The totality of urban planning areas, quarters or sections of the same functional purpose ... Source: Resolution of the Moscow Government of 10/14/1997 N 737 on the promising functional zoning of the territory of Moscow (together with ... ... Official terminology
Functional zone - f-blown area space for carrying out one or more similar processes limited by any boundaries different zonescharacterized by certain features. Source: SP 35 117 2006: home boarding schools for children with disabilities ...
Functional area of \u200b\u200bfurniture - 3. The functional area of \u200b\u200bfurniture zone of the location of goods, taking into account anthropometric data for all categories of buyers and ergonomic ties in the system "Furniture Buyer". ATTACHMENT. (Modified edition, change No. 1). Source: GOST 23190 78 ... Dictionary directory terms of regulatory and technical documentation
functional zone - zone with a predominance of a certain variety of social or technological national economic activities [Terminological dictionary on construction in 12 languages \u200b\u200b(VNIIIS USSR Gosstroy)] Themes City, settlement En Functional Zone ... ... Technical translator directory
functional asymmetry of the brain - Functional asymmetry of the brain. Separation of cognitive functions between the right and left hemispheres of the human brain. The fact of the intermetrous cerebral asymmetry of the brain is known from the second half of the 19th century, when, relying on ... ... Encyclopedia of epistemology and philosophy of science
Zone with a predominance of a certain variety of social or technological national economic activities (Bulgarian Language; Bellgarski) functional zone (Czech; Čeština) Funkční Zóna ( German; Deutsch) funktionsgebiout; ... ... Construction Dictionary
The territory surrounding Leningrad within a radius of 60 100 km and is in close natural, economic, economic, sanitary, architectural and other relationships. It has a versatile economic and recreational ... ... St. Petersburg (Encyclopedia)
SP 145.13330.2012: boarding houses. Design rules - Terminology SP 145.13330.2012: home boarding houses. Design rules: 3.1 House boarding house: an institution intended for the inpatient residence of older people and disabled people in need of social and medical care.… … Dictionary directory terms of regulatory and technical documentation
GOST 23190-78: Furniture book-breeding. General technical conditions - Terminology GOST 23190 78: Furniture of the book-breeding. General specifications Original document: 2. Bilateral furniture furniture, the design of which is planned to display, show and storing products from two sides. Definitions of the term from ... ... Dictionary directory terms of regulatory and technical documentation
FZ. - "Star Factory" TV program on the channel ORT FV FZ Phaserapist FZ Dictionary: S. Fadeev. Dictionary of contractions of the modern Russian language. S. Pb: Polytechnic, 1997. 527 p. FZ federal law ... Dictionary of contractions and abbreviation
Hierarchical structure and functional zoning housing
Rationality of housing
This is one of the important requirements that determines the quality of the dwelling and covers a set of factors such as:
· The economy of the residential environment;
· The dwelling capital;
In modern design practice, an idea of \u200b\u200ba residential environment was formed as a hierarchically constructed system, which covers the sphere from ordinary things in family life to settlement as a whole. An individual functional zone is conditionally accepted for the smallest structural unit of living environment, from which the system is compiled - a residential environment, which has twelve hierarchical levels: functional area, planning cell, functional and planning area, residential cell, residential building, residential building, residential group , neighborhood (quarter), residential area, settlement, region, country (Fig. 4.1.).
The functional zone is a space in which one or another process of manifesting certain phases of human life and which has conditional boundaries. The space parameters are determined on the basis of anthropometric and ergonomic requirements. Accordingly, this is assumed:
· Product part of the zone, i.e. the space on which the furniture necessary for this process is located;
· The working part of the zone is the space that is necessary to open the doors of the cabinet, hovering the chairs, etc.;
· The backup part of the area of \u200b\u200bthe zone is a space for a person (as a prerequisite condition for the convenient implementation of the household process).
The generally accepted dwelling should be in its composition determined by the basic requirements for the dwelling discussed below, the functional zones.
Zone sleep (Fig. 4.2). Equipment - bed and bedside table for personal belongings. The height of the upper surface for sleep is 400-500 mm;
Rest zone, Communication and viewing TV (Fig. 4.3). Equipment - set soft furniture (Sofa, armchairs), coffee table, audiovisual equipment. Chairs and sofa should be convenient for a person, because it takes different poses when reading, communicating, watching TV shows, listening to audio systems, rest without communicating with others, etc.
Fig. 4.1. Hierarchical structure of residential environment as systems
Fig. 4.2. Functional zones sleep
Fig. 4.3. Functional areas of recreation
Individual area area - Zone for learning, professional individual activity. Equipment - table or secreter with work chairs or chair, bookcases and shelves; Nowadays it can be a special computer deskwhere the necessary computer equipment is conveniently located.
Cooking area (Fig. 4.4 (a)). Equipment - refrigerator, washing, desk, stove, wardrobes for kitchenware and everyday stock of products. The working surface of the kitchen furniture is higher than in the usual table, and is 85-90 cm.
The cooking zone is most saturated with the number of technological processes and equipment items. With the preparation of food tied and sharp deterioration of the microclimate in the premises (gaszedness, discomfortic increase in temperature and humidity, separation of odors and combustion products). Therefore, the cooking zone must be equipped with good ventilation and natural lighting. With the equipment of the gas stove zone, its necessary isolation in a separate room from the entire space of the residential cell.
Preparation of food is a single technological process that combines a certain sequence of operations. And regardless of the number of family members and food, which is preparing in any kitchen, the same order of work remains, and together with it, the order of the sequential location of the equipment elements is also installed:
· Storage of products (refrigerator, wardrobe, pantry);
· Preparation of raw materials (desktop, washing, wardrobe for dishes);
· Preparation of food (desktop, stove, wardrobe for dishes);
· Food consumption;
· Wash and drying dishes (washing and drying cabinet).
Fig. 4.4. Functional preparation zones (a) and consumption (b) food
Food Consumption Zone (Fig. 4.4 (b)). Equipment - table with chairs, a servant or dresser for the dining room, table linen, appliances.
Personal hygiene zone. Equipment - toilet, washbasin, bath, can be another shower tray and bidet.
Communication zones - combine different dwellings and are divided into horizontal and vertical. The horizontal zone also owns an apartment input space that has such equipment - a hanger or a wardrobe for outerwear, shoe cabinet, can be a mirror and telephone.
Indochchard stairs (Fig. 4.5) (vertical communication zone) are used to solve a residential cell in two or more levels.
Fig. 4.5. Types of intravartic stairs
They can be both the same, and drear, both with straight, and with overtook steps. Straight steps are more comfortable, but the grooved steps make it possible to cut the square staircase area. The intravartic staircase can be closed and open from all sides. Space under steps, where it is difficult to maneuver furniture, can be built up and used under the storage area. The width of the march of such stairs is usually equal to 90 cm.
Storage zones - Designed to accommodate personal belongings, linen, daily and seasonal clothes, business of economic service, various kinds of tools and various products.
The level of comfort of modern housing is determined by the possibility of a large number of monofunctional spaces - individual rooms for each functional zone, for each functional process of human and family life.
4.2 Planning Cells - Rooms
Planning cell or room is the main element of the spatial organization of the apartment, which includes one or more household processes. Functional areas are combined with the specifics of the execution of each life process.
Behind the nature of using all rooms are divided into two principal groups:
· Residential premises (personal living rooms and public-time rooms);
· Utility rooms (for personal hygiene, household, communication and storage of things and food).
General living room For recreation, families can be a variety of functional content, which depends on the degree of sowing family recreation and communication processes. So, it can have in its structure a seating area, communicating, watching the TV shows; The storage area of \u200b\u200bcultural and domestic things, general use (in some cases it can be combined with the area of \u200b\u200bindividual classes). In some cases, the sleep zone may be arranged in this room (sometimes combined with a seating area or is located in a special niche) (Fig. 4.6).
Fig. 4.6. General rooms: A - minimum sizes;
B - complex configuration
Personal residential premises Designed for the placement of individual use zones in them (Fig. 4.7). The usual name - the bedroom does not fully respond to the functional purpose of these layouts.
Fig. 4.7. Personal residential premises. A - minimum dimensions:
1
- for one tenant; 2
– sophisticated couple.
B - the desired location of two beds in the room (for E. Nefert): 1
- for friends; 2 - for sisters;
3
- for brothers; 4
- for guests
In modern premises, personal rooms are described, as a rule, three types:
· Bedroom for married couple;
· Living room per person;
· Living room for two family members.
Kitchen premises Depending on the architectural and planning structure of apartments, kitchen premises are designed as a kitchen-niche, working kitchen, kitchen with periodic food intake and kitchen-dining room (Fig. 4.8 (a)).
Functional and planning organization of the kitchen room depends on its proportions, dimensions and location of the door and windows, as well as from the adopted location scheme for kitchen equipment, which can be: single-row, angular, dreamed, P-shaped and island (Fig. 4.8 (b)) . Regardless of the equipment diagram, it is necessary to have the preservation of the necessary sequence of equipment (storage of products, washing, processing, cooking, food intake).
Fig. 4.8. A - Types of kitchen premises:
1 - Kitchen-niche; 2 - work kitchen; 3 - a kitchen with an episodic meal; 4 - Kitchen-dining room. B - Equipment accommodation schemes in kitchens: 1 - single-row; 2 - corner; 3 - drank; P-shaped
Sanitary-hygienic premises They are planning cells in which personal hygiene zones are located are intimate and require insulation conditions. In modern design, the housing uses four functional types of sanitary facilities: a bath, shower, toilet and a mixed type - a combined sanitary node (Fig. 4.9).
Fig. 4.9. Personal hygiene rooms: 1 - Toilets; 2 - Baths
rooms; 3 - Combined sanitary knots
Front- This is an entrance room in an apartment where visitors and guests are celebrated, the first idea of \u200b\u200bthe interior of the dwelling is compiled.
Internal communications in the apartment - These are internal transitions (corridors) and gateways that combine individual rooms together. The width of them is made not less than 1.1 m, if they lead in residential premises; 0.9 m, if they lead to the kitchen, bathrooms and other utility rooms.
Walk-in closetdesigned for storage of things. There are two options for the location of the wardrobe room in the apartment: in the front (near the entrance) - in the day zone and in the night zone between their own rooms (bedrooms) and bathrooms. In a highly complex dwelling, a dressing room can be arranged with each other room.
Pantry is intended For storage of products (with kitchen), inventory, different business items.
Built-in cabinetsthey differ from the pantry of their depth, which has 40-60 cm that permits to get with hand to the entire depth.
With increasing level of comfort, both separate rooms are formed as well as functional cells:
· Dining room (food intake); At the same time, the common room acquires the function of the living room, highlighting recreation processes and communication;
· Working (economic) room for washing, care for clothing and lover, household works;
· Cabinet;
· Workshop.
Summer premises - Open spaces are an additional place to carry out such household processes as rest, food consumption, household works. The group of summer premises Apartment includes: French balconies, open console balconies, corner balconies, balconies-loggia, loggia, covered terraces (if glazed, veranda) (4.10).
City-forming factors (objects) of the emergence and development of NP. Classification of cities.
1 Factor: Nature and climatic conditions
2 Factor: Placing Water Resources
3 Factor: the presence and placement of mineral and commodity and fuel and energy resources
4 Factor: Degree of development of transport and engineering structures
5 Factor: Economic perspectives in the region.
City- This is a special type of NP with a high concentration of the population, whose activities are mainly related to the production, service, commodity and informational exchange, education, science, culture and management.
Classification of cities:
1) by the type of economic activity (industrial, tourist, historical, administrative, transport, agro-industrial, military)
2) by numbers
Small (from 20 thousand to 50 thousand)
Average (from 50 thousand to 100 thousand)
Large (from 100 thousand to 250 or 500 thousand)
Large (from 500 thousand to 1000,000)
The largest (from 10,000,000 to 30,000,000)
Super-broom (over 30,000,000)
3) by age (old, medium, new)
4) on environmental condition (man-made and environmental)
5) According to the status (capital, urban district, the subject of the Russian Federation)
6) for the reasons for occurrence (city-forming factors)
7) on the planning structure (compact, dissected, linear, lineneous, star, fan, comact-dissected
The planning structure of the city may affect:
1) Natural and geographical objects
2) Production facilities.
Territorial planning- planning the development of territories, including to establish functional zones, zones of the planned placement of OKS for municipal and state needs, zones with special conditions of use of territories.
Territorial planning documents are divided into:
1) scheme of territorial planning of the Russian Federation
2) Documents of territorial planning of subjects of the Russian Federation
3) Documents of territorial planning MO
Territorial planning schemes are developed in the interests:
1) Defense Countries and Security State
2) Energy Development
3) development of space activities
4) Development and placement of OPT federal significance
5) Development of federal transport
In the schemes of the territory, planning subjects of the Russian Federation displays:
The border of the subject of the Russian Federation and Mo
Objects of federal significance
Objects on which the interests of the region are distributed.
Documents of territorial planning MO are:
1) schemes of territorial planning mo
2) General Plans for settlements
3) General Plans
The gene. The plan includes a draft master plan, which consists of:
Textual
Schedule. Parts
The textual part provides the main provisions, activities, sequence of activities
In parallel with the project, projects for the justification of townsostroite are being developed. Design solutions, including textual and graphic part
Gene. The plan is developed in 5000 and 10,000 m
In the territorial planning process allocated functional zones.
Functional zones-sons for which the territorial planning documents identified borders and functional purpose
· Social and business
· Production area (industrial zone + communal. Sklad zone)
· Transport infrastructure engineering zone
· Zone agricultural use
· Recreational
· The zone of special territories and objects
· Special destination zone
· Zone military objects
Residential zone To accommodate residential areas and microdistricts, public centers, streets, serving zones, green plantings. This requires dry, elevated, well-ventilated, insulated, landscaped and flooded territories. The residential zone should be placed above the river and relative to the prom. District and from the windward side relative to the prom. zones, with the creation of the necessary San protective standards.
The production area is intended for placement industry. Enterprises of transport, warehouse, communal facilities. The zone is created taking into account the organization of convenient transport and pedestrian bonds with places of placement of workers engaged in the production of rational provision of external and intracity transport, or waterways.
The territory is needed with a calm relief, production. Zone should be placed from a leeward side, downstairs by the river.
In urban i. rural settlements It is necessary to envisage, as a rule, a continuous system of crowning territories and other open spaces. The proportion of green areas of various purposes within the development of cities D.B. at least 40%, and within the boundaries of the area of \u200b\u200bresidential district at least 25%.
3. Placing settlements. The main planning structures. Purpose of red lines.
Territory layout is carried out in order to:
1. Ensuring sustainable territory development
2. Allocation of elements of the planning structure (quarters, microdistrict)
3. Establishment of borders Z.U. which are located ox and borders of Z.U. Designed for construction
The territory layout is carried out by developing
· Territory planning projects
· Interval projects
· Town planning plans Z.U.
· Selection of elements of the planning structure
· Setting the parameters of the planned development of elements of the planning structure
The planning project consists of the main part and materials for its rationale.
The main part of the project includes:
· Drawings of the planning of the territory (red lines, lines denoting roads, streets, links, borders of the planned placement of capital construction objects
· Provisions on the placement of OKS, as well as on the characteristics of the planned development of terr-AI, including density and parameters of the development and characteristics of the development of social transport services.
Materials for justification include materials in graphical form and explanatory note.
The preparation of the planning project is carried out on the basis of documents of territorial planning of the Russian Federation and the UK terr-th planning of MO.
The planning project is the basis for the territory of the territory of the territory.
Project of the territory of the territory
Preparation of interview projects is carried out in relation to the territories built and subject to development located within the boundaries of the planning structure.
Project preparation objectives:
Establishing the boundaries of the built-up Z.U. and borders not built up Z.U.
Preparation of land survey projects is carried out as part of a project planning project or in the form of a separate document.
Sizes Z.U. Borders of the built-up areas are established taking into account the actual land use and urban planning standards and rules.
The project of the territory includes
1. Drawings of the territory of the territory on which:
· Red lines
· Lines of retirement from red lines, in order to determine the place of permissible placement of buildings.
· Borders of the built-up Z.U. Including on which linear objects are located
· Borders of formir-x z., Planned for the provision of physical. or legal. Persons for construction.
· Borders Z.U.I.Peredovable for the placement of OKS federal, regional or local significance
· Borders of the territories of cultural heritage objects
· Borders of zones with special conditions of use of territories
· Border areas of public servitude
The construction of urban-planning plans is carried out as part of the interview project.
Town planning plans Z.U.
The preparation of urban planning plans is carried out submissive to the built-up or intended for the construction of the reconstruction of the OXC
The city planning plan shall indicate
1. Borders Z.U.
2. Borders of public servitude zones
3. Minimum indents from borders Z.U. In order to determine the places of admissible placement of buildings
4. Inform-ia about urban planning regulations
5. Information about the shaped use of Z.U.
6. Info about the OKS located, cultural heritage sites
7. Info about technical conditions for connecting OCS to engineering networks
8. Borders of the zone of the planned placement of OCS for state or municipal needs
Planning structure elements:
1. Quarter - part of NP territory, limited to neighboring streets
2. Microdistrict-administrative-territorial and planning unit of the urban structure consisting of elements of residential environments and public service institutions
Red lines Denote the existing planned borders of the general use of the boundaries of Z.U. which are lines of power lines, pipelines, road roads, railway Lines and others. Linear objects