12. Artificial light sources and their effectiveness. Requirements for the use of artificial light sources.

The main types of electrical lamps and lighting devices include:

1. Incandescent lamps: In such a lamp, the electric current flows through a thin metal thread and heats it, as a result of which the thread eats electromagnetic radiation. The glass flask filled with inert gas prevents rapid destruction of the thread due to oxidation of air oxygen. The advantage of incandescent lamps is that the lamps of this type can be made for a wide range of stresses - from several volts to several hundred volts. Due to the low efficiency ("light efficiency", taking into account only the energy of radiation in the visible range) of incandescent lamps, these devices in many applications are gradually displaced by fluorescent lamps, high-intensity gas-discharge lamps, LEDs and other light sources.

2. Gas discharge lamps: This term covers several types of lamps in which the light source is an electric discharge in the gas environment. The basis of the design of such a lamp is two electrodes separated by gas. As a rule, there are any inert gas (argon, neon, krypton, xenon) in such lamps) or a mixture of such gases. In addition to inert gases, gas-discharge lamps in most cases contain other substances, for example, mercury, sodium and / or metals halides. Specific types of gas-discharge lamps are often referred to as substances used in them - neon, argon, xenon, crypton, sodium, mercury and metal-halide. The most common varieties of gas-discharge lamps include:

Fluorescent lamps;

Metal halide lamps;

High pressure sodium lamps;

Low pressure sodium lamps.

The gas filling the gas-discharge lamp must be ionized under the action of electrical voltage to purchase the necessary electrical conductivity. As a rule, to launch a gas-discharge lamp ("ignition" of the discharge) requires a higher voltage than to maintain the discharge. This uses special "starters" or other ignition devices. In addition, a ballast load is needed for normal operation of the lamp, which ensures the stability of the electrical characteristics of the lamp. Starter in combination with ballast form a start-regulating machine (PRA). Gas discharge lamps are characterized by a long service life and high "light efficiency". The disadvantages of this type of lamps include the relative complexity of their production and the need for additional electronic devices for their stable operation.

Sulfur lamps: The sulfur lamp is a high-performance lighting device of the full spectrum without electrodes, in which the light source serves sulfur plasma heated by microwave radiation. The heating time of the sulfur lamp is significantly less than that of most types of gas-discharge lamps, with the exception of fluorescent, even at low ambient temperatures. The light flux of the sulfur lamp reaches 80% of the maximum value for 20 s after switching on; The lamp can be restarted in about five minutes after turning off the electricity;

LEDs, incl. Organic: The LED is a semiconductor diode emitting non-coherent light in a narrow spectral range. One of the advantages of LED lighting is its high efficiency (light flux in the visible range per unit of consumed electricity). The LED in which the emission (emitting) layer consists of organic compounds, is called an organic LED (OLED). Organic LEDs are lighter than traditional, and the advantage of polymer LEDs is their flexibility. The commercial use of both indicated types of LEDs has already begun, but their use in industry is still limited.

The most efficient electrical light source is the low pressure sodium lamp. It emits almost monochrome (orange) light, strongly distorting visual perception of colors. For this reason, this type of lamps is used mainly for outdoor lighting. "Light Pollution", created by low pressure sodium lamps, can be easily filtered in contrast to the light of other sources with a wide or continuous spectrum.

13. Sanitary standards for illumination of training premises. Devices and methods for determining (measurements) of illumination in school offices and laboratories. The coefficient of natural illumination and its definition.

All training premises must have EO. The best types of EO in training are the side left-sided. With the depth of the room, more than 6m requires a device of the right-hand reference. The direction of the main light flux to the right, in front and behind, is unacceptable, because The EO level on the working surfaces of the partition is reduced by 3-4 times.

The windows of windows should be wiped every day with a wet way from the inside and wash outside at least 3-4 times a year and from the side of the premises at least 1 times a month. EO rationing is carried out on SNiP.

For coloring desk, green gamma colors is recommended, as well as the color of natural wood with q (cooph. Reflections) 0.45. For the blackboard - dark green or brown color with q \u003d 0.1 - 0.2. Glasses, ceilings, floors, training facilities must have a matte surface to avoid higher education. The surface of the interior of the study premises should be painted in warm colors, the ceiling and the tops of the walls are painted in white. You can not put plants on the windowsill.

The IO is provided by fluorescent lamps (LB, LE) or incandescent lamps. 12 acting fluorescent lamps should be installed on the room 50m2. A cool board is illuminated by two lamps installed in parallel (0.3 m above the upper edge of the board and 0.6 to the class in front of the board). The total electricity to the class in this case is 1040W.

When lighting the incandescent lamps of the room with an area of \u200b\u200b50m2, 7-8 active light points of 2400W should be installed.

The lamps in the study room have two rows parallel to the windows line at a distance from the inner and outer walls 1.5m, from the class board 1,2m, from the rear wall of 1.6 m; The distance between the lamps in the rows of 2.65m.

The lamps are cleaned at least once a month (it is forbidden to attract students to clean the lighting reinforcement).

Academic premises of schools must have natural lighting. Without natural light, it is allowed to design: shell, washbasin, showers, restrooms at the gym; showers and restroom staff; storeroom and storage facilities (except for storage of flammable liquids), radios; Film Factory; bookulatory; Boiler, pumping water supply and sewage; Ventilation and air conditioning chambers; control nodes and other rooms for installation and management of engineering and technological equipment of buildings; Premises for storing aid. In classrooms it follows the side left-sided lighting. With double-sided lighting, which is designed with the depth of training premises, more than 6 m, mandatory the device of the right-hand reference, the height of which should be at least 2.2 m from the ceiling. At the same time, one should not allow the direction of the main light flux in front and from behind the students. In training and industrial workshops, acts and sports halls, bilateral lateral natural lighting and combined (upper and lateral) can also be applied.

The following colors should be used:

For the walls of educational premises - bright tones of yellow, beige, pink, green, blue;

For furniture (desks, tables, cabinets) - colors of natural wood or light green;

For class boards - dark green, dark brown;

For doors, window frames are white.

For maximum use of daylight and uniform lighting of training premises, it is recommended:

Plant trees are not closer than 15 m, shrub - no closer than 5 m from the building;

Do not paint window windows;

Do not put flowers on the windowsill. They should be placed in portable floral rooms with a height of 65 - 70 cm from the floor or suspended porridge in simple windows;

Cleaning and washing glasses spend 2 times a year (autumn and spring).

The minimum value of the Keo is normalized for the premises remote from the windows with one-sided side lighting. Determine the illumination in residential premises on the floor or height of 0.8 m from the floor. At the same time, the illumination is measured with scattered outdoor light. Keo is calculated above the above formula and compare with regulatory values.

The average Keo value is normalized in rooms with upper combination lighting. The room determine the illumination at 5 points at an altitude of 1.5 m above the floor and at the same time determine the illumination in the open air (with protection against direct sunlight). Then calculate the CEO for each point.

The average value of Keo is calculated by the formula:

where: Keo1, Keo2 ... Keo5 - CEO value at various points; n - Number of measurement points.

To create artificial lighting, incandescent lamps and gas-discharge light sources are used. The first is characterized by simplicity of design, ease of operation. In the electrical network, they are turned on without any additional devices. However, they are inherent in such serious disadvantages as a low light output (7-20 lm / W), low efficiency (about 7%), the spectral composition of radiation is significantly different from natural light (yellow and red radiation colors are dominated). Nevertheless, they are still widely used to illuminate industrial premises mainly by the following types: Vacuum (LV), reflex (LNR - part of the flask is covered with a mirror layer), gas-filled bispiral (NBK), as well as halogen lamps - incandescent lamps with iodine cycle. The presence of a vapor vapor in a glass flask makes it possible to increase the temperature of the incandescent thread without the danger of its burnout and the light return of the lamp. Since tungsten pairs, evaporating with incandescent threads, are connected to the iodine and again settle on the tungsten spiral (incandescent thread) preventing it from spraying, it allowed not only to increase the light return of such lamps (up to 40 lm / W), but also to increase their service life up to 3 thousand hours. At the same time, the emission spectrum of such lamps is closer to the natural.

Among the gas-discharge lamps used for production lighting, the following varieties can be distinguished: Low pressure lubility lamps (LL), high-pressure arc luminescent lamps (DRL), reflective lamps with a reflective layer (DRLR) and special. The main advantage of gas-discharge lamps is relatively High efficiency (about 3 times higher than that of incandescent lamps), a more significant service life (up to 8 - 12 thousand hours), a large light output (40lm / W), the radiation spectrum is close to natural, and, selecting the composition of the phosphor accordingly, Get a light stream with any desired light spectrum. This feature of gas-discharge lamps is used in various types of lamps, for example, daylight lamps (LD), daylight lamps with improved color reproduction (LLD), white lamps (LB), cold white lamps (LCB), etc.

Currently, compact luminescent lamps are already being developed and are already being implemented, a constructive feature of which is their ability to turn into a regular cartridge as an incandescent lamp. Gradually, gas-discharge lamps can exhibit incandescent bulbs, since the number of gas-discharge lamps produced steadily increases, and the share of incandescent lamps decreases (L.17).

The disadvantages of gas-discharge lamps include primarily the pulsation of the light flux (worsening the conditions of viewing work and which may even cause injuries due to the stroboscopic effect), the need to use special launchers, interference with radio reception, to eliminate which special devices and others also need special devices. It is that when the frequency of the pulsation frequency of the light flux and the speed of the processed parts, rotating working bodies of machines, mechanisms, creates a distorted visual perception of their direction and movement speed (often such parts, the working bodies of the machines seem fixed, which is fraught with the danger of injuries) .

As a rule, all light sources are placed in special lighting equipment, the main purpose of which consists in increasing the lighting efficiency by creating a uniform light flow above the illuminated surface. The light source together with the lighting equipment is called the lighting device, or lamp. Luminaires are often used to protect the light source from mechanical damage, from environmental factors and for aesthetic design of the premises.

4.4.3. Methods for calculating natural and artificial lighting.

When calculating natural lighting, the main task is to determine the amount and the necessary area of \u200b\u200blight opening (windows), L.13.

The total area F of light openings with lateral lighting is determined by the formula:

F \u003d Fn EN KZ FO / 100 R1 TO, M 2,

with upper illumination - by the formula:

F \u003d FP EN KZ FF / 100 R 2 TF, M 2,

where FP is the area of \u200b\u200bthe room, m 2;

EN is the normalized CEO value, Table 2;

kZ is a coefficient, taking into account the shading of windows;

fF, FF - light features of windows and lamps;

r 1 R 2, - coefficients that take into account the reflection of light with lateral

and upper lighting;

tO - the overall coefficient of light transmission, Table 3.

With the selected area of \u200b\u200bone standard light opening, the total amount of their number will be N \u003d F / FO.

As an opinion in Table 2 and 3, some values \u200b\u200bof Keo coefficients and translucency coefficients are given.

Values \u200b\u200bof the coefficient of natural illumination (CEO) Table 2 ..

Characteristics The smallest size discharge to e o

spectatic work of the object of distinction of visual ____________________________

mm work we go combo. Side

lighting lighting

_______________________________________________________________________________

Work performed:

highest accuracy less than 0.15 1 10 3.5

very high accurate. 0.15 .....0.3 p 7 2.5

high precision 0.3 ...... .0.5 sh 5 2

average accuracy 0.5 ...... .1 1U 4 1.5

low accuracy 1 ...... .5 y 3 1

(C-x processing

products)

Values \u200b\u200bof transformation coefficients TO Table 3

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Premises Glazing Wooden Supplements Steel Supplements

_____________________________________________

single Double Single Double Double

_______________________________________________________________________________

So mean. discharge

dust vertical 0.4 0.25 0.5 0,30

the same, smoke and soot inclined 0.3 0.20 0.4 0.25

With minor

dust divisions Vertical 0.5 0.35 0.6 0.4

The same, smoke and soot inclined 0.4 0.25 0.5 0.3

_______________________________________________________________________________

All other coefficients necessary for calculating are shown in mines and methodological manuals.

When calculating artificial lighting, the point method is widely used, the method of calculating the utilization rate of the light flux and the calculation method for specific lighting power. As an example, consider the method of calculating the general uniform illumination of the horizontal surface by the utilization rate of the light flux. This method allows you to fully take into account the light stream of light sources and light flow reflected from the walls and other surfaces of the room.

The required light flux F lamps are found according to the formula:

F \u003d 100 EN FP k z / n Fo, lm,

where EN is the regulatory value of illumination, LC;

FP - room area, sq.m.;

k is a reserve coefficient, taking into account air pollution;

z is the non-uniformity coefficient of the light flux (1.1 - 1.15);

fO - the utilization factor of the light flux (is determined by tables based on the pre-calculated form of the form of the illuminated room KF \u003d A B / (A + C) H, where a and in - the length and width of the room, m., H is the height of the suspension of the lamp above the illuminated Surface, m.).

According to the calculated value of the light stream, the nearest standard lamp is selected, its power is determined and, by knowing the required number of such lamps, calculate the required electrical power to organize production lighting.

Calculation of illumination according to the method of specific lighting power is based on the use of the normative value of the specific lighting power for a particular production room (according to SNiP).

Calculation sequence Consider on the example of calculating the lighting of the barrier for the binding cows content. According to sanitary and hygienic standards for such a room, the value of the specific lighting power ore \u003d 4 W / sq. M. Let the SC area of \u200b\u200bthe Corvalnik with dimensions of 12 x 70 m are equal to 840 sq.m. Then the necessary lighting power of the electric lighting of the barn will be equal to the RC \u003d OR SK \u003d 4 x 840 \u003d 3360 W. Choosing the desired power of one lamp It is not difficult to find their quantity. Suppose the warehouse has a lamp with a power of РL \u003d 100 W. In this case, the required number of such lamps will find by dividing the overall lighting power of the power of one lamp, i.e. N \u003d РК: РЛ \u003d 3360: 100 \u003d 33.6 pieces. Rounded the number of lamps up to 34 and two parallel rows of 17 lamps in each implement the results of the calculation of the lighting of the barn.

The specified method of calculation is simplified, however, in production conditions it can be used not only to calculate artificial lighting, but also for operational control of compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards of illumination at workplaces.

Control of production premises are carried out with the help of objective luxmeters, in particular the LUX meters of type Yu-16, Yu-116, Yu - 117. In all these devices, photoelectric converters are used (photocells, photocells, photodiodes, phototransistors) and conventional electrical measuring instruments (galvanometers, microammeters , Millivoltmeters).

The principle of operation of the luxmeter is based on the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect, in which the light stream is directed to the photo sensor, is converted to an electric current, the value of which is proportional to the light flow. When such a current flows through a moving reel of the measuring device (galvanometer, a micro ammeter), the arrow of the device associated with the movable coil is deflected by the appropriate angle of the instrument scale, which is processed in suites.

test

Artificial light sources: types of light sources and their main characteristics, features of the use of gas-discharge energy-saving light sources. Lamps: Purpose, Types, Features of Application

Sources of artificial light play an important role in our life. They perform not only practical, but also aesthetic function. So, there are many lamps that differ in form, sizes and specifications.

Sources of artificial light:

Incandescent lamps

Halogen lamp

Gas discharge sources of light

Sodium lamp

Fluorescent lamps

LEDs

Incandescent bulbs are the most common type of light sources. They are widely used in various types of premises, both in domestic and external.

Incandescent lamp

Principle of operation: Light in incandescent lamps is created by passing an electric current through a thin wire, usually made from tungsten. The principle of operation is based on the thermal action of electric current.

The advantages of the lamp: low initial costs, satisfactory quality of color reproduction, the ability to control the degree of concentration and direction of light propagation, variety of structures, ease of use, lack of electronic start and stabilization systems.

Disadvantages: service life is usually no more than 1000 hours; 95% of energy produced is transformed into heat and only 5% - into the light! Incandescent lamps represent fire danger. 30 minutes after the inclusion of incandescent lamps, the outer surface temperature reaches depending on the power of the following values: 40 W - 145 ° C, 75 W - 250 ° C, 100 W - 290 ° C, 200 W - 330 ° C. When contacting lamps with textile materials, their flask is heated even stronger. Straw concerning the surface of the lamp with a capacity of 60 W flashes around 67 minutes.

Application: Designed for internal and outer lighting with parallel inclusion of lamps into electrical networks with voltage 127 and 220 V.

The average price: 15 rubles per 1 piece.

Halogen lamp

Halogen lamps, like incandescent lamps, emit warm.

Principle of operation: Spiral made of heat-resistant tungsten is in the flask filled with inert gas. When passing through the electric current spiral, it is glowing, producing thermal and light energy. Tungsten particles at a temperature of 1400 ° C before reaching the surface of the flasks are connected to halogen particles. Due to thermal circulation, this halogen-tungsten mixture approaches the hot spiral and under the influence of a higher temperature decomposes. Tungsten particles are again deposited on the helix, and halogen particles are returned to the circulation process.

Advantages: The spiral has a higher temperature, which allows you to get more light at the same lamp power, the spiral is constantly updated, which increases the life of the lamp, the flask does not black, and the lamp gives a constant light stream during the entire operation.
With the same ability to color reproduction with incandescent lamps, have a compact design.

Disadvantages: Low Light Reading, Little Lifetime

Gas discharge sources of light

Gas discharge sources of light are a glass, ceramic or metallic (with a transparent output window) a shell containing gas, a certain amount of metal or other substances with a fairly high elasticity of steam. In the shell hermetically mounted electrodes, between which the discharge occurs. There are gas-discharge light sources with electrodes operating in an open atmosphere or gas duct.

Distinguish:

grupheat lamps - radiation is created by excited atoms, molecules that recombine ions and electrons;

luminescent lamps - the source of radiation are phosphors excited by the radiation of the gas discharge;

electric seed lamps - radiation are created by electrodes, warp discharge.

Fluorescent lamps

Principle of operation: The light in these lamps occurs due to the conversion of ultraviology radiation with a phosphor coating into the visible cvet of the future in the nix of the gas.

Advantages: ETO Effective PPEOBSOPSOCI In the case of the radiating pavepxnotes created by fluorescent lamps, the CVET is not so bright, like the "TopNEX" ITCTUT (incandescent lamps, haggare and gaspeed lamps have a pressure of pressure); ENEPGETECKOCIA Effective Cost LiminectsEntine Lamps are ideal for the work of the help of items (Ofisi, KoMEKEKEKE, PRIMENNE and OWN building).

Light lamps can be white, warm and cold colors, as well as colors close to natural daylight.

Disadvantages: All fluorescent lamps contain mercury (in doses of 40 to 70 mg), a poisonous substance. This dose can harm the health if the lamp crashed, and if you are constantly subjected to the harmful effects of mercury vapor, they will accumulate in the human body, damaging health.

Service life: reaches 15,000 hours, which is 10-15 times more compared to incandescent lamps.

Daylight lamp

One of the varieties of luminescent lamps with a blurred color of the glow. Select 2 types of such lamps - LDC (daylight light, with proper color reproduction) and LD (daylight light).

LD lamps do not provide proper transmission of the color of the illuminated objects; Used for general lighting purposes, especially in southern regions.

Lamp lamps are used to illuminate objects for which the exact reproduction of color shades is important, mainly in blue and blue spectrum areas. Their light returns are 10--15% lower than that of LD lamps. Such lamps are used to illuminate industrial premises.

Energy-saving lamps

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), thanks to special technology and design, can be comparable in size or equal to incandescent lamps. These modern lamps have all the advanced characteristics of fluorescent lamps.

Advantages: Electricity savings is up to 80% depending on the manufacturer and the specific model; Energy-saving lamps are weakly heated.

Disadvantages: high cost and content of poisonous substances in them.

Service life: approximately 5-6 times longer than incandescent lamps, but can exceed it up to 20 times, provided it is possible to ensure sufficient quality of power, ballast and compliance with restrictions on the number of communities, otherwise quickly fail.

Sodium lamp

The gas-discharge source of light in which the radiation of the optical range occurs with an electrical discharge in Na pairs. Low pressure lamps and high pressure lamps.

Principle of operation: The high pressure lamp is made of a light-resistant polycrystalline composition of AL2O3, resistant to electrical discharge in pairs Na to temperatures above 1200 ° C. Inside the discharge tube, after removal of the air, dosage amounts of Na, Hg and inert gas at a pressure of 2.6-6.5 kN / m2 (20--50 mm Hg was introduced at 2,6--50 mm.). There are sodium lamps of high pressure "with improved environmental properties" - murrely.

Low pressure sodium lamps (hereinafter referred to as NTLD) are distinguished by a number of features that are significantly imperative both their production and operation. First, sodium pairs at high arc temperatures very aggressively affect the glass of the flask, destroying it. Because of this, the NLN burner is usually performed from borosilicate braid. Secondly, the effectiveness of NLL strongly depends on the ambient temperature. To ensure an acceptable temperature regime of the burner, the latter is placed in an outer glass flask playing the role of "thermos".

Advantages: Large service life is used for outdoor and internal lighting; Lamps give a pleasant golden white light.

Disadvantages: are included in the electrical network through the battered devices; To ensure the greatest output of the resonant radiation Na, the sodium lamp discharge tubes are insulated by placing them inside the glass cylinder, from which the air is dumped.

Light-emitting diode

The LED is a semiconductor device that converts an electric current directly into light radiation. Minimal energy consumption is ensured by the properties of a specially grown crystal.

The use of LEDs: as indicators (on the inclusion indicator on the instrument panel, alphanumeric scoreboard). In large street screens, an array (cluster) of LEDs is applied in the running lines. Powerful LEDs are used as a light source in lamps. Also used as illumination of small liquid crystal screens (on mobile phones, digital cameras).

Benefits:

High efficiency. Modern LEDs are inferior by this parameter only with a luminescent lamp with a cold cathode (CCFL).

High mechanical strength, vibration resistance (no spiral and other sensitive components).

Long service life. But it is not infinite - with long work and / or bad cooling, the crystal poisoning and a gradual decline in brightness occurs.

Specific spectral composition of radiation. The spectrum is quite narrow. For the needs of display and data transfer, this is dignity, but for lighting it is a disadvantage. A narrower spectrum has only a laser.

Small radiation angle - can also be both dignity and disadvantage.

Safety - High voltages are not required.

Insensitivity to low and very low temperatures. However, high temperatures are contraindicated by the LED, as well as any semiconductors.

The absence of poisonous components (mercury, etc.) and, therefore, the ease of disposal.

The disadvantage is a high price, but in the next 2-3 years there is a decrease in prices for LED products.

Service life: The average time of full development for LEDs is 100,000 hours, it is 100 times the resource of incandescent bulb. Taking into account the fact that in the year 8,760 or 8784 hours, LED lamps can work for several years.

High pressure gas discharge lamps also include metal halide lamps (mg).

Metal halide lamps (HMI lamps - Hydrargyrum Medium Arc-Length iodide) is a large family of AC gas-discharge lamps, in which the light radiation is formed as a result of an electric discharge in a dense atmosphere of a mixture of mercury vapor and halides of rare earth elements.

Unlike incandescent lamps, which are thermal emitters in the full sense of the word, light in these lamps is generated by burning between two electrodes. These are actually mercury lamps of high pressure with additives of metal iodides or iodides of rare earth elements (dispense (DY), HOLMY (HO) and TULY (TM), as well as complex compounds with cesium (CS) and tin halides (SN). These compounds are disintegrated into The center of the discharge arc, and the metal pairs can stimulate the emission of light, whose intensity and spectral distribution depend on the pressure of the pair of metal hangers.

The light return and the color reproduction of the mercury arc discharge and the light spectrum are significantly improved. This type of lamps can not be confused with halogen. They are completely different in characteristics and principles of work. Halogen cycle: In the cylinder, the lamps are there a pair of metal iodides. When initiating an electrical discharge from the heated electrodes, tungsten begins to evaporate, and its pairs come into a connection with iodides, forming a gaseous connection - tungsten iodide. This gas does not settle on the walls of the flask (the balloon remains transparent throughout the entire life of the lamp). Immediately near the heated electrodes, the gas decomposes into tungsten and iodine pairs, i.e. Electrodes are enveloped by a metal vapor cloud that protects the electrodes from destruction, and the walls of the flasks from the darkening. When the lamp is turned off, the tungsten settles (returns) to the electrodes. Thus, the halogen cycle provides long-term lamp operation without sweating the flasks.

Mg lamps are the same mercury, but with the ions made to the flask of rare-earth elements, which significantly increases the service life, improves light output and spectrum. Standard power (as well as sodium) 70, 150, 250 and 400 watts.

In general, the light-status of mg of lamps is equal to the light-length of luminescent (per watt) with the exception that the light turns out not dissipated, but straight.

MG lamps are in form - from matte balls under standard threads, to two-ficker tubes under compact searchlights. All these lamps give white light. The spectrum is balanced in composition and has, both blue and the red region.

In this regard, metal halide lamps are widely used in lighting installations of various commercial premises, exhibitions, shopping centers, office space, hotels, restaurants, installations for highlighting billboards and showcases, for lighting sports facilities and stadiums, for architectural illumination of buildings and structures. For example, to obtain the illumination comparable to a 1 kW-comparable spotlight, a sufficiently metal halide lamp with a capacity of 250 W.

The last achievement in the Matallogenic technology is a Matallogenic lamp with a ceramic shell (KMG) having improved parameters. KMG lamps provide a high level of playback of light characteristics. Thanks to this, these lamps are suitable for zones in which the color is of particular importance. The lamps are included in the AC network with a frequency of 50 Hz with a voltage of 220 or 380 V with the corresponding port-adjusting equipment (PRA) and a pulsed igniting device (IZU).

A light device or lamp is called a device that ensures the normal functioning of the electrical lamp. The lamp performs optical, mechanical, electrical and protective functions.

Middle-acting lighting devices are called lamps, and foreign acts are spotlights.

The main components of the lamp are fittings for installation and attachment, diffuser and the actual light source. All lamps have their own lighting characteristics, such as light distribution, measured by means of light curves, light orientation (the ratio of light flows sent to the upper and lower hemispheres), as well as the efficiency coefficient.

Lamps depending on the conditions of the medium for which they are intended for their design are divided into the following: open unprotected, partially dust-absorbing, completely dust, partially and completely dustproof, splashing, increased reliability against the explosion and explosion-proof.

By the nature of the timing distribution, the lamps are divided into classes: direct, mostly direct, scattered, mainly reflected and reflected light.

By the installation method, the lamps are divided into groups: ceiling, embedded in the ceiling, suspended, wall and floor (lamps).

Classification of lamps for destination Table 1

The scope of various types of released lamps is shown in Table 2. The luminaires alphabetics are adopted by directory of lighting products and the nomenclatures of manufacturers, mainly for premises without special requirements for architectural design.
The designs of the most common lamps are shown in Figure 1.

Table 2 - types of lamps and their application

Figure 1 - Lamps:

a - "Universal";

b - Deep Demoler Enameled GE;

in - deep demoller mirror GK;

g - widespread CO;

d - dustproof PPR and PPD;

e - dustproof PSX-75;

zh-- explosion-proof beggar;

h - increased reliability against the explosion of the NSB - H4B;

and - for a chemically active CX;

k - Luminescent OD and ORD (with grille);

l - luminescent LD and LD;

m - luminescent PU;

n - luminescent PVL;

o - Luminescent VLO;

p - for outdoor lighting SPO-200

The lamps "Universal" (y) are produced for lamps 200 and 500 W. These are the main lamps for normal industrial premises. At low altitudes, they are used with a semiamnel. For raw rooms or premises with an active medium, lamps with a disc from heat-resistant rubber sealing contact cavity are used.
Enameled deepeners of GE produce two sizes: for lamps up to 500 and up to 1000 W. Apply, like the "Universal", in all normal industrial premises, but with a greater height.

Deep devastants with an average concentration of the light flow of the GS are released for lamps 500, 1000, 1500 W. The enclosure of the lamp is made of aluminum with a reflector close to the mirror. Apply for normal and raw rooms and environments with increased chemical activity.

Deep democrators of the concentrated light distribution of the GC according to the design are similar to the lamps of the GS. They are used in rooms if it is necessary to highly concentrate the light stream and the absence of requirements for the lighting of vertical surfaces. In the compacted performance they have a brand of GKU.

Lucette of solid dairy glass (LC) is produced for lamps 100 and 200 W and are used for rooms with a normal medium. Luminaires PU and CX are used for raw, dusty and fire-hazardous premises. The scope of explosion-proof luminaires is determined by the execution, category and group of medium: B4A-50, B4A-100, begging-200, nob.
Lamps for local light (SMO-1, 50 W, SMO-2, 100 W) are equipped with brackets with switches and corresponding hinges for turning the lamp. They are similar to the lamps K-1, K-2, KS-50 and KS-100 - miniature cososows.

Luminaires for luminescent lamps of the types of ADR and OBOR are used to illuminate industrial premises, and the type of ADD is for administrative, laboratory and other premises. The lamps are supplied with PRU-2, with cartridges, pads for starters and switching for inclusion on one phase of the network 220 V. The plant can supply the luminaires of the OD series, i.e. actually fourlympic and with 80 W lamps.

The main parts of each lamp are: housing, reflector, diffuser, attachment assembly, contact compound and cartridge for fixing the lamp (Figure 2).

Lamps with DRL lamps and luminescent were widespread, as they have a higher efficiency, a large light return and a significant service life compared to lamps and incandescent lamps.

For ignition and sustainable combustion, gas-discharge lamps are included with the help of special flow-adjusting equipment (PRA), starters, capacitors, arresters and rectifiers.

Figure 2 - Lamp UPS:

a - general view; B - Introductory node: 1 - Caid nut, 2 - body, 3 - porcelain cartridge, 4 - lock, 5 - Reflector, b - Ground contact, 7-block clamps.

Safety of vital activity in different fields

From a physical point of view, any source of light is a cluster of many excited or continuously excited atoms. Each separate atom of the substance is a light wave generator ...

Life safety in production

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Introduction

1. Types of artificial lighting

2 Functional Purpose of Artificial Lighting

3 sources of artificial lighting. Incandescent lamps

3.1. Types of incandescent lamps

3.2. Construction of incandescent lamps

3.3. Advantages and disadvantages of incandescent lamps

4. Gas discharge lamps. General characteristics. Application area. Views

4.1. Sodium gas discharge lamp

4.2. Fluorescent Lamp

4.3. Mercury gas discharge lamp

Bibliography

Introduction

The purpose of artificial lighting is to create favorable conditions for visibility, keep well-feeling of man and reduce eye fatigue. With artificial lighting, all items look different than in daylight. This is because the position, the spectral composition and the intensity of radiation sources varies.

The history of artificial lighting began when a person began to use fire. The fire, the torch and the beak became the first artificial sources of light. Then the oil lamps and candles appeared. At the beginning of the XIX century, they learned to allocate gas and purified petroleum products, a kerosene lamp appeared, which is used to today.

When Ignoring phytile, a luminous flame occurs. The flame emits light only when the solid is heated by this flame. No burning generates light, but only substances communicated to the chosen state emit light. In the flame, the light emit hot particles of soot. This can be verified if you put the glass over the flame of the candle or kerosene lamp.

On the streets of Moscow and St. Petersburg, lighting oil lights appeared in the 1930s of the XVIII century. Then the oil was replaced with a alcohol-turpentine mixture. Later, kerosene and, finally, the luminous gas that was obtained by artificially began to use as a combustible substance. The light return of such sources was very small due to the low colors of the flame. She did not exceed 2000k.

At color temperature, artificial light is very different from the daytime, and this difference has long been noticed by changing the color of items when moving from daytime to evening artificial lighting. First of all, a change in the color of clothing was observed. In the twentieth century with a wide spread of electrical lighting, the color change in the transition to artificial lighting decreased, but did not disappear.

Today, a rare person knows about plants producing light gas. Gas were obtained when heated coal in retorts. Retorts are large metal or clay hollow vessels that filled coal and heated in the oven. The separated gas was purified and collected in the structures for storing the luminaire gas - Gazgolders.

More than a hundred years ago, in 1838, the "Gas Lighting Society of St. Petersburg" was built the first gas plant. By the end of the XIX century, Gazgolders appeared in almost all major cities of Russia. Gas covered the streets, railway stations, enterprises, theaters and residential buildings. In Kiev, Engineer A.E.STRVA gas lighting was arranged in 1872.

The creation of DC electric generators with a steam-driven drive made it possible to widely use electricity capabilities. First of all, the inventors took care of the sources of light and drew attention to the properties of an electric arc, which Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov was observed for the first time in 1802. Dazzling bright light allowed to hope that people will be able to abandon candles, raysin, kerosene lamp and even gas lamps.

In arc lamps, it was necessary to constantly make the electrodes supplied by the "noses" to each other - they quickly fade. At first they were shifted manually, then dozens of regulators appeared, the most simple of which was the Arshro regulator. The lamp consisted of a fixed positive electrode fixed on the bracket, and the movable negative connected to the regulator. The regulator consisted of a coil and a block with a cargo.

When the lamp is turned on through the coil, the current flowed, the core was drawn into the coil and removed the negative electrode from the positive one. The arc was mounted automatically. With a decrease in current, the retractor coil force decreased and the negative electrode was raised under the action of cargo. This and other systems have not received widespread due to low reliability.

In 1875, Pavel Nikolayevich Apple offered a reliable and simple decision. It placed coal electrodes in parallel, separating them with an insulating layer. The invention had a tremendous success, and the "candle of Apple" or "Russian Light" was widely distributed in Europe.

Artificial lighting is envisaged in rooms in which there is not enough natural light, or to illuminate the room during the day of the day, when there is no natural illumination.

1. Types of artificial lighting

Artificial lighting can be common(All industrial premises are illuminated by the same type of lamps, evenly located above the illuminated surface and equipped with the lamps of the same power) and combined (Local lighting of works of places in fixtures located in the apparatus, machine, devices, etc.) are added to the general lighting. Using only local lighting is unacceptable, as a sharp contrast between brightly illuminated and unlited areas tires the eyes, slows down the work process and can cause accidents accidents.

2. Functional Purpose of Artificial Lighting

According to the functional purpose, artificial lighting is divided into working, duty, emergency.

Working light Mandatory in all rooms and on the covered territories to ensure the normal operation of people and traffic movements.

Duty lighting Enabled at outside working time.

Emergency lighting It is envisaged to provide minimal illumination in the production room in case of a sudden disconnection of working light.

In modern multiplet single-storey buildings without light lamps with one side glazing during the daytime, natural and artificial lighting (combined lighting) are used. It is important that both types of lighting harmonize one with another. For artificial lighting in this case, it is advisable to use fluorescent lamps.

3. Sources of artificial lighting. Incandescent lamps.

In modern lighting installations designed to illuminate industrial premises, incandescent lamps, halogen and gas-discharges are used as light sources.

Nak Lampliberation- Electric light source of light, which serves as the so-called glow body (the body of the gauge-conductor heated by the flow of electrical current to a high temperature). Almost exclusively tungsten and alloys based on it are used as a material for making body. At the end of the XIX - the first half of the XX century. The glow body was made of more affordable and simple in the processing of material - carbon fiber.

3.1. Typesincandescent lamps

Industry manufacturing various types of incandescent lamps:

vacuum, gas-filled(filler mixture of argon and nitrogen), bispiral, from crypton filling .

3.2. Glow lamp design

Fig.1 Incandescent lamp

Construction of a modern lamp. Scheme: 1 - flask; 2 - the cavity of the flask (vacuum or gas filled); 3 - Glow body; 4, 5 - electrodes (current inputs); 6 - Hooks-holders of the glow body; 7 - lamp leg; 8 - external current supplity link, fuse; 9 - body soccer; 10 - insulator base (glass); 11 - Contact Punchka Cod.

The designs of the heat lamp are very diverse and depend on the purpose of the specific type of lamps. However, the following elements are common to all lamps: the glow body, flask, currents. Depending on the characteristics of a particular type of lamp, the body holders of various designs can be used; The lamps can be made of bessocol or with bases of various types, have an additional outer flask and other additional structural elements.

3.3. Advantages and disadvantages of incandescent lamps

Benefits:

Small value

Small sizes

Unnecessary of the flow-adjusting equipment

When turned on, they are lit up almost instantly

Lack of toxic components and as a consequence the lack of need for infrastructure on the collection and disposal

The possibility of working both on a constant current (any polarity) and on the variable

The possibility of manufacturing lamps on the most voltage (from Volta share to hundreds of volts)

Lack of flickering and buzz when working on alternating current

Continuous emission spectrum

Resistance to electromagnetic pulse

Ability to use brightness regulators

Normal work at low ambient temperature

Disadvantages:

Low light return

Relatively short service life

Sharp dependence of light recoil and voltage life

Color temperature lies only in the range of 2300--2900 K, which gives the light yellowish tint

Incandescent lamps represent fire danger. 30 minutes after the inclusion of incandescent lamps, the outer surface temperature reaches depending on the power of the following values: 40 W - 145 ° C, 75 W - 250 ° C, 100 W - 290 ° C, 200 W - 330 ° C. When contacting lamps with textile materials, their flask is heated even stronger. Straw concerning the surface of the lamp with a capacity of 60 W flashes around 67 minutes.

The luminous efficiency coefficient of incandescent lamps, defined as the ratio of the power of the visible spectrum to the power consumed from the electrical network, is very small and does not exceed 4%

4. Gas discharge lamps. General characteristics. Application area. Views.

Recently, it is customary to call gas-discharge lamps of discharge lamps. Divided into high and low pressure discharge lamps. The overwhelming majority of discharge lamps operate in mercury pairs. Have a high efficiency of transformation of electrical energy into light. Efficiency is measured by lumen / watts.

The discharge light sources (gas-discharge lamps) gradually displacing the earlier incandescent lamps, but the struts of the radiation spectrum remains disabilities, the fatigue from the flicker of light, the noise of the flow-adjusting equipment (PRA), the harmfulness of the mercury vapor in the event of a place to be destroyed, the impossibility of instantaneous wires for lamps high pressure.

In the conditions of the ongoing increase in energy prices and the rise in prices of lighting fittings, lamps and components, the need for technologies to reduce non-production costs becomes increasingly pressing.

General characteristic of gas-discharge lamps

Lifetime from 3000 hours to 20,000.

Efficiency from 40 to 150 lm / W.

Radiation color: Heat and white (3000 K) or neutral white (4200 K)

Color rendering: good (3000 K: RA\u003e 80), excellent (4200 K: RA\u003e 90)

Compact dimensions of the emitting arc allow you to create high intensity light beams

Scope of gas discharge lamps.

Shops and shop windows, offices and public places

Decorative outdoor lighting: lighting buildings and pedestrian zones

Art lighting of theaters, movie and pop (professional lighting equipment)

Types of gas-discharge lamps.

The greatest efficiency, today, possess lamps discharge in sodium pairs. In addition to this type of discharge lamps are widespread fluorescent lamps (Low pressure discharge lamps), metal halide lamps, mercury arcsfluorescent lamps. Less common lamps in pairs xenonbut.

4.1. Sodium gas discharge lamp

Sodium gas discharge lamp(NL) - an electric light source of light, which serves a gas discharge in sodium parats. Therefore, the predominant in the spectrum of such lamps is the resonant radiation of sodium; Lamps give a bright orange-yellow light. This specific feature of NL (radiation monochromatics) causes unsatisfactory quality of color rendering when illuminated by them. Due to the characteristics of the NL spectrum, it is mainly used for street lighting, utilitarian, architectural and decorative. The use of NL to illuminate production and public buildings is extremely limited and is determined, as a rule, the requirements of aesthetic nature.

Depending on the size of the partial pressure of the sodium lamps, the lamps are divided into sodium lampslow pressure (NLN) and high Pressure Sodium Lamps(NLVD)

Historically, the first of the sodium lamps were created low Pressure Sodium Lamps (NLD). In the 1930s. This type of light sources began to spread widely in Europe. In the USSR, experiments were carried out on the development of NLN production, there were even models that were produced massively, but the introduction of them into the practice of general lighting was interrupted due to the development of more technological lamps of the DRL, which, in turn, began to be supplanted with NLVD.

NLN differ in a number of features that are significantly imperative both their production and operation. First, sodium pairs at high arc temperatures very aggressively affect the glass of the flask, destroying it. Because of this, the NLN burner is usually performed from borosilicate braid. Secondly, the effectiveness of NLL strongly depends on the ambient temperature. To ensure an acceptable temperature regime of the burner, the latter is placed in an outer glass flask playing the role of "thermos".

Creature high Pressure Sodium Lamps (NLVD) demanded a different solution to the problem of protecting the burner material from the impact of sodium vapor: the technology of manufacturing tubular burners from Al2O3 aluminum oxide was developed. Such a ceramic burner from thermally and chemically stable and well-skipping material is placed in the outer flask made of heat-resistant glass. The cavity of the external flask is evacuated and thoroughly degassed. The latter is necessary to maintain the normal temperature mode of the burner and protect the niobium current inputs from the effects of atmospheric gases.

The NLVD burner is filled with buffer gas, which serves gas mixtures of various composition, as well as the amalgam sodium (rotten alloy) is dosed in them. There are NLVD "with improved environmental properties" - murrely.

4.2. Fluorescent Lamp

Fluorescent Lamp - gas-discharge source of light, the light stream of which is determined mainly by the luminescence of phosphors under the influence of ultraviolet radiation of the discharge; The visible glow of the discharge does not exceed a few percent.

Fluorescent lamps are widely used for general lighting, while their light returns are several times more than that of the incandescent lamps of the same destination. The service life of fluorescent lamps can up to 20 times to exceed the service life of incandescent lamps, provided that there is sufficient quality of power supply, ballast and compliance with the number of communities, otherwise fails. The most common variety of similar sources is a mercury fluorescent lamp. It is a glass tube filled with mercury couples, with a layer of phosphor applied to the inner surface.

Luminescent lamps are the most common and economical source of light to create scattered lighting in the premises of public buildings: offices, schools, educational and design institutes, hospitals, shops, banks, enterprises. With the advent of modern compact fluorescent lamps intended for installation in ordinary E27 or E14 cartridges instead of incandescent lamps, they began to gain popularity and in everyday life. The use of electronic flow-adjusting devices (ballasts) Instead of traditional electromagnetic devices, it makes it possible to improve the characteristics of fluorescent lamps - get rid of the flickering and the roast, increase more efficiency, increase compactness.

4.3. Mercury gas discharge lamp

Mercury G.azo-pricked lamps A electric light source is in which gas discharge in mercury pairs is used to generate optical radiation. To name all types of such light sources in the domestic lighting, the term "discharge lamp" is used, included in the international lighting dictionary approved by the International Commission for Lighting.

Depending on the filling pressure distinguish discharge lampslow pressure (RLD), discharge lampshigh pressure (RLD) and discharge lampsultrahigh pressure (RLSVD).

TO low pressure discharge lamps Rump lamps with the size of the partial pressure of mercury vapor in the steady mode of less than 100 Pa. For discharge lamps of low pressure, this value is about 100 kPa, and for discharge lamps of ultra-high pressure - 1 MPa and more.

For general lighting of workshops, streets, industrial enterprises and other objects that do not have high demands for color reproduction, apply high pressure discharge lamps type DRL.

DRL(Arc mercury luminous) - adopted in the domestic lighting designation of the RLVD, in which to correct the chromaticity of the light flux aimed at improving color reproduction, the radiation of the phosphor applied to the inner surface of the flask is used.

Device lamp DRL

The first DRL lamps were made by two-electrode. To ignite such lamps, a source of high-voltage pulses was required. The PURL-220 device was used as it (the starting device of mercury lamps on voltage 220 V). The electronics of those times did not allow the creation of sufficiently reliable ignition devices, and the PURL consisted of the gas arrester, which had a smaller service life than the lamp itself. Therefore, in the 1970s. Industry gradually stopped the production of two-electrode lamps. To replace them, they came four-necmecodes that do not require external ignition devices.

To match the electrical parameters of the lamp and the power source, almost all types of РL, having a falling external volt-ampere characteristic, need to use a flow-adjusting machine, which in most cases the throttle is used sequentially with the lamp.

Fig.1 Mercury high pressure lamp.

The four-electro DRL lamp consists of exterior glass flask (1), equipped with threaded Cocole (2). On the leg of the lamp mounted on the geometric axis of the external flask quartz burner (discharge tube) (3), filled with argon with additive mercury. Four-melectric lamps have main electrodes (4) and located next to them auxiliary (ignition) Electrodes (five). Each ignition electrode is connected to the main electrode in the opposite end of the discharge tube clamping resistance (6). Auxiliary electrodes facilitate the ignition of the lamp and make it work during the start period more stable.

Recently, a number of foreign firms make TRERE electrodessexpes DRL, equipped with only one igniting electrode. This design is different only greater technological in production, without any other advantages over four-electrode.

Operating principle

The burner of the lamp is made of refractory and chemically persistent transparent material (quartz glass or special ceramics) and is filled with strictly dosed portions of inert gases. In addition, a metal mercury is introduced into the burner, which in the cold lamp has the form of a compact ball or settles in the form of a fall on the walls of the flask and (or) electrodes. The Glowing Body of the RLVD is an arc discharge post.

The ignition process of a lamp equipped with igniting electrodes is as follows. When the supply voltage is applied to the lamp between the closely located main and the ignition electrode, a glowing discharge occurs, which contributes to a small distance between them, which is significantly less than the distance between the main electrodes, therefore, below and the breakdown voltage of this gap. The occurrence of a sufficiently large number of charge carriers (free electrons and positive ions) in the cavity of the discharge tube (free electrons and positive ions) contributes to the breakdown between the main electrodes and the ignition between them the glow discharge, which almost instantly goes into the arc.

Stabilization of electrical and light lamp parameters occurs after 10 - 15 minutes after switching on. During this time, the lamp current significantly exceeds the nominal and limited only by the resistance of the commissioning apparatus. The duration of the starting mode is highly dependent on the ambient temperature - the colder, the longer the lamp will flare up.

The electrical discharge in the burner of the mercury arc lamp creates a visible radiation of blue or purple (and not white as it is considered) colors, as well as powerful ultraviolet radiation. The latter excites the luminophore glow caused by the inner wall of the outer flask of the lamp. Reddisted luminophore glow, mixing with white-green burner radiation, gives a bright light close to white.

Changing the supply voltage to a larger or smaller side causes the corresponding change in the light stream. The deviation of the supply voltage by 10-15% is permissible and accompanied by a change in the light flux of the lamp by 25-30%. With a decrease in supply voltage, less than 80% of the nominal lamp may not be lit, and burning - go out.

When burning, the lamp is very heated. This requires use in light instruments with arc mercury lamps of heat-resistant wires, presents serious requirements for the quality of cartridges. Since the pressure in the burner of the hot lamp increases significantly, the voltage of its breakdown increases. The voltage value of the supply network is insufficient for the ignition of the hot lamp. Therefore, before re-ignition, the lamp should be cooled. This effect is a significant drawback of arc mercury lamps of high pressure, since even a very short-term break of power extinguishes them, and a long pause is required to cool.

Traditional areas of use of DRL lamps

Lighting of open areas, industrial, agricultural and storage facilities. Wherever, where it is due to the need for large economy of electricity, these lamps are gradually displaced by NLVD (coverage of cities, large construction sites, high production workshops, etc.).

Sources of artificial lighting. Incandescent lamps. In modern lighting installations designed to illuminate industrial premises, incandescent lamps, halogen and gas-discharges are used as light sources.

The incandescent lamp is an electric light source of light, which is the so-called glow body (the body of the heat is a conductor heated by the flow of electrical current to a high temperature). Almost exclusively tungsten and alloys based on it are used as a material for making body. At the end of the XIX - the first half of the XX century. The glow body was made of more affordable and simple in the processing of material - carbon fiber.

Types of incandescent lamps. Industry produces various types of incandescent lamps: vacuum, gas-filled (filler mixture of argon and nitrogen), bispiral, with crypton filling.

Glow lamp design. Construction of a modern lamp. Scheme: 1 - flask; 2 - the cavity of the flask (vacuum or gas filled); 3 - Glow body; 4, 5 - electrodes (current inputs); 6 - Hooks-holders of the glow body; 7 - lamp leg; 8 - external current supplity link, fuse; 9 - body soccer; 10 - insulator base (glass); 11 - Contact Punchka Cod.

The designs of the heat lamp are very diverse and depend on the purpose of the specific type of lamps. However, the following elements are common to all lamps: the glow body, flask, currents. Depending on the characteristics of a particular type of lamp, the body holders of various designs can be used; The lamps can be made of bessocol or with bases of various types, have an additional outer flask and other additional structural elements.

Advantages and disadvantages of incandescent lamps:

• - low cost;
• - small dimensions;
• - the unnecessaryness of the start-adjusting equipment;
• - when switching on, they are ignited almost instantly;
• - the absence of toxic components and as a result, the lack of need for infrastructure on the collection and disposal;
• - the possibility of working both on a constant current (any polarity) and on the variable;
• - the possibility of making lamps on the most outdoor stress (from volts to hundreds of volts);
• - the absence of flicker and buzz when working on alternating current;
• - continuous radiation spectrum;
• - resistance to electromagnetic pulse;
• - the ability to use brightness regulators;
• - Normal work at low ambient temperature.

Disadvantages:

• - Low light return;
• - relatively low service life;
• - a sharp dependence of the luminous return and service life of the voltage;
• - The color temperature lies only in the range of 2300-2900 K, which gives the light yellowish shade;
• - Incandescent lamps represent fire danger. 30 minutes after the inclusion of incandescent lamps, the outer surface temperature reaches depending on the power of the following values: 40 W - 145 ° C, 75 W - 250 ° C, 100 W - 290 ° C, 200 W - 330 ° C. When contacting lamps with textile materials, their flask is heated even stronger. Straw concerning the surface of the lamp with a capacity of 60 W flashes around 67 minutes;
• - The luminous efficiency of the incandescent lamps, defined as the ratio of the power of the visible spectrum of the visible spectrum to the power consumed from the electrical network, is very small and does not exceed 4%

Gas discharge lamps. General characteristics. Application area. Views. Recently, it is customary to call gas-discharge lamps of discharge lamps. Divided into high and low pressure discharge lamps. The overwhelming majority of discharge lamps operate in mercury pairs. Have a high efficiency of transformation of electrical energy into light. Efficiency is measured by lumen / watts.

The discharge light sources (gas-discharge lamps) gradually displacing the earlier incandescent lamps, but the struts of the radiation spectrum remains disabilities, the fatigue from the flicker of light, the noise of the flow-adjusting equipment (PRA), the harmfulness of the mercury vapor in the event of a place to be destroyed, the impossibility of instantaneous wires for lamps high pressure.

In the conditions of the ongoing increase in energy prices and the rise in prices of lighting fittings, lamps and components, the need for technologies to reduce non-production costs becomes increasingly pressing.

General characteristics of gas discharge lamps:

• - service life from 3000 hours to 20,000;
• - efficiency from 40 to 150 lm / W.;
• - radiation color: heat and white (3000 K) or neutral white (4200 K);
• - color rendering: good (3000 K: RA\u003e 80), excellent (4200 K: RA\u003e 90);
• - Compact dimensions of the radiating arc, allow you to create high intensity light beams.

Scope of gas discharge lamps.

• - shops and shop windows, offices and public places;
• - Decorative outdoor lighting: lighting buildings and pedestrian zones;
• - Art lighting of theaters, cinema and pop (professional lighting equipment).

Types of gas-discharge lamps. The greatest efficiency, today, lamps are discharged in sodium pairs. In addition to this type of discharge lamps, fluorescent lamps are widespread (low pressure discharge lamps), metal halide lamps, arc mercury fluorescent lamps. Less common lamps in xenon pairs.

Lamps. Characteristic. Lamp A lamp with lighting reinforcement is called, i.e. with a device for the flow of current, the redistribution of light, loosening the brilliance (blinding) and the protection of the lamp.

On the distribution of the light stream between the lower and the upper hemisters, the lamps are divided into lamps:

direct Light - more than 90% of the light flux is sent to the lower hemisphere;

pretty Light Light- to the lower hemisphere is directed from 55 to 90% of the flow;

scattered light - The luminous stream of equally is distributed between the lower and the upper hemisphere;

mostly reflected light- from 55 to 90% of the flow is sent to the upper hemisphere;

reflected light - More than 90% of the flow is sent to the upper hemisphere.

The brightness (blinding effect) of the lamps is characterized by the values \u200b\u200bof the protective angle G between the horizontal passing through the middle of the luminous body of the lamp, and the line connecting the extreme point of the luminous body (threads) with the opposite edge of the reinforcement.

The restriction of the blinding effect is achieved by the corresponding height of the luminaire suspension and the installation of the scattering caps.

Lamps depending on the type of lamp protection are divided into:

open - the lamp comes into contact with the environment;

protected- The lamp is separated from the external environment;

closed and hermetic - the inner cavity of the lamp is separated from the external environment by seal;

explosion-proof, excluding the possibility of an explosion when entering the lamp of explosive gases or dust.