Quality features are of social character. Common traits of character. Adjectives characterizing a person

The work was carried out in the framework of the NIR Templana Project No. 383: "Employees of the industrial and scientific and technical sphere in the conditions of monogorod (on the example of the Sociological analysis of Tolyatti)"

Social character complex, multifaceted and ambiguous phenomenon affecting the foundations of a social system and explaining the behavior of various social groups to help anticipate their behavior in various situations. The main difficulties associated with the consideration of the concept of a social character are heterogeneous interpretations of the social nature of the individual, weak continuity of theoretical approaches associated with the belonging of the concept to the interdisciplinary area of \u200b\u200bknowledge. Despite the diversity of existing scientific work on this topic, most only partially affect the concept of social personality. In science, there is still no unity in understanding this concept and the possibilities of its use in modern society, therefore the interpretation of the concept of "social character" must be considered in relationships with specific theories.

First of all, social character is a very important part of the nature of the individual along with its individual character and natural features and closely interacts with them. Social character is resistant and integrity, allows you to bind the behavior of people into a single characteristic orientation, to identify its common orientation. "Social character includes both relatively stable, deep, unconscious characteristic features and behavioral - more superficial, conscious. At the same time, the unconscious features show themselves more consistently and stable, constituting the core of a social nature and explaining the social behavior of the person.

The content of the social unconscious is "displaced" material, which is not individual, and common to most members of this society. Such "displaced social material" includes the desires and aspirations of a person incompatible with social requirements, they are expressed in such unproductive characteristics such as sadism-masochism, tanatophilia, authoritarianism, destructivism, narcissism, irrationalism. Conscious behavioral orientations include personality orientation on individualism, collectivism, economic behavior, degree of political involvement, religious installations, labor orientations, cultural values. Conscious and unconscious social traits are formed in the personality in the framework of the structure of its needs, the given personalities "from nature" (i.e., the most fundamental), which include the relationship between the individual with other people, the identity relationship to material values, religious and spiritual values , to power, to work, socialization.

Thus, a social structure can be represented as interdependent concentric circles. The external circle represent existing socio-historical conditions affecting the content of the needs of the person. Next, a circle of fundamental needs, through which social traits appear. Then - the most labile and dynamic part of a social character - behavioral features. Finally, the central circle is the most rooted characteristic unconscious features of a social character, as well as the degree of its fruitfulness. "

Along with certain features and character qualities, you can allocate general way to adapt personality to social medium- Social type of character character. When determining the type of character, it is distinguished by the essential and similar in the characters of individuals, which determines the overall style of their livelihoods.

Comparison of a social character with other sociological concepts includes a comparative analysis of a social concept with such phenomena as a national character, mentality, personality type, value orientation, installation.

The difference between the concepts of social character and national nature is the most controversial issue, however, they must be divided into expansion of social space outside the national community in the context of globalization. The concept of "national character", that is, the historically established combustibility of sustainable psychological traits of the nation that determine the usual behavior manor and the typical way of life of people in special territorial conditions is based on the influence of the national environment per person. While the concept of "social character" reflects the impact on the person of the epoch, in which various nations and state coexist, and its content is revealed in the study of the socio-typical properties of people of this era, regardless of their national affiliation.

"The concept of" mentality "is also very vague in science. The mentality is a projection of society in the context of its history of personality, while a lesser extent takes into account the personal and fundamental projection on society, while the concept of a social character unites both components. The concept of social nature also correlates with the category "Personality" category with a generally accepted category. If the concept of "personality type" focuses on the embodiment in the individual of public relations, then the fundamental nature of a person, social start and individual, are manifested in the category "Social character" in organic unity. The concept of "installation" organically fits into the concept of a social character, while the set of installations involves the occurrence of a qualitatively new structure, the so-called "syndrome", which forms one or another orientation of a social character. "

Thus, the phenomenon of the social character of the personality fundamentally neither to one of the listed concepts, but they are interconnected and affect each other.

The concept of "social character" - in the concepts developed in the framework of the psychoanalytic direction in sociology to explain the interaction between the individual and society, the influence of socio-economic and cultural factors on the formation of a human nature, the role of the psychological factor in the social process. Social character is a kind of holistic unconscious structure that motivates the behavior of members of society and gives it to one degree or another general focus and consistency. Thus, social character performs important biological and social functions: it replaces the system of instincts in humans, frees it from thinking of each action; Allows the individual to act consistently, makes his behavior predictable; Social concepts arose on the basis of a dynamic concept of character developed by Freud, who established a distinction between character and behavior.

The most influential concepts of a social character are developed by E. Frohm and D. Risman.

Erich Fromm proposes to consider as a binder between a person and society a certain type of social character in which various conscious and unconscious installations are interrelated and which usually occurs as a result of some sociocultural shift.

Character, frekdom, acts as a substitute, deputy animal instincts. It is socially in origin, but "embedded" in person and has forced strength for her. Submitting the attractions of character, people wish what society wants from them, hate what is contrary to his ideology. They support their senses of self-identity, rooted and satisfy other existential needs in the way that is beneficial for society. This maintains stability in the relationship between people, reliability in their obligations. Society is more interested in ensuring that its members want to do what they have to do, rather than they clearly realize what they do. Social character relies on the unconscious, the irrational basis and serves as a "drive belt" from society to personality. It is a more efficient and reliable means than moral debt or coercion.

A character as a tool of social control is little dependent on intellectual and moral development, educational level of personality and provides a quick, "ungrade" response to a certain type of situations.

The social character of the personality, by ferry, is formed due to the experience of life in a working system of a social system. "Freedom of initiative, democracy, the legal state form an active, self-confident, disciplined and rational-minded person. The totalitarian state brings up an authoritarian person, which Fromm calls the Sado-Mazochist. This personality is incapable of democratic equal cooperation and effectively operates only in the system of domination-subordination. Of course, with any system, due to the diversity of the initial temperatures and the conditions of microenvas, the individuals of various types are formed: "authoritarian", "conformal", "recipe-dependent". However, the characters that do not meet the requirements of the system are either destroyed or are on the periphery of public life. " Social character is a product of various ideologies and religions, in which ideological positions are enshrined, sense plants and beliefs. The ideology is for the rule of the elite tool to control the masses, their moods.

Thus, the behavior of a person in its most common and predictable aspects is determined by ferrym, social character. Social character occupies in the motivational structure of the personality the interim between the "external" layer of social roles, which change together with the change of status, and the "inner" layer of existential values, such as faith, love, hope, which are highly individualized and may not depend on the roles Nast of character. The prevailing types of characters are formed under the influence of sustainable environmental factors, as a result of the entire "psychoistoria" of the people.

E. Fromm draws attention to the following functional features of a social character.

First, he plays a regulatory role in the structure of the psyche. Installations and orientations regulate the satisfaction of natural needs. A person can live in poverty, but not to experience psychological discomfort, if the dominant nature settings are satisfied.

Secondly, social attitudes correspond to hierarchies of social values. The vital energy of the social group or even the whole people is "sealing", that is, discharged through certain "channels": labor, war, prayer, love, festivities, steps. For the mass of people, the satisfaction of social settings is, according to fermma, urgent need. And if there are no "digits" channels, then tensions increase and the social explosion is likely.

Thirdly, an information function of a social character is important, which includes not only emotional-volitional, but also cognitive elements. The ideas that reinforce existing beliefs and habits are absorbed.

Social Social Theory explains the role of "human factor" in social processes, predicts mass behavior and identifies the mediating units between the economy and the ideology. Some types of social characteristics of the personality serve as a support of despotism or anarchy, contribute to the spiritual destruction of the personality, others give an impetus to creative and revive movements.

E. Fromm under the concept of social character meant the "character structure of character, common to most representatives of the same culture, as opposed to an individual character that distinguishes people belonging to one culture from each other.

Regarding the social character inherent in the middle of the 20th century, E.Fromm allocated the following features:

1) the transition from the accumulative orientation of the XIX century, based on the consumption of things in increasing numbers and desire to have things to perceive orientation, the purpose of which is to continuously receive, acquire something new, constantly surprise;

2) alienated attitude towards consumption defining ways to use free time;

3) the attitude of a person to its neighbor, as the relationship of two abstractions using each other living machines, selfish interest;

4) the attitude of a person to itself, based on market orientation: the feeling of a thing that should find successful application on the market;

5) the rutinization and displacement from the consciousness of a person the fundamental problems of human existence;

6) The main driving force of a modern person is the need for an exchange that has become an end in itself and penetrated from the economy to other areas of life;

7) "Balance" approach to a person's life is life either "failure" or "success."

The representative of the American Sociological School David Risman, focused on a structural presentation of a social character. He considers the historical change in social character, taking into account the most important social spheres - economic, political, cultural, demographic, social and psychological.

Risman defines social character as follows: "This is a part of the" character ", shared by significant social groups, and to identify many modern social scientists, is a product of the life experience of these groups. Such an understanding of a social nature allows us to talk about the nature of classes, groups, countries and nations. I will consume the term "method of conformity" as the synonym for the term "social character".

Depending on the specifics of the method of conformity of the members of these societies and the degree of potential of population growth in them, D. Risman proposed the following social typology of various societies:

1) oriented on-tradition. The society of high population growth potential forms social character from its typical representatives, which is achieved due to their tendency to follow the tradition. This is a pre-industrial society associated with agriculture, hunting, fishing and mineral mining. This society is consistent with the conservative type, its representatives of conforms are focused on traditions, established samples of behavior in the clan, caste.

2) oriented to themselves. The society of transitional growth of the population forms social character from its typical representatives, which is achieved by their trend towards the acquisition in the early stages of the life of an initialized system of purposes. The life of society is associated with industrial production. This is how "from the inside-oriented" person is created - strong, purposeful, enterprising, inclined to innovations and changes.

3) oriented on-other. The society of the beginning of the population forms social character from its typical representatives, which is achieved due to their tendency to be susceptible to the expectations and preferences of others. Society lives trade, communications and services. "From the outside oriented person", in which there is no strong independent "I", especially "above-I"; This is a standardized and impersonal figure, the object of manipulation and the result of the alienation. In the personality of this type there is a desire for truly human manifestations, but the entire external influence system prevents it in this in this.

D. Risman believed that all the named types of characters coexist in modern society, however, the proportion and influence of each of them are different, they depend on economic, social, demographic factors. He considers social characters from the standpoint of liberal criticism aimed against bureaucracy, consumer society; concerning different spheres of life - labor, games, education, leisure, religion, power, freedom and so on.

Robert Merton, from the point of view of structural functionalism, analyzing the theory of anomy (the situation of disharmony between cultural goals and institutional means of their achievement) assesses not the behavior of the person as a whole, but its behavior in a separate sphere: economics, politics, family, and so on.

Thus, the personality typology created by him refers to the social structure of society and records socio-cultural influences:

1) "Conformist" takes both cultural goals and institutional funds approved in society, and is a loyal member of society;

2) "Novator" is trying to achieve cultural goals in non-relational means;

3) "Ritualist" takes institutional funds that absolutes, but the goals to which he should strive with the help of these funds ignores or forgets;

4) "Isolated Type" leaves both from cultural, traditional purposes and from institutional funds necessary to achieve them;

5) "The rebel" is in indecision relative to both the means and cultural purposes.

The most striking example of the main personality is a social character of a certain historical period, the theory of an authoritarian personality, developed by theorists of the Frankfurt sociological school, can be theory. For the first time, the problem of a special, authoritarian type of social character was raped by E. Fromm, but the further development of this topic received in the works of T. Adorno, M. Horkhaymer and other representatives of the Frankfurt school.

In the work of "authoritarian personality" were subjected to a comprehensive study of the psychological aspects of this problem; The purpose of the study was to identify the "elements of the identity of the modern person who predispose him to the reactions of hostility to racial and religious groups." During the study, a steady correlation was demonstrated between racial and ethnic prejudices and certain depth features, forming, according to Horkheimer, "New Anthropological Type" of a person, which emerged in the 20th century - authoritarian type of personality.

1) conventionalism - following the traditions of the ordinary manual due to the non-formation of values;

4) Intraceptiveness is increased sensitivity, soft, sentimentality, the absence of it is manifested in intolerance to soft, fantasies, etc. This is the result of a close frame of consciousness. A person is afraid of his own feelings and thoughts, what "will be broken" and so weak values. The opposite feature is anti-traceptivity;

5) superstition and stereotype - the tendency to shift responsibility to external forces and think in tough categories;

6) "Power" and "Power" - compensation of weakness by demonstrative force;

7) destructiveness and cynicism - aware of aggressiveness, expressed in disbelief into constructive decisions, in the absence of faith in ideals;

8) excessive intolerance and hypocrigere regarding sex;

9) Projection - as the prevailing protective mechanism.

Additional features: the inability to recognize the guilt, the desire to consider interpersonal relationships in the terms of power, status, not friendship and love, sadomasochism.

Russian scientist Boris Sergeevich Bratus created his typological model of psychological types of personality in Russian and Soviet cultures. "Based on the dominant method of attitude towards yourself and another person, several principal levels were allocated in the personality structure.

The first level is egocentric. It is determined by the preferential desire only to his own convenience, benefit, prestige.

The next, qualitatively different level - group-centric. A person, which, to this level, identifies himself with any group and his attitude towards other people closely depends on whether these others enter into his group or not.

The next level we will call promial or humanistic. For a person who reaches this level, the attitude to another is no longer determined by the only one - it belongs to a certain group or not. Each person, even if not, who are not part of my group, implies self-relief and equality of its rights, freedoms and duties.

However, there is another one above this high level. It can be called spiritual or eschatological. At this stage, a person begins to realize and look at himself and other not as finite and mortal beings, but both on the creatures of a special kind, related, similar to that, correlated with the spiritual world. As on beings, the life of which does not erect along with the end of the Earth's life. In other words, this is a level, in which the subjective relations of a person with God are being solved, a personal communication formula is established. "

B.S. Brother believes that all four levels, one way or another, are present, cohabit in each and at some moments, at least episode, one level is more situationally, and in some - the other. However, it is quite possible to talk about some typical profile for a given person, typical aspiration.

So, we reviewed various scientific approaches in determining the concept of "social character" and its functions, as well as well-known typologies of social characteristics in a sociological and socio-psychological bed. Based on the concepts of concepts and definitions, the following generalizing definition of a social character of the personality can be distinguished - this is the core of the nature structure characteristic of the majority of representatives of this culture, reflecting the basic values \u200b\u200bof this culture and performing constant pressure in the direction of a certain cultural model, which includes relatively sustainable, depth, unconscious Character features explaining the social behavior of the person. But since the social character is inextricably linked to the society of its formative, it is necessary to closely consider the concepts describing modern society, in particular the concepts of the post-industrial and information society.

Tanatophilia (from Greek. "Thanatos" is death) - the term introduced by E. Frome to designate the identity orientation to self-destructive behavior, literally, the subconscious desire for death.

Studying the characteristics of a certain person's character, you can identify what qualities characterize the person. The basis of their manifestation is the impact of individual experience, knowledge, abilities and capabilities of people. The list of biological features includes congenital human characteristics. The remaining quality of personality acquired as a result of vital activity:

• Sociality

Means incorruptibility to the individual, biological characteristics of people, saturation of socio-cultural content.

• Uniqueness

The uniqueness and originality of the inner world of a separate individual, its independence and the impossibility of attributing to one or another social or psychological type.

• Transcendence

The willingness to go beyond your "limits", constant self-improvement as a way of being, faith in the possibility of developing and overcoming foreign and internal obstacles to its goal and, as a result, incompleteness, inconsistency and problemability.

• Integrity and subjectivity

Internal unity and identity (equality itself) in any life situations.

• Activity and subjectivity

The ability to change itself and the conditions of its existence, independence from the surrounding conditions, the ability to be a source of own activity, the cause of actions and recognition of responsibility for the affected things.

• Moral

The basis of interaction with the surrounding world, willingness to relate to other people as a higher value, equivalent to their own, and not as a means of achieving goals.

List of qualities

The personality structure includes temperament, volitional qualities, ability, character, emotions, social installations and motivation. As well as the following qualities:

• Independence;
• Intellectual self-improvement;
• Communication;
• Kindness;
• Hardworking;
• Honesty;
• Dedication;
• A responsibility;
• Respect;
• Confidence;
• Discipline;
• Humanity;
• Mercy;
• Curiosity;
• Objectivity.

Personal qualities of a person make up internal perception and external manifestations. External manifestation includes a list of indicators:

• congenital or acquired artistry;
• attractive external data and style sense;
• abilities and distinct speech pronunciation;
• competent and sophisticated approach to.

The main qualities of the person (its inner world) can be classified for a number of signs:

• a comprehensive assessment of the situation and the lack of conflicting information perception;
• inherent love of people;
• unbiased thinking;
• positive form of perception;
• wise judgment.

The level of these indicators determines the individual features of the studied.

Structure of individual qualities

To more accurately determine the quality of the personality of a person, its biological structure should be highlighted. It consists of 4 levels:

1. Temperament including the characteristics of the genetic predisposition (nervous system).
2. The degree of unique mental processes allowing to identify personal qualities of a person. The level of individual perception, imagination, manifestations of volitional signs, feelings and attention affects the level of individual perception.
3. The experience of people characterized by knowledge, abilities, opportunities and habits.
4. Public orientation indicators, including the attitude of the subject to the external habitat. The development of personal qualities is the guide and regulatory factor of behavior - interests and views, beliefs and attitudes (a state of consciousness based on the previous experience, regulating relations and), moral norms.

The features of people characterizing their temperament

Congenital quality of personality form him as a social being. The behavioral factors, the type of activity and the circle of communication are taken into account. The category shared 4 concepts: Sanguine, melancholic, choleric and phlegmatic.

• Sanguine -, easily adjusted under a new habitat and overcoming obstacles. Persistence, responsiveness, openness, cheerfulness and leadership are the main features of the person.
• Melancholic is weak and low-luminous. Under the influence of strong stimuli, there are violations in the behavior, manifested by a passive attitude to any activity. The closure, pessimism, anxiety, a tendency to reasoning and physiciability - characteristic features of melancholic.
• Cholerics are strong, unbalanced, energetic identity quality. They are hot-tempered and unrestrained. Sensibility, impulsiveness, emotionality and instability - explicit indicators of restless temperament.
• Phlegmatic - balanced, inert and slow person, not prone to change. Personal indicators perform in easy overcoming negative factors. Reliability, goodwill, peacefulness and prudence - distinctive features of calm people.

Individual character traits

The character is a set of features of the individual, which manifest themselves in different types of activities, communication and relations with people. The development of personal qualities is formed against the background of the vital processes and the kind of people's activities. For a more accurate assessment of the nature of people, behavioral factors should be studied in detail in specific circumstances.

Varieties of character:

• cycloid - change of mood;
• the hypertension of the accentuation lies in high activity, the university of affairs to the end;
• asthenic - capricious and depressive personal qualities;
• sensitive - timid person;
• exteroid - leadership and vanity deposit;
• distitute - focused on the negative side of current events.

Individual people's abilities

Individual psychological qualities of the individual contribute to the achievement of success and perfection in certain activities. They are determined by public and historical personality practices, the results of the interactions of biologically mental indicators.

There are different levels of abilities:

1. ottoman;
2. talent;
3. genius.

The development of the algorithm of personal qualities and the abilities of people is characterized by the ability to learn new in the mental sphere. Special features are manifested in a specific form of activity (musical, artistic, pedagogical, etc.).

Voloy traits of people

Adjustment of behavioral factors associated with overcoming internal and external discomfort allows identifying personal qualities: the level of effort and plans for action, concentration in a given direction. The will manifests itself in the following properties:

• - level of effort to achieve the desired result;
• perseverance is the possibility of mobilization to overcome trouble;
• exposure - the ability to limit feelings, thinking and action.

Courage, composure, commitment - personal qualities of volitional people. They are classified for simple and complex acts. In a simple case, the motivation to action is flowed in its execution automatically. Complex acts are carried out on the basis of the preparation of the plan and accounting of consequences.

Human feelings

The resistant attitude of people to real or imaginary objects occur and form on the basis of cultural and historical levels. Only the methods of their manifestation are changing, based on historical eras. Individual.

Personal motivation

Motives and motives that contribute to activation of actions are formed from. Stimulating identity qualities are conscious and unconscious.

They manifest themselves in the form:

• striving for success;
• avoiding troubles;
• obtaining power and others.

How to manifest themselves and how to recognize personality properties

Personal qualities of the individual are determined by analyzing behavioral factors:

• self-esteem. manifest themselves in relation to themselves: modest or confident, arrogant and self-critical, decisive and brave, people with a high level of self-control or braveness;
• evaluation of the relationship of an individual to society. There are different degrees of the relationship between the subject with representatives of the Company: honest and fair, sociable and polite, tactful, rough, etc.;
• a unique personality is determined by the level of interest in the employment, educational, sports or creative sphere;
• finding out the position of the personality in society occurs in the close relationship of the opinion of it;
• when studying psychological factors, special attention is paid to memory, thinking and attention characterizing the development of personal qualities;
• observations for the emotional perception of situations allows us to evaluate the reaction of the individual when solving problems or its absence;
• measuring the level of responsibility. The main qualities of a serious personality are manifested in work in the form of a creative approach, enterprise, initiatives and bringing things to the desired result.

An overview of the individual properties of people helps to create a common picture of behavior in the professional and social sphere. Under the notion of "personality", a person is opposed to individual properties caused by the public environment. These include personal features: intelligence, emotions and will.

Grouping of signs that contribute to identity recognition:

• subjects that are aware of the availability of social traits inherent;
• people participating in the social and cultural life of society;
• personal qualities and character of a person are easy to determine in social relationships through communication and labor;
• personality, clearly aware of their peculiarity and significance in the public.

Personal and professional qualities of a person are manifested in the formation of worldview and internal perception. The individual is always asked by philosophical issues of life, its significance in the public. He has his ideas, views and life positions affecting

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The Company has an impact on the formation of a social character. The doctrine of the social character of fromma is the rod of the radical-humanistic psychoanalysis of fromm. Social character is the core of the structure of the individual. (Let's remind you: Freud's personality structure: over me - I am; it is the basis that causes the behavior factor).

Froms brought several types of social character:

1. Receptive (passive, masochist)- People hope for the help of others in solving their problems, therefore, accuse others if something is wrong; depend on authorities; Do not take responsibility for their own actions; shift their responsibility on others.

2. OPERATORY (SADIST)- A person seeks to get the desired force from others or cunning on the basis of the principle: I will make others live according to the same principles for which I live. He is communicating, quickly makes it work for himself, may ask for help when she is needed (he cannot refuse), but quickly forgets that others helped him.

3. Cumulative (crucial, destructive) - Organizes its life thoroughly, at home - a warehouse from the right and unnecessary things, its orientation is challenging, that is, as much as possible to bring to the house and to give out to others as much as possible, not only material items, but love. Orientation - possession.

4. Market (Conformist) - Market orientation. Lives according to the principle - and what I will be for it than you pay. A person with such character seeks to preserve the demand for itself under all conditions that develop the personality market. This character is formed by the market. Man is also considered as a exchange value. This is a very adaptive personality, but for social adaptation, normal people pay their own individuality. The market type does not know how to love or hate really, does not experience deep attachment towards him, nor to others, no one values, nor by any other. Market character is a dominant character in modern European society.

5. Perceiving - Good and responsive people who will rejoice more than you and laugh stronger. Live the life of others.

6. Necrophiliac - destructivists to the highest degree. Everything is tragic around them. Live more in the world of fantasies, religious and esoteric theories.

1-6 - unproductive, destroying.

7. Social (sociophilic) - chooses love to resolve its inner contradiction; immense love for people and humanity. This type of character is the most constructive, creative, harmonious (see Froch E. "Art Love"). (Parental love, fraternal, maternal, erotic, love for yourself, love for God).

The reason for the formation of one or another nature is in society.

Social character performs two functions:

1. With regard to the individual - directs its actions and energy in the name of the functioning of this company in accordance with its practical needs and gives it psychological satisfaction from its activities;

2. With regard to society, adapting to social conditions, a person develops in itself those traits that encourage him to act just as he has to act. The function of stabilization of society.

Social character is a combination of sociocultural installations (orientations) and imitation standards, but nevertheless determine his behavior. Social character differs from an individual nature by the fact that social character is a certain type inherent in a certain majority of members of the same culture; While the individual character is varied in people of the same culture.

Human character is an analogue of an animal instinctive apparatus. It also determines human behavior and its attitude towards the outside world.

The fundamental difference from the instinctive animal program is that social character is formed by society and constitutes the psychological basis of the personality, that is, is rooted in its basic sociocultural needs. These needs are deeply in the human psyche and do not always be recognized.

If all people living in modern Western society suddenly realized that they live in a sick society, they do not have real freedom of self-realization, can not behave as they want and it seems that their life is meaningless - it would be difficult for him to live and right Function in this society.

Therefore, society does not allow the possibility of a realization by the person of his position in society. It forms such a type of social character that is beneficial to this society. And the person himself is happily fulfilling the tasks of society - its functioning and stability.

The leading role is fulfilled by the structure, that is, society: "The socio-economic structure forms the type of character in such a way that its members want to do what they should do, while satisfying from actions in accordance with the requirements of culture."

Along with certain features and character qualities, you can allocate the general way to adapt personality to the social environment - social type of character character. When determining the type of character, we highlight it essential and similar in the characters of individual people, which determines the overall style of their livelihoods.

On this basis, we allocated the following types of characters.

Harmonically holistic type It is distinguished by the resistance of the relationship and at the same time high enforcement care. A person with such a type of character does not have internal conflicts, his desires coincide with what he is doing. This is a sociable, volitional, principled person. People with a harmoniously holistic character preserve a system of their own values \u200b\u200bin all difficult circumstances of life. This type of a wrestling fighter for their ideals and principles. Not adapter, but a change in reality according to its ideals - this is the way to adapt these people.

The type of internally conflict, but externally harmoniously agreed with the medium It is characterized by inconsistency between internal motives and external behavior, which, consistent with the requirements of the medium, is carried out with a large voltage.

A person with such a type of character is inclined to impulsive actions, however, they constantly restrain the willars. The system of its relationship is stable, but communicative properties are not sufficiently developed.

People of this type have a complex correlation system of its value orientation with the terms of real reality. Distribution with the outside world, these people are overcome by internal tactical rearrangements, psychological sewn, devalizing the current events that do not fit into their value system, while maintaining the basic values \u200b\u200bof the individual, but not seeking to actively change the external circumstances. This is a type of wise contemplator exhausted from the everyday struggle.

Conflict type with reduced adaptation It is characterized by conflict between emotional motives and social responsibilities, impulsiveness, predominance of negative emotions, the underdevelopment of communicative properties, insufficient structure of self-consciousness. Separate connections with the world in people of this type are not included in any general behavioral system. The life of such people takes place in a simplified scheme: their changeable needs must, according to their own opinion, immediately satisfied without much effort.

The psyche of such individuals is not burdened with extensive experience, they do not care and the future. They are not hardened in the fight for existence. In childhood, they, as a rule, were subjected to hypertension, were surrounded by excessive care of the surrounding people. They are infant with infantality, invisible to overcome vital difficulties. The main mechanism of their vital activity is to obtain pleasure (hedonism). People of this type are all difficult situations perceive as a peptic conflict and resort to unconscious psychological fluid - distorted reflection of reality (whims, stubbornness, care to the world of dreams and fruitless dreams).

Variable type He indicates an external adaptability to the environment as a result of instability of positions, unprincipledness, a low level of personality development, the absence of a sustainable general method of behavior.

Baby, constant adaptability - surrogate plasticity behavior; It should not be mixed with genuine plasticity of behavior, with the ability to take into account the circumstances to achieve the main objectives, without retreating from social norms and requirements. People of this type are distinguished by the simplisticness of the inner world; Their struggle for existence is straightforward. They do not show doubt about achieving utilitarian purposes, do not have special internal limitations. They are known only one type of obstacles - external. The reality puzzles them only with the questions of the "technical" character - how to achieve how to achieve a greater number of momentary goods. This is the type of "realists": they are trying to fully satisfy their needs within the limits of really existing opportunities. Adaptation, adjustment, fitting the inner world to external circumstances is such a general way to adapt these people.

The basis of typological characterology can be laid and the leading orientation of the person. So, the well-known German philosopher and psychologist E. Spranger (1882-1963) allocates the following types of personality on their leading orientation.

Scientific

In its pure form, he knows only one passion - a passion for the problem, the issue that leads to the explanation, the establishment of ties, theorization. His experiences are divorced from real life: he can despair from the impossibility of learning, to join due to a purely theoretical discovery. It existed itself as a psychological being for the sake of generating a purely ideal world of natural ties. For him, only the purity of the methods of knowledge - the truth is at any cost. The world for him is infinite production of entities and a relationship system. In the most natural and pure form, this form of life is embodied in professional scientists, which, as a rule, come to the formulation of their vital problems as a result of free interest. But the preliminary steps of this kind of spiritual organization are found and independently of the professional affiliation, and perhaps they are much more distincting the structural features of the type than in large scientists, which are often very complex people.

Economic man

This is not necessarily a person associated with production. The most important thing is that the main motive determining the various spheres of personality and the nature of its existence is the motive of utility.

In general, the economic person is the one who in all life ties in the first place puts the utility. For him, everything becomes a means of maintaining life, the struggle for the existence and the best device of your life. It saves material, strength, time - just to extract from this maximum benefit. Rather, it would be possible to call it a practical person, since the entire field of technology is connected with the concept of economics. The meaning of his actions is not in the very activity, but in its useful effect.

Aesthetic man

Purely aesthetic behavior is unusual lust. Direct contact with the world is always painful, associated with the struggle for existence. But there is a second world, where the pain is as sweet, like fun, suffering is as spiritualized, like joy: this is the world of fantasy. We know that there are people surrounding themselves like fantasies through which they perceive reality.

When considering aesthetic type, we mean not so many artists who create material works, how many people who are creating themselves, possessing the internal structure of aesthetic type.

Social man

The special life form, which was called social, occurs when this need for self-denial for the sake of another becomes a leading vital need.

Social orientation in the highest manifestation - love. It can be a fundamental feeling facing the whole life. But it can also be directed to a separate subject or circle of objects and at the same time not to lose the nature of the leading need that defines all individual being. A separate person becomes a subject of love as a focus of values. You can love another person, because it opens the value of truth, or beauty, or holiness. Akin to such love is a passionate desire to gain life value, we have already known. But the essence of the love itself is even deeper: it remains something in itself, facing another life for the values \u200b\u200bconcluded in this life. It is ultimately determined by the fact that ultimately does not succumb to the wording, it can be said that love opens in another person - in one, several or many potential carriers of certain values \u200b\u200band finds the meaning of his own life in loyalty to these people.

Political man

A special case when the main thing for a person becomes power in itself.

Here we have the Totality of Most Most: Selfarness, Achieving Success, Life Strength, Energy of Genesis.

The political person seeks to high social status and only then, as a leader, in the rays of glory feels in its place.

Religious man

This is the one whose spiritual structure is constantly and fully aimed at achieving the highest meaning of life postulated by religion.

The behavior of religious people dominates altruistic orientation. The highest meaning of its existence they see in the noble gratuitous ministry to people - to help the victims, wounded, crumpled, weak, humiliated and lonely. The behavior of such people significantly exceeds the norm of social responsibility.

Religious dogmas are firmly introduced into the sphere of the superconsciousness of a religious person, covered by a complex intuitive mechanism - the mechanism of faith. The behavior of a religious person is modified - the ideas of good, love for a person are beginning to dominate in his psyche. It is characterized by the desire for scenes, and its possible guilty behavior is reorganized by the deep repentance and redemption of guilt with good deeds.

All major religious denominations of the world approve spirituality, morality, the highest ideals of human being, mobilize a person to a decent passage of the earthly path, postulate the unshakable laws of human life among people.