Facade of modern medicine. Architectural and planning solutions of administrative buildings and premises

According to the orientation of residential premises by countries of light (see § 40), residential sections of a limited, unlimited and partially limited orientation are distinguished. In the limited orientation sections, the apartment windows overlook only one of the longitudinal sides of the building. Such sections can be used only in cases where the longitudinal axis of the building is located approximately by meridian, so such sections are sometimes called meridion.

In sections of an unlimited orientation, the window of each apartment overlook both the longitudinal sides of the building. Such sections are used for any placement of the building on the general plan, including the case when the longitudinal axis of the building is located approximately in the direction of latitudes (latitudinal sections).

If only part of the apartments have a bilateral orientation in the section, it is called a partially limited orientation section. In such sections, with a latitudinal location of the apartment with one-sided orientation, it is so that their windows come out on the south.

Depending on the number of apartments on the floor there are two-, three-, four- and multi-unit sections.

In two-season sections (Fig. 34 a), apartments have a bilateral orientation, which ensures good conditions for their insolation and through ventilation. Such sections have an unlimited orientation. In two institution sections, it is advisable to design apartments in 3 or more rooms, as with a small area of \u200b\u200bapartments, the relative cost of stairs increases. These sections in the southern regions are particularly appropriate, where through ventilation is necessary.

In three-quartic sections (Fig. 34, b), two apartments located on the sides of the stairs have a bilateral orientation, and the third, smaller, apartment, opposite the stairs - one-sided. In such sections, the northern orientation of the third apartment is excluded. Three quarters, as more economical compared to two-quarters, were quite widespread.

Four-quarter sections are partially limited orientation (Fig. 34, c), in coolers only two apartments are focused on two sides, and limited orientation - meridional (Fig. 34, d), in which all four apartments have one-sided orientation. Such sections due to an increase in the number of apartments in the residential area per staircase (or per elevator in houses in 6 or more floors) are more economical than two- and three-quarters.

Since the cost of vertical communications, per 1 m 2 living space, increases with an increase in the floors of buildings, in houses of high floors it is advisable to increase the number of apartments in the sections to six-eight. However, in this case, it has to expand the staircases and create dead-end corridors.

In fig. 35, and the plan of the ordinary two-quartering section of the 5-storey house with three-or-four-room unlimited orientation apartments is depicted. Kitchens and sanitary nodes are closed and located at the entrances to the apartment. In both apartments there are one passing common room. The transverse bearing walls of the section are located with a big and small step.

The plan of the three-quartic section of partially limited orientation of the 5-storey house is shown in Fig. 35, b. The sections contain three two-bedroom apartments. Layout of apartments compact, rooms are conveniently located, there are built-in wardrobes and a spacious kitchen square 7,1 m 2.

In fig. 35, B shows a 4-quartered residential section of a 10-storey large-scale house with two two-room and two three-bedroom apartments. The section has a latitudinal partially limited orientation. All apartments provide for erkers that improve the insolation of the rooms and enrich the plastic composition of the facade of the house. The building has two elevators: passenger capacity of 320 kg and cargo-passenger - 500 kg. Fire evacuation of residents is provided for in the neighboring sections through the loggia.

The plan of the eight-quarter section of a 16-storey large-passenger house with two one-room. Four-bedroom and two-bedroom apartment depicted in Fig. 35, a. The building is designed with transverse carriage walls and one longitudinal step 3,2 m. For the entrance to the apartment, the staircases are elongated by dead-end corridors. For fire evacuation of residents, you can use loggias located on the border of the neighboring section.

In fig. 36 shows the types of improved planning of apartments in 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 rooms for construction in the period 1971-1975. To provide more comfortable living conditions, in apartments provide convenient functional relations of common rooms I am kitchens, bedrooms and sanitary nodes.

The apartments have increased the size of kitchens, front and bathrooms. Bathrooms are located in the depths of the apartment near the bedrooms. With an increase in the kitchen area, it becomes a kitchen-dining room, where you can freely set the dining table and place extra furniture.

Square of common residential rooms are provided between 15 to 22 m 2, the parents' bedroom is at least 12 m 2, the bedroom for two children is at least 10 m 2, and the bedrooms per person are at least 8 m 2. Apartments are equipped with fitted wardrobes for clothing and linen, antlesol cabinets and all modern types of engineering equipment.

For families consisting of two people (newlyweds, childless couples, lonely mothers or fathers with children), and also more expedient and more economically build at home hotel type. These houses consist of small one- or two-room apartments and groups of public service premises; This includes public catering, child care, for collective recreation and occupation, as well as house showers, amateur laundry and workshops.

Collective services can be built into a residential building, adjust it in the form of an extension or them are placed in a separate building associated with housing with a steep transition.

Residential houses of hotel type mostly have a corridor planning system. In fig. 37 shows a typical project of a hotel-type residential building. The house has one-room apartments with access to a common corridor. The apartments provide for the minimum composition of the utility premises, which are calculated on the maintenance of a small household. Showers and worst are designed common use and are located in the first floor. The first floor has a dining room with a kitchen, a children's room, a reception center of linen, clothing repair atelier, service boss.

In the context of a complex relief or an inflated area, single-section residential buildings are usually elevated (9, 12 or more floors), sometimes called the tower-type houses (Fig. 38). In these houses, apartments are located around one node of communications (staircase, elevators).

In tower houses, favorable sanitary and hygienic conditions are provided (corner ventilation, good illumination and insolation), the planning of apartments is quite economical (there is no loss for unnecessary subsidiary areas). The single-section tower type houses were quite large and because they have great city planning maneuverability compared to extended sectional. Usually, these houses are erected in the reconstructed quarters, as well as in combination with houses of other types (sectional) and often smaller floors, which allows you to create a more picturesque silhouette of the development.

In fig. 38 shows a plan of the standard floor of a 9-storey large-scale residential building of the tower type with three two-bedroom and one three-bedroom apartments.

Corridian and gallery houses

The width of the corridors takes 1.4 m with their length to 40 m or 1.0 m with a greater length of the corridor.

In fig. 39 shows the plan of the sample floor of a 16-storey frame-panel residential house of the corridor type. On the floor are 1 one bedroom apartment, 4 two-room and 3 three-room.

In the southern regions to protect apartments from overheating, it is advisable to build houses of gallery type (Fig. 40). In these houses, apartments are located on one side of the open gallery, the width of which should be at least 1.2 m. The windows of the apartments in gallery houses are drawn to two sides to ensure end-to-end ventilation, which in the conditions of the south is a mandatory, and urban-planning maneuverability of buildings. In addition, open gallery creates a greater connection of the apartment with nature and protect them from overheating. In each apartment between residential rooms And the gallery has a kitchen, bathroom, front. In addition, residential premises are isolated from the noisy part of the house - gallery.

Hostel

The number of places (beds) in the residential room should be more than three. Sleeping rooms are more common on two or three people. Rooms on one or two people provide less on economic considerations.

The size of residential rooms in the hostels should be taken in view of compliance with minimum distances: between the long sides of the beds - 0.5 m, and between their headings - 0.4 m, from the outer walls or stoves to the long side of the beds - 0.3 m, For the central pass between the rows of beds - 1.1 m. The width of the residential room must be at least 2.2 m. The area of \u200b\u200bthe rooms is determined at the rate of 6 m 2 per person.

In residential rooms, there are built-in wardrobes for dresses and linen, from each living room there should be an independent way out into a common corridor directly or through the gateway front. Doors from residential rooms in the corridor must be opened inside the rooms.

The area of \u200b\u200bkitchen-cubes on floors should be taken depending on the compability of the floor.

More commonly distributed Corridian hostel planning system with three-role constructive scheme With two rows of internal columns (Fig. 41). Less build a sectional system in the USSR, in which the inputs in residential rooms are provided from a separate small corridor-anterior with an output from it directly to the staircase.

IN big cities It is possible to build a dormitories with a capacity of 1500 seats and more. For example, in Moscow, a 20-storey building of the dormitories of students of the Moscow Hydraulic Institute with a capacity of 1800 people was designed.

The hostel building consists of three volumes located at right angles (Fig. 42). Increased hostel's floors is due to the need to place the building in a small area.

Model floors (from the 3rd to 20th) consist of three blocks, in each of which 32-34 student will live. The decision taken isolates and disaggregates the living quarters and makes it possible to reduce the length of the corridors and better to illuminate them with natural light.

Two types of residential cells are designed. The main type (for five people) consists of anterior with a niche for outerwearseparate sanitary assembly With a shower and two residential rooms for two or three people. The second type is a double cell with the same amenities intended for family students or graduate students.

In each residential floor block, a kitchen-dining room with electric stoves is designed. The first two floors and the ground floor are designed for service premises.

The frame-type building, the modular pitch of the columns in the transverse direction 6-2 - 6l, in the longitudinal 6-3 m. The walls are made of mounted ceramzite-concrete panels. The authors of the project I. Lovheiko, Y. Gaigarov, E. Taranova.

Low-rise residential buildings of a manor type

A combination of two apartments in one house makes it possible to reduce the cost of each apartment by 5-6% and save 10-12% of fuel compared to one-quarters.

In fig. 44 shows two quarters brick house With furnace heating, water supply and sewage.

One-storey houses are sometimes designed with an attic (Fig. 45). The unit of the area in the house of the attic type is cheaper than in a single-storey house of the same size, by 12-13%. In the practice of state rural construction, stone sectional residential buildings up to 4-5 floors are currently common.

In section houses, the entrances to the apartments are arranged from common staircases, that is, tenants may not have a direct connection with their land plots. Therefore, in cases where the population of the house is interested in individual household plots, it is advisable to build multi-apartment blocked houses, usually two-storey (Fig. 46). In these buildings, efficiency is successfully combined with the features of an individual house, in which each apartment has a separate access to a separate land plot.

Artistic tasks of designing residential buildings. The appearance of residential buildings should express the specifics of their destination, to be beautiful, and all elements of the building are harmoniously connected. At the same time, artistic traditions of the population living in the area of \u200b\u200balleged construction, as the beauty of architecture, each people have its own characteristics. Examples include various artistic techniques of Uzbeks in the peoples of the Baltic States.

Features of architecture should already be laid in layout of buildings and supported by volume and spatial decisions of both apartments and the entire appearance of the building based on national artistic traditions, including favorite color combinations. It should always be remembered that in the depths of these traditions there are such significant material factors as natural and climatic conditions (temperature, character of precipitation), which have enormous influence on household traditions and artistic thinking.

The main means of the architectural composition of modern typical houses that give a variety of building residential complexes include, besides beautiful proportions, various methods of textured and color finishes of external walls in combination with a variety of composite techniques of windows, inputs, balconies and loggias.

The facades of the buildings must have a suitable scale and be lyric.

Rhythmic plan members and a clear interrelation of apartment premises must be expressed in the external forms of the building - in the rhythm of windows, balconies, staircases in t. Sizes, shape and distribution of windows that have a big impact on the architectural appearance of the building should be taken in accordance with artistic and the practical requirements of lighting and venting the premises. On the facade of the building should not be any randomly located and functionally not justified elements.

Color has great importance and the conditions for typical building residential buildings in any areas. Color tools can be largely variedated by the type of houses, give the kindness and attractiveness to the entire residential complex. In modern typical residential buildings Industrial construction usually produce color painting of such buildings such as balconies, flowerhouses under windows, inputs that contrast with the main tone of the wall. Large planes of facades are treated according to the method of color contrasts. For example, the ends of houses overlooking the highway, paint in bright colorcontrasting the main light background of the facades.

An important means of providing painting, artistic diversity of an ensemble of a typical development of microdistrict is the art of placement of buildings in blocks by combining buildings of various floors and destination, as well as the inclusion and ensemble of landscaping, water pools, the use of the natural landscape and taking care of the city planner.

The new building of the medical center is located near the Moscow Zoo and the Krasnopresnenskaya Highness, at the intersection of the Red Presnya and the Small Georgian street, on the site of the Kitchen Factory, built in the second half of the twenties architect Sergey Kuraktsev. Kitchen building, as well as several small neighboring buildings, for a long time belonged to the city hospital number 32. Then since 2006 it was empty, gradually the windscreen, so far, after a long negotiations of the Customer "Medsigroup" with the city authorities, in November 2013, there was no ambiguous decision to demolish the constructivist house. Instead, a new modern, equipped with a private medical center was built on the latter technique. The customer pledged to allocate a stake near the city hospital, and the architecture of the new building decide in the spirit of Soviet constructivism - in memory of the lost object.

As a general proofer, Kapstrojprökt was invited, which was engaged in the implementation of the project, and developed its planning structure. The authors of the architecture of the new building and, in particular, his facades were chosen in a closed contest, in which not only Russian, but foreign bureaus participated. Karen Saprichyan, Head of the GrandproektSiti workshop, together with Alexander Asadov offered a compromise version based on the modern interpretation of the motives of late constructivism. "We sought to preserve the spirit of the place," says Karen Saprichyan, "and show respect for the existing urban environment of the Krasnopresnensky district, the development of which was actively formed in the period 1930-1980s. Today, the most notable building of the area - built in 1928 Gosstraga Department Store Brothers Spring. In addition, the stylistics of the late constructivism seemed to us the most relevant for a medical institution: it is so solved, say, the Kremlin clinic on the Vozdvizhenka or Polyclinic RAO Railways. " The competition was won and the authors began to design.

In the first embodiment, proposed by architects, allusions on late constructivism were quite strong: a rounded ears, leaving the red Presnya, large windows and dual semi-colonges, horizontal belts of the eaves resembled, in particular, the buildings of Ivan Fomin. City authorities project approved. The customer, however, did not agree with the proposal, coordinated and even received Agr: the building associated with high-quality medicine of the new millennium, according to his conviction, should not have reminded the Soviet architecture, but, on the contrary, belong to the new century, pointing to his view of the latest technology. The customer even planned to implement another project, with fully glass facades.

The second and final version, which organized all the participants in the process, is less reminded of architectural avant-garde and early neoclassic, but architects added alluzi to Openwork House Andrei Burov on Leningradsky Avenue. The same concrete mesh protruding from glass, with a metal frame, the "inner" surface; Only here the glasses are more, the jumpers are spread wider, combining places, as accepted in our time, two floors. The same predominance of verticals - but here they are less likely, and not covered with the imitation of the Venetian marble, as it was at the Burov, but a thin rust. By the way, Rust, relief blades, the "lamination" of the facade with ribbed, recessed horizontals, become a reaction to the urban environment, falling into a resonance with the visible from here in the perspective of the Krasnopresnenskaya height of the Archina-MoDoyanta.

The bas-reliefs are made of sculptural clay in full size: from 3.5 to 8 meters on the author's sketches of Karen Saprichyan. I molded and manufactured them as a team of "GrandprojectSiti". "Figure options - tells the author, it was a lot: an abstract, echoing with the design of the portals of railway tunnels in Adler, performed by me to the 2014 Olympics; Vegetable, simple geometric and others. " Openwork reliefs, I must say, turned out to be almost the perfect solution to the problem of a combination of historical contextualism, in which architects wanted to remain, and the sharp modernity, which insisted the customer - as you know, little is so relevant in the architecture of our time, as a moderately abstract ornament. In other words, the panels made a building at the same time historical, and modern. For the work of the Bureau of Karen Saprichian, the architect-sculptor, this decision is also very characteristic, it can be said that in this case the feature of the author's hand writing helped to quickly overcome the whole knot of contradictions, at the same time having gone the building recognizable "highlight."

In general, the architectural solution here is built on a combination of greenish glass - this is the branded color of Medica by brand beech, which allowed the authors to use the "color" as an argument and largely advanced the process of coordination with the customer, - with bright, similar to the stone architectural glass, The embossed mesh forming on the facades, which, on the longitudinal facades, combines visually for two floors, and on the street end changes its rhythm, outlining each floor. According to the architects, they deliberately varied various architectural elements using them "with different pressure": more restrained in the yard and more active "at important visual points" from the streets - all this is designed to create the necessary contrast and form accents within some community communities .

One of the notable plastic techniques is inherited from the initial option - this is a semicircular erker, addressed towards the high-rise, hanging down at the bottom of the neat console and deliberately unrelated to the level of the roof - recognizable quotation. The corner of the crossroads fills the protrusion with a smooth rounding.

The main entrance, located in the middle of the Plate of the building from the side of the Small Georgian, on the contrary, emphasize the light ledge - the facade is shifted by a wide angle like the book (remember the Kalininsky prospectus, he is also a new Arbat, or the CEV building, although the similarity is less literally). In the place of the fracture, the facade becomes predominantly glass, and thin embossed inter-storey eaves of the left and right half of the building are broken, meeting the hands taken into the castle - through one. Thus, through the distinction of the rhythm and the alternation of the two-storey bands, the architects managed to visually smash the extended building for two volumes, as if fragile the lobby on the hinge. From the court in this key place - the ledge.

An important role in creating an individual image image is played by architectural illumination, with which the authors detect the structure of the facades, emphasize the individuality of plastic receptions. Openwork slot panels received a special "bonus" - RGB highlighting in a full light spectrum; It delicately focuses inserts, without destroying the integrity of the facade fabric.

The complex in Presnya managed to build very quickly, despite the difficulties of the site and the problems associated with the demolition of the existing home. Construction began in 2014, and in the second half of 2015 the Center promises to open for patients. Visitors will be available to all branches - from therapy to allergology and immunology. There is also a day hospital, operational and diagnostic blocks. For the capital, it is a step forward in the development of medicine, albeit paid, and for the urban environment - a kind of vaccination, an example of almost literal, visually reflexed "excorment" memories of the old with novelty ideas.