Brickwork. The basics. Types of masonry, purpose. Varieties of products and the level of wall thickness

Depending on the building material used, the walls of the house are subdivided into brick, concrete, frame, wood, stone and others. The most common in Russia arebrick walls.

Types of brick walls

There are two types of brick walls: and- choose a subtitle or read about.

Solid brick walls, thickness

It is better to start the masonry from the corners, raising them by 7-8 rows, and then lay the walls between them. It is necessary all the time to ensure that the rows are laid exactly horizontally, as well as the correct dressing. Before laying the brick, it is advisable to moisten its surface with water, this will provide better adhesion to the mortar. If in the future it is planned to plaster the wall, then the laying is carried out in such a way that the seams are not filled with mortar at the wall surface by about 1 cm.

Using wooden blocks with a thickness of 10 to 15 cm, lintels are made. To do this, the ends of the bar are covered with a layer of roofing material or bitumen and buried into the wall by about 20-25 cm.

It is also possible to make reinforced concrete lintels. To do this, you need to make a formwork corresponding to the thickness of the brick walls, and the length is 50 cm more than the width of the window or doorway. Further, in the formwork, a reinforcing mesh is placed, raised on small heights. The solution with which the mesh is poured should have a thickness of 7 cm with an opening that is less than 120 cm wide, with a larger width - 14 cm.

Hollow brick walls, thickness

Hollow brick walls look like two walls half a brick thick, which are fastened by vertical inserts of the same thickness every 70-100 cm. The space between the walls is filled with slags or other materials used for insulation.

At the level, as well as from the bottom of the openings and from above, horizontal bridges are made of bricks. Hollow brick walls are thickat not less than 40 cm, in frosts down to -15, if the air temperature drops to -20, then about 50 cm, and at lower rates, for example, -30 the thickness of the brick wall must be at least 60 cm.

The voids are filled with filler in layers having a size of about 15 cm, each layer should be tamped, and after 3 layers, fill with a cement solution.

The erection of walls is the main stage in the construction of a brick building. This requires professionalism, technical knowledge. The thickness of the masonry is the first thing that is determined at the design stage by the developer. The main characteristics of the future structure depend on this indicator:

• Strength;
• Durability;
• Thermal insulation.

For the growth of these indicators, the thickness of the outer partitions is not always increased. In addition to external partitions, there are also internal ones: load-bearing and dividing ones. What their performance will be depends, among other things, on external partitions. Therefore, it is important at the stage of drawing up a project, and not in the process of building a structure, to disassemble these nuances.

Brick floors have different levels of thickness, which vary between 12-64 cm. In this case, a 2-brick wall is more often used in the field of low-rise construction. This is due to the ability to provide the necessary stability, as well as the reliability of the building being erected. In addition, the double slab provides a high level of structural strength, even with a height of 5 floors. The wall thickness in accordance with GOST, when erected in this number of storeys and in temperate climatic zones, is at least 51 cm, in other words - masonry in several products.

Choosing the right masonry

When determining what thickness of brick walls should be, it is important to take into account a number of factors:

• Estimated load. In addition to the number of floors, the functional significance of the masonry also plays a significant role. In this case, it is determined which partitions will be load-bearing: internal or external;
• Climate. During the construction of structures, the ability to maintain the required temperature level inside the building is laid in them. In other words, the depth of the floors also depends on the ability to keep warm in the room in winter, even without the use of heating;
• Compliance with standards. The calculation, as well as the procedure for the construction of the building, is carried out in accordance with the current GOSTs. This will make the home safe to use;
• Aesthetic component. The masonry options used in construction have a different appearance. A wall laid out in 1 piece (thin) looks beautiful.

Types of masonry, purpose

Each type of wall construction method has its own characteristics that are suitable for a particular type of structure. Basic:

• Internal supporting structures have a width of more than 25 cm. For this, it is laid in length;
• The partitions used inside to divide the space into rooms, according to current standards, should have a thickness of at least 12 cm. To give additional rigidity, the seams are reinforced using ordinary wire;
• Keeping heat inside the building is a priority for the floors. For this, a masonry of two and a half bricks is used, whose thickness is 64 cm. But here it is important to remember about the increase in the mass of the building being erected in this case, which increases the requirements for the foundation;
• In the process of building houses in warm regions, laying in one and a half products is considered optimal;
• To build ancillary and households. buildings are wide enough for one product.

Varieties of products and the level of wall thickness

By their structure, there are two types:

1. Corpulent (an expensive option with high strength, as well as heat-conducting performance);
2. Hollow (less strong, cheaper, but due to the presence of voids inside, they retain heat well inside the premises).

They can have different depths, with standard indicators of length and width (250x120 mm):

• Single 65 mm;
• Half 12 mm;
• One and a half 88 mm;
• Double 138 mm.

Often, when the values ​​of the depth of overlap are planned to be of significant size, builders use large sizes of the products themselves (one and a half, double). For the construction of internal partitions of the house, single and half versions are used. The thickness level of the internal slabs is equal to 1/20 of the level of the ceiling height. In this case, when the height of the floor is 3 meters, the indicators of the walls start from 15 cm or more.

Correctness of calculations

Based on how correctly the thickness of the house partitions was calculated, the strength, stability, and also the reliability of the building being erected depend:

• The load-bearing elements must have this indicator at a level that ensures good stability of the entire building. Their task is to withstand the weight of all floors of the building, floors, any negative natural influences;
• Durability of the structure. This parameter is also important and depends on strict adherence to technological standards, taking into account the parameters of the terrain, climate;
• Heat and sound insulation. During the construction of a house wall, the level of thickness depends on the required level of insulation from external factors (sound and cold). Due to this, the effectiveness of these indicators depends on the level of thickness. But given the cost of such materials, it is not worth building floors thicker than the standards require. Better to create separate layers of protection.

How to reduce the cost

There is always a desire to make this process cheaper without reducing the operational characteristics of the future building. In this case, a technology called well masonry is used. Its meaning is to lay load-bearing walls in several rows. In this case, a distance of 25 cm should remain between them.Further, the space is filled with a porous material, for this it is used:

• Slag;
• Expanded clay, expanded polystyrene;
• Any kind of organic insulation;
• Concrete.

This allows you to reduce the total weight of the house, reduce the amount of brick required for construction, but at the same time increase the insulating characteristics of the wall. As a result, the brick wall will be strong, reliable and slightly thicker than the standard.

For each element of the building, it is recommended to use specific types of masonry, suitable specifically for it. So, for supporting structures, it is important that the wall thickness is 2 bricks. Conventional partitions in 1 brick, to save money and materials

One brick laying

Based on the type of product used for the construction of the building, the wall thickness of 1 brick is about 25 cm. This does not play a big role in the construction of internal non-bearing partitions for safety and strength. The solution used is important, it does not lead to jamming of the bricks. Most often used products standard size 250x120x65.

The main rule of such masonry is the use of high-quality dressings of vertical seams, which are overlapped by the next row of bricks. Thanks to this, it is possible not only to increase the stability and strength of such structures, but also to correctly distribute the load that is on the bricks. There are two types of dressings used for stitches:

• Vertical;
• Transverse. Allow to prevent the masonry from shifting, as well as its vertical stratification.

They try to lay a wall in 1 brick, strictly adhering to one chosen scheme. For example, a single-row system involves the alternation of masonry with the spoon part of the product, followed by the butt part. In addition, there is a seam across the masonry itself, which is shifted by half a brick.

Two brick masonry

Floor depth indicators vary between 12-64 cm.The following types of masonry are used:

• The wall thickness of one and a half bricks is 38 cm;
• Two bricks 51 cm;
• A wall of two and a half products is 64 cm.

Considering low level thermal conductivity of ceramic materials, the thickness of partitions in zones with a temperate climate is 51 cm and more. Therefore, the layout is carried out in 2 and 2.5 bricks. In addition, after the completion of the construction, the walls are insulated.

When choosing the thickness of the partitions required for a specific project, it is worth considering the differences in the strength of the types of building material. So, silicate products are not used for the construction of load-bearing elements, due to their low strength. But ceramics are suitable for this role. But they are best used to build a house where people will live permanently in order to reduce the level of temperature fluctuations inside the building. When it comes to summer cottage, where people periodically come, then it will take a long time to fully warm up the building.

Brick types

According to the composition, from which the brick "dough" is made, two main groups of modern bricks can be distinguished - ceramic and silicate. Each of these groups has its own characteristics. Bricks of increased strength or heat resistance (clinker, fireclay, etc.) are much less commonly used.
Ceramic brick has a reddish (terracotta) tint. The basis of the "dough" here is clay. To receive different colors In the course of making ceramic bricks, various types of clay are mixed. When using light clays rich in lime, even white ceramic bricks are obtained. However, such a brick due to high content lime loses its qualities, which distinguish it favorably from silicate, and cannot be used in the construction of a basement, a well or a chimney. Therefore, the most popular is the red clay brick. More dark color obtained by adding pigments (for example, manganese) to the mass, which do not affect the quality of the material. The area of ​​application of ceramic bricks is wide: the construction of walls and partitions, laying the foundation and basement, arranging chimneys and fireplaces, building wells.
In terms of external and strength qualities, ceramic bricks are ordinary (building) and front (facing, facade, finishing). The front one is more reliable and decorative: it is used for front masonry, which does not provide for further application of additional coating. It is incorrect to think that facing brick is only suitable for facing work. This material can be used for the construction of plinths, foundations and other structures that carry heavy loads and are subject to aggressive environmental influences. All side surfaces of finishing bricks are usually smooth, the texture (if any) plays a predominantly decorative role. The facing brick is hollow and solid. To improve the thermal insulation properties, a brick with voids is used. Facing bricks include shaped bricks (figured, profile).

To obtain a facing masonry uniform in color, facing bricks are bought immediately in the required volume, from the same batch, otherwise the shades of color may be different from each other. On different pallets from the same batch, the color may also slightly differ, therefore, the masonry is carried out simultaneously from three to four pallets.

Building mortars

Mortar in masonry is necessary to hold bricks together, since they cannot create a reliable structure only under the weight of their weight.
Solution for brickwork must be composed of binder, aggregate and solvent. By the type of binder, lime, cement and cement-lime mortars are distinguished. In turn, all these solutions can be prepared with different component ratios. For the preparation of cement slurries, Portland cement and its varieties (for example, Portland slag cement) are mainly used. Slag Portland cement should not be used at low air temperatures. Pure cold water with a temperature of 15 to 20 ° C acts as a solvent. Pure natural sand of medium size is used as a filler (the modulus of size Mk should be no more than 2–2.5 mm). Instead of sand, it is possible to use clay or lime - such a solution is very plastic, but not suitable for laying from hollow and porous bricks.

The main types of solutions
Lime mortars consist of lime dough (or ground quicklime), sand and water. Lime and sand are taken in a ratio of 1: 2 to 1: 5. Lime is mixed with sand and water until a homogeneous consistency is obtained. So that the resulting solution does not contain lumps, it is rubbed through a sieve. Lime mortars have the best thermal insulation properties, but they have low strength. Such solutions are not used for laying walls of buildings, wells and other critical structures. Lime mortars are suitable only for temporary structures, therefore they are rarely used.
Cement mortars are composed of sand, cement and water. Cement and sand are taken in a ratio of 1: 3 to 1: 6. The higher the cement grade or the lower the requirements for the solution, the less binder can be added to the composition. To prepare the solution, mix dry cement with sand until a homogeneous mass, then mix the mixture with water with constant stirring, achieving a uniform consistency. Cement mortars are cold (have high thermal conductivity), strong and tough. They are used for laying foundations and other structures located below the groundwater level or in water-saturated soil.
Cement-lime mortars obtained from a mixture of cement with components of lime mortars. Lime dough (or slaked lime) is diluted with water to the consistency of milk of lime, filtered through a sieve. The prepared mixture of sand and cement is closed with milk of lime and mixed until smooth. The universal volumetric ratio of cement, sand and lime in such a solution is 1: 5: 1, however, to obtain a solution of better quality, one should focus on the brand of cement and the required brand of solution. Lime-cement mortars are more plastic than cement mortars and stronger than lime ones. Such solutions are used for almost all types of brickwork. According to their properties, among all other solutions, they are most applicable for laying masonry overground structures, and can also be used to build foundations in low-moisture and moist soils (i.e., soils not saturated with water).
Sandy-clayey solutions are prepared for refractory structures made of fireclay bricks. The composition of such solutions contains refractory clay or chamotte powder.

Preparation of the solution
Before preparing any solution, it is necessary to determine its required grade. Then, depending on the brand of the acquired binder, select the appropriate ratio of the components of the solution.
Cement and cement-lime mortars are of the following brands: 50, 75, 100, 150, 200. The higher the brand, the stronger the mortar. M-50 grade solution is used only for creating screeds and sealing cracks; it is not suitable for brickwork. M-75 solution is used in masonry interior walls and partitions and masonry of external walls of temporary structures. M-100 mortar is suitable for making any masonry walls.
M-150 grade solution is used for laying masonry in an aggressive environment. M-200 grade solution is used extremely rarely in construction, mainly as a waterproofing layer when constructing foundations or other structures and structures in an aggressive environment. Thus, for the implementation of brickwork, mortars of grades 75, 100 and 150 are used.
Cement grades 300, 400 and 500 are used in mortars for masonry (the higher the grade, the greater the strength of the binder). To prepare a cement-lime mortar of grade 75, cement, lime and sand are taken in a volume ratio of 1: 0.8: 7 (cement M500), 1: 0.5: 5.5 (cement M400) or 1: 0.3: 4 (cement M300). The same ratios for the preparation of cement-lime mortar grade 100 are as follows: 1: 0.5: 5.5 (M500 cement), 1: 0.4: 4.5 (M400 cement) and 1: 0.2: 3 , 5 (cement M300). For cement-lime mortar grade 150, cement, lime and sand in a ratio of 1: 0.3: 4 (M500 cement), 1: 0.2: 3 (M400 cement) or 1: 0.1: 2.5 (cement M300). Cement mortar is prepared from cement and sand in a ratio of 1: 6 (M-75 mortar, M500 cement), 1: 5.5 (M-75 mortar and M400 cement; M-100 mortar and M500 cement), 1: 4 (mortar M-75 and cement M300; mortar M-150 and cement M500), 1: 4.5 (mortar M-100, cement M400), 1: 3 (mortar M-100 and cement M300; mortar M-150 and cement M400 ), 1: 2.5 (solution M-150, cement M300).
To prepare the mortar, you can use a ready-made dry mix of a certain quality and purpose. Such mixtures are intended for mixing with water, the ratio of the mixture to water must be indicated in the instructions. The disadvantage of this option is the relatively high cost.
To give the solution plasticity, you can add a special plasticizer (dry or liquid) to it, purchased at a hardware store.
First, a mixture of sand and cement is prepared in the selected proportions (or a ready-made dry mixture is taken), then this mixture is mixed with water or milk of lime. The density of the solution (or its mobility) is determined "by eye". In order not to make the solution too liquid, water or milk of lime is added in portions, with constant stirring. The mobility of the solution is determined only after thorough mixing. The approximate water consumption can be determined in volumetric ratio with the cement taken for the mortar: the ratio of water and cement is approximately 0.8: 1. To prepare lime milk for cement-lime mortar, take water in a volume slightly less than average, and then add it to the solution already mixed with lime milk to the desired consistency. The optimal consistency of the mortar for making solid brick masonry is the consistency of melted butter. For masonry from hollow or porous bricks, it is necessary to prepare a thicker mortar so that it does not fill the holes when laying the masonry. In hot dry weather, it is recommended to use a solution with increased mobility.

To give the cement mortar plasticity, instead of milk of lime, you can mix the cement-sand mixture with clay water (it is prepared in the same way as milk of lime) or water with dissolved soap or washing powder (in a low concentration).

Instruments

For the device of brickwork, you will need two groups of tools: control and measuring and working. Working tools are designed directly for masonry. With the help of control and measuring tools, they check the correctness of the masonry, determine the even angles and lines for its construction.

Tools
The main working tool of a bricklayer is trowel, or Master OK... It is a steel spatula with a wooden or plastic handle. The trowel is used to distribute the mortar over the masonry, collect excess mortar in the seams, and fill the vertical seams. There are several types of trowels, but only one of them is used to make brickwork - a bricklayer's trowel (Fig. 1, a). The working part (scapula) of this trowel has a triangular shape with rounded corners.
Mortar shovel(Fig. 1, b) is necessary for mixing the mortar, feeding it to the masonry site, laying out the mortar on the surface of the future horizontal joint.
Embroidery(Fig. 1, c - d) - a tool used for processing seams. Joints are different in size (the size is selected according to the thickness of the seam) and the shape of the working surface (concave and convex).
When facing masonry (without subsequent cladding), work with jointing is necessary.
For teska and cutting bricks use pick hammer(Fig. 1, e), another name for which is the mason's hammer. This tool is needed for neatly separating incomplete parts from bricks when it is necessary to perform masonry in difficult places in the structure, as well as for tightly installing (tamping) the brick into place in the masonry. On one side of the working part of the hammer there is a striker (they knock bricks into place when they are installed), on the other side there is a pointed part (pick) for cutting and cutting bricks. When working with a pickaxe, the hammer blade is placed at right angles to the brick surface.
Mop(Fig. 1, f) - a tool that is a square rubber plate with a side of 140 mm and a thickness of 10 mm, fixed on a handle. A mop is used to clean ventilation ducts and other hard-to-reach places of masonry from the solution protruding from the seams, as well as for a more complete filling of the seams in such places and their smoothing.
A mortar box (bricklayer's box, Fig. 1, g), in which the mortar is stirred, belongs to the devices necessary for laying the masonry.

Figure 1. Working tools for masonry: a) trowel; b) mortar shovel; c) concave jointing; d) convex jointing; e) hammer-pick; f) mopping; g) mortar box

Control and measuring instruments
Plumb line(Fig. 2, a) - necessary tool for making high-quality brickwork. It is a weight with a spike at the lower end, tied to a rope (twisted cord). For convenience, a metal or wooden strip is attached to the opposite end of the rope. Using a plumb line, they check the verticality of the main lines of the masonry: the corners and ends of the walls, pillars, openings. Plumb lines are different in size: small plumb lines (with a load weighing 200-400 g) are used to check the correctness of the masonry within one floor; large plumb lines (weighing 600-1000 g) are used to control masonry within the height of several floors. The process of working with a plumb line is called masonry hanging.
To check the horizontality and verticality of the masonry, use building level(Fig. 2, b). Other names are horizontal level, hydro level. By appearance this instrument resembles a thickened ruler, inside the body of which glass flasks (ampoules) are installed, partially filled with non-freezing liquid. The building level enclosure can be made of aluminum, wood or plastic. By the location of air bubbles in ampoules with liquid, the deviation of the measured surface from the horizontal or vertical is determined: with a strictly horizontal or vertical position of this surface, the bubble stops in the middle position.
The rule- a tool in the form of a lath made of wood or duralumin, 1.2–2.5 m long, designed to check the masonry surface for irregularities.
To obtain a flat surface of the masonry and the horizontality of its rows, orderings, beacons and a mooring cord are used. Ordering(Fig. 2, c) - a lath made of wood or a metal profile, up to 2 m long with a section of 5 × 5 cm or 5 × 7 cm, with divisions (serifs) applied along its length. The interval between the divisions in the order corresponds to the thickness of the row of masonry for the selected type of brick (for a regular brick with a thickness of 65 mm, taking into account the seam thickness of 12 mm, the interval between the notches in the order should be 77 mm; for thickened bricks with a thickness of 88 - respectively 100 mm). With the help of ordering, they not only orient themselves when performing rows of masonry, but also fix the marks of the bottom and top of openings, lintels, etc. The orderings are ordinary (intermediate) and angular. Intermediate orders are fixed in the masonry using steel brackets-holders, corner ones - using brackets with a screw clamp or using hooks. The rail itself must have holes or movable clamps (metal loops) for attaching the mooring cord.

When doing brickwork in dry and hot weather, you will need a tank or container of clean water to wet the bricks. Bricks moistened with water adhere better to mortar. For this purpose, construction organizations use a large tank, into which a whole pallet of bricks is lowered.

Figure 2. Control and measuring instruments for the execution of brickwork: a) a plumb line; b) building level; c) ordering; d) mooring cord; 1 - ordering rail; 2 - holder; 3 - bracket

Intermediate beacons- temporary pads made of wood or metal in the form of a box, bar or metal frame. They are installed under the mooring cord at intervals of 3–6 m to prevent the cord from sagging. Lighthouses are required only when erecting masonry elements longer than 3 m.
Roulette or a folding rule is used to check and mark the linear dimensions of parts of the masonry.
To check the correctness of the internal and external corners of the masonry, wooden or metal are used squares with angles of the required size (the most "running" angle - 90 °) and sides of at least 50 cm.

Organization of the workplace

On the territory allotted for the execution of brickwork, in addition to the masonry section itself, pallets with bricks, a box (or boxes) with mortar, scaffolds should be conveniently located. The most difficult thing is to competently equip a workplace when laying long sections of a wall, therefore, recommendations for organizing a workplace in relation to such work will be described below. However, these recommendations in general terms are suitable for the design of the workplace when performing brickwork of any element.
Workplace a bricklayer, when erecting a straight section of masonry, the wall should have a width of 2.5-2.6 m, of which 0.6-0.7 m is taken to the place for the worker to move, 0.5-0.9 m - to the passage behind the storage area (including for the transportation of materials), the rest - to the storage area (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. Organization of a bricklayer's workplace when performing a straight section of masonry: 1 - working area; 2 - passage; 3 - storage area; 4 - section of the performed masonry

In the storage area, pallets with bricks and boxes with mortar are placed. A distance of 40 cm is left between adjacent pallets or pallet and box.
If openings (door or window) are to be arranged in the wall to be executed, boxes with mortar are installed in the storage area opposite the openings, and pallets with bricks - opposite the walls (Fig. 4). This arrangement is more convenient: the bricklayer does not have to make unnecessary movements when laying the walls.

Figure 4. Arrangement of the storage area when erecting a wall with openings

The organization of the workplace when performing the corner section of the masonry according to the required width of all spaces does not differ from the masonry of the straight section. In this case, pallets with bricks are placed closer to the corner, and boxes with mortar are placed next to each other, perpendicular to the wall (Fig. 5).

Figure 5. Organization of the workplace when performing corner masonry

Before erecting a brick pillar, a pallet with bricks is placed to the left of the bricklayer, and a container with mortar is to the right (Fig. 6). On one side of the post, between the masonry materials, a working area with a width of 0.7 m should be placed.

The solution is delivered to the place where the masonry is being made in a volume corresponding to 40–45 minutes of work (at most - up to 1.5–2 hours of work); brick - in a volume that should be enough for 2–4 hours of work (a larger volume will interfere with the bricklayer). The stocks of mortar and bricks on the site are replenished as needed.
For masonry at a height of 1.2 m and more, it is necessary to install a scaffold. In length, if several bricklayers work at the facility, the masonry is divided into grabs, approximately the same in volume. In this case, next to each grip, one box with a solution is installed. The distance between two adjacent boxes should not exceed 3–3.5 m, otherwise it will be inconvenient to apply the solution to the masonry site. The boxes are placed perpendicular to the masonry area, at a distance of no more than 2 m from it.
If the masonry is made of two types of material (for example, ordinary brick and front brick), then pallets with materials are placed in two rows, and not in one: in the first row (closer to the masonry) building material, in the second - facing.
If the work is planned to be carried out in the dark, the site should be illuminated. It is convenient to use portable lamps on a telescopic stand for this. For a site of increased injury risk (when laying foundations or wells with a preliminary excavation, pit or trench), it is necessary to provide signal lighting and a fence around the perimeter.
A place should be provided near the work area for storing clothing, tools and accessories.

Calculating the number of bricks

To accurately calculate the amount of brick required for construction, you need to know what type of brick will be used. Bricks of the normal (single, 1 NF) format have dimensions of 250 × 120 × 65 mm. Bricks of one and a half format (thickened, 1.4 NF) are larger - 250 × 120 × 88 mm. Double brick (2.1 NF) has dimensions of 250 × 120 × 140 mm. Much less often, euroformat brick (0.7 NF) with dimensions of 250 × 85 × 65 mm is used in construction work.
The calculation is carried out during the design of a building or structure in which brickwork will be used. There are two main methods of calculation - by the volume of the masonry and by the area of ​​the masonry. The second method is usually used only for calculating wall masonry. The first method is especially convenient if the material will be purchased in volumetric dimensions, and not by the piece: in this case, there is no need to calculate the required number of bricks, it is enough to calculate the volume of the masonry and add 15-20% to it (reserve for unforeseen cases, including mechanical damage material).

Calculation by volume of masonry
The necessary data for the calculation are the overall dimensions of the structure being erected (for example, the thickness, height and length of the walls), the dimensions of the voids planned in the structure, the selected type of brick. According to the overall dimensions of the structure, it is necessary to calculate the volume of the masonry (in cubic meters) minus all openings. Then, depending on the type of brick, multiply the resulting value by the number of bricks in one cubic meter of masonry. This number is different for each type of brick. So, one cubic meter of masonry (excluding mortar) accommodates 512 bricks of type 1 NF, or 378 bricks of type 1.4 NF, or 238 bricks of type 2.1 NF, or 723 bricks of type 0.7 NF. Taking into account the thickness of the mortar joint (10 mm), this number for the listed types of bricks will be respectively equal to 394 pieces, 302 pieces, 198 pieces and 539 pieces.
The number of bricks is often taken when calculating according to the first indicator (excluding the thickness of the seam): in this case, the difference in quantity serves as a reserve for rejected (during transportation or work) material. If the calculation is given taking into account the thickness of the joints, you should additionally add a spare number of bricks - 15–20% of the calculated amount.

Calculation by masonry area
The necessary data for the calculation are the type of brick, the thickness of the masonry, the length and height of the walls. To calculate the area of ​​masonry, you need to multiply the length of the walls by their height. For walls of different thickness (for example, external and internal), a separate calculation is carried out. It is also necessary to separately count the number of facing and ordinary bricks, if combined masonry is supposed.
The resulting masonry area is multiplied by the number of bricks in 1 m 2 of masonry. This amount depends on the thickness of the masonry and the type of brick. In 1 m 2 masonry in half a brick (masonry thickness 120 mm) fits without taking into account the thickness of mortar joints 61 bricks of type 1 NF, or 45 bricks of type 1.4 NF, or 30 bricks of type 2.1 NF; taking into account the thickness of mortar joints - 51 pieces, 39 pieces and 26 pieces, respectively.

If it is not possible to carry out a complete heat engineering calculation, for the construction of walls of houses in central Russia, their thickness should be taken as 2.5 bricks. When using hollow or porous bricks, this thickness is enough for the construction of walls without additional insulation.

Brick walls are strong, durable and fire-resistant, but they also have a drawback - high thermal conductivity (with continuous masonry without insulation). Masonry brick wall it is quite possible to do it yourself, but for this you need to familiarize yourself with its basics. We hope that the information in this article will help you with this.

Brick wall masonry

For laying brick walls, various types of bricks are used: clay - facing or ordinary and silicate. Recently, facing bricks of different shades based on crumb have been very popular. natural stones and cement ("torn stone").

Along with single bricks, ceramic and silicate hollow stones ("blocks") of larger sizes are used than ordinary bricks - double or one-and-a-half.

The basics of laying a brick wall - general rules

For those who want to master the laying of a brick wall, you need to know that in the process of work the brick is usually laid with the wide side - "bed". If the bricks are laid with the long side (with a spoon) along the edge of the wall, a spoonful verst row is formed, and if with the short side (with a poke), a butt row is formed. To ensure the strength of the wall, bricks are laid with bandaging of the seams, that is, the seams between them should not coincide in adjacent rows.

Solutions

Most often, cement-sand mortars are used for brickwork. Most often, the ratio of cement to sand in them is 1: 3. The sand for such a solution must be clean, with the inclusion of particles no more than 5 mm. Otherwise, it must be sieved. Sometimes various additives (plasticizers, etc.) are added to cement slurries to improve the characteristics of the mortar: improve plasticity, strength, etc.

The mortar for laying a brick wall must be thick enough so that it does not spread during operation, but also be flexible enough so that it is easy to lay and shrink bricks at the same level while maintaining the same thickness of horizontal and vertical joints. This is especially true for facing brickwork for joining.

Seam thickness

The thickness of horizontal and vertical joints between bricks is usually 10-12 mm. The walls to be plastered are sometimes placed in a washer, i.e. the seams are not filled with mortar to a depth of 10-15 mm. If the walls are not plastered, then the seams during the laying process are completely filled with mortar and the excess is cut off with a trowel, or the seams are sewn with a special tool (jointing), giving them a convex or concave shape.

Bricks-ordering and cord-"mooring"

In order for the laying of a brick wall to be strictly horizontal, it is carried out along a specially stretched cord - "mooring", and in order to maintain verticality it is necessary to systematically check it with a plumb line or a building level. At the corners of the wall, according to the level, extreme ordering bricks are set, between which a thin mooring cord is pulled. Laying corners is a very crucial moment. For novice bricklayers, it is best to pull vertical cords along a plumb line at the corners of the future building - then there will definitely be no problems with the corners. To fix such a cord at the top, you can build the simplest wooden structures with crossbars in the corners (bury the pillars, knock down tripods, etc.).

The brick is laid in rows so that its upper surface is level with the stretched cord.
If the length of the brick wall is large enough, then in this case, intermediate bricks are installed - orders (usually after 4-5 m) and, of course, make sure that the cord does not sag.

Sometimes, experienced bricklayers, in order to increase the speed of construction, carry out masonry with a mooring through a row or even several rows, and lay intermediate rows focusing on the previously laid one. But for a novice bricklayer, in order for the wall to be flat, it is necessary to pull the cord over each row. Then the wall is guaranteed to be flat and the thickness of the seams will be the same. This is especially important when laying bricks for joining.

Bricklaying methods

Brick walls can be laid along single row or multi-row suture dressing system. Pillar and narrow piers are laid using a four-row dressing system.

Single row masonry system

In a single-row dressing system, butt and spoon rows alternate. Each transverse vertical seam of the butt row is covered with bricks of the upper spoon row. Laying on such a bandaging system is the most durable, but also the most time consuming.

Multi-row system

A multi-row dressing system can be used to lay blank and thick walls. In this system, several successively stacked spoon rows alternate with one poke overlapping them. With this method, the labor intensity of the work is lower, since the number of bricks stacked in the backbone increases, which are laid faster than verst rows. The masonry begins with butt rows, in which, in the corners or at the intersection of the walls, three-quarters or quarters are laid to displace the seams, which is necessary for bandaging subsequent rows of bricks. Further laying is carried out in spoon rows. Usually, five spoonfuls - six-row clutches overlap with bonded rows.

In the backlog, i.e. halves of bricks, lightweight concrete or slag can be used between the outer and inner verst rows.

A brick wall can be:

• solid;
• lightweight.

Lightweight brickwork with horizontal diaphragms is a method when two parallel walls 1/2 brick thick are laid out, connected every 4-5 rows of masonry with horizontal butt rows. The space between the bricks is filled with slag, lightweight concrete or insulation in the form of slabs of mineral wool, foam or others. Sometimes the butt rows are replaced with reinforcing bars 4-6 mm thick, laying them every 250-500 mm of the wall length. The length of the rods should be such as to ensure that they are buried in the masonry by 80-100 mm.

Well masonry brick wall

Well masonry is one of the varieties of lightweight masonry of brick walls and allows you to achieve the greatest savings in brick. With this method, two parallel walls with a thickness of a quarter are laid (they put a brick on an edge) or a floor of a brick and they are connected with vertical bridges also in 1/4 or 1/2 bricks every 0.5-1.0 m. Voids between bricks (the so-called "Wells") are filled with insulation. Well laying a brick wall requires a lot of care and good enough skill.

When performing brickwork, it is necessary to constantly monitor with the help of a square, a level and a plumb line, the correctness of laying the corners, the horizontal and vertical rows - every 0.5 m of the masonry height.

When laying with jointing external versts of walls are usually laid out of facing or selected ordinary bricks. First, vertical seams are embroidered, and then horizontal seams along the way, every 3-4 rows.

Brick lintels

Lintels over window or doorways are made of reinforced concrete on their own. To do this, formwork is made from boards or plywood at the location of the lintel, a metal frame made of reinforcement is installed in it and concrete is poured. It is also possible to use ready-made reinforced concrete lintels. In this case, their length should be such that there is at least 25 cm on the wall on each side.

With light loads and spans, they can be laid out of bricks. Such jumpers are:

• wedge-shaped;
• onion.

Let's take a closer look at how they are laid.

Wedge lintels

Wedge-shaped lintels are laid along the formwork from both sides, starting from the "heels" - the places of their support on the walls. To determine the angle of inclination of bricks, radii are drawn from the center located on the vertical axis of the opening, at a distance equal to double the width of the opening, counting from the bottom surface of the lintel. In the middle of the lintel, the masonry is closed with a vertical lock - a hewn brick. The seams between the bricks are made in the form of a wedge with a thickness of at least 5 mm at the bottom and no more than 25 mm at the top.

With an opening width of up to 1.5 m, the height of a brick lintel is at least one brick, and with a width of up to 2.0 m - at least one and a half bricks.

Bow jumpers

Onion brick lintels are laid out in the same sequence, having previously installed a circular formwork. The formwork is easy to make from wooden planks and bars.

Fig. 2 Wedge (left) and bow jumpers: 1 - rack; 2 - wedge; 3 - formwork.

Brick wall masonry - video

Below you can watch a video about the method of laying bricks in a screed: