Functional purpose of the building. Classification of public buildings on functional purposes, floors, constructive features, etc.

In massive housing construction, the main type of residential buildings (more than 90%) - apartment buildings intended for the posture of the settlement.

2. Powered Floor
residential buildings are divided into:
low-rise (1 - 2 floors);
middle floor (3 - 5 floors);
multi-storey (6 or more floors);
increased floors (11 - 16 floors);
high (more than 16 floors)

3. For the number of apartments:
on single-welter (individual)
two Guardian
apartment.

4. On its volume planning structure
Residential apartment buildings on their volume planning structure can be divided into:
sectional;
corridor;
gallery;
corridor and gallery-section;
blocked.

5. According to supporting structures
According to the materials of the supporting structures (walls, coatings, columns), residential buildings are divided into:
stone;
wooden;
mixed type.
Common data.
In stone buildings, the walls can be from large precast concrete elements (panels, blocks) or small-sized products (bricks, ceramic, concrete blocks), from natural stones, as well as monolithic from light concrete. Overlappings are carried out from reinforced concrete panels or reinforced concrete monolithic.
Residential multi-storey buildings up to 9 floors high, reinforced concrete floors and possess fire resistance of II degree, and at a height of 10 or more floors - I degree. According to capitalities, stone buildings refer to the I class. The durability of this type of buildings is 100 years old.
In wooden residential buildings Walls and floors can be made of wooden panels, in areas of abundant forest, the walls can be from bars and logs, and overlapping - from shields on wooden beams.
Wooden buildings refer to IV, V degree of fire resistance, to the IV Class of Capital. They can have no more than 1 - 2 floors. The durability of this type of buildings is 25 years old.
In buildings with the structures of a mixed type wall stone, and the floors can be wooden. In connection with the inconsistency of the durability and the escranual qualities of walls and overlaps, this type of construction has a slight application.
Depending on urban planning, natural, construction and technical (conditions of construction sites, as well as on features of the species labor activity and the life of the population are used by residential buildings with various floors, planning and volumetric structure, the nature of communication with environmental.

The right choice of floors of housing houses and their volume-planning structure is important both in economic, so urban-planning and architectural attitude and to solve social s. ensuring the necessary favorable living conditions and vital activity of the population.
Low-rise, single and two-storey, one and two-quartered houses, located, as a rule, with individual household plots and auxiliary business buildings, are used in villages, villages, cottage villages as well as in urban-type villages as in individual, so cooperative and partially state construction . This view of the dwelling is most consistent with the conditions for the development of personal subsidiary individual farms, collective farmers, workers and private farms and meets the vitality and household skills of the rural population.
The manor arrangement of this type of houses requires increasing the territory of populated areas, which increases the cost of engineering networks. IN individual houses Advanced simplified engineering equipment (local heating, cesspools, etc.) However, given the growth in opportunities, the prospect of accession of houses to the water supply, sewage, gas supply networks, etc. should be envisaged.
In rural settlements, the multi-apartment two-story buildings are also built at the expense of state and cooperative means, and in the central settlements - partially three and four-story buildings. IN apartment housesUsually ensured in elements of engineering improvement: central heating, water supply, sewage, gas supply, etc.

6. Residential apartment buildings in their surround-planning structure can be divided into:
sectional
corridors
gallery
corridor and Gallery-section
blocked

The most massive - sectional houses that make up 80% of the total volume housing construction (in Russia). In section houses, apartments group houses are placed on a substantial in connection with the node of vertical communications (stairs, elevators) and have inputs from staircases or from elevator halls.

Residential buildings can be multisective and single-section ("spot" or "tower"), the last less economical, but create opportunities for more maneuverable placement in the system of urban development and a variety of architectural and composite solutions.

Corridian and gallery residential buildings are characteristic of the development of horizontal communications. In the corridor residential buildings, apartments are located on two sides of the corridor connecting them with vertical communications, i.e. with stairs and elevators.
In the corridor residential buildings, apartments cannot have end-to-end ventilation, so in the III and IV climatic areas use gallery houses With the location of the apartments along the gallery (Fig. D). In areas with strong winds and dust storms, special types of windproof and dust corridor residential buildings are used.
Placing a large number of apartments along corridors or galleries creates conditions for effective use Lifts, and therefore it is advisable to use this type of houses in 9 - 12 - 16 floors.

In the corridor-section and gallery-section houses, each apartment is located on two floors and has an intra-ordinary staircase, and the corridors are located through the floor. In the corridor floors of each apartment, there are a common room, a kitchen, a restroom, front; In the top - bedrooms and toilet with bathroom. Such a spatial structure creates the possibility of efficient use of horizontal and vertical communications, through air ventilation and their orientation on the two sides of the horizon, so that these houses have great urban-planning maneuverability.
At the same time, the arrangement of apartments in the two floors does not always respond to household needs, the requirements of the population and the demographic composition of families. Only 3 - 5-bedroom apartments can be placed in such houses. In this regard, the houses of this type are elevated in an experimental order.

Apartment blocking houses, as a rule, two-story, also consist of apartments located in two floors, but with the entrances not from corridors, but from the street (see Fig. I, k). Each apartment may have a small plot of land width equal to the width of the apartment (i.e. 6 - 8 m), and with an area of \u200b\u200b150 - 200 m2. In blocked double-storey houses, you can place apartments 3 - 4 - 5-bedrooms. Blocked houses may include 2 - 10 and more block apartments adjacent to each other disposed of linearly or ledge. More economical houses are more economical, which are more expensive (by 3-4%) more than multi-unit sectional, but significantly cheaper (by 30 - 35%) individual. This type of houses is used in villages, cottage villages and partly in small cities.

One-quality (individual) houses and two-quartered (paired) can be with apartments on the 1st floor or in two levels (see Fig. M, N), and the second floor can be arranged in the form of a attic, i.e. using the attic space. Apartments in individual and paired houses are designing, taking into account the peculiarities of life and the maintenance of auxiliary personal farm in the household sections. This type of houses is used in cottage villages, rural settlements, partly in small working settlements, on railways of iron and road, oil and gas pipelines, etc.

The hostels are designed to temporarily reside lonely workers and employees at the time of their work and students of universities, technical schools and vocational schools for the period of study. For young families consisting of sophisticated couple, spouses with a child or an adult with a child, design special types of hostels in which each family provides a separate small-scale apartment. Besides residential rooms The hostels place a complex of premises for versatile service and self-service population. Hotel type hostels are also used with a higher degree of cultural and domestic services approximate to the hotel service system.

Hotels serve for a short stay of arriving for a term, as a rule, from 1-30 days. Depending on the contingent, for which hotels are intended, they are divided according to SNiP P-79-78 on the hotel: common type - for coming to office business trips and personal affairs; Tourist - for domestic and foreign tourists; Resorts - for vacationers, as well as for car trains with motels (for short stay) and camping (for recreation). In addition, some special types of total hotels are used: for transport passengers with aero, auto, water, railway station, for athletes, departmental athletes industrial enterprises, institutions.
Depending on the composition of the premises, their areas, equipment and the degree of comfort of the hotel in the USSR were divided into five digits. Tourist hotels can be the highest, I, II, III and IV digits, and resorts are at least III categories; Currently, on the European model, the hotel is divided by the class on a five-poal "star" scale. 5 stars - the highest category of service comfort.

Home boarding houses are arranged two types of-total (sanatorium-paistics) for people who can independently move and partially serve themselves, and hospital - for those who need constant bed mode. In the first type of room for 1 - 2 people (with a sanitary assembly), they are combined into groups by 10 people. Each group provides a kitchen, a relaxation room and a household room. The boarding school includes a complex of food, cultural and health care. Capacity of vehicles 100, 200 and 300 seats. Hospital boarding rooms have a chamber type 1 - 2 or 4 places with sanitary nodes and combined into groups of type of hospital sections. In these boarding houses, complexes of therapeutic premises, a centralized nutrition system, a slightly smaller composition of the cultural and domestic premises capacity of such boarding rooms is 50-100 people for small towns and 300, 400, 500 people for cities.

In the field of real estate, with the definition of a group of capital accounting facilities, it is necessary to face quite often. For example, without this procedure, it is not necessary if the state registration of the construction or decision to demolish is necessary.

What does the term "building capital" mean?

Regulatory and technical literature does not give a clearly formulated explanation of the signs of the capital of construction objects. Nevertheless, the strength, functionality and life of the construction is associated with this term.

How to determine the building of the capitalization of the building?

In order to assign a building of this or another group of capital, a special expert commission is appointed. The examination process includes an assessment of a number of indicators. The main ones are:

• Used materials for construction: foundation, walls, overlap.
• Design features that provide physico-mechanical structures.
• The degree of resistance to fires.
• The level of internal improvement, engineering communications.

Group of capital buildings for civilian use

Modern architectural solutions imply different capital capitals depending on their intended purpose. Thus, structures intended for civilian use (residential buildings) have less durability than industrial (public) real estate.

The term of trouble-free operation is a key factor in determining the group of capital and structures, the table clearly shows it.

I Group of Capitalities of Residential Buildings

Houses of the first grade capital capacity meet the highest quality standards. The maximum operational period is achieved due to a durable structure, mainly consisting of monolithic foundations, walls and overlaps. Main building material base concrete, stone. Walls can be made of block, stone or brick masonry. Overlap - from reinforced concrete. Fire resistance to such objects is maximum. An example is a multi-storey of which any urban architecture is mainly.

Capital Group II Group

Representatives of this class slightly lagging behind the first strength and durability. Unlike first class, here the walls can also be large-pointed. Such houses are gaining increasing popularity in the construction market, as they are built faster, and most importantly - cost contractors cheaper than monolithic.

III Capital Group Group

For the construction of such houses, a mixed technology for the rise of walls is used using more lightweight materials: bricks, slag blocks, sewers, etc. Such walls are easier than concrete or stone, but some percentage of physicomechanical endurance is lost.

IV Capital Group

In the mixed structures of the houses of this group, this building material is used as a tree. In a wooden version, walls (chopped, blocking), overlap, the foundation lightweight belt can be performed. Factory resistance and decreases markedly compared to predecessors. For such a type, low-rise buildings are built, private cottages that do not burn the foundation.

V Group

Frame-shield buildings belong to wooden house-building. Wooden frame houses are most often suburban cottages and cottages intended for seasonal use. The undoubted plus is low time and money costs, minus - high fire hazard and relatively short life.

VI Group

Bright representatives - baths, sheds, garages and other temporary buildings and facilities. They are intended for individual economic use.

Compariety Groups of Industrial and Other Buildings

Several other technical requirements are presented to the buildings of industrial and other purposes, rather than to civilians, namely, the planning of the operational period is increasing. Below are the data that conventionally divided non-residential objects into groups of capital and structures. The table reflects their main parameters, and also clearly demonstrates the classification of buildings by capital.

The service life of buildings by capital groups is different depending on the target of the object. So, for production facilities, it varies from 15 to 175 years, while civil facilities are intended for use from 15 to 150 years. At the same time, the closer the group of capital supports to the beginning of the classification series, the higher the requirements for its physical and mechanical endurance and fire resistance. It should also be noted that such additional factors affect the level of capital interior decoration, engineering communications, as well as the technical equipment of the building.

Classification public buildings

Public buildings and structures are designed to accommodate them of various types institutions and enterprises designed to provide social, domestic, cultural and communal services of the population. These include institutions:

· Health, physical culture and social security (hospitals, hospitals, clinics, sanatoriums, holiday homes, sports buildings and structures, boarding schools, etc.);

· Enlightenment (kindergartens, children's nursery, general education schools, professional schools, technical schools, higher educational institutions, etc.);

· Cultures (libraries, museums, botanical gardens, houses of culture, clubs, etc.); Arts (Theaters, Cinemas, Circus, Concert Halls)

· Institutions of science and scientific services (academy and their branches, research institutes, design bureaus archives, etc.);

· Institutions of financing, lending and state insurance (banks, savings cash registers, etc.);

· Institutions of municipal economy (hotels, house of collective farmers, hostels, motels, campings, fire teams, etc.);

· Household service enterprises (bathrooms, laundry, showers, hairdressers, houses houses, reception points, etc.);

· Trade and catering ( shopping centers, department stores, shops, covered markets, restaurants, cutlery, factories, kitchens, cafes, etc.); communication (postal, telegraphs, etc.);

· Transportation (railway stations, river stations, airports, road stations, etc.);

construction (design and design and survey organizations, workshops, design and design and architectural and planning organizations, etc.).

Basics of volume and planning solutions

Public buildings have the most diverse volume-planning composition, which is mainly dependent on functional purposes and architectural solution. Nevertheless, from a large circle of composite forms of public buildings, corridor and housing are clearly allocated. Most of the public buildings represents a "mixed group", which has been widely distributed in the modern service of the population of cities, workers' settlements and rural settlements. Buildings are built on the confluence scheme, in which the movement of the human flow is directed from the room into the room with the location of the doors on one axis. Such a layout is characteristic of the premises of museums, art galleries, some types of exhibitions.

Main planning elements are inherent for all types of public buildings: premises of the main functional appointment (in administrative buildings - work offices, rooms; in harvesters - halls, in commercial buildings and catering buildings - Trade and dining rooms, in libraries - reader rooms and bookkeys etc.); the entrance assembly - in the composition of the tambour, lobby and wardrobe; Vertical transport assembly - stairs, elevators; Premises of the movement and distribution of human streams in corridor buildings - corridors and recreation; in theatrical - foyer and sidelines; Sanitary node - toilets, washbasins, personal hygiene rooms.

The mutual location of the main planning elements in accordance with the functional purpose and the best human flow organization indicates the quality of the building planning.

Residential buildings are classified on floors as follows:

low-rise - 1-2 floors;

middle flooring 3-5 floors;

multi-storey - 6 or more floors;

increased floors - 11-16 floors;

high-altitude - more than 16 floors.

In the 70s, a classification was adopted in height. Up to 30 m tall structures attributed to the buildings of increased floors; up to 50, 75 and 100 m - to 1, 2, and 3 categories of multi-storey buildings, respectively; Over 100 m - to the altitude. Thus, the classification is adopted a height criterion, not a flood, since the characteristic heights of the floors in individual countries are accepted by various. Not only in Russia, but in the world there is no single understanding of the "high-rise (high-altitude) building." Increasing the need for the construction of such buildings led to the need to develop regulatory document, taking into account the specifics fire safety High-rise buildings.

Classification of public buildings on capital performance and service life

4. Basic planning schemes of civil buildings

The typological range of residential buildings that do not have elevators is a network of independent types, each of which has specific features. It is based on two groups of houses, which are distinguished by volume-planning construction and, mainly, the nature of communication with the environment. The first group includes residential buildings with direct links of apartments with territory. These are single-welded and residential two-quarters with household plots and economic auxiliary buildings that are called called manor houses and apartment blocked houses consisting of blocks with different number of apartments, each of which has a separate way out.

Another group of flavored houses includes multi-ranking residential buildings with apartments from the apartment through common ladder communications, galleries and corridors. Depending on the adopted reception of the combination of apartments and ensure their connection with the surrounding area, residential buildings of this group are divided into houses of sectional, gallery and corridor types.

Thus, residential buildings are divided into architectural layout for six groups:

· Sectional residential buildings

· Blocked residential buildings

· Gallery-type residential buildings

· Residential buildings corridor type

· Residential individual houses

Section-type residential building consisting of one or more sections.

The residential building of the corridor type, in which apartments (or hostel rooms) have exits to stairs through a common corridor.

The architectural and planning composition of the blocked house depends, as in any type of dwelling, from a number of conditions. The rural type of the house involves the presence of auxiliary farm and the corresponding planning of the apartment, while the urban type of house has a different organization of the junction sites. For construction on complex relief, blocked terraced houses are used.

The main structural and forming unit of the house of the blocked type is a block, which is a complete volume-planning element, both in construction and engineering terms. Residential homes are formed by a compound of the same or different types of apartments and floors of blocks.

The main type of block is ordinary, the side walls of which are always adjacent to neighboring blocks. The inputs in them are usually done on both sides.

Terminal blocks are located along the edges of the houses. One of the transverse walls of such a block is internal, blocked, the other is outdoor.

In the houses of a complex configuration use rotary blocks. They can be unfolded both under stupid and at right angles. The general lack of such blocks is concluded in the complexity of the organization of junction areas.

The most common type of block is single-welter, or, as it is customary called - "block-apartment". In blocked houses, as a rule, three main types of apartments are applied:

· One-story - in two-storey blocks

· One-storey - in two-storey blocks (floor apartments)

· Two-storey (cottage type) Apartments

There are other types of apartments, such as two-story with an incomplete second floor, apartments with one-sided orientation, apartments with a drop of levels, three-story apartments.

Volume and planning solutions of blocked houses

One-storey block apartments. Blocks that make up such houses are usually single, two-, and three-room, less often four-room.

One-room block apartments have a similar layout. The entrance to such a block is more often made in the middle zone, since the block is applied relatively rarely and placed on the ends of the houses.

In two-bedroom block apartments, residential rooms can be located on one side and on different sides of the block, in three-room - on both sides.

Two-storey blocks with a floor apartment layout in the block. When designing blocked houses with small apartments, there is a floor location. Such construction of houses is used in cases where it is necessary to achieve a high density of building small apartments. The floor location of the apartments has significant drawbacks. For families living on the second floor, the connection with the site is complicated, they do not have a basement, the structure of summer rooms is difficult.

There are several schemes of planning organization blocks depending on the location of the entrances to the upper and lower apartments:

· With the overall entrance to the upper and lower apartments

· With separate entrances on one side of the house

· At the inputs from different sides, from the opposite or in the end block of one from the facade, another from the end.

Two-storey blocks with apartments in two levels. The most common type of blocked house is a house with apartments located in two levels. The placement of premises in two levels provides clear zoning: the lower floor is discharged to accommodate the common room, kitchen, utility rooms, a sanitary assembly, upper - for individual use. The planning organization of the block-apartment is determined by its position on the two opposite sides of the block, the need to pass from the street to the site, as well as the position of the stairs.

Three-storey blocks. To increase construction density, three-storey blocked houses have been developed. There are several techniques for the planning organization of these blocks. Traditional reception of the layout of the cottage house - when the first floor is a kitchen, a common room, front and households. Premises. In two top - residential rooms with sanitary nodes. Another reception, more often used, consists in location on the first floor of front and utility rooms with a garage. Residential premises occupy the second and third floors.

Blocks with unilateral orientation apartments. Each block consists of two paired apartments facing opposite sides of the house. The development in them usually has an increased density, but at home from such blocks can be placed only in the meridial direction, since all apartments in ordinary blocks have a one-sided light front. There is inevitably the location of houses in the depths of the plots, and household buildings - on the border with the street.

Cross-shaped blocks. Residential homes formed from cruciform blocks are used when a large building density is needed. Such blocks usually consist of four single-storey or two-storey apartments having a double-sided orientation, through or angular ventilation. In terms of blocks there are a simple and complex configuration. For blocking, each block must have at least two deaf end walls. If in a cross-shaped block, all the outer walls have window openings, then such a block is a four-quartic house.

Sectional, corridor, gallery low-rise buildings

Sectional houses consist of one, several, identical or different sections on the layout and are distinguished by the floor, length and configuration of the plan. Planning decisions of sections largely determine the number of apartments overlooking the flooring staircase. Apply mostly sections with two, three and four apartments. The planning structure of sections determines their possible orientation by countries of light. Sections are divided into latitudinal and meridial, with free, partially limited orientation. The orientation of residential rooms in sections in light countries should meet the requirements of insolation and ventilating apartments. The latitudinal sections have great urban maneuverability, as they can be used with a variety of orientation. The meridial sections have limited orientation and can be used only when the longitudinal axis of the house is directed in the meridial direction from the north to south.

Depending on the layout in the plan of the house there are three main types of sections: ordinary, end and swivel, and each of them can have different variants Forms in terms.

Gallery and corridor houses have common features. And the same, and the other type of house is based on its planning structure have developed horizontal communication, with which the apartment is connected to the staircase. Gallery and corridor houses have common structures and a constructive solution coming from the blocked house. The gallery type of the house is intended mainly for a warm climate. The corridor type of the house more corresponds to harsh climatic conditions.

Gallery houses are distinguished by a variety of architectural and planning and spatial solutions on the configuration of plans, by the location of galleries and on the planning of apartments. Planning schemes of gallery houses can be reduced to three main groups: linear, articulated, spatial.

Linear schemes include at home, based on the configuration of which laid the linear construction plan. House configuration can be: rectangular, with shift apartments and curvilinear. Two ways of the device of stairs in gallery houses are used: the ladder built out of the main volume of the building and built into the main envelope of the building.

The articulated gallery houses consist of two or several rectangular blocks combined by the node of communications - the staircase. The form of plans of such houses is rather diverse - from a simple combination in terms of blocks with a displacement of them in parallel to each other to a complicated configuration.

Spatial schemes are used mainly when creating residential complexes. Their forms are in terms of a wide variety.

To create amenities and compliance with the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions in the houses of the corridor type, the corridors must have the appropriate width, illumination and ventilability. All these conditions, of course, impose a print on the formation of corridor houses. These are mainly rectangular or rectangular with a shift in the plan of the house. Shifts are usually done to divide the house to shorter areas, for lighting and venting out corridors from the ends. In addition to shifts, sites at home are sometimes located at an angle to each other. In the layout of the Plans of the Corridian House, it is important to location and the number of stairs, which are usually designed in places in the articulation of individual sites of the house, and with a rectangular simple plan - in the middle or end of the house.

In the houses of the corridor type, various types of apartments are used: in one, two levels, with interruption of levels. Corridors are located in each floor, through the floor, two.