of influence of the assessed asset on the production activities of the company, etc.

2. It should be noted that the comparative method also applies excess return method and method of saving royalty payments... These two methods are considered to be mixed, so many economists refer it to both the income and comparative approaches 6.

6 Leontiev B.B., Mamadzhanov Kh.A. Valuation of intangible assets of high-tech enterprises. M .: Patent, 2012.S. 305.

The advantage of the comparative approach is that, subject to the availability of the necessary information about the analogs of the asset and transactions for their purchase and sale, the results of the calculations will have a minimum error. Many economists believe that the most preferred approach to business valuation is comparative, because it reflects how the market values ​​a given asset. However, its application for the valuation of intangible assets is complicated by the fact that often the objects of valuation are unique and have no analogues. In addition, intangible assets are in most cases sold as part of a business; their separate sale is extremely rare. The flows generated by intangible assets need to be discounted and brought to fair value at a discount rate equal to the WACC.

In the process of assessing intangible assets, great importance is attached to the methods of calculating amortization of intangible assets. For a company, amortization charges on intangible assets (as in the case of property, plant and equipment 7) are material (for example, when the company calculates taxes or reports the profits earned to investors or shareholders). In this regard, it is necessary to understand the place and role of depreciation charges on intangible assets in the financial flows of an enterprise in accordance with Russian and international practice of financial accounting and reporting.

7 For more details on the depreciation of fixed assets see Petrikova E.M. The role of the depreciation policy of the enterprise as a tool to stimulate investment in the renewal of fixed assets // Finance and Credit. 2007. No. 34.

In Russian practice, there are three methods of recording depreciation charges on intangible assets:

• linear method - based on the initial or market (in case of revaluation) value of intangible assets - evenly over the useful life of this asset;
• method of decreasing balance - based on the residual value (initial or market value - in case of revaluation, minus the accrued depreciation) of intangible assets at the beginning of the month, multiplied by a fraction, in the numerator of which is the coefficient set by the company (not higher than 3), and in the denominator - the remaining term useful use in months;
• method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works) - based on the natural indicator of the volume of products (works) per month and the ratio of the initial cost of intangible assets for the entire useful life.

The choice of the depreciation method is determined based on the calculation of the expected consumption of future economic benefits from the use of the asset, including the financial result from the possible sale of the asset. In the event that the calculation of the expected receipt of future economic benefits from the use of intangible assets is not reliable, the amount of depreciation charges for such an asset is determined on a straight-line basis.

The amortized cost of an intangible asset should be written off systematically over the useful life of an intangible asset. In accordance with the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Intangible Assets” (PBU 14/2007), the useful life of intangible assets is the period during which the organization intends to use an intangible asset in order to obtain economic benefits. Intangible assets for which it is impossible to determine the useful life are considered intangible assets with an indefinite period of use.

Determination of the useful life of intangible assets is based on the following factors:

• the period of validity of the organization's rights to the result of intellectual activity or means of individualization and the period of control over the asset;
• the expected life of the asset, during which the company expects to receive economic benefits.

However, for tax accounting (in accordance with clause 2 of article 258 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) for intangible assets, for which it is impossible to determine the useful life, the depreciation rate is set based on the useful life of ten years. The main difference between the international depreciation accounting system and the Russian one is the reduction of the assets depreciation period in the case of an economic feasibility study, which allows the company to quickly carry out larger tax write-offs and thus increase free cash flows. In accordance with IFRS, the useful life of an intangible asset is determined by taking into account the expected usefulness of the asset to the entity.

In the event of the termination of the validity period of a patent, certificate, other documents of title after the full repayment of the initial value of these objects, they continue to be reflected in accounting in the conditional assessment adopted by the organization, and the valuation amounts are reflected as the financial results of the organization.

There are the following basic requirements for the amortization of intangible assets:

• the amortized cost of the item must be written off over the life of the item;
• the depreciation method used should reflect the process of consumption by the company of the economic benefits contained in the facility;
• depreciation charges for each period should be recognized in profit or loss, unless they are included in the carrying amount of another asset.

Due to the fact that depreciation is a non-monetary expense item (since the corresponding costs of creating intangible assets were already incurred by the enterprise earlier - at the beginning of the project implementation period), and also reduces the income tax base, when predicting the company's cash flow, depreciation increases net operating income after tax of the company and indirectly affects the increase in the cost of its capital.

The valuation of intangible assets is a fairly new area of ​​valuation. Therefore, there are many misconceptions associated with it.

After all, the practice of Russian companies in assessing intangible assets is still very scarce. There is also no experience in selling large intangible assets separately from an operating enterprise, as a result of which we can say that the market for many types of intangible assets has not been formed. It is often difficult for an appraiser to check to what extent the appraisal made by him corresponds to reality. In connection with these unfavorable conditions and in order to minimize errors in the valuation of intangible assets, it is necessary to conduct a thorough and in-depth analysis of the activities of the organization, the subject of valuation in question and the market.

Literature

1. Azgaldov G.G. Assessment of the value of intellectual property and intangible assets. Moscow: International Academy of Assessment and Consulting, 2006.399 p.

2. Aksenov A.P. Intangible assets: structure, assessment, management: textbook. Moscow: Finance and Statistics, 2007.192 p.

3. Ber H.P. Asset securitization: The securitization of financial assets is an innovative technique for bank financing. M .: Walters Kluver, 2006.624 p.

4. A. James R. Hitchner. Assessment of the value of intangible assets. M .: Maroseyka, 2008.146 p.

5. Domodaran A. Investment appraisal: tools and methods for appraising any assets. Moscow: Alpina Business Books, 2004.1339 p.

6. Kazakova N.A., Romanova N.V. Actual problems of accounting and control of transactions with intangible assets for leasing companies in the context of the transition to IFRS // Leasing. Business technologies. 2014. No. 4. S. 15-24.

7. Kozyrev A.N. Valuation of intangible assets and intellectual property. Moscow: RITs GSh VS RF, 2003.368 p.

8. Kostin A. Topical issues of assessment and management of intangible assets // Property relations in the Russian Federation. 2004. No. 9. S. 53-59.

9. Limitovsky M.A. Investment projects and real options in emerging markets: a textbook. M .: Yurayt, 2014.496 p.

10. Assessment of intangible assets of high-tech enterprises / ed. B. B. Leontiev, H.A. Mamadzhanov. Moscow: Patent, 2012.305 p.

11. Reilly R, Schweiss R. Assessment of intangible assets. M .: Quinto-Consulting, 2005.792 p.

12. Shpilevskaya E.V., Medvedeva O.V. Basis for assessing the value of intangible assets. Moscow: Phoenix, 2011.224 p.

13. Ahonen G. Generative and Commercially Exploitable Intangible Assets. Classification of Intangibles. Eds. J. E. Grujer, H. Stolowy. Groupe HEC: Jouy-en-Josas. 2000.

14. Baruch Lev. Intangibles: Management, Measuring and Reporting. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. 2001. P. 39.

15. Chen M.C. Intellectual Capital. Theories and Practices. 1st ed. Tsang Hai. 2004.

16. Eugene F. Brigham, Michael C. Ehrhardt. Financial Management: Theory and Practice. South-Western College Pub. 2011.

17. Kujansivu P., Ltfnnqvist A. Investigating the Value and Efficiency of Intellectual Capital // Journal of Intellectual Capital. 2007. Vol. 8.No. 2.

18. Richard A. Brealey, Stewart C. Myers, Alan J. Marcus. Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. McGraw-Hill Irwin. 2009.

19. Royalty Rates for Technology, Intellectual Property Research Associates, Yardley. Pennsylvania. 1997.

20. Robert F. Reilly, Robert P. Schweihs Valuing intangible assets - McGraw-Hill Irwin. 1998.

21. Ryan B. Finance and Accounting for Business. South Western College Publishing. 2008.

22. Smith G. V., Parr R. L. Valuation of Intellectual Property and Intangible Assets. 3rd Edition. John Willey & Sons Inc. 2000.638 pp.

23. Ian R. Campbell and John D. Taylor. Valuation of Elusive Intangibles. Canadian Chartered Accountant. May 1972.

How is the valuation of intangible assets carried out using an example? What are the features of valuation of intangible assets purchased for a fee? Where to order an assessment of intellectual property and intangible assets?

You are welcomed by the magazine "HeatherBeaver"! Olga Vovk is in touch.

Company property is not only about buildings, equipment, goods and raw materials. There are assets that cannot be touched - they have no material embodiment, but at the same time they are used in the activities of the enterprise and bring financial benefits to the owner.

The value of such property often makes up a significant part of the total asset price, and in many situations it is necessary to calculate it. In order not to overpay and at the same time get a high-quality assessment result, the customer should know the basic rules for this procedure.

The valuation of intangible assets (intangible assets) is in many ways similar to the valuation of property, but it has a number of features. In the new article, we provide step-by-step instructions for determining the cost of intellectual resources, as well as useful recommendations for conducting an assessment.

1. What is the valuation of intangible assets and when may it be needed?

The rapid development of high technologies in recent decades has led to the fact that the efficient operation of enterprises in many industries has become impossible without the use of a variety of intangible assets. Otherwise, such firms simply cannot withstand enormous competition and receive less than expected profits.

Intangible assets are the property of a company not having real physical embodiment... At the same time, by analogy with fixed assets, it has a period of use of at least 1 year, is used in commercial activities and is directly involved in the formation of the company's profit.

All intangible assets can be divided into 4 groups:

• Goodwill(company price, business reputation);
• Included costs(payment for consultations when setting up an enterprise, etc.);
• Property rights- lease, license for natural resources;
• Intellectual property- patents, licenses, know-how and much more.

Example

The trademark of an enterprise is one of the most widespread types of intellectual property. For a long-running and successful company, the cost of a trademark is higher than the price of fixed assets. However, to put it on the balance sheet, a special procedure is required - an assessment.

Assessment of intangible assets Is the determination of the market value and value of an asset using a variety of technical, statistical, mathematical and other methods. It includes professional expertise of the objects themselves, the rights to their use and titles of protection.

Read about the rules by which it is carried out in our related article.

The chosen valuation method directly depends on the type of intangible asset. However, in any case, the appraisal company will adhere to the rules set out in the federal standard FSO-11, which regulates the examination of intangible assets.

Assessment is required in the following cases:

• when using intellectual property objects as a contribution to the authorized capital;
• when determining damage from unauthorized use of intangible assets by third parties;
• to add assets to the balance sheet of the enterprise;
• to optimize taxation - intangible assets on the balance sheet are subject to depreciation, which means they reduce the income tax base;
• when lending or attracting investments - to increase the value of the authorized capital and improve the balance sheet structure;
• when it is carried out (read a separate article about this) - goodwill is a significant part of the company's price.

Like any other property, intangible assets have different types of value - replacement, insurance, market, investment, pledge - depending on the purpose of the valuation. One of the key types of value is initial, that is, the one at which the asset will be put on the balance sheet after receipt.

Methods for determining the initial value of assets:

The valuation of intangible assets is carried out according to the same principles as the determination of the value of fixed assets, real estate, etc. In this case, three fundamental approaches are used: comparative, costly and profitable.

2. What approaches are used in the valuation of intangible assets - 3 main approaches

Valuation of intangible assets is a rather complicated procedure, requiring high professionalism of the performer.

The main difficulties lie in the lack of physical form in the object, and also often in the inability to clearly classify it.

Let's consider the essence of the main approaches to assessment.

Approach 1. Comparative

The valuation is based on the value of similar assets. In case of discrepancies in quality characteristics, special coefficients are used.

The method is not always applicable, because it can be difficult to find similar intangible assets in the market.

Approach 2. Costly

The value of an asset is based on the actual cost of creating or acquiring it. Difficult to use in cases where the object is inseparable from others. At the same time, the assessment of intangible assets acquired for a fee is carried out mainly using the cost approach methods.

Approach 3. Profitable

Considers the cost of an object as an increase in income that the company received from the use of intangible assets. In this case, the assessment may be relatively inaccurate, because factor analysis is used.

Example

If we consider the valuation of intangible assets using the example of a trademark, then it is easy to see that not all types of valuation are suitable. The comparative approach does not "work" as it is difficult to find analogs on the free market.

The cost approach does not give an accurate picture, because the real cost of a trademark is formed much later and sometimes exceeds the cost of its creation. The profitable approach is considered optimal, and if it is not possible to use it, the appraiser bases his conclusions on the cost one.

4. Where to assess intangible assets - an overview of the TOP-3 appraisal companies

Valuation of intellectual property and other intangible assets is a rather complicated procedure, requiring the highest qualifications and deep knowledge from an expert. In order to avoid problems with the quality of expertise, the business owner needs to be careful when choosing an appraisal company.

Even in a small town, you can find dozens of firms offering independent examination of trademarks, patents and other intangible assets. In order not to waste money and time, contact only experts with an impeccable business reputation.

1) KSK group

The company has been working in the appraisal business for over 20 years, employing 30 specialists. The firm carries out an examination of intangible assets of any kind (know-how, goodwill, copyright, research and development, etc.). Underway (read a separate article on this topic) and more traditional objects - fixed assets, real estate. All employees of the company are specialists with extensive practical experience. Their professional liability is insured.

2) Atlas Grade

One of the largest companies in the industry, operating since 2001.

An examination of any complexity and focus is carried out, including a professional one (we recommend that you familiarize yourself with our article on this topic), examination of contracts, copyright, assessment of banks, securities, etc.

3) Progress Assessment

A company that specializes in real estate, securities and business valuation. Experts have extensive experience and high qualifications, allowing them to carry out the most complex and time-consuming types of work, including the valuation of intangible assets.

When choosing an appraisal company, pay attention not only to the cost of services, but also to other important factors: term of work, portfolio of completed projects, positive reviews, participation in professional communities, place in various ratings.

By choosing a reputable company, you will protect yourself from unnecessary expenses, and the report will be prepared just in time. Such a report will not require adjustments and is highly likely to be accepted by banks, notaries and investment companies.

Read about what features it has in a separate article on our website.

5. How to save money on the valuation of intangible assets - 3 useful tips

Independent examination, including the valuation of intangible assets, is never cheap. Basically, you are paying for a few days (or even weeks) for a professional appraiser to work. Preparing a report requires high qualifications, constant and quite costly retraining, and obtaining certificates.

That is why you should not save money by contacting companies that offer an estimate at low prices. It is highly likely that the quality of expertise in such institutions will also be low.

But you can still reduce costs if you use our recommendations.

It is not uncommon for a court, bank or investor not to accept a report from an independent appraiser, motivating the refusal by the presence of significant errors in the document. As a result, the customer has to pay for the examination a second time.

To avoid unpleasant situations of this kind, contact a company with an impeccable reputation and a large number of customers.

Tip 2. Use a free consultation

Many appraisers offer an initial consultation for free. Using this service, the client receives comprehensive information about the progress of the examination, recommendations for ordering the service, answers to questions of interest.

Fixed assets are transferred to the balance sheet of the enterprise as a result of the contribution of the founders, the implementation of long-term investments, the exchange of property or gratuitous transfer. The document proving the right to own and dispose of such an asset can be a patent, contract, or registration certificate. In this article, you will learn how to properly record, amortize and write off an organization's intangible assets.

Definition

Intangible assets - money invested in the fixed assets of the enterprise, which bring the organization income or create conditions for its receipt. This definition is presented in article 138 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In the provision of BU "Accounting for intangible assets", which has been in effect since 01.01.2001, there is a different interpretation. Intangible assets - part of the property of an organization that meets the following conditions:

• the ability to identify an object;
• use in production, provision of services or meeting the needs of an enterprise;
• has been in operation for more than 12 months;
• the object is not intended for further sale;
• availability of documents proving the rights of the owner.

This category also includes objects of intellectual property, such as:

• the owner's right to a trademark;
• patents;
• copyright for programs and databases.

Items of intangible assets also include:

• expenses related to the organization of a legal entity recognized by the constituent documents;
• business reputation.

Intangible assets do not include the following rights:

• arising from copyright and other contracts for works of science, culture and art, since they belong to a specific individual;
• on know-how and technologies that are not formalized by documents with state registration.

Thus, the objects of intangible assets include buildings, structures, household equipment, office furniture and all other items that can be used by the enterprise in the course of work. They are divided into production and non-production, the purpose of which is clear from the name itself.

Valuation of intangible assets

The cost of the fixed asset includes: the amount of accrued wages and social contributions to workers; material costs; depreciation; amounts paid to intermediaries for the provision of services for ordering information and consulting, technical work; other costs associated with creating inventory. Intangible assets can be produced using borrowed capital. But interest for servicing a loan should not be included in their cost.

Intangible assets in accounting are assessed at their historical cost - this is the sum of the actual cash costs for the purchase and commissioning or manufacture of fixed assets. If the object was purchased for foreign currency, then this figure must be converted to national currency at the rate of the central bank in force at the date of purchase.

The main intangible assets are also valued at the following types of value:

1. Recovery, which is calculated based on the results of the check carried out in connection with the purchase of inventory according to the following formula:

Fvos = Fperv * Kper, where

Fperv - book value of fixed assets;

Kper is the revaluation index.

2. Residual value - the difference between the initial price of the unit and the amount of accrued compensation for moral and physical wear and tear. It is this figure that should be reflected in the balance sheet. It shows the cost of fixed assets that has not yet been written off for products.

3. Liquidation - the amount of funds remaining after the implementation of the object. That is, it is profit from the sale of scrap metal and other useful waste.

Intangible assets of the enterprise are also subject to revaluation and determination of replacement cost in order to identify the true prices of the units used in production or in stock. This procedure can take place once a year or regularly for five years. Depending on how long the facility has been in operation, the revaluation funds are charged to retained earnings. Its amount depends on the depreciation method.

Posting

The document confirming the movement of the OS is the act of acceptance and transfer. It must necessarily include the cost of the objects received, the period of their use, the rate of deductions and other details that will be required for uniform depreciation. Accounting for intangible assets is carried out in special cards, which are drawn up separately for each item of inventory.

The amount of costs associated with the purchase and commissioning of an object is displayed on the debit of account 08-5. These include:

• customs fees (if any);
• money paid under an agreement on the alienation of property rights from the seller;
• non-refundable taxes, patent fees associated with the acquisition of intangible assets;
• remuneration to intermediaries;
• the cost of consulting services;
• other costs associated with the purchase and commissioning of an asset.

If the organization has several objects of significant value, then it is recommended to open several subaccounts, according to the qualifications of intangible assets.

Very often, organizations acquire computer programs for use ("Medoc", "Consultant +", "1C: Accounting", etc.), the copyright for which remains with the developers. Such assets should be recorded on an off-balance sheet account. The organization should include payments for the right to use in the costs of the reporting period. A fixed one-time payment is indicated on the debit of account 97 "Deferred expenses" and is written off to expenses during the term of the contract.

Business reputation

It is calculated as the difference between the value of the purchased-sold organization and the final figure of its balance on the day of the transaction. It can be positive or negative. The first is a premium paid by the buyer in anticipation of future cash flows. It is accounted for as an inventory item on debit 04 "intangible assets" and credit 76 "Settlements with other creditors". A negative indicator is a discount from the price that the buyer received. It is written off evenly to the operating income of the organization.

Intangible assets: transactions

All operations related to the acceptance, accounting and write-off of objects should be displayed in the balance sheet. The movement of fixed assets is displayed under the item "Intangible assets" (account 04). The debit indicates the cost of capitalizing the objects, and the credit indicates depreciation and disposal. Depending on how the fixed assets were capitalized, the corresponding postings are generated in the database.

Write-off of cost

Any OS object is subject to physical and moral deterioration. The first occurs during the operation of the unit, both from intensive use and as a result of the influence of natural conditions. Physical wear and tear depends on the quality of materials used in production, the degree of equipment load, the duration of the organization's operation, the characteristics of the technological process, the qualifications of workers and service personnel.

When analyzing the condition of the OS, it is necessary to calculate the wear factor of the units in one of the following ways: by the method of expert judgment or based on the service life. The first option is used extremely rarely. In the second case, the coefficient is calculated by the ratio of the actual service life of the unit to the standard one. To reduce the wear of the unit, it is necessary to ensure normal operating conditions, timely and high-quality repair and maintenance. Employees can influence this expense item on their own.

Obsolescence - depreciation of equipment due to the fact that its parameters are no longer capable of producing high-quality products. It takes place under the influence of NTP.

The use of intangible assets is reflected in the BU under the item "Depreciation". These costs are included in the cost of products manufactured on this equipment and are gradually written off over the period of its use. If this period is not specified in the documents, then it is considered that accounting for intangible assets should be carried out for 20 years (if the company does not cease its activities earlier). These costs are recorded on passive account 05.

Depreciation of intangible assets can be carried out in proportion to the volume of manufactured products, linearly, or a variant of a diminishing balance. The first implies the accrual of the amount of depreciation based on the natural volume of manufactured products in the reporting period.

If the annual amount of deductions is equal to the initial cost of the object, multiplied by the rate calculated based on the period of use of the equipment, then this is a linear method.

There is also a third option. With the diminishing balance method, the amount of deductions for 12 months is calculated from the residual value of the object at the beginning of the year and the write-off rate. Fully depreciated fixed assets are reflected in the BU in a conditional assessment. The amount of such objects should be attributed to financial results.

But not all intangible assets in accounting are subject to amortization. Compensation for physical and moral depreciation is not charged on objects that:

Are the property of budgetary enterprises;

Received by non-profit organizations as targeted income and are not used to generate income;

Created at the expense of targeted public funds;

They have purchased rights to the results of intellectual activity, if the contract specifies that payment must be made in installments within a certain period.

Objects received free of charge, the value of which was not included in the tax base, should also not be depreciated. Among them are the following:

Property transferred within the framework of targeted financing;

Objects received free of charge by educational institutions;

Property transferred free of charge to the RF;

Property received in accordance with international treaties.

Depreciation calculation examples

Condition. The actual cost of the software developed by the organization is 100 thousand rubles. The term of use is 4 years. Write-off rate: 100/4 = 25 thousand rubles.

The method of writing off the amount of depreciation in proportion to the volume of work performed is calculated based on the natural volume of manufactured products per month and the ratio of the actual cost of intangible assets and the planned volume of work for the entire useful life of the facility.

Example... According to the patent, the initial cost of which is 50 thousand rubles, the enterprise plans to produce 100 thousand pairs of shoes in 2 years: 70% for the first 12 months, 30% for the next period.

The amount of amortization of intangible assets is charged from the first day of the month after the object is put into operation and until the full repayment of its value (writing off the asset from the balance sheet).

The monthly amount of such payments is reflected by the following entry: to the credit of account 05 from the debit of general production (26), general business (25) expenses or main production (20).

Adjustment of incorrectly calculated or accrued depreciation: Debit: 91-2 "Other income and expenses". Credit: 05.

The amounts of corrections specified in DT 91 are included in other expenses of the organization. This item also includes accruals for objects provided for use. The purchased goodwill is written off over 20 years (and only on a straight-line basis). For objects of intellectual property, a special list is kept on a monthly basis, which indicates the amount of deductions.

Write-off of the accrued depreciation on disposed objects (after sale, donation, etc.) is reflected by the following entry:

Debit: Depreciation of intangible assets.

Credit: Disposal of intangible assets.

This is how the accounting of fixed assets, intangible assets of the enterprise takes place.

Disposal

Fixed assets and intangible assets of the enterprise must sooner or later be completely written off. The decision to liquidate is made if the object is physically and morally obsolete during its use, and there is no point in restoring it. Until 2013, this was based on the conclusion of a special commission, which was created by a separate order of the leadership. After the entry into force of the Federal Law No. 402-FZ, these actions were of a recommendatory nature.

It is, of course, possible to create a commission, which will testify to the well-established internal control. For this, an internal order is issued, in which all members of the commission, financially responsible persons for the liquidation of the facility and the chief accountant should be indicated. Further, a collective inspection of the inventory takes place and a decision is made on its elimination or restoration.

If the commission made a decision to write off fixed assets from the register, then it must indicate the reason: physical or moral deterioration, accident, etc. It is also necessary to establish the total value of the intangible assets that are subject to liquidation and the remaining parts that can be sold or used in the production process. Upon completion of the check, an act is drawn up. The form is free, but some use old samples (No. OS-4, OS-4a). The document must be signed by all members of the commission. Further, on its basis, the object is written off from the register. The corresponding entry is made in the card or inventory book. The parts and materials remaining after the disposal of the object that may still be needed are received on the basis of a special invoice.

Reflection of dismantling in accounting

Data on a retired object can be reflected in the company's accounts in two ways:

In the form of residual value, if the term of use of the object according to the documents has not yet expired,

As the amount of funds invested in dismantling it.

These costs are borne by other expenses of the company for the reporting period.

Nuances of calculating value added tax:

If dismantling is carried out by a hired third party, then the amount of the tax credit should be accounted for in the usual way;

VAT cannot be restored for objects that have been fully depreciated, unless the liquidated object has several unclear amounts written off in the accounts;

If the management decides to sell the parts remaining after the write-off of the object, then you need to charge the amount of tax in liabilities.

The formula for calculating the tax amount that can still be restored is as follows:

VAT = Pr * Ost \ First, where

Pr - the amount accepted for deduction,

Ost (first) - the cost of the object, accounting (initial), without revaluation.

In the event of the liquidation of the facility, there is no need to recover the VAT amount. But in this case, you will have to deal with the tax inspectorate in court. Although, most likely, the decision will be made in favor of the tax payer, since the law does not contain clear instructions on the restoration of the amount of VAT.

When calculating income tax, the residual value of the fixed asset, as well as the amount spent on dismantling the equipment, should be attributed to non-operating expenses. Materials, assemblies and parts should also be attributed to this cost item, regardless of whether they will be used further or not.

An example of recording an asset disposal transaction

LLC "Zakat", operating under the general taxation system, has a fully amortized machine on its balance sheet. The initial cost of this unit is 120 thousand rubles. The management decided to liquidate it. An agreement was concluded with contractors for the dismantling of equipment in the amount of 11,800 rubles. After dismantling the equipment, there were materials suitable for use, with a total cost of 36 thousand rubles.

Entering data into 1C

In the typical configuration of the program, there are special documents for registration of each transaction with intangible assets.

A list of all used objects (their name and purpose) is stored in the intangible assets directory. For registration of the purchase operation, the document "Receipt of fixed assets" is used. It is necessary to fill in the following details: counterparty, agreement, currency, name of intangible assets, its tax purpose. The operation to create a fixed asset is reflected in the document "Receipt of goods and services" with the view "Construction objects". It contains the same details as in the previous one. In the cost item, select "Other", in the column "Nature" - "Investments in intangible assets".

Commissioning is reflected in the document "Acceptance of intangible assets". In it you need to choose one of three types of work:

Acceptance for accounting - commissioning.

Construction objects - registration of the created intangible assets.

Entering initial residuals.

In the tabular part of the document, you need to indicate the asset that is registered and the method of reflecting depreciation. Depending on the specified accounts, the analytics will reflect the corresponding expense items. Depreciation is charged in "1C: Accounting" using the "Close of the month" document. Before creating it, you need to make sure that the option of writing off the cost to finished products is selected in the intangible assets card.

Conclusion

In the course of its activities, the company uses equipment, buildings, structures and other fixed assets. These intangible assets in accounting are reflected in account 04. Such units are subject to moral and physical wear and tear. The amount of expenses incurred by the company is reflected in the balance sheet under the expense item "Depreciation". By the decision of the chief accountant and the management, it can be charged linearly depending on the volume of manufactured products or by the method of the reduced balance. Fully depreciated intangible assets must be liquidated. All these operations should be correctly displayed in accounting.

They are assets that can be used for a period exceeding 12 months.

Intangible assets

This line shall reflect the presence of intangible assets.
Accounting rules for intangible assets are established by PBU 14/2007 "Accounting for intangible assets".
Intangible assets are objects of intellectual property (exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity), namely:
- the exclusive right of the patent holder to an invention, industrial design, utility model;
- exclusive copyright for computer programs and databases;
- the property right of the author or other rightholder to the topology of integrated circuits;
- the exclusive right of the owner to the trademark and service mark, appellation of origin of goods;
- the exclusive right of the patent holder to selection achievements.
Intangible assets are also the goodwill of the organization.
The intellectual and business qualities of the organization's personnel, their qualifications and ability to work are not intangible assets, since they are inseparable from the carriers and cannot be used without them.
In addition, in accordance with the instructions for the application of the chart of accounts of accounting for the financial and economic activities of organizations and PBU 17/02 "Accounting for expenses for research, development and technological work", the organization's expenses for research , development and technological work. To reflect the results of R&D since 2011, there is a special line in the balance sheet "Research and Development Results".
The following types of work and objects do not belong to intangible assets:
- research, development and technological work that did not give a positive result;
- research, development and technological work not completed and not formalized in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation;
- material objects (material carriers) in which works of science, literature, art, computer programs and databases are expressed.
Intangible assets are shown in the balance sheet at their residual value. And in the explanations to the balance sheet and the income statement, it is necessary to provide data on the initial (replacement) cost of these assets and the accrued depreciation.
That is, the amounts recorded on account 04 "Intangible assets" need to be adjusted for the amount of amortization accrued on them.
Clause 15 of PBU 14/2007 determines that amortization of intangible assets is charged in one of the following ways:
- linear;
- diminishing balance;
- write-off of the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works).
So, the indicator on the line "Intangible assets" indicates the value of the residual value of assets owned by the enterprise and accounted for as intangible assets.

"Research and development results"

R&D for which results are obtained that are not subject to legal protection or are subject to it, but are not formalized in the manner prescribed by law, are not recognized by intangible assets and are accounted for on the basis of PBU 17/02 "Accounting for research, development and technological work". According to the instructions for using the chart of accounts, the corresponding expenses are reflected on account 04 separately. By virtue of clause 16 of PBU 17/02, in case of materiality, information on R&D expenses is reflected in the balance sheet in an independent group of asset items (section “Non-current assets”).
At the same time, since January 1, 2012, the accounting procedure for R&D has been changed in tax accounting. The fact is that a new version of Article 262 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (as amended by Federal Law No. 132-FZ of July 7, 2011) has come into force, which significantly changes the procedure for tax accounting of R&D expenses.
From January 1, 2012 in Art. 262 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation clearly defines a list of expenses that can be attributed to R&D expenses. In the event that an entity disposes of such an intangible asset at a loss, the resulting loss is not recognized for tax purposes.
Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation is supplemented by a new article 332.1 "Peculiarities of tax accounting of expenses for scientific research and (or) experimental and design developments".
In analytical accounting, the taxpayer forms the amount of R&D expenses, taking into account the grouping by type of work (contracts) of all expenses incurred, including:
- the cost of consumables and energy;
- depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets used in the performance of R&D;
- the cost of remuneration of employees performing R&D;
- other expenses directly related to the performance of R&D on their own, as well as taking into account the cost of payment for work under contracts for the performance of research work, contracts for the performance of development and technological work.
These features of tax legislation should be taken into account in accounting policies in order to harmonize tax and accounting data.
It is for this information that this line "Results of research and development" is provided.
Please note that by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 5, 2011 N 124n, changes were made to the balance sheet form.
After the line "Results of research and development" additional lines are added - "Intangible exploration assets" and "Tangible exploration assets".
Intangible exploration assets are determined in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 6, 2011 N 125n "On approval of the accounting regulation" Accounting for the development of natural resources "(PBU 24/2011)".
Exploration costs related mainly to the acquisition (creation) of an object that has a tangible form are recognized as tangible exploration assets. Other search assets are recognized as intangible search assets.
Tangible exploration assets, as a rule, include those used in the process of prospecting, appraisal of mineral deposits and exploration of mineral resources:
a) structures (pipeline system, etc.);
b) equipment (specialized drilling rigs, pumping units, tanks, etc.);
c) vehicles.
Intangible exploration assets typically include:
a) the right to perform work on prospecting, appraisal of mineral deposits and (or) exploration of minerals, confirmed by the presence of an appropriate license;
b) information obtained as a result of topographic, geological and geophysical research;
c) the results of exploration drilling;
d) the results of sampling;
e) other geological information about the subsoil;
f) an assessment of the commercial viability of extraction.
Tangible and intangible prospecting assets are accounted for on separate sub-accounts to the account for accounting for investments in non-current assets.
The accounting unit for tangible and intangible prospecting assets is determined by the organization in relation to the accounting rules for fixed assets and intangible assets, respectively.

• Lieberman K.A., Kvitkovskaya P.Yu., Tolmachev I.A., Bespalov M.V., Berg O.N., Mezhueva T.N. Balance sheet: compilation technique (edited by D.M. Kislova, E.V. Shestakova) (2nd ed.). - Publishing House "GrossMedia": ROSBUKH, 2012