Multi-storey residential buildings, consisting of a number of sections, the apartments of which are grouped around stairwells and are directly connected to them, are not widespread in England. AT last years they are almost never used in the practice of building English cities.
We have already mentioned that cross-ventilation is a mandatory requirement for the planning of dwellings in England. Under this condition, a section rectangular in plan allows serving no more than two apartments on each floor with one staircase. The creation of small apartments in such a section is not economically feasible, since too much of its area is occupied by stairs. Sectional houses were built mainly to accommodate large comfortable apartments.
As for the variable sizes of apartments, it should be noted that the differences cannot be explained only by more or less dormitories, as they do today. Often there are apartments with one bedroom, but with the living room and dining room specified at the factory, for example; or units of two or more dormitories, and only one room specified in the plan. Internal corridors are used sparingly to deal with complex circulation patterns resulting from maximum use of the land, rather than to guarantee parts of the traditional internal zoning in residential, recreational and service areas.
The methods of mixed development used recently make it possible, even with a high population density, to design multi-room apartments in low-rise buildings, moreover, at lower costs and with greater convenience. Buildings with two-apartment sections are being built, therefore, less and less.
Eight-story houses built in the Finsbury area of London by architects B. Lubetkin and F. Skinner are a typical example of such sectional buildings. The apartments in them consist of a large living room and two or three bedrooms. Doors to all rooms of the three-room apartment lead directly from the hallway. The kitchen and separate sanitary facilities are located next to the entrance, near the common shaft; The kitchen is connected to the living room by a serving window. The bedrooms are placed along the facades facing the inside of the quarter, and the rigid construction of the transverse load-bearing walls made them equal in area.
Compared to residential single-family programs during the same period, the most unusual programming feature of this architecture is the absence of kitchens, which were tested in a significant number of residential units during this period. What are the dossiers used to distribute home cooking? Only historical and sociological studies of life in São Paulo during this period can contribute to the elucidation of this issue, for which malicious purposes are often used: these would be the famous garsoniers mentioned in memoirs and testimonies.
A variant of a similar layout, but with separate bedrooms at the back of the apartments, was given by the architect F. Gibberd in three-, four-story sectional houses of the Somerford complex (see Fig. 119).
The apartments of nine-story buildings in a large residential complex in London - Churchill Garden (architects F. Powell and X. Moya) are clearly divided into a compact group of rooms and a group of service premises, which includes a kitchen, a lavatory, a bathroom and closets; while the bedrooms are isolated in the depths of the apartments. As in the first case, the desire to avoid passage rooms is characteristic here.
The most surprising, including such an explanation, is the presence of such units that are mixed with apartments of a full family program, not only in the same building, but also on the same floor as in the Livia Maria building, we will see. The service areas and their cisterns are not always clearly set up, and it can be assumed that the rear terraces of the apartments were used as such.
Several buildings were designed with collective equipment, but we know that such habits failed to implant themselves in the city - perhaps because they were associated with tanks, toilets and collective kitchens, characteristic of apartment buildings beginning of the century. This refers to the building by João Alfredo, which was designed with a collective laundry, as published in the Acropolis.
118. Eight-story house in the residential complex Spa Green, London (Finsbury area), 1946-1950. General view and section plan.
Architects Lubetkin and Skinner 1 - front; 2- day stay room; 3 bedrooms: 4 - kitchen; 5 - serving okcho; 6 - wardrobe for outerwear.
Another aspect in which the essayistic nature of the decisions is clearly expressed is the forecast or not of numbers for each unit and its location. It appears to have been more common than one would expect buildings to have no dependencies for house maids which, if easily explained in the case of these kitchenless apartments, is surprising in a society so heavily dependent on labor, domestic work to this day. Thus, it is plausible to talk about the impossibility of the target audience of these apartments to hire employees of this type.
The stairwells in the Churchill Garden houses protrude beyond the building, and the stairs and the elevator are connected to the entrances to the apartments by an open, freely ventilated hall-loggia.
The most comfortable and expensive apartments are also divided into two groups of premises: a group of bedrooms with a sanitary unit in the depths and a daytime family room with a kitchen at the entrance.
On the other hand, such segregation characteristics are less common than might be expected. For example, most buildings surveyed do not have access to ground level services, although they are found in most apartments. In some cases - usually in the lower buildings - there were not even elevators.
As in the period of residence, all residential apartments, although small, had bathrooms - in contrast to commercial buildings, where shared bathrooms were shared. However, toilets - ubiquitous in single-family homes, invariably placed under stairwells - are completely absent from residential apartments of this period.
The kitchen in such apartments has a separate exit to the stairs (Fig. 121), sometimes it is connected through a balcony with a steep and narrow additional staircase, which in this case becomes not only an evacuation staircase, but also an economic one.
For English sectional houses, a small depth of the hull (8-10 m) is characteristic, due to the requirement for through ventilation. The narrowing of the hull gives a more economical and comfortable layout, without causing a significant increase in operating costs due to the mild climate.
More about the program, it is interesting to follow the prediction or lack of garages for cars of residents of residential buildings. However, the number of spaces available has always been much less than the number of apartments in the building. The presence of garages, which are very rare in residential apartment buildings, was completely out of the question for commercial buildings, which today is a challenge to be overcome for the desired revitalization of central São Paulo.
Due to their great diversity, they can be seen as a synthesis of plant changes and the profile of the inhabitants of the buildings published in this periodical. Kayubi is one of the most characteristic residential apartments of those years. With extraordinary frankness in our day, their authors, in an article published in the Acropolis, admit that "they strove for the greatest possible simplicity of lines, thus submitting to their goal, that is, a building for rent." Faced with such a variety of assemblies, it is difficult to imagine how the coexistence of the inhabitants of such disparate divisions would be: entire families, with children and, of course, household servants, even if they were day laborers; unmarried men in apartments without kitchens are required to dine in restaurants or pensions.
119. Three-storey house in the residential complex Somerford, London, 1948 Facade and plan. Arch. Gibberd
120. Nine-story house in the residential complex Churchill Garden, London, Pimlico area, 1947-1953. Section plan and photo from nature. Architects Powell and Moya.
Concerning design solution, it is worth mentioning the spatial integration of the living room and dining room, which is rehearsed in one of two typologies on each floor of the building. Functioning as service areas, the kitchen and bathrooms have back terraces or small adjoining areas.
Formally, the exterior of the building is rather devoid of space, including volume; the emphasis is on a curved façade section with reentrant terraces that create interesting game light and shadow. Highlight the large ad that tops the central body of the building, suggesting decorative paper with a touch of modernity. For example, there are no characteristic features modernist architecture, such as continuous windows or a pilot - although part of the roof is a garden terrace, as we have seen. It should be noted that there is no service entrance.
Stairwells are very compact: the march width of even the main stairs is 100-105 cm, and the steps are 18X26 cm, steep and difficult to climb. Savings here already go beyond the limits allowed by convenience (this applies equally to the stairs of high blocks and four-story buildings without an elevator).
This is a lower building with 16 units; even so, depending on gender, 4 different apartment sizes are identified. On the ground floor, which is separated from the rest of the façade by an unchanging tent despite the absence of shops, there are 2 apartments with 2 rooms and 1 bedroom, kitchen and bathroom; from the floor, 3 units, also with 2 rooms and 1 bedroom, kitchen and bathroom - but after small functional planimetric arrangements, as you can see. There are also no garages, although there are side flaws.
In fact, from the outside, the main façade is perfectly symmetrical from a central vertical axis above the entrance to the building, suggesting the existence of identical apartments, only collapsed on each side. However, as we see in the plans, the central windows, which border on the axis of symmetry of the facade, belong not only to the same apartment, but to the same room. It is thus a decision of a formalist nature, confirmed by other features of the effect, such as the balances of the side terraces, the upper tents, and the corner windows in the dormitories at the ends.
The isolation of the rooms from the noise produced by the elevator is ensured not only by constructive means, but also by the layout: sanitary facilities are usually adjacent to the walls of the shaft, creating a “barrier” in front of the living quarters.
Looking for more opportunities effective use For the vertical communications of the building, English architects turned to the experience of Sweden, where a single-section tower house type was created and is widely used, as well as houses blocked from the so-called “star-shaped” sections (having a trefoil shape).
The large size of the apartments confirms its character as a luxury building, as well as the specialization of the program, which now includes a shed, a service area with 2 tanks and a storage room. Mention should be made of the concern, expressed explicitly in the cited article, "the ideal separation between tenants and the movement of the service part". Formally, the Santa Amalia building is rather sober and pared down, using mainly features such as a set of volumes of different heights and the contrast between full and empty.
In this case, probably because it was a building intended for an affluent clientele, the architect, who was sometimes considered one of the pioneers of modern architecture in São Paulo, did not hesitate to adopt the style classical style in French style, in rude opposition to the architecture he practiced in the center of São Paulo. In this way, Pilon demonstrates the peculiar convenience of adhering to the principles of typological eclecticism, clearly distinguishing the architecture of office buildings that he then built in the center of São Paulo from his residential works, for which he advocated a "style" of architecture.
The rock foundation made it possible to increase the number of floors to 10-12 without strengthening the foundation structure.
121. Residential building in Kensington, London, 1946. Section plan. Arch. Armstrong
She appears to have ushered in a wave of neoclassical residential buildings that ravage the city to this day, favored by more conservative tastes and preoccupied with sophistication, capable of finally removing the specter of the "luxury slum". They already outline, although not fully developed, the solutions that will become the norm in residential buildings in the coming decades - the rationalization of spaces and the standardization of plants, the concentration of wet areas, the provision of collective equipment, the processing of facades.
The analysis of this building indicates that, if under many points of view it clearly corresponds to the panorama described above, which confirms its influence on vertical architecture in São Paulo, given its chronological priority - an obvious search for the quality and rationality of the project, from the very point of view of its author.
While maintaining through or corner ventilation, tower houses, or, as they are often called, point blocks, allow an increase in the number of apartments served by a stairwell, up to four per floor. In mixed buildings, the small area of shading makes tower houses convenient in combination with low blocks; they are beneficial in small areas in redevelopment areas. These advantages contributed to the widespread introduction of a new type of building into English practice. Aesthetic considerations also played a role: the tower-like volumes of the point blocks help to create an expressive silhouette. Contrasting them with low, long buildings is a tempting means of adding variety to the monotonous buildings.
Thus, although the plant is completely cut off, translating it into three-dimensional movement - the usual characteristics of residential architecture of the period, the result is easy to read, and appearance the building is absolutely consistent with the interior, which is not always the case as we have seen. Formally, however, there are some considerations. As already noted, the building has a three-dimensional movement, the balance and contrast between full and empty replace, so to speak, the need for surface ornamentation. Worth noting is the simulation of corner windows, a solution introduced by Warczawczyk at the Rua Santa Cruz House and adopted ever since.
Ten-story tower block, built in 1950-1951. in the satellite city of London Harlow (architect F. Gibberd), the earliest example of a building of this type in England.
The building, intended for the settlement of small families who do not use the gardens, has on each floor two one-room and two two-room apartments s with corner ventilation. Located in an open picturesque area, among low two-three-story buildings, it is successfully integrated into the landscape. Interesting as a bold experience of using a multi-storey building in a small town, this building is not free from serious shortcomings. Its shape made it possible to orient the living rooms in all apartments together with their balconies to the south and at the same time visually isolate the dwellings from each other. The plasticity of the facades is rich and varied. However, the complexity of the plan, caused by the "sculptural" approach to the formation of volume, forced to complicate the design scheme and worsen the layout of two-room apartments. The large area occupied by vertical communications - two staircases, an elevator and floor halls - led to the high cost of housing.
Some innovations can be noted here, such as the absence of differentiated typologies in the floors and the valorization of the last floor. According to the architect, "the plant is characterized by an intense grouping form and is standardized to the maximum." Another innovative solution is to use the strong slope of the land to build a block of garages next to the back of the lot. The maid's quarters have been clustered in the garage, with the exception of the penthouse apartments, which are located adjacent to their respective service areas.
In London, point blocks were first built at the Ak Croydon complex (1952-1954).
123. Eleven-story tower block in the residential complex Accroydon, London, 1952-1954 General view and floor plan. London Borough of Architecture Department
The T-shape of the plan with three three-room apartments on each floor made it possible to provide the best orientation and cross-ventilation of the dwellings. Day-care rooms and kitchens are located at the back of the apartments. This was done both for their maximum isolation, and for bringing the bedrooms closer to the exit from the apartment for reasons fire safety. To guarantee against accidental malfunctions, the building has two elevators that stop at different floors, which greatly speeds up maintenance.
An important concern of the architect for acoustic comfort is the design, indicated in the plans, of two-layer partition walls "with an intermediate chamber" between apartments. There is also expressed concern about pooling water and sewer facilities to streamline construction.
It should be noted that the solutions he uses in the analyzed buildings prevail over schemes that are mainly focused on profit maximization, usually until then. The present analysis pointed to the diversity of solutions found in the first examples of vertical residential architecture in São Paulo, a rich source of research on the ways of building and living in São Paulo during the period under review.
The structure of the building is quite clear, but the perimeter of its outer walls is very large, and the area of vertical communications is also very significant.
124. Eleven-story tower block on Portsmouth Road in Alton, London, 1953-1956.
General view and floor plan. London Borough of Architecture Department I - day room; 2 - bedrooms; 3 - kitchen; 4 - kitchen-dining room; 5 - a place for a baby stroller; b - elevator.
Tower blocks built in London in later years on Portsmouth Road (Alton Complex, 1953-1956) and buildings on Trinity Road received a much more economical compact plan. On each of the 11 floors there are three three-room and one two-room apartments. The use of sanitary facilities, devoid of natural daylight, made it possible to increase the depth of the building to 16.9 m and drastically reduce the perimeter of the outer walls, thereby reducing the load on the central heating system.
Much attention here, as in previous examples, is given to the insulation of balconies, which is achieved by deep bracing. Living rooms and kitchens in these houses are located in the back of the apartment, the bedrooms are directly connected with the hallway. The entrances to the dwellings are connected with the central floor halls, which are accessed by stairs and elevators.
The asymmetric interpretation of the volumes of these buildings with emphasized vertical articulations fits in well with the picturesque composition of the complex, where the tower blocks are freely located among the open space.
Already after the construction of these tower blocks was started, the London City Council adopted new fire safety standards, allowing the construction of buildings of any number of storeys with one staircase, provided that the vertical communication, including the stairs and the elevator, must go into an open hall with through ventilation. This allowed tower blocks to be made simpler and cheaper.
Eleven-story blocks built in 1956 in the center of the Tile Hill district (Coventry, architects D. Gibson and A. Ling) repeat the scheme of tower houses in Accroydon with its simplification based on new standards.
125. Eleven-story tower block in the center of Tile Hill, Coventry, 1956. General view and floor plan. Architects Gibson and Ling.
Just as in the Scandinavian countries, low-rise, three-, four-story one-section houses without elevators are also being built in England (Fig. 126, houses in Plymouth, architect H. Stirling). To provide better illumination and ventilation of the premises, a T-shaped or three-beam section is preferred for such houses.
The requirement to locate the most fire-hazardous premises - the kitchen and the living room - in the depths of the apartment with a small number of storeys of the house does not matter, and they are directly connected with the hallway; the bedrooms, together with the bathroom, are at the ends of the "wings".
If square sections of tower houses can only exist as independent units, then T-shaped and star-shaped sections can be blocked. So, six twelve-story buildings in the Deadstone and Nachels quarter in Birmingham consist of two star-shaped sections each. Such a house has 62 three-room and 4 two-room apartments - three apartments per floor in each section. The houses are arranged along a north-south axis, but due to the shape of the plan, not a single room has a purely north orientation. Balconies living rooms all apartments located in the wings are facing southeast and southwest, the apartments of the central building are facing west.
More complex grouping techniques are also used. So, back in 1946 in Sweden, in Stockholm, on the southern shore of Lake Malaren, the Grondal residential complex was built. To protect against constant northerly winds, star-shaped sections are combined here into a block with several half-locks.
shaped yards of hexagonal shape. Influenced by this example, a number of experimental designs of buildings with a "honeycomb" layout were developed in England, and in 1957, in one of the districts of London, the construction of three-story buildings, blocked from five to six star-shaped sections, began. The choice of technique is determined in this case by the desire to preserve the picturesque character of the built-up intra-quarter site and divide it into a series of intimate semi-enclosed spaces.
As in the Swedish prototype, the stairs in the buildings are devoid of natural light. The shape of the sections determined the non-rectangularity of the staircase plan with a wide gap between the marches and the irregular shape of the kitchens and sanitary facilities.
126. Four-story one-section house in Plymouth, 1954 General view and floor plan. Arch. Stirling
Single-section point blocks and star-shaped buildings allow increasing the load of vertical communications, but their economic advantages are significantly reduced by the complexity of the layout and design scheme, as well as the large perimeter of the outer walls. Therefore, houses of these types cannot be accepted for mass construction. The significant place occupied by them on the pages of English architectural magazines is explained not by their mass distribution, but by the fact that buildings of such types are new, unusual and, by the nature of their three-dimensional structure, stand out among ordinary buildings.
127. Twelve-story Queens Tower residential building in the Deadstone and Nachels quarter in Birmingham, 1955. Arch. Cook 1 - day room; 2 - bedrooms; 3 - kitchen; 4 - bathroom; 5 - a room for drying clothes; 6 - evacuation ladder
128. Three-story houses of the Beckenham complex in London (Westminster area), 1957. Perspective, floor plan diagram and master plan. Architects Armstrong and McManus 1 - day room; 2 - bedrooms; 3 - kitchen; 4 - bathroom
129. Typical two-room cell gallery house of the Gremern Estate, London, 1954. Architects Armstrong and McManus
130. Three-story gallery houses in the Lansbury neighborhood in London
The cheapest, and due to this, the most common type of multi-storey residential building are gallery-type buildings.
Apartments in such houses are not grouped into compact sections, but open onto open galleries-balconies connecting rows of apartments with a staircase. The efficiency of using stairs and elevators increases dramatically; the building receives a simple and clear structure, through ventilation is well organized.
The economic and constructive advantages of buildings of this type are undeniable. However, at the same time, certain inconveniences in operation should be noted. An additional horizontal communication-gallery appears; the only way to enter the apartment is through the gallery, and this forces you to re-enter the open air after you have already entered the building. Such houses inevitably have a narrow body with a depth of about 7-9 m. For satisfactory insulation and better lighting of apartments, all living quarters should be facing the side not shaded by galleries, which limits the possible orientation of buildings and makes it difficult to arrange apartments with more than two rooms.
Such buildings are not acceptable in areas with a harsh climate, especially in areas with heavy winter snowfalls. But in the conditions of a mild English winter, which does not know long cold weather and stable snow cover, their inherent shortcomings are quite tolerable.
Certain difficulties in the gallery house are the isolation of apartments; however, this problem can also be solved with a sufficiently thought-out cell layout. In the simplest way, insulation is achieved when arranging small two-room apartments. On the sides of the hallway, the entrance to which leads from the gallery, there is a kitchen and a sanitary unit, which separate the living rooms from the general communication. The windows of the utility rooms, protected by corrugated glass, overlook the gallery, and the windows of the day room and bedroom - on the opposite facade. The layout of one-room apartments is similar.
By reducing the depth of the bedrooms, loggias are often arranged over the entire height of the building, in which individual balconies are located; they acquire an intimate character and are protected from the weather, in addition, the shading of the window of the living room is excluded. The location of the rooms along one side of the building does not allow it to be oriented to the north. The southern or western orientation of this facade is considered preferable.
Extremely simple and modest are the three- and four-story gallery buildings being built in working-class districts. Such houses are typical in Aensbury, one of the districts of the East End of London, with their smooth brick walls and concrete slab galleries, which have reinforced glass railings between metal posts. Only large, coarse vases adorn the area in front of the entrance, somewhat violating the severity of the appearance of the buildings. Sometimes designs and finishes are extremely simplified. Galleries get simple wooden railings; semi-open stairs, metal.
It should be noted that when the cells are located along the galleries, it is difficult to provide a satisfactory layout for larger apartments. So, one of the bedrooms of four-room apartments in six-story blocks on St. Pancras Way in London (architects Norman and Dowburn, 1949) had to be moved towards the passage gallery. This not only deprived the dwelling of the necessary isolation, but also led to poor insolation of the room, which was oriented to the northeast and, moreover, darkened by the gallery.
In this example, the solution of vertical communication with a half-open staircase and an elevator shaft located outside the building is interesting, so that the noise from the elevator does not penetrate into the apartments. The shaft of the garbage chute, common to all apartments, is also attached to the mine. The location of garbage bins in the open air, outside the housing, is undoubtedly advisable in terms of hygiene, and servicing the entire house with one garbage chute gives a certain economic effect.
137. Residential building in Hammersmiths, London, 1956. Arch. Conder. General view and plans of apartments A - apartment located on the 1st-2nd floor; B - apartment located on the 3rd-4th floor
138. Eleven-story gallery house with apartments on two levels on Loughborough Road in London (Lambeth area), 1953-1956. General view and plans of the cell. London Municipality Architectural Department 1 - day room; 2 - kitchen; 3 - pantry; 4 - cabinet for cleaning items; 5-cabinet for products; 6 - bedrooms; 7 - wardrobes; 8 - drying cabinet; 9 - bathroom.
In the appearance of the buildings under consideration, expressiveness is combined with laconicism of the solution. The main compositional motif of the north side of the buildings is the contrasting opposition of the horizontal articulations formed by the galleries to the asymmetrically located tower-shaped volume of the elevator shaft. Rhythmically recurring loggias and brightly colored asbestos-cement railings of individual balconies define the more intimate and picturesque character of the southern façades.
139. Eleven-story gallery house on Bentham Road in London (Hackney), 1954-1957. Photo from the layout. Architectural department of the London City Council.
Three- and four-room apartments in gallery-type houses can be conveniently arranged in the end parts of the buildings, while smaller apartments are located in the middle or next to the vertical communications node. Thus, the planning of four- and five-story blocks in Accroydon, London (architect J. Martin, 1954) and nine-story buildings of the second phase of the construction of the Churchill Garden complex, completed according to the project of architects F. Powell and R. Moya in 1954, was solved.
The second example is indicative of the growing popularity of gallery-type buildings in England. During the construction of the first stage of this complex, mainly sectional houses were used, the high cost of which determined the high level of apartment rent. In the development of the second stage, gallery houses became the predominant type.
In the interior of London, where there is an acute shortage of land, houses with six to ten floors are increasingly being built. This is the height of the gallery houses completed in 1954 in the complex in Padding.
tone, near London's Hyde Park, the layout of which was mentioned above. Both six-story and ten-story buildings include mostly economical two-room apartments; three-room apartments are located at the ends.
The ten-story buildings have a central vertical communication unit with a staircase and two elevators, and, in addition, small three-flight fire escapes along the edges. Each six-story building has an elevator in the center and stairwells at the ends. The dimensions of the elevators are designed to lift a baby stroller.
140. Section and plans of the cells of the house on Bentham Road Below, the plan of the lower level, the same for all cells; plans for the 2nd floor show the formation of two-, three- and four-room cells. 1 - entrance gallery; 2- front; 3 - day stay room; 4 - kitchen; 5- balcony; 6 - bedroom; 7-evacuation balcony
Apartments in this fashionable area of the English capital are expensive, and in order to attract wealthy tenants, it was important to ensure the "showiness" of the external appearance of the houses. The architects Drake and Lasdan, who designed the houses, came up with a really peculiar, but very far-fetched solution. Taking advantage of the freedom to organize the plane, which was provided by the light non-bearing outer walls of the structures, they turned the facades into almost ornamental compositions; windows and piers are perceived as a decorative motif. The nature of these compositions is clearly inspired by samples of abstract painting (Fig. 134). With all the diversity, the “chessboard” arrangement of windows and imposts of galleries is persistently repeated everywhere, emphasizing the non-tectonic nature of architecture.
141. Eleven-storey residential building on Picton Street in London (Lambeth district), 1956-1957 B - plan at the bedroom level (3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th floors).
If the houses on Saint-Pan-kras-vey, despite the laconicism of their solution, still retained a certain successive connection with the traditions of national architecture, then the architects who worked on the multi-storey buildings of Churchill Garden and Paddington break this connection. The former deliberately emphasize the utilitarian nature of the forms, while the latter, on the contrary, renounce rationalism as well as the national tradition, striving to create geometric abstractions. The trend, which was only outlined in one of the earliest post-war buildings in London - in the Spa Green quarter (see Fig. 118), manifested itself here in full.
Gallery-type houses with apartments on the same level are widespread not only in England, but in almost all European countries with a fairly favorable climate: in France, Holland, Switzerland, Italy, West Germany, Hungary, as well as in the USA and countries South America. But a purely English type of building is the so-called "maisonette" - a gallery building with apartments on two levels. In these houses, the structure of a multi-storey gallery block is combined with a traditional English living cell.
Access through the gallery is provided only to the first of the two floors occupied by each apartment. Walk-through balconies, therefore, are located through the floor, and the apartments have internal stairs. Such a building is, as it were, a series of terrace houses stacked on top of each other.
As usual for a traditional living cell, the first floor of the apartment houses an entrance hall, a living room and a kitchen, and a group of bedrooms and a sanitary unit are located on the second floor. The bedrooms, facing both facades, are well isolated both from the walk-through gallery and from other communications.
In this way, maisonettes combine the economic advantages of balcony access with the well-insulated apartments. In addition, the number of walk-through galleries is reduced, and the arrangement of floors is simplified. Capital floors are constructed only through the floor; within the cell between the bedrooms and the living room, light structures that do not require soundproofing are considered sufficient.
Initially, four-story maisonettes were especially popular in England. The apartments located on the first two floors were directly connected to the site and thus provided the same conditions as in the terraced houses. Residents of the third or fourth floors sometimes also had plots located on the other side of the building.
The first experience was the construction of 5 eleven-story buildings on Loughborough Road. These buildings had a traditional cell type with a living room downstairs and two bedrooms upstairs. Toilet was designed with direct natural light, which determined the shallow depth of the hull and the width of the cells equal to 4.63 l * (15 ft 2 in).
142. Eight-storey house on Holford Square in London (Finsbury district), 1955. General view and layout of plans a - floor plans of a four-storey house included in the complex; b - plans for an eight-story building
For the eleven-story houses, which began construction in 1954 on Bentham Road, London's chief architect J. Martin and his staff developed a more economical solution.
The location of the bathroom and lavatory at the back of the apartment with ventilation through exhaust ducts made it possible to reduce the width of the cell to 3.65 m (12 ft) and bring the depth of the cabinet to 9.60 m. In addition to obvious economic advantages, this significantly increased the structural stability of the huge multi-storey plate building.
143. Eight-nine-story house on St. Pancras street in London, 1949-1956. Plan 2-8 floors 1 - day room; 2 - bedrooms; 3 - kitchen; 4 - bathroom; 5 - front; 6 - loggia; 7 - entrance gallery
In these buildings, galleries located across the floor serve 20 apartments each. London's new fire safety regulations allow a single staircase in a building, the dimensions of which are limited only by the convenience and capacity of the elevators. In accordance with this, each of the houses on Bentham Road has one staircase and two elevators with access to an open through hall (which is a prerequisite for a building with a single vertical communication). Garbage bins are located next to the stairs in the loggia open to the gallery.
The galleries are located across the floor, and each of the cells has an internal wooden staircase with an elevation angle of 45°. The overlap between floors within the cell is light, wooden; floors and partitions between sections are fireproof.
Apartments, mostly three-room, with an entrance hall, a living room and a kitchen downstairs, two bedrooms and a bathroom upstairs. One of the bedrooms communicates with a narrow balcony running along the entire front of the building; in the event of a fire on the first floor of the cell, this balcony should ensure the evacuation of people from the bedrooms through neighboring apartments.
By the ingenious method of "transferring" one of the bedrooms within a couple of cells in these houses, an expansion of the range of apartments has been achieved; one of the apartments as a result of such a transfer turns into a four-room apartment, receiving a third bedroom, the other becomes a two-room apartment.
The apartments use every inch of internal cubic capacity. So, even above the narrow and steep interior staircases, built-in wardrobes opening into the bedroom are arranged.
Cells of such dimensions, with the same internal layout adopted in eleven-story houses on Roehampton Lane (Wimbledon complex) and Picton Street (the first buildings of these complexes were built in 1956-1957). However, twin cells with two- and four-room apartments were not used, because they complicate the constructive solution.
144. Seven-story house for singles in London (Brixton area), 1954. Architects Armstrong and McManus
145. Home for singles in London. Typical floor plan, part of the ground floor plan and site plan A - workshops; B - bike garage; B - a room for visiting guests; G - apartments for service personnel; D - restaurant; 1 - lobby; 2-administration room; 3 - elevators; 4 - cafeteria hall; 5 - laundry reception point; 6 - hairdressing salon; 7 - typical studio apartment; 8 - living room of a two-room apartment; 9 - bedroom.
Thus, the demands of life, the desire for maximum expediency, led to the adoption of a single section for a number of major construction projects carried out by the London municipality.
The facades of houses built on the basis of a standard cell are formed exclusively by utilitarian elements, but a large, clear rhythm determined by the structure of the building, deep chiaroscuro of balconies and galleries, as well as a strong compositional accent created by stairs and through halls, give a certain expressiveness to their somewhat stern appearance. Houses on Picton Street are significantly outperformed in this respect by the introduction of metal gallery fencing instead of reinforced concrete.
Due to the relative cost-effectiveness of multi-storey maisonettes and their popularity among the population, they gradually occupy an increasing place in the total volume of construction.
146. Four-story houses with shops in Coventry. Floor plans, section and layout of residential cells / - shops; 2 - common staircase to residential apartments; 3 - store warehouses; 4 - pantries for bicycles and strollers; 5 - day rooms; 6 - bedrooms; 7 - kitchens; 8 - common corridor with entrances to apartments
147. Four-story houses with shops on the ground floor. Tile Hill Neighborhood Center in Coventry, 1955 Arch. Gibson.
In order to maximize the loading of vertical communication, sometimes they resort to complicating the plan. Thus, the eight-story house on Holford Square in Finsbury (London) has an L-shaped plan, with three gallery buildings, united by a central hall with a staircase and two elevators. Wings oriented meridionally have one-story cells with two and three rooms; latitudinal orientation wing - two-story maisonette-type cells with four rooms. In order to save money, the facades of the building are extremely simplified and even deprived of traditional apartment balconies. To eliminate the impression of monotony, the windows of the outer walls are grouped in a checkerboard pattern. This technique became possible thanks to a system of structures with transverse bearing walls; it is complemented by the contrast of color and texture of light gray facing concrete slabs and red brick window sills.
In areas where partial reconstruction is being carried out, buildings are used in small free areas, which are a kind of combination of a gallery house with a point block. The vertical communications node combines short wings with galleries, forming a T-shaped, 1-shaped or X-shaped plan. These are, for example, eight-, nine-story buildings in St. Pancras (London) with six apartments on each floor or an eight-story house project for Bethnal Green (London). The arrangement of stairs and elevators with direct access to open galleries made it possible not to create additional evacuation communications. It should be noted the complexity and vagueness of the layout and volumetric construction of these buildings.
Nineteen-story house in the neighborhood of Tidy Street, London, project 1956. A - plan 3-19 floors; B - plan 2-18 floors; B - plan of the 1st floor; G - cell plans. On the floor plans: 1 - evacuation balcony; 2- ladder; 3 - ventilated hall-loggia;. 4 - elevators; 5 - individual balconies; 7 - directions of through ventilation and lighting of general communications; 8 - entrances to the stairs; 9 - common corridor; 10 - children's playground; 11 - ventilation chamber; 12 - waste bin; 14 - boiler room. On the cell plans: 1 - bedrooms; 2 - bathroom; 3 - front; 4 - restroom; 5 - pantry; 6 - common coridg p; 7 - input; 8 - kitchen; 9 - day stay room; 10-balcony apartments in them do not have through ventilation, soundproofing of the premises is difficult, and horizontal communication inside the building significantly reduces economic performance. In such houses, one-room and two-room apartments are designed, similar in character to hotel rooms. They are intended for single or childless young families in which both spouses work and do not lead a complex household.
A typical example of such a building is a house for single workers, built by the Ginkes Brewery Trust in the Brixton area of London (1954, architects.
Armstrong and McManus). There are 161 apartments in the seven-storey block. For the most part, these are one-room dwellings; 22 two-room apartments are intended for friends living together. Each apartment has a combined bathroom with a bathtub and a washbasin and a kitchen cabinet located directly in the living room. This cabinet with sink, water heater and single-burner electric stove can be closed off with a sliding curtain wall.
Residents of the house can use the self-service dining room, which is located in the one-story annex. In addition, there is a small cafeteria, a hairdresser's and a laundry reception on the ground floor.
A semi-circular main staircase with two elevators leads to the apartments, opening into the floor halls. At the ends of the building there are evacuation stairs, next to which are garbage chute receivers. Balconies at the ends of the corridors are for cleaning clothes and beating carpets. The "cellular" internal structure is clearly revealed on the facades of the building, dissected by the frame grid. Their monotonous system is cut through only by a glass drum in which the main staircase is located.
In recent years (not without the influence of residential buildings created by Corbusier in Marseilles), corridor-type buildings with a "duplex" cell have been built. The apartments are located on two levels; passage corridors are provided through the floor.
Residential four-storey houses with shops on the ground floor, built in the center of Tile Hill (Coventry, 1955), have a common corridor on the third floor. The hallways, bathrooms and kitchen-dining rooms of all apartments are located on the same level. Bedrooms and living rooms of apartments on one side of the corridor are located below - on the second floor; others - the floor above the kitchens and the corridor.
The combination of all bathrooms and kitchens within the same floor made it possible to develop an economical scheme of engineering equipment.
The cells of the nineteen-story building designed for the Tidey Street complex in London (architect J. Martin) are formed according to a different principle. In each pair of apartments with entrances on different sides of the common corridor, one has a living room and a kitchen at the entrance level, with bedrooms and a bathroom located on the floor above, where an internal staircase leads; in the second apartment, on the contrary, at the entrance level - bedrooms and a bathroom, and a living room and a kitchen - on the floor above.
Thanks to this technique, all living rooms of the house are oriented to the south. The location of the "noisy" rooms on top of each other improves the sound insulation of the bedrooms; the same arrangement of bathrooms and kitchens makes it possible to conveniently serve them with a common vertical shaft (Fig. 148).
True, the convenience of apartments in which the kitchen and living room are distant from the entrance is very doubtful; besides, their bedrooms, although isolated from the living rooms, are in contact with the corridor, which is also not very successful. The areas of utility rooms in this part of the dwellings are also used much less efficiently.
However, for all that, the general structure of the house with well-lit and ventilated through corridors seems to be rational for a high-rise building with a short body.
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Multi-storey multi-apartment residential buildings occupy an increasing share in the practice of housing construction. Their use can significantly increase the number of apartments in the house, increase the building density of cities and towns, which helps to reduce the building area. The latter is of great importance, since the expansion of the territory of cities exacerbates the transport problem, leads to an increase in the cost of engineering networks, increases the distance between housing and places of work and recreation, which, in turn, reduces a person's free time.
In the practice of construction and design of small and medium-sized cities and towns, 4- and 5-storey multi-apartment residential buildings are common, for large and largest cities 9- and 12-storey buildings are typical, as well as high-rise buildings (17 ... 25 floors) and high-rise buildings (over 25 floors). The term "high-rise building" defines the concept of a building exceeding the height available for extinguishing a fire from automechanical ladders, which allow reaching a height of 28 m in the mass version, and 50 m in a special version. building solutions and the rational choice of the supporting structural scheme.
Multi-storey residential buildings are designed and built as sectional, corridor and gallery buildings.
A common design scheme for multi-storey 9- and 17-storey buildings are multi-storey large-panel buildings. In high-rise buildings, a frame-stem scheme is used. Stair-elevator units and engineering vertical communications are located in the shaft shaft. A volumetric shaft-shaft is usually erected from monolithic reinforced concrete in a sliding formwork. Best Layout is achieved in cases where the shape of the trunk and the plan of the building are similar. If the plan of the building is round, the shaft is cylindrical; if it is triangular, it is a triangular prism. With an elongated plan, two mines are built.
For multi-storey building great importance acquires the organization of fire prevention measures. In houses of corridor and gallery types with a height of ten or more floors, common corridors or galleries must have exits to two non-smoky staircases with a floor area of more than 300 m2. In houses up to ten floors with a floor area of more than 300 m2, one staircase is allowed; at the same time, at the ends of the corridor buildings, for fire-fighting purposes, common balconies should be provided for all apartments, connected by external evacuation stairs to the floor level of the fifth floor.
Multi-storey buildings of corridor and gallery type must have at least two evacuation stairs. With an increase in the number of storeys, the role of wind loads increases, which, when calculating and designing, determine the corresponding volumetric and spatial solution of the building and its architectural and planning structure; the solution of vertical transport - stair-lift units and engineering communications systems becomes more complicated; the degree of fire-fighting requirements is increasing, affecting the scheme of internal communications, the choice of types of stairs and elevators, and the regulation of the distance to them from each room; noise from pipelines, garbage chutes, elevators increases. Therefore, when designing buildings, this whole range of issues should be addressed.
AT high-rise buildings the organization of evacuation routes is of great importance. In houses with a height of up to five floors, one escape route is provided through a staircase located in a fireproof stairwell with natural light.
In 9-storey residential buildings(sectional) all apartments have one exit to the evacuation staircase. In apartments located above the fifth floor, transitions along loggias and balconies to an adjacent section or exits to an external evacuation staircase are also arranged. In 9-storey corridor and gallery buildings with a floor area of more than 300 m2, exits from corridors and galleries to at least two evacuation stairs are organized. In buildings over ten floors, a smoke-free staircase is required.
Smoke-free stairs are organized by introducing an air zone on the way to the evacuation staircase (to exclude smoke in the staircase) or by installing an open or semi-open staircase located outside the contour of the external fences (walls) of a residential building. With closed staircases, smoke-free stairwells are ensured by air overpressure during stimulating smoke extraction from stairwells, sluices and halls through ventilation ducts and shafts with valves and self-closing doors on each floor. Valves are opened and fans are turned on automatically by special smoke detectors.
3.3 Space-planning solutions for sectional houses
Sectional residential buildings consist of residential sections, each of which has a common vertical communications node (staircase-elevator) for a group of floor-by-floor united apartments. A section is a part of a residential building with apartments served by a single staircase.
Sections within a floor design two-, three-, four-, six- and eight-apartment and more. A large number of apartments in the section ensures the most economical use of vertical communications, however, three- and four-apartment sections have greater urban planning flexibility. In climatic regions III and IV, in order to ensure through ventilation, it is permissible to use sections with two apartments per floor with its total area of 150 ... 200 m2.
There are ordinary (middle) sections and end sections with or without windows at the end, corner sections with a different number and composition of apartments, limited (meridional), partially limited and unlimited (latitudinal and meridional) orientation, which provides different urban planning maneuverability of residential buildings. The location and composition of the sections of apartments in the projects have a digital designation (the number of living rooms in the apartments) and an alphabetic designation (the location of the section in the plan of the house is ordinary, end, corner). For example, the designation T.2-3-3 characterizes a three-apartment end section with two- and three-room apartments, etc.
Composition schemes of plans multi-storey buildings shown in fig. 7.2.
In the architecture of a modern industrial residential building, shaping is closely related to the functional content and, above all, to the structure of the sections. At the same time, the main gradations of number of storeys determine a number of features. So, if for nine-story residential buildings a loggia or a balcony in each apartment is not necessary based on fire safety requirements, then for 12-story and higher buildings they are mandatory. The structure of the façade is in many cases determined by these requirements.
Solutions for entrances, windows, grouping of loggias and the nature of the spot formed by them, framing of loggias and walls on which their slabs rest, material, texture and color of the fence, methods of arranging the crowning part are among the main composite elements of the facades of residential buildings.
Insolation requirements for premises in I and II building-climatic regions determine the use of latitudinal sections, located along the longitudinal axis in the general east-west direction, and meridional sections, located along the longitudinal axis in the general north-south direction. Currently, in design practice, latitudinal four-apartment sections with a set of apartments 2-2-3-3 or 1-2-3-3 are common.
Examples of the layout of latitudinal sections for climatic regions I and II are given in Figs. 7.3.
For meridional houses, the orientation of which is allowed only on two sides of the horizon (east and west), there is no such restriction and apartments in them usually have one-sided orientation. Therefore, meridional sections are used to accommodate six-room apartments (with a total area
Rice. 7.3 Layout of sectional residential buildings:
a) a latitudinal section, b) a meridional section for the southern regions, c) a section with a wide body for the northern regions.
with an area of 250 ... 400 m2) and more apartments if there are at least two elevators in the section.
In climatic regions III and IV, one-sided orientation of apartments is not allowed, except for apartments ventilated through a stairwell in climatic region III (see Fig. 5.15), therefore meridional sections are usually excluded for use. Rice. 7.3c illustrates the solution of the deep hull section for the northern regions.
The structural and rhythmic layout of sectional buildings as a whole is predetermined by their functional purpose and depend on the types of sections.
Multi-section residential buildings are formed on the basis of blocking a number of sections of various composition and configuration in accordance with and on the basis of the requirements for the resettlement of families of the existing numerical and demographic composition, as well as compositional solution buildings and buildings in general. The choice of the length of houses depends on economic and urban planning requirements.
It is advisable to use multi-section houses with a length of more than 90 m, as evidenced by the practice of building in recent years.
The rhythmic construction of the extended facades is determined by the parameters of the typological elements - apartments and sections, the cutting of the wall and the location of the balconies and loggias. For houses above 16 floors, it is advisable to extend no more than two or three sections due to the large shading of the territory. The width of residential buildings, ensuring the compactness of solutions, is appropriate within 13 ... 15 m for I climatic region, 11 ... 13 m for II and III and 9 ... 10M-FOR IV.
Point single-section tower-type residential buildings are a structure of floor-by-floor apartments grouped around a single vertical communications node - a stair-elevator block. Multi-storey point houses are designed as multi-storey (9, 12, 16, 17 or more floors). This type of residential building makes it possible to increase the density and compositionally enrich the building, improve the hygienic qualities of apartments due to the perimeter of the outer walls per unit area compared to multi-section ones. The desire to find economical and expressive solutions leads to a variety of volumetric and spatial solutions of point houses with a variety of complicated plan forms.
On fig. 7.4 shows examples of various planning solutions single-section 12 ... 17-storey residential buildings, adopted in domestic and foreign practice: three-beam, tee, cross, double-block, etc. Here we see; that the complication of the form of the plan makes it possible to make a more appropriate space-planning solution for a residential building, allows for a larger number of apartments on the floor to meet the requirements of insolation and a compact layout for any orientation of the house, as well as achieving an expressive volumetric composition of the building. However, such a space-planning solution for panel houses requires more complex structures.
rice. 7.4 Options for various planning solutions for point single-section residential buildings: a) with a warm staircase and access to an emergency fire escape, b) with a smoke-free staircase surrounded by corridors, c) with a four-sided corridor around utility rooms, d) a stepped plan, e) a shamrock
The cost-effectiveness of the building is largely determined by the rationality of the organization of the staircase and elevator assembly. In point houses of a dissected form, the ventilation of a part of the apartments is organized using floor corridors through window openings in the end walls.
In the conditions of complex development, with a combination of buildings of different heights, long houses are mostly assigned the functions of the background.
High-rise dotted houses are either combined with background ones as rhythmically defined, regularly placed elements of a residential formation (usually streets), or play the role of accents.
3.4 Space-planning solutions for corridor and gallery houses
Corridor residential buildings unite a group of one- and two-room apartments, each of which has access to a common corridor - a horizontal communication room interconnected with vertical communications - a stair-elevator node. The length of the corridors is determined by hygienic and fire safety requirements. The length of corridors illuminated from two sides is allowed no more than 40 m, on the one hand - 20 m. With a longer length, light gaps-pockets (halls) should be designed, the distances between which should be 20 m, and between the window opening and the hall - 30 m. To improve ventilation and natural lighting of corridors, the method of mutual shifting of parts of a residential building is often used, which at the same time increases the expressiveness of the architectural design of the building. Table 7.1.