ASGARD IS OPEN!

For a long time it was believed that the famous Icelander Snorri Sturluson composed all the myths and legends himself. But suddenly in 1643 (402 years after the death of Snorri Sturluson!) Icelandic bishop Brignolv Sveinsson finds an ancient codex containing songs about gods and heroes, the plots of which coincide with those told in the Edda by Snorri Sturluson. Sveinsson's find prompted scientists to take a fresh look at the case. It became clear that the most famous of Icelanders did not invent, but collected and wrote down pagan myths and legends, preserving their wonderful world for us. Snorri Sturluson's Edda was called the Younger Edda, and the codex was called the Elder Edda.

The spatial structure of this world is determined by the ash Yggdrasil. Three roots of the tree of the world. One stretches to the kingdom of darkness Niflheim, the other - to the giants, and the third - to the gods-ases. Under the root that the Ases have is the sacred source of Urd. Here is the main sanctuary, where every day the aces come across the Bivrest bridge and administer their judgments. There is a beautiful palace at the source. Three maidens live there too - Urd, Verdandi and Skuld. These are the three norns who know the fate of people. Every day they draw water from a sacred spring and water Yggdrasil to keep it from drying out. At the top of Yggdrasil sits a wise eagle, and between his eyes there is a hawk Vedrfelnir ("Faded by bad weather"). Ash roots are gnawed by snakes and the dragon Nidhogg. Squirrel Rotatosk carries a squabble between an eagle and a dragon along the trunk. Four deer - Dyne, Dwalin, Duneir and Durathror - devour the foliage of the tree of the world.

The dwelling of the Aesir is called Asgard. Asgard is located near Idavelle Field. When the gods were just starting to build, a certain giant master came to them and promised to build a fortress in three six months, impregnable for the giants, and as a reward he demanded the goddess Freya, the sun and the moon. On the advice of Loki, the Aesir agreed, but when they saw that the giant would have time to build the fortress on time, they threatened Loki with a cruel death if he did not prevent the master from fulfilling the terms of the deal. Loki had to go for the trick. The horse Svadilfari helped the giant in his work. Turning into a mare, Loki distracted the horse from work, and the builder did not have time to finish it on time. The giant realized that he was deceived, and fell into a rage. Then the Aesir called Thor, and he killed the giant with his hammer. And Loki gave birth to a foal with eight legs - the future horse of Odin Sleipnir.

First, the gods erected a sanctuary with twelve thrones and a throne for Odin. Everything in it is like pure gold, and it is called the Hall of Joy. Then they built an equally beautiful sanctuary for the goddesses - Wingolve and a house in which they placed a forge, and made an anvil, a hammer and other tools. They made things from stone, wood and metal, which is called gold. And therefore that age was called golden.

Each ace in Asgard has his own palace. Odin's hall, decorated with silver, is called Valaskjalf. In it he sits on a throne, which is called Hlidskjalf. From here he sees all the worlds.

From the stones that the cow Audumla licked, the Storm-Man arose. His son Bor married Bestla, the daughter of the giant Belthorn, and they had three sons - Odin, Vili and Be. Snorri tells about another origin of Odin - from Troy, where he descends from a king named Munon or Mennon. Odin's wife is called Frigga. She knows all human destinies, but unlike the norns, she does not predict them, but keeps them secret. One is also the father of all gods, and therefore he is called the Allfather. He is the Father of the Fallen. He owns a palace called Valhalla. Einherii live in it - brave warriors who fell in battle. The Valkyries take the warriors to Valhalla, serving them there during the feasts.

At feasts in Valhalla, they drink the honey milk of the Heidrun goat, which nibbles the leaves of the Yggdrasil ash tree, and the inexhaustible meat of the boar of Sehrimnir, which is cooked by the cook Andhrimnir in the Eldhrimnir cauldron. One throws all the food to two wolves - Geri and Freki - and drinks only wine. On his shoulders are the crows Hugin and Munin. From them he learns about everything that happens in the world.

At the entrance to Valhalla is the Valgrid Gate, and in front of them is the Glasir ("Shining") grove, all the leaves in it are as if made of red gold.

One is a werewolf, he often appears in the form of a snake, raven, eagle, horse and wolf. This is the god of magical knowledge, who knows the runes - sacred letters. For a sip from the source of wisdom, he gives his eye to the giant Mimir, and in order to recognize the runes, he sacrifices himself and, pierced by his own spear, hangs on the Yggdrasil ash tree for nine days.

Snorri also tells about the sad fate of Odin's son Balder. Balder, the most beautiful and wisest of the Aesir, lived in the palace of Breidablik ("Wide Shine"), which is not more beautiful in Asgard. Suddenly, he began to dream dreams that foreshadowed danger. Then Frigg took an oath from all things and creatures that they would not touch Balder. And when she told about this, Balder and other aces began to amuse themselves: Balder stood on the field of the tinga (assembly), while others threw stones at him, shot arrows, cut him with a sword. But nothing hurt Balder. His invulnerability was not to the liking of the envious Loki. He learned from Frigga that she did not take an oath from the young sprout of mistletoe growing west of Valhalla. Loki tore this escape and went to the tinga field. There he gave escape to the blind Head, and he threw him at Balder, as Loki pointed out to him. Pierced the rod of Balder, and he fell dead to the ground. And this was the greatest sorrow for gods and people. Asses carried the body of Balder to the sea and put it in the boat, but only the giantess Hurrokin managed to push this boat into the water. Unable to withstand the grief, Balder's wife Nain died, and they burned her in a boat along with Balder. And Balder's brother Hermod went to the mistress of the kingdom of the dead, Hel, to bring him back to Asgard. And Hel promised that Balder would return to the Aesir if all living and dead on earth would cry for him. And everyone cried, except the giantess Tekk, and it was the reincarnated Loki. And Balder remained in the kingdom of the dead. The aces of Loki severely avenged Balder. They caught him and tied him with intestines, and Skadi hung a poisonous snake over Loki's face, the poison of which brought him torment, although his wife Sigyn put the bowl under the dripping poison. When drops of poison fell on Loki, he shuddered, causing earthquakes. And he will suffer until the end of the world.

Thor is also considered the son of Odin, the strongest of all gods and people. The domain of Thor is called Trudvangar ("Fields of Power"), or Trudheim. There is his palace Bilskirnir, the most spacious in Asgard: it holds five hundred chambers and forty more. Thor rides in a chariot drawn by two goats. He has three treasures - the hammer of Mjolliir, a belt of strength and iron gauntlets, which he puts on when he grabs the hammer. Thor protects Asgard and Midgard, the human world, from the giants. So, Snorri tells about the struggle of Thor with the giant Hrungnir, who, ahead of Odin in the equestrian competition, began to boast to the aces that he would kill the gods and take away the goddesses Freya and Siv. Thor challenged the giant to a duel. He threw his hammer at Hrungnir, and he threw a winepress towards the hammer. Colliding with a hammer in the air, the sharpener split in half, and one piece stabbed Thor in the head. Thor fell to the ground. Mjöllnir hit the giant in the head and crumbled his skull. Hrungnir fell on Thor, and one of his legs was on Thor's neck. And only Thor's son Magni was able to take it off, for which Thor gave him the Golden Mane horse, which was previously owned by Hrungnir. And the winepress from Thor's head was almost taken out by the seer Groa with her spells, but, having learned from Thor that her husband Aurvandil, whom he carried on his shoulders from the land of giants, would soon return, she forgot all the spells for joy. So the shards of the sharpener remained in Thor's head.

Thor also fights with the World Serpent Jormungand. Once he caught a snake with a fishing rod. It was so. Thor stopped for the night in the house of the giant Hymir, and at dawn went fishing with the giant. They swam far away, where there were no longer any fish, and only Jormungand swam. Thor took out a strong wood and a hook that was as strong as her. On this hook he planted a bull's head and threw it overboard. The snake swallowed the bull's head, and the hook dug into his palate. And the serpent began to break free violently. But Thor rested so hard that he broke the bottom of the boat, and stood on the bottom of the sea, and dragged the snake to the side. Thor grabbed his hammer and raised it over the serpent, but at that moment Khyumir cut the forest with a knife, and the serpent plunged into the sea. And Thor threw a hammer after him, and, they say, the hammer tore off the snake's head. Still, Jormungand remained alive. Thor will still fight him in the last battle before the end of the world.

In the palace Noatun ("Ship shed"), which is located in the sky and at the same time by the sea, Njord lives. He is very rich, controls the wind, sea and fire, patronizes seafaring, fishing and hunting sea animals.

Njord's son Freyr is the most glorious of the aces. He is the god of harvest and wealth, who is subject to rain and sunlight. Once from the throne, Frey saw the beautiful Gerd, the daughter of the giant Gyumir. He sent his servant Skirnir to her as a matchmaker. Skirnir offered Gerd eleven golden apples, the magic ring Draupnir, threatened to chop off her head, but she did not agree to the marriage. Then he pronounced an ominous spell, after which Gerd surrendered and agreed to meet with Frey in Barry's grove.

And Njord's daughter is called Freya. She is the goddess of fertility, love and beauty. She rides in a chariot drawn by two cats, and lives in the spacious and beautiful chambers of Sessrumnir, which are located in the palace of Folkwang ("Battlefield"). From the battlefield, Freya takes half of the killed, and the other goes to Odin. Freya's husband's name is Od. He went on a long journey, and Freyja is looking for him and weeps for him with golden tears. They have a daughter, Khnoss ("The Treasure"), who is so beautiful that everything that is beautiful in the world is called by her name.

Njord and Freyr are of Van origins. The Vana gods live in a country called Vanaheim. Once they sent the evil sorceress Heid to the Aesir. Asses beat her with spears and burned her three times, but she was reborn again and did even worse. And Odin began a war with the Vani, throwing his spear at them. The Aesir were defeated, but in the end peace was made between the Aesir and the Vanir, and they exchanged hostages. The Ases gave the Vanam Henir and Mimir, and they gave Nyorda and Freyr in return. So Njord and Freyr became aces. Njord married Skadi, daughter of the giant Tiazzi. She did not like the sea and wanted to live in the palace of her father, which is called Trumheim and is located in the mountains. And they decided to live for nine days in Trumheim and Noatun, but could not stand it. Njord remained to live in Noatun, and Skadi returned to the mountains, to Trumheim. There she often goes skiing and shoots game.

And the best skiing and archery is Thor's stepson Ull, who built his chambers in the Idalir Valley ("Valley of the Yews"). This ace is beautiful in face and owns all the art of war.

Cold waves are splashing outside the palace called Sekquabekk. The goddess Saga lives in it. Every day she drinks with One of the golden bowls.

And still live in Asgard the goddess-healer Eir, the young maiden Gevion, Fulla with her hair down and a golden band on her head, the goddess of love Syovn and the goddess of glory Lovn, the clever and curious Faith, from whom nothing can be hidden, the wise Snotra. Var overhears human oaths and vows. Xiong guards the doors in the palaces so that those who are not allowed to enter them. Hlin protects everyone from dangers. Gna rides her horse to different countries with instructions from Frigga.

In the land, covered with bushes and tall grasses, lives the silent ace Vidar, another son of Odin. He is almost as strong as Thor and will avenge his father during the death of the gods.

And the son of Balder Forseti ("Chairman of the Thing") is the owner of the Glitnir chambers, which are removed with pillars of gold and covered with silver. So he resolves disputes, and weight leaves him in peace and harmony.

There are two more Ases living in Asgard - Tyr and Bragi, but nothing is said about their dwellings.

Tyr is the god of victory, he is the most courageous and brave. Once the aces caught the wolf Fenrir to put on the bonds of Gleipnir, but they told the wolf that they would soon release him. But he did not believe, and Tyur had to put his hand in his mouth. And when the Aesir did not want to let Fenrir go, he bit off his hand, and since then Tyr has been one-armed.

Bragi is famous for its wisdom and poetic gift. Once the giant Egir came to him and asked where poetry came from. And Bragi told him how Odin stole the honey of poetry.

At the conclusion of peace between the Aesir and the Vani, the gods mixed saliva in a bowl and made a wise man named Kvasir out of it. The dwarfs Fjalar and Galar invited Kvasir to visit and killed him, and then, mixing his blood with bee honey, they prepared poetry honey in three vessels - a magic drink that gives wisdom and inspiration. Then the carls called to visit and killed the giant Gilling and his wife, and from their son Suttung they paid off with the honey of poetry. Suttung told his daughter Gunnled to guard the honey in the rock. One arranged for the workers of Suttung's brother Baugi to kill each other in a fight, and entered the service of Baugi in their place. He wanted to be paid with honey for his work, but it did not work out - Suttung did not accept their contract. Then Odin forced Baugi to drill a hole in the rock and, turning into a snake, climbed into it. He spent three nights with Gunnled and, with her permission, drained all three vessels, and then, turning into an eagle, flew to Asgard, where he spat out all the honey in a bowl and gave it to the Aesir and people who know how to write poetry.

Braga's wife Idunn keeps golden apples in her casket, thanks to which the gods preserve eternal youth. One day, three aces, Odin, Loki and Hoenir, set off. They walked for a long time, got hungry and decided to roast the bull. And the giant Tiazzi, who turned into an eagle, made it so that the meat was not fried in any way. He told the Aesir that if they want to eat fried meat, they must feed him his fill. And he demanded the most tasty morsel for himself. Loki got angry, grabbed a stick and wanted to hit the eagle. But one end of the stick stuck to the back of the eagle and the other to Loki's arms. And the eagle flew so that Loki touched stones and trees with his feet. Loki asked for mercy, and Tiazzi took an oath from him that he would lure Idunn out of Asgard with her apples. Returning home, Loki told Idunn that he had found wonderful apples in the forest, and asked to take his own ones with him to compare. Went into the forest. Then Tiazzi flew in in the guise of an eagle and took Idunn with her apples to the land of giants. The Aesir have grown old without Idunn. And they remembered that they had last seen her with Loki. Threatened with death and torture, Loki set out to rescue Idunn from the giants. Taking the falcon plumage from Freya, he flew to Tiazzi. When he was not at home, Loki turned Idunn into a nut and flew with her to Asgard. Thiazzi rushed after them in pursuit, but the aces killed him.

Loki, the instigator of strife between the gods, the sower of lies, is also ranked among the ases. He is handsome in himself, but vicious, cunning and cunning in all sorts of tricks. Loki's wife is named Sigyn, and their son is Nari, or Narvi. Loki has three more children from the giantess Angrboda: two sons - the wolf Fenrir and the World Serpent Jormungand - and the daughter Hel. When the aces learned that great troubles would come to them from the children of Loki, Odin threw the serpent into the deep sea, and Hel cast Niflheim into the land of darkness. There, behind high fences and strong gratings, there are her chambers, which are called Wet Drizzle. And she herself is half blue, half meat-colored, stooped, and she looks fierce. The Aesir kept the wolf. It was he who bit off Tyura's hand.

At the edge of heaven, at the very bridge of Bivrest, in the Himinbjörg palace, Heimdall lives, the white ace, the guardian of the gods, protecting them from the giants. He has the Gjallarhorn horn, which he will trumpet before the end of the world.

First comes the three-year "giant winter" of Fimbulvetr, with severe frosts and fierce winds. One wolf will swallow the sun, another will steal the month. Stars will fall from the sky. The Yggdrasil ash will hum and tremble from earthquakes. The water will flood the earth, because it will turn into the sea of the World Serpent Jormungand. The sky will split, and the army of the sons of Muspell will appear. At the head of this army is the giant Surt with his sword, the light from which is brighter than from the sun. They will jump over the Bivrest Bridge, and the bridge under them will fail.

Horn of Heimdall will awaken the Aesir, led by Odin and his squad of the fallen. Odin will gallop for advice to the wise Mimir.

There will be a great battle on the immense field of Vigrid, which stretches for a hundred crossings in each direction.

One will fight with Fenrir, Thor with Jormungand, Tyr with the dog Garm, Heimdall with Loki, and Frey with the giant Surt. Fenrir will swallow Odin, but Vidar will tear his mouth open. Freyr will die in a fight with Surt, because he will not have his sword with him, which he will give to Skirnir. Thor will kill the World Serpent, but he himself, having walked only nine steps, will fall dead, poisoned by his poison. Tyr and Garm, Heimdall and Loki will kill each other. And Surt will burn the world, and many gods and people will perish.

But after the death of the world, its rebirth will come. Land will rise from the sea, fields will turn green. The surviving sons of Odin, Vidar and Vali, will settle on Idavelle-field, where Asgard used to be. There will come Modi and Magni, the sons of Thor, and bring the hammer of Mjöllnir with them. Return from Hel Balder and Head. They will survive, hiding in the grove of Hoddmimir, and two people - Liv and Livtrasir, they will give rise to the human race.

In the neighboring country of the Aesir, which is called Alvheim, the bright alves live. They are more beautiful than the sun. And dark alves are blacker than pitch, and they live in the ground. On the southern edge of the sky is the palace of Gimle. He is more beautiful than all and brighter than the sun; he will stand when the sky falls and the earth perishes. Righteous people will live in it forever. There is one more palace on Okolnir - Brimir. Bliss is eaten in him. The palace of Sindri is also beautiful, which is located in the Mountains of the Damaged Moon and is made of pure gold. And the palace on the Coast of the Dead is a suite of snakes, whose heads are turned inward and sprinkle with poison. Poisonous rivers flow near him, which are forded by perjurers and villainous murderers. But worst of all in the stream of the Boiling Cauldron, where the dragon Nidhogg gnaws at the corpses of the dead.

... This is the oldest basis of the Scandinavian myths. But on it, like a pattern, descriptions of quite plausible events are superimposed - this is the second layer of sagas and legends.

Collecting ancient legends, Snorri Sturluson wrote both "Edda" and "The Circle of the Earth". Researchers of Eddic myths do not seem to notice that the same aces in the "Circle of the Earth" are quite real people. After the wars, the Aesir and the Vanir exchange hostages and make peace. Then the Aesir move to the northwest (together with a part of the Vanir); there they founded states.

Scandinavian songs about gods and heroes tell about the heavenly city of Asgard, but if these ideas are based on myths about deified ancestors, which is characteristic of the ancient Aryans, then this city should have been looked for on Earth. It is well known that the ancient authors (Arab and Persian) used the same word to designate a city, and its surroundings, and an entire country. If so, then one could try to find an entire country or region that served as a prototype for the celestial Asgard. It is not for nothing that they speak of the far and near palaces of the divine city - which means that it could be a question of an entire region or region.

An attempt was made to bring the Aesir closer to the Asuras. But in the developed Indian mythology, asuras are only demons, opponents of the gods. The Indo-European basis turns out to be too broad, a contradictory basis for such rapprochement to give an answer.

This may seem strange to an unprepared historian and reader, but The Ynglings Saga claims that the Ases lived east of the Don (Tanakwisl or Vanakwisl), and their main rivals, the Vanir, were near the mouth of the same river. We are talking about the times before the beginning of our era.

First of all, I was attracted by the amazing coincidence of geographical names on the maps of Iceland and Central Asia.

In the "Younger Edda" one can find valuable evidence that both heroes and people and new places were given old names, by analogy with their former homeland, "so that after a long time no one doubted that those about who was told, and those who bore these names are one and the same asses. " This is why the names of the ancient gods did not die. That is why in the far northern country of Iceland (the Icelandic language has retained more ancient features than other Scandinavian languages) one can find, for example, Lake Langisior with the ancient root "sor", "sjor" - "sea", which is also characteristic of the languages of the peoples of Central Asia. And here are the names of Icelandic rivers: Hovsau, Ekulsau, Tvsau, Khamarsau. Let us now give for comparison the local names of the rivers of Tajikistan: Yakhsu, Shaklisu, Tairsu, Yavansu. The glacier in Icelandic is called "ekul", the glacial river "ekula", but we can easily find the same root in a somewhat rethought meaning in the names of mountain lakes in Central Asia: Zorkul, Shorkul, Rangkul, etc. The author of "Younger Edda" is right! In the new places, people really did not forget the old names.

It is interesting that the land east of the Don in ancient times in the Scandinavian writings ("What lands lie in the world", etc.) even before Snorri Sturluson was called Great Svitod - Great Sweden. This is a reminder of the former homeland of the Ases, more precisely, of the tribes, in whose language the word “As” means “God”, “Lord”.

Snorri Sturluson is not only a poet and public figure, he is primarily a historian. This is how he described Odin's path.

“There was a prophecy for Odin and his wife, and it revealed to him that his name would be exalted in the northern part of the world and would be honored above the names of all kings. So he set out to hit the road ... "

Odin and his people were glorified and taken for gods, the Edda narrates. And so they came north to the land of the Saxons. Odin left three sons to rule the country. One of them was named Vegdeg. He stayed in the eastern country of the Saxons. Odin's second son was called Beldeg, or Balder. The present Westphalia belonged to him. Odin's third son, Sigi, ruled the land that was later called the country of the Franks, and the Wolsung family originated from him. One set out on a further journey and reached a country called Reidgotland. Odin made its ruler his son named Skjeld. From him comes the Skjeldung clan. These are Danish kings, and the country later became known as Jutland.

Then Odin reached the country that is now called Sweden. Then it was ruled by Gyulvi. He went out to meet Odin and said that he could rule in his state as soon as he wanted. In any country, the source notes where they stayed, there were times of abundance and peace. And the weight believed that it was done at the will of Odin and his associates. And neither in their beauty nor in their wisdom did the Aesir resemble the people they had seen before. Odin liked the northern lands, and he chose a place for a city called Sigtuna ...

“After that, he drove north until the sea blocked the way, which, as it seemed to them, surrounded all the lands. He put his son there to rule over the state that is now called Norway. The son's name was Seming, and the Norwegian kings, as well as the Yarls and other rulers descended from him ... And with him Odin took a son named Yngwie, who was king in Sweden, and from him comes the family called Ynglings. The Ases took wives for themselves in that land, and some married their sons, and their offspring multiplied so much that they settled throughout the Country of the Saxons, and from there throughout the northern part of the world, so that the language of these people from Asia became the language of all those countries. ... And people believe that by the recorded names of their ancestors, one can judge that these names belonged to the very language that the Ases brought here to the north ... "

But if everything that is noted above regarding geography reflects the truth, then one can probably find coincidences in the ancient Iranian (Aryan) and Eddic myths. Yes, such coincidences are obvious. The Ahura gods of Iranian mythology correspond to the Aesir. The monstrous dragon Dahak not only resembles the dragon of the Scandinavian songs and sagas of Nidhog, but also sounds in tune with him with his name. Iranian cosmogonic myths claim that the world was created from parts of the human body, sacrificed, and the Scandinavian sources also call his name - the giant Ymir. A world tree grows near the source of Ardvisura (it is known under various names). This is in ancient Iran. And in Scandinavia this tree was called Yggdrasil ash, and the source was called Urd. On the world tree, or on the tree of all seeds, the king of birds, Senmurv, lives, who scatters seeds on the ground, another bird takes them to the source from which the star (Sirius) drinks, showering the earth with rains. With the rains, the seeds return to the ground. But two birds are also known to Scandinavian sources. At the top of the ash tree of Yggdrasil sits also the king of birds - a wise eagle (it is easy to excuse the loss of the name Senmurv by the Scandinavians, because more than a thousand years have passed since the resettlement of the Ases, before the legends were written; but the neighbors of the Ases, the Vanans, had the name of the king of birds - Simargl) ... Between the eyes of the eagle is the hawk Vedrfelnir.

The golden age, according to the ancient Iranians, is replaced by a fierce struggle between the forces of evil and good, good and evil gods and spirits. The world will perish. But before the end of the world, a terrible winter will come. Scandinavian sources reproduce this scheme and specify: winter will last three years, its name is Fimbulvetr. The gods will fight the monsters. Among the Iranians, this is primarily the dragon Dahak. The Scandinavians have the World Serpent Jormungand and the World Wolf Fenrir. Sources agree: the world will perish in the fire. But after the death of the world, its rebirth will come.

The Iranian monument "Avesta" repeatedly points to the purifying role of fire. The cosmic and earthly incarnation of fire permeates the Vedic cosmology. In the Rig Veda, fire is called "the guardian of the sacred order" (Rig Veda, VII, 3, 3).

Many almost literal coincidences can be noted; meanwhile, the basis of ancient Iranian mythology is more than one and a half thousand years away from the records of Snorri Sturluson.

I was to receive, along with a whole series of circumstantial evidence and direct evidence.

First of all, it was necessary, as it were, to penetrate into the world of ancient languages and ancient sources, because before many words and names sounded differently. Sometimes there were several variants of geographical names. And the word "asy" itself sounded like this: "ansi", "ansi". This sound "n" manifests itself, for example, in the name of the Vyatichi (the Russian word "vyatich" sounds like "vantit" in Arabic sources, but Arab authors heard or read it in the sources of the Persian circle, etc.).

The Germans chose names according to their meaning, believing that this choice affects the fate of a person until his death. I was well aware that some ancient Germanic names include the root "ans" in their stem, in honor of the Ases, or, more precisely, the Anses. For example, the name Anselm. In the same way, in honor of the mythical Alves, taking into account the transition "c" - "b", the child could be called Alberich. But since the word “ansi” remains in the most ancient linguistic layer, is it possible to find the mythical country of the ases, using this circumstance as a key? It turned out that you can. This search led to such unexpected results that if it were not for the belief in the laws of metahistory I have discovered, I would never have believed them.

In ancient times, there was the country of Anxi. This is how it is called in Chinese sources. Its other name is Parthia. It is the largest state, the rival of Rome in the east. Some historians believe that the Chinese name comes from the name of the founder of the Arsak dynasty (E. Pulliblank, 1962. See: Malyavkin A.G. Tang Chronicles about the Central Asian States. Texts and Research. Novosibirsk, 1989, p. 198). But if this is so, then the name of the country could begin, with the light hand of the Chinese chroniclers, a new life. After all, the Great Silk Road and China's ties with Asia Minor are well known. But that was hard to believe.

Arsak, the founder of the Arshakid dynasty, could, of course, pass on his name to a huge power that existed after him for almost five centuries.

But Arsak himself, it turns out, proclaimed himself king in the city of Asaac. And if "Ansi" were only a hieroglyphic transcription of the name Arsak, as E. Pulliblank believes, it would be impossible to reconcile this with the name of the city where the founder of the dynasty became the king of Parthia. After all, the city of Asahak is called Isidore Harara, not a Chinese at all, and its text dedicated to Parthia has nothing to do with the text left by the famous Chinese (Han) diplomat and traveler Zhang Qiang and other Chinese sources. Moreover, the city of Asahak is not mentioned at all in Chinese literature.

It became clear that it was the city of Asahak with its base "As" that gave the name Ansi with the same base "As", "Ans". The personal names of the Germans helped to verify this. The eternal flame in the city of Asaac is mentioned by Isidor Kharak (Parthian sites, 11-13), it is a symbol of the worldview of that time. The city itself was located in the Astaueia region, which contains the same base "Ace". In the neighborhood there was another area of Parthia (its ancient core) - Parthiena with the tombs of kings (deified ancestors). The city where the tombs were located is also named. This is Parfawnisa or Nisaya, and Isidor Kharaksky indicates that Nisaya

Greek name. Presumably, in Parthia itself, the local name - Parfawnisa was much more common. Old Nisa and New Nisa - these names have survived to this day. Settlements are located near Ashgabat. The very word "Ashgabat" or "Askhabad" means "city of love". How did this name come about? Unknown. I assume the root is the same: "Ac". Later, the Turks who came only rethought it. It is also possible that the “city of love” in its meaning corresponds to the purpose of the tombs and temples of Nisa and neighboring Asaac: worship of deified ancestors (love for them), that is, worship of the gods. And in the Eddic cycle, the Aesir are both gods and ancestors at the same time.

Together with the historian and the reader, we seem to have found an etymological and mythological key to the land of the Aesir. But now we have to find all the other clues, that is, get other evidence as well.

Snorri Sturluson writes in his "The Earth's Circle": “The earthly circle, where people live, is very cut by bays from the ocean surrounding the earth, large seas crash into it. It is known that the sea stretches from Nervsund to Yorsaland itself. From this sea, a long bay, which is called the Black Sea, departs to the north. He shares a third of the light. The one to the east is called Asia, and the one to the west is called by some Europe and some Aeneas. Great, or Cold, Sweden is located to the north of the Black Sea. Some believe that Great Sweden is no less than the Great Land of the Saracens, and some equate it with the Great Land of Black People. The northern part of Sweden is deserted due to frost and cold, as the southern part of the Country of Black People is deserted due to the heat of the sun. There are many large areas in Sweden. There are also many different peoples and languages. There are giants, dwarfs, and black people, and many different amazing peoples. There are also huge beasts and dragons there. From the north, from the mountains outside the inhabited places, a river flows through Sweden, the correct name of which is Tanais. It used to be called Tanakwisl, or Vanakwisl. It flows into the Black Sea. The area at its mouth was then called the country of the Vanir, or the dwelling of the Vanir. This river shares a third of the world. The one to the east is called Asia, and the one to the west is called Europe ”(Saga of the Ynglings, I).

“The country in Asia to the east of Tanakvisl is called the Land of the Aesir, or the dwelling of the Aesir, and the capital of the country was called Asgard. The ruler there was one who was called Odin. There was a large temple there. According to ancient custom, it had twelve high priests. They were supposed to make sacrifices and judge the people. They were called diy, or lords ”(Saga of the Ynglings, II).

One of Odin's sons was called Skjeld. He ruled a country that was later named Denmark. Skjeld's grandson Frodi. The Yngling Saga states that Frodi ruled during the time of the Roman emperor Augustus, and states: "Then Christ was born." This is the border of two eras. This means that Odin, Frodi's great-grandfather, took his people to the northern lands earlier, around the 1st century BC.

The saga reports that Odin left his two brothers in Asgard, Be and Vili. He himself left Asgard, because he was a seer and knew that his offspring would inhabit the northern outskirts of the world. At the same time, another, even more serious reason for leaving is called: the onslaught of Rome.

On many Old Norse maps, the south-north direction does not coincide with the modern one, but is rotated at an angle of 45 degrees and points to the northeast. This leads us again to the direction southeast of the Don: to the regions of the Ciscaucasia or even more southern regions.

But Asgard could have emerged, most likely, as an exceptional phenomenon, as an achievement of the city planners of a great power.

Let us now turn to one characteristic testimony of the Eddic cycle: trees with golden leaves grew in the city of the Aesir.

"Younger Edda" remembers a whole grove of such trees. And this is not a fiction, not a fantasy. Can you prove it? Can. The grove was called Glasir. Its golden foliage was pleasing to the eye.

I was helped in my search by the collective concept of "grove", it indicated the possibility of a culture, and a very ancient one. Omitting the details, I give the answer right away: we are talking about decorative peach trees with purple leaves. The Latin name of this species as the most important characteristic marks the golden color of the foliage. More precisely, it is the color of pure gold (Shchepot'ev F.L. Dendrology. M.-L., 1949, p. 193).

Peach groves are not uncommon in the East. It is believed that the birthplace of this tree is China. It is characterized by reddish-brown bark of trunks and old branches and green or reddish young branches. It is interesting that even the common peach is described in different books and atlases in different ways. In the same "Dendrology" the common peach is called a tree up to eight meters high, and in the "Botanical Atlas" edited by B.K.Shishkin (M.-L., 1963, p. 108) - just a small tree three- five meters. This latest atlas and many other publications do not mention purple-leaved trees.

Finding Glasir Grove was not easy! The autumn gold of September and October, the modest decoration of the northern forests has nothing to do with the sacred grove of the Aesir.

The description of the Glasir grove made me look again for Asgard, far to the southeast of Scandinavia, where a peach with golden needle-like leaves can be found (and this feature of the tree is noted in Eddic myths). But such trees could decorate the cities of Transcaucasia and Persia, because near the mouth of the Don, this type of peach does not withstand cold winters.

And the search for the grove of Glasir again led to Parthia! The Arshakid dynasty ruled there (250 BC - 224 AD).

The ancestor of the Arshakids (Arsakids) - Arshak (Arsak), was the leader of the Parn tribe, as the tradition says. Strabo speaks of his Scythian origin.

The famous historian of antiquity writes that the parny-dai came from the northern shores of the Sea of Azov (Lake Meotius), but he immediately makes a reservation that not everyone agrees that there are da'is among the Scythians “living above Meotida” (XI, 9, eight). Then Strabo again emphasizes that Arshak descended from these Scythian-Dais, although some consider him a Bactrian (that is, a native of the Central Asian state of Bactria).

As you can see, Strabo gives two versions of the origin of Arshak - Scythian-Azov and Central Asian. True, the Scythians and their relatives also lived in Central Asia then.

The tribes of the North Caucasus, Caucasian Albania and Parthia more than once took up arms together to repel the onslaught of the enemy. The descendants had to remember about joint feasts with "circular buckets". The hall of the slain Valhalla is not a product of fantasy. Valhalla belonged to Odin, brave warriors who fell in battle, the Eincherias, gathered there. It is unlikely, of course, in any earthly castle, even in Parthia, one could see the miracles described in myths. But the soldiers remembered the fallen. Odin feasted with them, however, in different guises, under different names (in general, he has many names, for, as noted in the Younger Edda, they arose from the fact that, no matter how many languages there are in the world, every nation has to change his name in your own way). This multi-name of Odin organically follows from the fact of the coexistence of Parthia and its neighbors, who often spoke the same language and revered Parthia, as Muslims later - Mecca. The authority of the Arshakids was great, many blood relatives of the Parthian rulers were leaders and rulers of neighboring tribes, and each people of that time could have its own Valhalla. This is, for example, Khalkhal, the winter residence of the Albanian rulers. This name can be considered as consisting of two roots. The first of them is rendered with the replacement of consonants "v" - "x" - such a replacement is quite typical for some adverbs. The second means "palace" or "great hall." It is not out of place to note the cases of mutual replacement of the letters "v" and "g" at the beginning of words and in the ancient sources themselves.

Winter princely feasts fully corresponded to the character of the Albanian rulers, open, sincere, courageous.

But in Parthia, the largest power of the ancient world after Rome, Valhalla was supposed to bear rather an ideological burden, to inspire soldiers and allies on the example of their ancestors. Therefore, its character, appearance and rituals should also be different.

The location of Nisa, the spiritual center of Parthia, was discovered not so long ago. It is also the main city of Parthiena, the nucleus of the Parthian kingdom. It occupied two hills near the modern village of Bagir, not far from Ashgabat. As already mentioned, the ancient name of Nisa Parfavnis (Isidor Kharaksky, 11-13). Partav occupies a special place in the history of Caucasian Albania

One of its main cities, later the capital and residence of the princes - Parfawnis (Partaviisa) is named in the road book of Isidore Kharaksky with almost the same name. The direct mutual influence of Parthia and Albania is evident.

On one of the two hills - the royal fortress of the Arshakids, there were palaces with economic services, temples, wine storage, the place of stay of the guards. This place is now called Old Nisa. There is reason to consider this the residence (or one of the residences) of the Parthian rulers. But in that case, this is where Valhalla should be sought.

Separate architectural objects have been investigated here. It was possible to restore the approximate appearance of some of them.

I had to familiarize myself with the materials of the excavation and find Valhalla based on this data. Attention was drawn to the mysterious Round Temple of Old Nisa. In plan, the outer contour of the walls of this building forms a square. And inside was the only one, and a round room with a diameter of at least seventeen meters. The walls of this round hall were twelve meters high. There were two tiers here. The first tier shone with white. The second tier (from a height of six meters) contained columns and painted statues. The entire structure raised and raises many puzzling questions. In the book of I.T. Kruglikova "Antique Archeology" (M., 1984, p. 159), you can find an indication of the cult of the great Samothracian gods-cabirs, which spread from the Mediterranean. The round temple of Old Nisa, in her opinion, is associated with this cult. This point of view was first expressed back in the fifties by G.A. Pugachenkova, who studied Parthian monuments, and was supported by G.A. Koshelenko. But later G.A. Koshelenko refused to compare the Parthian monument with the Samothrace temple of Arsinoion. He began to emphasize the difference in the appearance of the two buildings: the Arsinoion is round in plan, and the Parthian temple is square with an inner round hall. Other parallels are also known. Mentioned in this regard, for example, the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus.

I must summarize my point of view.

The architecture of the building in Staraya Nisa is original! The two-tiered Round Temple corresponds to the features of other monuments, for example, the Square Hall in the same Old Nisa. The statues of the second tier are made of raw clay, they are also local, their creation speaks of an age-old tradition. It is natural to assume that these are not images of Kabirs or other gods that are not familiar to the Parthian population, especially to the allies of Parthia, led by the same Arshakids.

The deified ancestors, the ases, met the guards and other warriors here! It was their statues that caused, as it were, the effect of their presence. An interesting detail: the "Younger Edda" directly says that Odin feasted with the warriors together, but never touched food, only wine was enough for him. I could not find this clay Odin, who did not even need boiled boar meat. But it is not for nothing that clay giants are mentioned more than once in Scandinavian sources. The memory of the technique of the sculptors of those ancient eras also remained in the form of a myth!

A few words about the Square Hall. Its area is about four hundred square meters, the ceiling height reached nine meters. Painted clay sculptures were installed in special niches between the columns. However, they appeared only at the beginning of our era, and before that, most likely, the hall served for receptions. It was located in the central part of Old Nisa and was undoubtedly linked into a single ensemble with Valhalla.

The most interesting, from my point of view, is the so-called Square House in the same Old Nisa (not to be confused with the Square Hall). He just gives the key to Asgard, figuratively speaking. Here, in the Square House, there were twelve rooms of the same type with treasures and works of art. What are these rooms? Treasury? Undoubtedly. But not just a treasury, as archaeologists believe. This is the treasure of Asgard! Each of the rooms was dedicated to one of the twelve aces. When gifts to the ases from different lands filled this treasury, the doorways of the rooms, one after another, were walled up and sealed. This was done, of course, by the priests. But the priests in Scandinavian myths were often identified with the ases themselves, and no one dared to enter the treasury rooms after them. And this was strictly carried out until our days, when perplexed archaeologists opened the premises, not suspecting that they had the treasures of Asgard in their hands.

Over time, all the rooms of the treasury of the Aesir were filled with gifts that, presumably, came from many related tribes and even from distant Thrace. After that, the second row of storerooms is built. But these storerooms were also full, and again the treasury of the ases is expanding.

The courtyard, surrounded by storage rooms, is surrounded by a columnar portico.

Is there any direct evidence that the Square House belongs to the Ases, and above all to the supreme god? Yes there is. In one of the treasury rooms, ivory rhytons were kept in height from 30 to 60 centimeters. They date back to the 2nd century BC. This is Odin's time. These ritual vessels ended at the bottom with figurines of animals and fantastic creatures, many of which can be recognized by descriptions in the Icelandic sagas. Some of the rhytons are very similar to the Thracian ones of the same “era of Odin”. The upper part of the rhytons is decorated with relief friezes. Some researchers believe that the friezes depict the Olympian gods of the Greeks. This is not true. Even a highly developed imagination does not allow identifying images with Olympic ones. We can, of course, talk about the Greek influence, about the handwriting of the master who created this or that rhyton. But the depictions, no doubt, are not the Greek gods. It is not difficult to identify Odin, Thor, other gods and goddesses, who are engaged in exactly what the Aesir do in the sagas. The rhyton treasure belongs to the main god Odin. After all, it is said in the "Younger Edda" that he does not need treats, but only wine! And next to the treasury, in the same Old Nisa, there was a large wine storage. And Odin was a participant in ritual holidays, as befits a deified ancestor.

One more argument. Snorri Sturluson claims that Odin's throne was ivory. A bit weird for Iceland, isn't it?

But Asgard was located far southeast of Iceland, almost on the other side of the globe. The possessions of Parthia extended as far as India. Furniture details were found in Staraya Nisa. They are ivory. I counted fifty-nine parts and fragments of this aces' furniture - legs, carved beams, backrest parts, etc. - and I was convinced that Snorri Sturluson was right.

In New Nisa, on the second hill, we will find other realities described in the sagas. These are temples and a necropolis of the Parthian nobility.

The author of the "Younger Edda" says that the first thing in Asgard was built a sanctuary with twelve thrones and a throne for the All-Father. And everything in this house is "like pure gold." The expression is very accurate! From the description it follows that the building was not gold; it only looks like a precious metal. The description corresponds to the temple of New Nisa, built in the III-II centuries BC. and destroyed in the 1st century BC. This is also the era of Odin. The temple was erected on a platform made of adobe bricks. The platform height is about one meter. The rear part of it adjoined the city wall, on three sides it was surrounded by columns. The entrance was located in the center of the long side. The building is two-tiered. The lower tier corresponded in height to the columnar portico. It was decorated with semi-columns and terracotta tiles. The semi-columns and the narrow frieze were black. And the entire wall of the first tier is crimson. It really is "like pure gold." After all, pure gold, like the leaves of a purple peach, is about the same color! (Here, near this sanctuary, the Glasir grove was located.) The upper tier is white (it is, as it were, made of silver, which is repeatedly indicated in Eddic myths).

In the twenty-volume book "Archeology of the USSR ..." (volume "The Ancient States of the Caucasus and Central Asia." M. 1985, p. 219) it is stated:

"The temple character of the building does not raise doubts among researchers (Pugachenkova GA, 1958; Koshelenko GA, 1977), however, no convincing typological comparisons of it have been proposed and the nature of the cult has not been determined."

This is said specifically about the temple, the ruins of which were found near the city wall in New Nisa.

Talented scientists-archaeologists were unable to offer “any convincing typological comparisons of it” and determine “the character of the cults. Which of them could have dreamed that it was Asgard?

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The nine worlds of the world tree Yggdrasil are the abode of gods and mystical creatures, and also allow you to comprehend aspects of being and human consciousness.

There is an abyss in the middle of the universe Ginungagap- the source of the primary chaos, from which everything is born. South of the Abyss is inhabited by fire giants Muspelheim, the world of fire and energy.

Niflheim, Abode of the Mist, a cold and dark ice world where ice giants live. Between these two worlds passes the axis of the worlds, for its shape called the World Tree, Yggdrasil.

Hel, or Helheim, the underworld of the dead and the abode of the goddess Hel. This is a place of peace, completion and knowledge of the deepest secrets.

Svartalfheim- the world of dark alves, or gnomes. Their world is right below the human world. Therefore, they say that gnomes live under a mountain or underground.

Midgard- the world of people located in the middle of the Universe. All the worlds together affect Midgard to one degree or another. The German-Scandinavian cosmogony depicts the cyclopean process of creating space from the global abyss of Ginungagap, when the first living creature in the world, the giant Ymir, arose from the mixing of sparks of fire from the kingdom of Muspelheim and ice from the kingdom of Niblheim. It was from his body that the brother-gods that arose much later - Odin, Vili and Ve - created "their own" world: the flat earth, the sky and Yotunheim, the overseas kingdom of the giants - the Jotuns. Having created people, the gods settled them on earth, in the middle world, which they fenced off from the jotuns with a wall made from the centuries of Ymir they killed. So the land got the name Midgard. The gods favored Midgard and connected it to the sky with a rainbow bridge, which was given the name Bivrest (rainbow, rainbow bridge).

Llosalfheim, about healer of the light alves. Alves, in Scandinavian mythology, the lower nature spirits. Initially, the alves personified the souls of the dead, but gradually their role in the hierarchy of divine beings underwent changes. In early Scandinavian-Germanic mythology, the alves are an ageless, magical, beautiful race that lives like humans, either on Earth or in the world of alves (elves), which was also described as existing quite realistically. This idea of the alves, partially preserved, reached the times of the Middle Ages, remaining forever in the languages, names, culture and genealogy of European countries.

In later myths, the alves are represented as spirits of the earth and fertility. There was a special ritual for honoring these spirits. The word "alv" (elf) during this period began to generalize in essence completely different creatures - in fact, alves and dwarves (dark alves).

Vanaheim- the abode of the Vanir, the gods of sexuality, fertility and sexual magic. The most prominent of these are the Freyr and Freya twins. According to the Yngling Saga (XIII century), Vanaheim was located on the shores of the Black Sea in Sarmatia in the region of the mouth of the Tanais, which was also called Vanakwisl. To the east of Vanaheim was Asgard. Wars and prisoner exchanges took place between the two countries. Thus, Vanaheim geographically coincides with the descriptions of Sarmatia (according to the Geography of Ptolemy, II century), but characterizes a later time when the Slavs-Wends came to replace the Sarmatians.

Jotunheim- the world of the Yotun Rim giants, creatures of chaos that existed even before the creation of the world. They live by their own special laws. Moreover, since the Yotuns are the keepers of ancient wisdom, the aesir themselves constantly visit them. It is here that the well of the giant Mimir is located, for the right to drink from which Odin gave his eye. In Jotunheim there is the settlement of Utgarde (literally "beyond the fence"), as well as the Stone Mountains and the Iron Forest, inhabited by interesting and dangerous inhabitants.

Finally, Asgard... To a large extent, northern magic lies in the fact that the magician searches for his true soul on the heights of Asgard - the eternal abode.

Asgard- in Scandinavian mythology, the heavenly city, the abode of the aesir gods. Asses - creatures of order, waging a war with the Vani - creatures of nature, built a fortified Asgard. Later the aces became friends with the Vani, exchanged representatives (possibly hostages). And since then they have lived in peace with each other. In addition to the gods and goddesses, virgin warriors live in Asgard - the Valkyries. Another group of gods, the Vanir, reside in Vanaheim.

All the gods dwelt in Asgard, but each had its own palace. The supreme god Odin has Valyaskjalf, a palace with a silver roof. Nearby, in Valhalla, live warriors who fell on the battlefield - Einheria. The guardian of the gods of Heimdall has his own palace - Himinbjerg, the god of thunder Thor - Trudheim.

Asgard is one of the three cosmogonic worlds of German-Scandinavian mythology, created by the triad of demiurge gods: the brothers Odin, Vili and Ve. Asgard is the world of the aesir gods, the sky and the future. Midgard is the world of people, the earth and the present. Helheim is the underground world of deceased ancestors, associates the past. Outside the world created by the three gods, Utgarde is spread, the world of demonic magic, not subject to the laws of the Aesir, sometimes identified with Yotunheim, the kingdom of giants.

Halls of Asgard

Bifrest

The way to Asgard from other worlds and back runs through the Bifrest, the so-called Rainbow Bridge. The first thing that any traveler who enters Asgard through the Bifrest Bridge will see is the palace of Heimdall, Himinbjörg.

Himinbjörg

Heimdall's palace, Himinbjörg, stands at the top of the Bifröst Bridge. Heimdall is the guardian of Bifröst, protecting Asgard from intruders. Odin's son is tall and handsome and loyal to his father. He is usually clad in shining white armor and is armed with an imposing sword.

The walls of Himinbjörg are painted sky blue, the windows are glowing, and the white roof is woven from clouds. Near the entrance to the palace lies the huge horn of Gjallarhorn. Its thunderous sound is heard in all nine worlds.

When important guests arrive in Asgard, Heimdall blows the horn three times to announce their arrival to Odin.

Valhalla

Valhalla is the most famous palace in all of Scandinavian history. Warriors who died in battle live here. The rafters of Valhalla are made of giant spears, and the roof is made of multicolored battle shields. The western gate is guarded by a carved statue of a wolf, and the eastern gate is guarded by a statue of an eagle. The inner doors in this palace are five hundred and forty, and behind each of these doors are chambers for eight hundred soldiers. Warriors spend all their time in drunken feasts and training battles.

In Valhalla, the Einherias are served by Odin's assistants - the Valkyries. They are tall, strong and ferocious women; sometimes they are called "shield-bearers" or "goddesses of the fallen."

Odin himself often visits Valhalla in full armor. All the warriors greet him at the entrance with loud shouts and compete among themselves for the right to serve him.

Gladsheim and Valaskjalf

Gladsheim (Hall of Joy) rises on the plain of Idawoll (the Field of the Tides) in the very center of Asgard. Its roof is adorned with fine gold, and the gate is crowned with a tall silver tower called Valaskjalf. The hilly plain of Idavell is covered with silver-colored grasses for most of the year. The oncoming breeze sways her like waves of the sea. Valhalla is located opposite. It can be clearly seen from the tower.

Valaskjalf is considered a separate palace. Gladsheim is open to all aces, and Valaskjalf belongs only to Odin. This dizzyingly tall tower is built of silvery-white stone, and its roof is covered with silver sheets. At the top of the tower rises Hlidskjalf, Odin's sentinel throne. It is from here that he often contemplates Asgard.

Fensalir

Frigga's abode is particularly elegant. In autumn, the palace is surrounded by white-barked birches covered with yellow-red foliage. It is the birch that is considered the sacred tree of the goddess Frigg. Picturesque lawns are spread around the palace, golden daisies, “Balder's brow”, grow magnificently on them. The flowers are named after her deceased son.

A little further away, beyond Fensalir, there were vast swamps that gave the palace its name: Swamp Hall.

Frigg, mistress of the Aesir, wife of Odin and mother of his children. Goddess Frigga is the most powerful woman in Asgard and the guardian of peaceful life. Frigga spends most of his time at Fensalir, overseeing the work of his many assistants. However, she can go to the halls of Gladsheim or Wingolf. The goddess is tall, pretty and unusually kind and generous to guests.

Frigga's first assistant on the list is her sister Fulla, the goddess of abundance. She is usually described as a full-breasted, full of health maiden with long golden hair, which is adorned with a golden hoop, strewn with precious stones. Fulla is the guardian of Frigga's jewels.

Eir is the healer of the Aesir. She is usually described as a practical, low-key woman, full of dignity, a skillful healer.

Another assistant Gevion is a large woman with an admixture of Jotun blood. Gevion patronizes physical labor and simple peasants, as well as unmarried girls.

Snotra is the personification of restraint, modesty and hard work. She is always ready to give advice on how to pacify pride and learn moderation in life.

Lovn patronizes lovers. They often turn to Lovn for help and protection.

The goddess Var is invisible and silent. She always finds herself where oaths are taken. And those who violate them are severely punished.

Khlin, the goddess of mourning, bestows comfort on the mourning. She usually appears as a middle-aged woman in a dark gray robe.

Xiong is Fensalir's gatekeeper. It is she who decides: who is allowed into the palace, and who is not.

Vera is a clairvoyant. The goddess is short, dark-haired, wears a translucent veil.

Huldru (Holda) is a hardworking shepherdess. According to legends, she has a cow's tail and patronizes the huldram - small forest spirits living in Midgard. Fensalira will not meet her during the day. The goddess grazes flocks of sheep, goats and cows in the fields outside the palace.

Wingolf

The beautiful palace of Wingolf was erected by order of Odin as a spare dwelling for the warriors, then it became a women's sanctuary. Wingolf is built around hot springs, with a sacred healing bath in the center of the palace. Men are not allowed in there.

Bilskirnir

The largest of all the palaces in the Nine Worlds, Thor's Palace. The palace is huge, it is inhabited by soldiers from Valhalla, who served him during his lifetime and died for their master.

Thor has a wife Siv, a tall blonde beauty. She is a very hospitable hostess. However, he knows how to wield a sword, although he does not take part in battles, but only trains young warriors. She was revered as the goddess of military skill, as well as a powerful diviner. In addition, Siv patronizes fertility.

Folkwang and Sessrumnir

Freya is the goddess of love, sex, fertility, spring, martial arts and magic. It is the most revered of all the Vanir who were given to Asgard as hostages. In the hall of Sessrumnir, she can be found in full combat attire: shining silver armor over a simple white robe. From her palace Sessrumnir, the goddess goes to the battlefield. Before the fight, she holds advice with the Valkyries.

The second palace of Freya in Asgard is called Folkwang (Field of People). Here Freya takes the souls of the worthy.

Noatun

Noatun is the hall of Njord. It is located right on the coast, in a small bay. It is not difficult to identify it: it is a tall white palace, resembling a ship in outline.

The windows of the palace are decorated with golden fishing nets, and seabirds nest on the roof.

All furniture in Noatun is made from harvested wood from the sea. These are the remains of sunken ships.

Njord constantly spends time at sea and returns to the palace only at sunset. He sits down at a banquet table, at which baths and alves (nature spirits) gather.

Söckquabek

In this palace (in translation it means: Submerged benches) the goddess Saga lives, who personifies creative knowledge. The staircase from the palace meanders among the rocks and is lost in the sea. There are stone benches along the shore where Saga and guests drink beer and write poetry. The Norns are frequent guests in the Saga Hall.

A stream with magical water flows near the Saga palace, if you drink it, you can gain a lot of knowledge and become a skald.

Trumheim

This palace is inhabited by Skadi, the goddess of winter, who inherited the features of frost giants from her father ... She has dark hair and eyes, snow-white skin, and an unbalanced temperament. When summer comes to Asgard, she returns to the northern mountains of Jotunheim for winter hunting.

She named her palace in Asgard Thrymheim in honor of the frost giant Thrym. Thus, Skadi emphasizes that she is no less faithful to her Jotun heritage than the Aesam, with whom she was bound by fate. Because of this, confusion sometimes arises: if someone mentions Trumheim in Asgard, most likely they mean the palace of Skadi. But in the other eight worlds, the Hall of the Hold, located in the northern mountains of Jotunheim, is much better known by this name.

Thrymheim lies on Staghorn, a narrow mountain range blown by cold winds.

Idalir

The palace of Idalir (Valley of the Yews) is spread in a yew grove.

This is a spacious, tall house built of thick logs like a huge hunting lodge. Ull, the hunter god, lives here. He is lean, dark-skinned, very laconic and hunting vigilant and patient. During Odin's absences, he replaces the lord of Asgard in his post. In winter, the aurora shimmers from the windows of Idalir. Ull welcomes guests looking for a hunt.

Landwidi

Landvidi (White Land) is Vidar's palace, where he lives with his mother, the giantess Grid. (Grid is one of the few jotuns who fully sided with the Aesir and received permission to live in Asgard. In the past, she was the beloved of Odin and the mentor of Thor, whom she regards as a beloved stepson.

Vidar, the owner of Landivi, prefers to wear dark red robes, the color of caked blood. Those who seek revenge come to him. And Vidar, the god of vengeance, helps to carry out just revenge.

Glitnir

Glitnir is the palace of justice belonging to the god Forseti. Its walls shine with silver and are surrounded by a portico with golden columns. Forseti stands for justice, law, dispute resolution and fair trial. He is the best mediator and peacemaker. However, God carries an ax behind his back so that no one will forget: justice can stand up for itself.

Radsejarsund

Radseiyarsund, Council Island, located in the ocean near the mouth of the Tund River.

Here lives Hildolf, in the past - a mortal warrior who, for services to Odin, received a separate palace in possession. Hildolf readily advises both the inhabitants of Asgard and mortals who wish to contact him through the seith.

In Scandinavian mythology, Asgard is a heavenly city, a place where the ases gods live. The gods of Asgard built their abode during the wars with the gods of nature - the Vans. Later, the deities made peace with each other, exchanged hostages-representatives in honor of the truce, and lived in peace in their city in heaven. In addition to the aesir gods, Valkyries also lived in Asgard - the famous warrior maidens, to whom many works of art are dedicated.

Asgard, according to Scandinavian mythology, is one of the three worlds created by the demiurge gods. Unlike Midgard (the world of people) and Helheim (the underworld), this world is the abode of the gods, is located in heaven and symbolizes the future. The Scandinavians believed that there was also a world outside the creations of the three demiurge brothers - Utgarde, where demons ruled, who did not obey the laws of the Aesir gods. Asgard was connected with the world of people by a heavenly bridge - a rainbow. This proximity is no coincidence: it was believed that the worlds are closely interconnected, and when the human world dies, then Asgard will collapse, for it is built around the crown of the mighty ash tree Yggdrasil, which grows in Midgard. At least, such an outcome to the world of gods and people was promised by the poem retold in the XIII century.

The Younger Edda, a prose work dating from the 12th century, tells that the Aesir owe the construction of the city to the Icelandic giant mason and his horse Sfadilfari. For his work, the bricklayer wanted to receive the heavenly bodies and the goddess Freya. However, the cunning aces made it so that the giant could not complete the work to the end - the god Loki distracted the horse from work, turning into a mare. Thus, the construction was not completed, and the bricklayer was left without remuneration.

Valhalla was located in Asgard - the abode of warriors who died in battles - Einherium. In addition, there were also the palaces of the gods. The Valyaskjalv palace with a silver roof belonged to the supreme god Odin. The thunder god Thor resided in Trudheim, and the guardian of the gods Heimdall in Himinbjerg.

The most famous

The world of Asgard was by no means deserted - many gods lived here. Chief among them was, of course, the one-eyed Odin, revered as the father of all people and gods. God of war and lord of the Valkyries, he was also a shaman and a sage, a storyteller and a priest.

The owner of an eight-legged horse and the fastest ship in the world, which changed dimensions at the request of its owner, and, if necessary, could be hidden in a pocket, Odin sacrificed one of his eyes in order to touch the source of wisdom. And this was not the only episode when the father of the gods sacrificed himself for the sake of knowledge.

One was actively involved in people's lives. Under the guise of a poor traveler in a blue cloak, Odin wandered around the world and knocked on other people's houses. Anyone who did not invite a tramp armed with a spear, traveling in the company of two wolves or ravens, into the house, had a bad time. And during battles, God helped those whom he considered worthy of victory.

Odin's wife, the supreme goddess of Asgard, was called Frigg. She patronized family, love and childbirth. A resident of the Swamp Hall, Frigga was a seer and knew the future, but she did not tell anyone about it.

Odin's eldest son, the "thrice-born" Thor, is perhaps the most famous character in the Scandinavian epic. A mighty hero with a great appetite, the owner of the legendary hammer, Thor commanded thunder and lightning, like the ancient Greek Zeus. He ruled storms and was considered the god of fertility, but, perhaps, Thor's main mission was to protect the human world from giants and monsters from other worlds beyond the control of the aces.

Often accompanied on dangerous campaigns Loki - the most cunning of the gods of Asgard. Although he did not come from the Aesir clan, the gods allowed him to live in the heavenly city for his extraordinary intelligence and amazing resourcefulness. The cunning, two-faced, cunning Loki, despite his difficult character, got along well with the other gods of Asgard, until he accidentally blurted out that he was guilty of the death of the god of spring and light Balder, whom he killed with the hands of the god Head.

Revenge was not long in coming: the cunning Loki was caught, tied to a rock and placed over him a snake, from which poison constantly drips onto the disgraced god. However, Loki's faithful wife began to hold a cup over him, collecting poison. And only at those moments when the cup becomes full does it have to be removed, and then the poison drips onto Loki. The world learns about this from earthquakes - according to ancient myths, they are caused by the convulsions of God.

However, before that, the gods often turned to Loki for help: this cunning man saved the Aesir from having to pay for the built Asgard. Yes, and Tohru Loki helped more than once, coming up with various military tricks.

Other gods and goddesses

Heimdall's house was located near the rainbow, connecting the world of the gods with the world of people. This god was the son of Odin and nine mothers. His mission was difficult and honorable: he guarded the Bivrest Bridge from malevolent giants and prevented their attack. According to the prophecy, during Regnarek (the death of the world after the battle with monsters), Heimdall and Loki will finish off each other in a fierce battle.

Another son of Odin - the One-armed god Tyr - was the god of military prowess. Forseti was the god of justice and justice. And Vidar is the god of vengeance. It was this silent god who was destined to survive during the time of Regnarek, to avenge Thor's father, and later to become the ruler of the renewed world. Vidar himself is a symbol of renewal, this god was closer to nature than his fellows, and even his palace was in a virgin forest, where the silence was not disturbed by extraneous sounds.

The swift god Ull patronized athletes and those who followed a healthy lifestyle. He also patronized those who gambled.

Aesir weren't the only ones who lived in Asgard. The goddess of love, beauty and fertility Freya came from the Vanir clan. She was the daughter of Njord, the adopted son of Odin, left as a hostage in Asgard. It would seem that the completely peaceful goddess of love suffered from fits, during which she collected a bloody harvest - half of the soldiers who fell in battle. The other half invariably belonged to Odin.

Atsu. This is the reading of an ideogram (that is, a sign expressing a concept (p. 232). The Latin transcription belongs to Says (1882). Translation: month. A well-known epithet in the expression "clear month." Clear is "atsu" or, more precisely , “Yasu.” The word “month” is a translation of “atsu” into Russian. Thus, two words at once - Russian and Van - merged in a stable combination.
Urudani. Translation: offspring, children (p. 234). There was no soft sign then. Probably reading: ugly. (The transition "y" - "o" is a typical phenomenon) Russian words "kind", "was born", "relatives" and others of the same root.
Badusi. Translation: destroyed, dilapidated (p. 235). The voiced consonant at the beginning of the word is most likely muted in the northern manner. Padusi is fallen. The Russian words “fall”, “fall”, “falling” are of the same root.
Usht. Translation: heading (p. 235), And this translation was made not from the Van language, but from English, into which the Van words were first translated by foreign researchers, and our followers then made a "reverse translation" (ryubersetzung, using the German expression) from English into Russian-Vanian. For "usht" is "gone" - a well-known Russian word.
Bura, pura (p. 235). Here, for the first time, an orientalist feels that the voiced sounds of the Assyrians pass into the muffled or muffled sounds of the Vanir. Translation: a lot. Another translation with the preceding ideogram "tribe": "numerous tribe." The Russian word "collection" fully corresponds to the meaning. The same root, the same sound.
Di. The ending, meaning movement somewhere (p. 236). Only the order has been changed. Among the Vanir people: Etiuni-di means "to the country of Etiuni." Among the Russians and their descendants, the same is expressed as follows: to the country of Etiuni (transition "di" - "to").
Behind. Translation: builder (p. 236). Again, the orientalist does not translate from the East, ”but from English. The Russian word "architect" is well known, formed similarly to "kravchy", "lover". It comes from "zd" - "stone wall".
Kar. Translation: to conquer (p. 236). The same story, familiar to us, with English and Van. Exact translation from Van: to punish. The Russian "kara" coincides completely with the Van word.
Lead. Translation: cover (p. 236). This is inaccurate. In the Laurentian Chronicle, “luda” is outerwear, which coincides in meaning with the Van word.
Lutu. The translation of this word is given with an additional ideogram: woman (p. 237). And without an ideogram? Orientalists will never know this word. Meanwhile, this is the Russian "people", slightly muffled. Well, the ideogram clarifies that this is a woman.
Mathi. Translation: woman, women (p. 237). Again a woman, but how she differs from the previous woman is difficult for orientalists to guess, because they do not know the Russian word "mother", "mother". Previously, as we can see, it sounded gentle, aspirated before ending.
Meshini. Translation: second, another (p. 237). It sounded with a short "and" at the end. Meshin. Mezhin. The Russian "low water" is well known - middle, half, other half.
Nulu. Translation: nothing (p. 238). M. Fasmer in his etymological dictionary, naturally, raises the Russian "zero" to the German word. The truth is that the Vanam-Vendam "nothing" - "zero" was known even in the days of the great Assyria.
Pulusi. Translation: stele (p. 238). If you translate the Russian word "strip" into English, rethink it somewhat, then you can probably get a "stele". Pulusi, pulus is a strip! Of course, the word could then be rethought in the indicated spirit.
Si. Translation: sit (p. 239). In this Russian word (compare "sitting", "sowing" and other forms), the design has changed, the root is the same.
Sweeney. Translation: heavenly (p. 239). The translation is accurate. The Russian word "blue" and, therefore, the expression "sky-blue" came from this Van adjective, which is somewhat awkwardly written using the Assyrian cuneiform (there was no "yu"! It sounded like: syuni). Let's note the analogy with the "clear month" - a stable combination contains a translation from Van into Russian (but the Van word itself was included in the Russian dictionary).
Swishini. Translation: the greatest (p. 239). This is an epithet of the god Khald. Sounding close to the Russian word "the most high", especially when you consider that "y" goes into "in". "The Almighty" is an artificial formation, an adaptation to ancient accords.
Erila. Translation: king (p. 156). This is the same Slavic Yarilo, who was identified with the king of the gods Alado (Khaldi) by A.S. Famintsyn and, as we see, was identified correctly!
Sheri. Translation: row, line (p. 241). Translation is again aloof from the truth. The Russian words "rank", "shiringa", "wide" are well known. True, V. Dahl in the dictionary makes an attempt to indicate the Italian prototype of the word (IV, p. 629), albeit with a question mark. But in the same place he points out the possibility of borrowing from Polish. This is closer to the truth, with the only difference that the word could have got into the Polish and Russian languages from the language of the Wends.
Many words from the language of the Urartian Vanov have survived in the dialects and local dialects of the living Russian language. Take the demonstrative this, for example. It is used quite often, and before it sounded like this: ini (ini, p. 233). In Dahl's dictionary, we find the use of one of the forms of this word: it (II, p. 674). Its meaning: "about this", "the same." Another form; onsius. Meaning: he is, this one. Other forms with this ancient Urartian root remained as a keepsake.
Udul, uduli (uduli, p. 234) - wine. Let's take a look in Dahl's dictionary (I, p. 503): "He who drinks a lot, especially water, kvass, is puffed up with drinking." Dahl's example is clumsy. People often say: blow wine, water, kvass. And this expression is especially common among the Vyatichi, in their lands. Only the language of the Urartian Vanov makes it possible to understand why the verb “to blow”, referring to the wind, turned out to be associated (through “udul”!) With drinking kvass, water and wine.
Another ancient word is pili, pil (pili, p. 238), meaning "plumbing". Russian verbs "to drink", "to drink", the noun "drinker" of the same kind. In the latter case, only the decoration at the end of the word is added.
Ti (ti, p. 240) - "appropriate". But in the expression "appropriate to oneself" it sounds like this: "tivli". The usual rules for the transition "c" - "b" and "l" - "r", well known to linguists, give the Russian verb "tibrit" in the meaning of "steal". Vasmer notes: "a dark word" (IV, p. 55), denying kinship with the Gothic "tives" - "thief". In vain! This ancient root entered both the Goth language and the Vanir language. No wonder the Goths witnessed the cult of the Aesir (Jordan), and the Vans exchanged hostages with the Aesir!
Bar (bar, p. 235) - tell. In Dahl's dictionary we will find "tarybars" - conversations, conversations, stories. The folk form “tarybars-rastabaras” is well known. Here the root “bar” is doubled, which emphasizes the duration, the longer duration of the “conversation”. It is impossible to ignore this feature of our language: instead of the plural, repetition is often used. We say "years and years" instead of "many years", "study and study" instead of "long study" and so on. The Vans from Urartu spoke the same way. And they wrote in exactly the same way, however, in cuneiform, doubling the number of wedges instead of the plural!
Let us once again recall the Urartian root "mas" in the word "masin" - great. The words "power", "powerful" Fasmer explains by referring to "the relics, the remains of a saint" (II, p. 668). But the miraculous and recent birth of the Church Slavonic word in this case and many others - under the pen of people for whom the history of the Russian language begins with the era of Christianity - does not explain anything, but only raises questions that other interpreters do not even notice. For the "mas" vans and forms similar to "masin", taking into account the transition from "s" to a hissing consonant (remember the German "shnee" and the Russian "snow"), and give the first opportunity to explain not only the origin of the Russian words "power", " powerful ", but also Church Slavonic" relics "! "The remains of the saint", and not comprehended by Vasmer, mean only "great".
The Russian word "Korets" should not be confused with "foreign bucket" (in Vasmer we find almost always obligatory extraneous influences - in the case of "bucket" - Lithuanian and German. and the Germans). The form of the Vanir is the root! This is a Urartian carp.
Ushinili (p. 234) - this is how the Assyrian wedges clumsily write the verb “to build” and the word “built”. Of course, you need to translate not from English, but from the language of the Urartian Vanov. Then it turns out that the translation itself is not needed at all, because the language of the Vanov-Urarts is the language of the Vyatichi. As for "ushinili", this is a well-known Russian word "inflict", which, apparently, Fasmer does not know at all.
Ears, already (p. 234) is translated as "this". And at the same time, another interpretation is given: a particle that expresses a superlative degree. The answer can be found again only in the language of the Vyatichi. Exclamations "uh!", "Wow!" perfectly convey exactly the superlative degree.
Tzurin (p. 130) - scold. Accurate translation of wedges: scold!
I realize that I will not be able to publish a complete Urartian-Russian dictionary under the guise of an article. I can, however, assure a historian and an inquisitive reader: almost all the roots of the Urarts and their words, together with many grammatical forms (the order of words is different), coincide with the roots of the Russian language and dialect words inherited from the Vyatichi Vanov. They coincide, despite the complexity of the transmission of living sounds of speech using the Assyrian cuneiform. Of course, ideograms spoil a lot - signs denoting whole concepts. But what is recorded phonetically confirms what has been said about the homeland of the Wendians, about their distant migrations over the millennia, about the creation of states and civilization by them from Vanaan (Canaan, "in" - "x", where burials, according to Garkavi, testify identity of these famous names) to the upper reaches of the Don and Oka, from Gaul and the Adriatic to the Himalayas and Tibet with its mythical Shambhala (for Japo, the head and teacher of Shambhala is Dazhbo, or Dazhbog of the Vanans who left for sunrise, and many monuments of Parthia are similar to monuments of the Vanir).
What prevented our orientalists and linguists, who operated with morphemes, declensions and conjugations of almost all languages, when considering the Van problem, to see at least a shadow of similarity with Russian? The answer is not easy. Perhaps the truth is that, in addition to Aramaic, Arabic and Eastern languages in general, as well as Western languages, one also needed to know Russian. Archaeologists in Armenia prefer to keep silent about the numerous finds in the sixties - seventies of Slavic skulls in the territory of Urartu - in any case, there is not a word about this in the last 20-volume edition of "Archeology of the USSR", though it is carefully hidden.
By stating this fact, I want to conclude this section, which I wrote with the thought of the divine vanah, the creators of states and civilizations.

ARIA MONGOLIA AND ASGARD

The homeland of the Aryans is most often sought in the Black Sea region. Interesting finds were discovered in the northern Black Sea region by the archaeologist Y. Shilov, and in his monograph "Aryan ancestral home", not without reason, he considers this region with its mounds to be primordially Aryan (Aryan ancestral home. Kiev, 1995, pp. 29-50 ff.). At the same time, he seems to stop before the riddle of the Trypillian culture with its wide time horizons, open in the depths of time.
In the talented book of the historian and writer Y. Petukhov, the concept of the circumpontic zone is introduced, which gives the author a key to interesting generalizations (Petukhov Y.D. By the paths of the gods. M., 1991). The historian N. Guseva seeks - and finds - the mysterious northern lands and paths of the Aryans. An astonishing intuition was shown by the historian A. Platov, a researcher of runic signs, who was able to see through the angular ligature of the written signs of the Aryans already of our era, the symbols of movement from the depths of centuries imprinted in them (Platov A.V., 1998, pp. 32-36).
The author of these lines sees the Black Sea region from the point of view of millennial migration, the traces of which lead to almost all regions of Europe and to many parts of Asia. Perhaps this is what made it possible to find something exceptional - an almost literal similarity between Mongolian and Icelandic runes. These are, however, special runes that can be called the runes of the gods. They in fact, as it will be clear, I hope, from what follows, reflect the most global concepts that can be guessed, associated with them only on the basis of mythology.
I have no doubt about the reality of the almost fantastic route of the Aryans from Mongolia to Scandinavia. And it's not just Scandinavia. It is possible to predict the likelihood of future finds of Mongolian Aryan runes in almost all of Europe.
Symbols and signs of the Mongolian Altai, the burials of the Northern Altai in Russia, Scandinavian sources and myths together form a single chain of amazing events in the Oikumen, which are reflected in a fairy-tale form, for example, in the legends about Shambhala. But the information about Shambhala is much younger and, most importantly, they are secondary. First there was the ever-shining Asgard with its palaces and the golden grove of Glasir, embodied in the buildings of the Kopetdag of the Scythian period. But before that Asgard, created by the Scythians who founded Parthia in the first millennium BC, was the land of gods or, more precisely, deified ancestors. And this was the first incarnation of Asgard. Time is the second millennium BC. Place - Altai.
After about two millennia, the Aryans will come to Tibet, and even later it is here that they will look for - but unsuccessfully - the radiant Shambhala, despite the traveler and historian G. Ts. Tsybikov, who had not seen anything like it on this vast upland. Shambhala for him is a kind of spiritual community of Buddhists, who will face a stubborn struggle with the "infidels." The Tibetan incarnation of Shambhala, apparently, has not yet taken place, has not been discovered. Even occult sources do not give a hint of a clear answer. The Tibetan Kian tribes could transform the story of Asgard. But long after the second incarnation of Asgard, let alone the first.
In fact, it was only at the beginning of the first millennium of our era that the mysterious Shambhala began to be mentioned in North Indian sources. I associate this, however, with the wave of migration of the Aryans of the late period, starting from the founding of the Kushan kingdom.
It is definitely known that Cro-Magnons, people of a completely European type, inhabited Asia in ancient times, inclusive to the Pacific coast. Their mother goddess Rozhanna, reflecting the ideology of matriarchy, later united with a male deity, giving rise to the first Olympus.
The ideas themselves on Earth repeat the fate of people: their interaction gives rise to different versions, and then myths and legends that diverge in their very essence. Only careful analysis can establish common roots. Most likely, the idea of Asgard and Shambhala was initially united and, quite possibly, Cro-Magnon. But the paths diverged, options arose.
The Icelandic divine runes in question are preserved in the margins of the old manuscripts. Fairy-tale plots are accompanied by signs, which researchers tend to translate as the names of the gods Odin and Freyr. But these names, in their opinion, are common nouns. Following this tradition, MI Steblin-Kamensky in his book "The Culture of Iceland" (1966) cites the name of Odin, the main god of Asgard: "Pleasant."
But the runes of Odin and Freyr are similar to the tamgas of the Sarmatian type. It is unlikely that this could have occurred to the Scandinavians before the discovery of Asgard in the Kopetdag. Only in the author's work "Where did the heroes of Eddic myths live?" (M., 1989, p. 18-25) for the first time Asgard was placed in the Kopetdag and its main objects are uniquely identified with the buildings of the Parthian time, reflecting the ideology of the Scythian-Aryans (ibid., P. 24-30).
I also had to answer the question about the route of the aces to Northern Europe (ibid., Pp. 50-56). It passed along the northern coast of the Black Sea. The similarity of Icelandic signs with Sarmatian ones was not accidental. Ases left Asia and followed the same path as the Sarmatians. Some of them could be part of the Sarmatian union of tribes.
Then the ases became the ancestors of the Scandinavians - and, according to the law of deification, - their gods.
In Parthia itself, the Scythian culture often dressed in Hellenistic and Middle Eastern robes - this is the difficulty in understanding the true beliefs and ideas of the Parthians, who were Scythians before the founding of the state. But at the time of Parthia, at the turn of the era, the legacy of the first incarnation of Asgard in Mongolia (Altai) was still preserved. Divine runes were brought to the Black Sea region, then to Scandinavia and preserved in Iceland as a kind of ethnic northern reserve.
Divine runes of the second millennium BC were left on the rocks of the Mongolian Altai. They reflect the worldview of the dawn of Asgard. Together with them, the sun, horses, and predatory animals are depicted on the rocks. These images can be compared with two wolves accompanying the luminary in the firmament, with the famous horses of the Aesir from the "Younger Edda" and other subjects.
However, this requires careful study, unambiguous conclusions on comparing the plot lines of the Edda with the few, alas, drawings on Mongolian rocks are still premature.
As often happened, the oldest version of the Edda was probably supplemented and modified more than once before it became the property of North German culture. And in this capacity, it can certainly disagree with the depicted fragments.
It is difficult to doubt only that both the general outline and all the elements of the divine Scandinavian runes are quite consistent with those found in Mongolia (Shcherbakov V.I. 56). In the places of their finds (Tsagan-Gol valley), Turkic runes are not found at all. Signs and drawings are carved into the dark outcrops of the rocks. For the first time they were found and described by Ts. Dorzhsuren in 1963, who drew attention to the images of chariots. The dating results differ. I have come across references from our authors to the 1st millennium BC. This equalizes the age of the images on stone pillars - the so-called deer stones of Mongolia, and on the rocks of Tsagan-Gol. It seems to me that the earlier age of the rock runes and drawings of Tsagan-Gol is likely - as I indicated, the first of them could have appeared in the II millennium BC or at the turn of the millennium.
The same Aryan tamgas, or runes, can be traced in subsequent centuries in Central Asia and, as noted, in the Black Sea region. There is no overlap in all the details, but this is the same letter. The signs can also be called royal, meaning that later they reflected the lineage of the ruling dynasties (for example, among the Sarmatians).
On the pivot table, I wanted to visually compare the tamga runes of Mongolia (top line), the northern Black Sea region (bottom line), Iceland (signs of Odin and on the right - the gods of the Vans and Freyr ases).
The possibility of such a comparison would have seemed to me fantastic even in the eighties, when Asgard in the Kopetdag was already open.
Above, we talked about the possible etymology of the name of the country of the gods of the ancient Scandinavians, the Great Svitod (from the language of the Vanir merged with them after the "first war in the world"). Mongolian-Icelandic parallels indicate its location: western Mongolia.
In personal conversations with E. Novgorodova, a researcher who published works on the Mongolian group of signs and drawings, back in the seventies, we discussed general questions about Aryan chariots, Aryan tribes and deer stones. I remember that we disagreed on the issue of the ethnogenesis of the Yakuts and I had no idea what my passion for Mongolian exoticism would result in.
... A rare occasion allowed me to simultaneously see a photo with Icelandic and already half-forgotten Mongolian signs: Two or three moments passed and the answer came. Another direct proof of the reality of Asgard has emerged.

ILLUSTRATIONS

The mother of the gods is the goddess of Asgard, Frigga.

Portraits of the Aryans have been preserved on the so-called deer stones in Mongolia.

APPLICATION
Excerpts from the INTERNET message

ASGARD, CITY OF THE ANCIENT GODS, FOUND

The first scientific papers on the results of the search for Asgard
In September 1989, a small book by V. I. Shcherbakov "Where did the heroes of Eddic myths live?" Sciences, Professor A. F. Smirnov. These scientific works were published in Moscow.
In both of these works, on the basis of the author's searches and his analysis of archaeological materials, the location of the objects of Asgard was indicated. It was the city of the later deified ancestors of the Scandinavians - Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders. It occupied a vast territory, its individual objects were located tens of kilometers from one another. It was created by tribes akin to the Scythians, the ancient Aryans, who came to the foothills of the Kopetdag mountain range.
The message from ITAR-TASS (then TASS) about the discovery of Asgard was published before the publication of the named works and was of an informational nature (May 1989).
About the author and his results and proofs
V. I. Scherbakov is a member of the Writers' Union of Russia, has a degree in applied radiophysics (candidate of technical sciences) and a second education in philosophy, academician of the Humanitarian Department of the International Academy of Informatization. President of the Moscow Club of Mysteries. Laureate of the World Film Festival "Ecofilm-84" for the script of the documentary film about the biofield "Invisible Life of the Forest". Author of several novels, one of which was filmed in Moscow (Seven Elements, 1984). He studied ancient civilizations and created several books about them. Together with J. I. Cousteau he published the book "In Search of Atlantis". (1986).
In the documentary-historical book "Asgard - the city of the gods" (with a scientific supplement) he spoke about the process of searching for Asgard, the city of the deified ancestors of the Scandinavians. The capital of the ases gods was found by V. Shcherbakov in the foothills of the Kopetdag in Turkmenistan. Several mythological objects were identified by him with the buildings of the Parthian kingdom in the area of the ancient settlements of Nisa and Mansurdepe. Before the works of V. Shcherbakov, performed in the eighties (Where did the heroes of Eddic myths live? M., 1989; Asgard - the city of gods. M., 1991; etc.), the nature of beliefs and cults in this Central Asian region was not defined.
The above-mentioned works describe the Idavelle-field (the field of the games of the aces), similar to a small airfield with the remains of an adobe fence (fence), the nature of the game of the aces with plaster balls and with a core of dry grass is clarified. The location and internal view of Valhalla, the castle of the main god-ace Odin, where feasts were held, as well as its treasury, filled with rhyton and sealed by priests in antiquity, has been established. The purpose of the details of the divine throne of Odin made of ivory has been clarified (paradox: it is the throne of the chief ace made of ivory that is described in Iceland - and it has been found!).
The search for the Glasir grove, described in the Edda, that is, a shining grove, all the leaves of which are exactly made of gold, the branches and bark are the same, completed successfully only thanks to the additional instruction of the Younger Edda: the leaves of the divine trees are pointed. The divine tree so accurately described in Scandinavia turned out to be the purple peach - a special kind of peach tree. It really is like pure gold. In the Kopetdag there were only cult centers dedicated to the Aesir, the deified ancestors of the Parthians and Scandinavians (later).
But these ancestors themselves, as the scientist established, came from southwestern Mongolia through Central Asia (the Ustyurt plateau region), then descended to the Kopetdag. V. Shcherbakov's book "Secrets of the Age of Aquarius" (Moscow, 1996) contains very ancient runes depicted on the rocks of Mongolia. They were repeated with minor changes two millennia later in the manuscripts of the fabulous and mythological content in Iceland. The author called these runes the runes of the gods. It was their dedication to the ancestor gods that gave them such a long life - in time and space.
The great Icelander Snorri Sturluson called at one time the homeland of the Aesir. This is Great Svitod (Great Sweden). This is a country with a harsh climate. He calls her in the "Earth Circle" still Cold Svitod. And he says: the ases lived somewhere east of the Don. It was the Great Svitiod that V. Shcherbakov discovered - it is located much east of the Don, in Mongolia. Thus, he was able to prove that the Edda captures the entire historical path of people and their gods on the way to Scandinavia.

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The Icelandic chronicler Snorri Sturluson, who lived at the beginning of the 12th century, based on ancient written records and oral legends, compiled the book "The Circle of the Earth", which included the famous "Saga of the Ynglings", which tells about the location of Asgard, the city of the Aesir gods: Asia to the east of Tanakvisl (Don River) is called the Land of the Ases, or the Dwelling of the Ases, and the capital of the country was called Asgard. Its ruler was the one who was called Odin. There was a large temple there. According to ancient custom, it had twelve high priests. They had to make sacrifices and judge the people ... The Asami went to war against the Vani, but they were not taken by surprise and defended their country, and the victory was first for the Asami, then for the Vani. "

When The Circle of the Earth was published, many considered Snorri's writing to be fiction. The ancient legends found later, called the "Elder Edda", confirmed the correctness of Sturluson and added a lot to the description of the palace of the gods in Asgard: Gladsheim - the fifth courtyard, Otradny, where Valhalla was erected; there Chroft chooses ratngah husbands that day in the battle of the slain.

Whoever goes to Odin, he immediately recognizes these mansions: there is a shelter there - tarchi, spears - rafters, chain mail on the benches.

The writer Vladimir Shcherbakov in the book "Ages of Troyanov" explains what is described in the "Elder Edda": "Ases live in a special world - in Asgard. The ases built their dwelling on the Idavel field. The fortress, in which the ases live, is inaccessible to the giants .., the gods began to erect their palaces in it. First of all, they built a main sanctuary with twelve thrones and a throne for Odin. Everything that is in this palace, and it itself, are made of pure gold. It is called the Hall of Joy ... In general, every ace in Asgard has his own palace. Odin's hall adorned with silver is called Valaskjalf. In him, Odin sits on the throne and observes all the worlds ... In addition, he is the Father of the Fallen. He owns another palace - Valhalla, where brave warriors live who did not surrender in battle and died from wounds or were immediately killed. "

It never occurred to anyone to look for the mythical city of the gods on earth. It was believed that if he existed once, it was in heaven.

Asgard City of the Gods

The invisible city of aces chose its own discoverer, who became a seer, and in a modern way - a writer, Vladimir Ivanovich Shcherbakov. The discovery was preceded by a completely “unscientific” vision, which the author describes in his book “Asgard - the City of the Gods” as follows: “First there was a tunnel through which I seemed to be flying up. Up! And up there, there was a silvery dome ... Something happened. It was as if my consciousness had not yet faded away, and I saw from above the red walls surrounding the amazing city, a temple near the city wall with rows of amazing columns and a red grove that approached the very columns, to the walls of the city, ... then I had no idea what kind of red grove and what kind of city it is.

Shcherbakov had “just” to find a correspondence with the vision in real life and, realizing what he saw, arguably prove that this is Asgard, described in the “Elder Edda” and “Earth's Circle” by Snorri Sturluson. It took years of searching and scientific research, which were crowned with success: Shcherbakov found the kingdom of the ases and its capital in Nisa, which is located in Turkmenistan, 18 kilometers from Ashgabat. Vladimir Ivanovich came to the conclusion: “Old Nisa was the core, the center of Asgard. This is Valhalla and the treasury of Odin and other aces. "

Found their explanation and "red walls" from the vision. Sturluson in the "Younger Edda" says that in Asgard, the first thing they did was to build a sanctuary with twelve thrones and a throne for the All-Father - Odin. And everything in this house was not made of gold, but "as of pure gold." This is exactly what the temple looked like in New Nisa, not far from Old Nisa: the entire wall of the first tier was crimson and, with appropriate lighting, gave the impression of a piece of pure gold.

The grove of redwoods near the walls of the castle is the Eddic sacred grove of Glasir, and this is the unusual color of the leaves that the ornamental peach trees have.

There was no explanation for the name of the field where the Aesir met, Idavelle. The velva diviner in “Elder Edz” broadcasts: “Aesir meet on Idavelle-field, talk about the mighty belt of the world and remember the glorious events and runes of the ancient god. They must converge again on the meadow in the tall grass, the golden stalks that they once served for the game. "

It is not known exactly what tavlei is, but the equipment for the game - plaster balls, were found three kilometers from New Nisa on the field, which is now called Mansurdepe and ... resembles a modern stadium, fenced off from the audience by a stone wall. Idavelle Field meant a place for a ball game, although this game could be of a ritual nature. The discoverer writes about it as follows: “I found these stone balls in Idavelle Field.

But they are made of plaster. They are two thousand years old. They found them before me. There was no explanation. Remnants of plants were preserved inside the balls, and there was no explanation for this. But these are balls for the game of the aces! Plants (dry, naturally) lighten the weight of such a toy, make it stronger ... The game was played on a field resembling a modern stadium (like Slavic games in honor of the dead). "

Asses left these places: Odin and his wife had a vision that great glory awaited them in the distant northern lands. The vision turned out to be true. Sturluson writes: “They tell as truth that when Odin and the priests with him came to the Northern Countries, they began to teach people the arts that people have since mastered ... In Odin ... they began to believe and turn to him. Often he appeared to the Swedes before big battles ... The Swedes called him their ruler. "

Many peoples migrated in search of land on which they could finally settle and which they still own today. It is amazing that the gods wandered in this way. Odin had to travel a long way from Asia to Northern Europe, where he found his admirers. However, modern Scandinavians who have adopted Lutheranism hardly remember the name of the ancient deity.

Despite the fact that the existence of Asgard was confirmed by Shcherbakov, this city, or rather the "world", is most often mentioned in Scandinavian legends. It is worth noting that some peoples of the North still believe that after death they will go to Valhalla. The reliable location of this abode of the dead warriors is near the palaces of Odin.

In addition to Asgard - the upper world, which is responsible for the future and is located in the Heavens. In Scandinavian mythology, there is also the world of the present, the past and the reality in which demonic entities live. Our world - planet Earth is called "Midgard". The world of the past, or underground, is called "Helheim". It is in it that all the souls of deceased ancestors live and knowledge about the past is concentrated.

The demonic world does not apply to those above or below the Earth. This separate reality is called Utgarde. Often in myths there are words about a space fenced off from people and aces, in which there is only darkness and evil spirits. In fact, Utgarde is the complete opposite of Asgard, since there is neither joy nor light. In addition, this section of reality is not subject to the population of three worlds and it is not possible to get into it, unlike Asgard, Midgard or Helheim.