Classification of buildings by purpose is a normative document. Classification of public buildings by functional purpose, number of storeys, design features, etc.

In mass housing construction, the main type of residential buildings (more than 90%) are apartment buildings intended for family occupancy.

2.By number of floors
residential buildings are divided into:
low-rise (1 - 2 floors);
medium-rise (3 - 5 floors);
multi-storey (6 or more floors);
high number of floors (11 - 16 floors);
high-rise (more than 16 floors)

3. By number of apartments:
for single-family (individual)
semi-detached
multi-apartment

4.According to its space-planning structure
Residential apartment buildings according to their space-planning structure they can be divided into:
sectional;
bellhops;
gallery;
corridor and gallery sections;
blocked.

5. Based on materials of supporting structures
Based on the materials of load-bearing structures (walls, coverings, columns), residential buildings are divided into:
stone;
wooden;
mixed type.
Common data.
In stone buildings, the walls can be made of large prefabricated concrete elements (panels, blocks) or small-sized products (brick, ceramic, concrete blocks), natural stones, as well as monolithic ones made of lightweight concrete. The floors are made from prefabricated reinforced concrete panels or reinforced concrete monolithic ones.
Residential multi-storey buildings with a height of up to 9 floors must have stone walls, reinforced concrete floors and have fire resistance of class II, and with a height of 10 or more floors - class I. In terms of capital, stone buildings are classified as class I. The durability of this type of building is 100 years.
In wooden residential buildings walls and ceilings can be made of wooden panels; in areas rich in forests, walls can be made of beams and logs, and ceilings can be made of panels on wooden beams.
Wooden buildings are classified as IV, V degrees of fire resistance, IV capital class. They can have no more than 1 - 2 floors. The durability of this type of building is 25 years.
In buildings with mixed-type structures, the walls are made of stone and the floors may be wooden. Due to the discrepancy between the durability and performance qualities of walls and ceilings, this type of construction has little application.
Depending on urban planning, natural, construction and technical (conditions of construction sites, as well as on the characteristics of the type labor activity and everyday life of the population, residential buildings with different number of storeys, planning and volume-spatial structure, nature of connection with environment.

The correct choice of the number of floors of residential buildings and their space-planning structure is important both in economic, urban planning and architectural terms, and for solving social problems. ensuring the necessary favorable living conditions and activities of the population.
Low-rise, one- and two-story, one- and two-apartment houses, located, as a rule, with individual personal plots and auxiliary outbuildings, are used in villages, towns, cottage communities and also in urban settlements, both in individual and cooperative and partially state construction. This type of housing is most consistent with the conditions for the development of personal subsidiary individual farms, collective farmers, workers and private farms and meets the lifestyle and everyday skills of the rural population.
The manor location of this type of house requires an increase in the territory of populated areas, which increases the cost of installing utility networks. IN individual houses simplified engineering equipment is allowed (local heating, latrines, etc.) However, given the growth in opportunities, the future connection of houses to water supply, sewerage, gas supply, etc. networks should be provided.
In rural villages, at the expense of state and cooperative funds, two-story multi-apartment buildings are also being erected, and in central villages - partially three and four-story buildings. IN apartment buildings, as a rule, are provided with elements of engineering improvement: central heating, water supply, sewerage, gas supply, etc.

6. Residential apartment buildings, according to their space-planning structure, can be divided into:
sectional
bellboys
gallery
corridor and gallery sections
blocked

The most popular are sectional houses, accounting for 80% of the total volume housing construction(in Russia). In sectional buildings, groups of apartments are located floor by floor in connection with a node of vertical communications (staircases, elevators) and have entrances from staircase landings or elevator halls.

Residential buildings can be multi-sectional or single-sectional ("point" or "tower"), the latter are less economical, but create the possibility of more flexible placement in the urban development system and a variety of architectural and compositional solutions.

Corridor and gallery residential buildings are characterized by the development of horizontal communications. In corridor residential buildings, apartments are located on both sides of a corridor that connects them with vertical communications, i.e., with stairs and elevators.
In corridor residential buildings, apartments cannot have cross ventilation, so in climatic regions III and IV they use gallery houses with apartments located along the galleries (Fig. d). In areas with strong winds and dust storms, special types of windproof and dustproof corridor residential buildings are used.
Placing a large number of apartments along corridors or galleries creates conditions for effective use elevators, and therefore it is advisable to use houses of this type with 9 - 12 - 16 floors.

In corridor-sectional and gallery-sectional houses, each apartment is located on two floors and has an internal staircase, and corridors are located across the floor. In the corridor floors of each apartment there is a common room, a kitchen, a restroom, and a hallway; in the upper ones there are bedrooms and a dressing room with a bath. This spatial structure creates opportunities for the effective use of horizontal and vertical communications, cross-ventilation of apartments and their orientation on two sides of the horizon, thanks to which these houses have great urban planning flexibility.
At the same time, the arrangement of apartments on two floors does not always meet the household needs, requirements of the population and the demographic composition of families. Only 3-5-room apartments can be placed in such houses. In this regard, houses of this type are being built on an experimental basis.

Multi-apartment block buildings, usually two-story, also consist of apartments located on two floors, but with entrances not from the corridors, but from the street (see Fig. i, k). Each apartment can have a small plot of land with a width equal to the width of the apartment (i.e. 6 - 8 m) and an area of ​​150 - 200 m2. In blocked two-story houses You can place apartments of 3 - 4 - 5 rooms. Blocked houses can include 2 - 10 or more block apartments, adjacent to each other, located linearly or on ledges. More economical are multi-block buildings, which are slightly (3 - 4%) more expensive than multi-apartment sectional buildings, but much cheaper (30 - 35%) than individual ones. This type of house is used in villages, cottage communities and partly in small towns.

Single-apartment (individual) houses and two-apartment (paired) houses can have apartments on the 1st floor or on two levels (see Fig. m, n), and the second floor can be arranged in the form of an attic, i.e. using the attic space. Apartments in individual and semi-detached houses are designed taking into account the peculiarities of everyday life and running private household plots on personal plots. This type of house is used in cottage settlements, rural settlements, partly in small workers’ settlements, on railways and highways, oil and gas pipelines, etc.

Dormitories are intended for temporary residence of single workers and employees during their work and for students of universities, technical schools and vocational schools during their studies. For young families consisting of married couples, spouses with a child or an adult with a child, design special types of dormitories in which each family is provided with a separate small apartment. Except living rooms The dormitories house a complex of premises for versatile services and self-service for the population. They also use hotel-type hostels with an increased degree of cultural and social services, close to the hotel service system for the population.

Hotels serve for short-term stays of visitors, usually from 1-30 days. Depending on the population for which the hotels are intended, they are divided in accordance with SNiP P-79-78 into hotels: general type- for those coming on business trips and personal matters; tourist - for domestic and foreign tourists; resort - for vacationers, as well as for motor tourists at motels (for short stays) and campsites (for recreation). In addition, some special types of hotels of a general type are used: for transport passengers at air, bus, water, railway stations, for athletes, departmental ones industrial enterprises, institutions.
Depending on the composition of the premises, their area, equipment and degree of comfort, hotels in the USSR were divided into five categories. General tourist hotels can be of the highest, I, II, III and IV categories, and resort hotels - at least III category; Currently, according to the European model, hotels are divided by class on a five-point “star” scale. 5 stars - the highest category of service comfort.

There are two types of boarding houses - general (sanatorium-paissionate) for people who can move independently and partially take care of themselves, and hospital ones - for those who need constant bed rest. In the first type, rooms for 1 - 2 people (with a sanitary unit) are combined into groups of 10 people. Each group is provided with a kitchen, a recreation room and a utility room. The boarding school includes a complex of food, cultural and medical services. The capacity of such boarding schools is 100, 200 and 300 places. Hospital boarding schools have ward-type rooms for 1 - 2 or 4 beds with sanitary facilities and are combined into groups such as hospital sections. These boarding schools have more developed complexes of medical facilities, a centralized food system, and a somewhat smaller composition of cultural and community services. The capacity of such boarding schools is 50-100 people for small settlements and 300, 400, 500 people for cities.

In the real estate industry, one has to deal with determining the capital group of construction projects quite often. For example, this procedure cannot be avoided if state registration of a structure or a decision on demolition is required.

What does the term “building capital” mean?

Regulatory and technical literature does not provide a clearly formulated explanation of the signs of capital construction projects. Nevertheless, this term is associated with the strength, functionality and service life of the building.

How to determine the capital group of a building?

In order to assign a building a particular capital group, a special expert commission is appointed. The examination process includes the assessment of a number of indicators. The main ones are:

• Materials used for construction: foundation, walls, ceilings.
• Design features that ensure the physical and mechanical endurance of the structure.
• Degree of fire resistance.
• Level of internal improvement, engineering communications.

Capital groups of buildings for civil use

Modern architectural solutions imply different capital values ​​for buildings depending on their intended purpose. Thus, structures intended for civil use (residential buildings) have less durability than industrial (public) real estate.

The period of trouble-free operation is a key factor in determining the capital group of buildings and structures, the table clearly shows this.

I group capital of residential buildings

Houses of the first capital class meet the highest quality standards. The maximum service life is achieved thanks to a durable structure, mainly consisting of a monolithic foundation, walls and ceilings. Basic construction material foundations concrete, stone. The walls can be made of block, stone or brickwork. The ceilings are made of reinforced concrete. The fire resistance of such objects is maximum. An example is multi-story buildings, of which any urban architecture predominantly consists.

Capital group II

Representatives of this class are not much behind the first group in terms of strength and durability. Unlike the first class, the walls here can also be large-panel. Such houses are gaining more and more popularity in the construction market, as they are built faster, and most importantly, they cost contractors less than monolithic ones.

III capital group

For the construction of such houses, a mixed technology is used for erecting walls using lighter materials: brick, cinder blocks, shell rock, etc. Such walls are lighter than concrete or stone, but at the same time a certain percentage of physical and mechanical endurance is lost.

IV capital group

In the mixed designs of houses in this group, building materials such as wood are used. In the wooden version, walls (chopped, cobbled), ceilings, and a lightweight strip foundation can be made. Fire resistance is noticeably reduced compared to its predecessors. Low-rise buildings and private cottages are built using this type, which do not place much load on the foundation.

Group V

Frame-panel buildings belong to wooden house construction. Wooden frame houses- These are most often country houses and cottages intended for seasonal use. The undoubted plus is the low cost of time and money, the minus is a high fire hazard and a relatively short service life.

VI group

Prominent representatives are bathhouses, sheds, garages and other temporary buildings and structures. They are intended for individual economic use.

Capital groups of industrial and other buildings

Buildings for industrial and other purposes are subject to slightly different requirements. technical requirements than to civilian objects, namely, the service life bar is raised. Below is data that conditionally divides non-residential properties into capital groups of buildings and structures. The table reflects their main parameters, and also clearly demonstrates the classification of buildings by capital density.

The service life of buildings by capital groups varies depending on the intended purpose of the facility. Yes, for production facilities it ranges from 15 to 175 years, while civil facilities are designed to last from 15 to 150 years. Moreover, the closer the capital group of a structure is to the beginning of the classification series, the higher the requirements for its physical and mechanical endurance and fire resistance. It should also be noted that the level of capital is also influenced by additional factors such as interior decoration, engineering communications, as well as technical equipment of the building.

Classification public buildings

Public buildings and structures are designed to be placed in them various types institutions and enterprises designed to provide social, consumer, cultural and communal services to the population. These include institutions:

· health care, physical culture and social security (hospitals, hospitals, clinics, sanatoriums, rest homes, sports buildings and facilities, boarding schools, etc.);

· education (kindergartens, nurseries, secondary schools, vocational schools, technical schools, higher educational institutions, etc.);

· culture (libraries, museums, botanical gardens, cultural centers, · clubs, etc.); arts (theaters, cinemas, circuses, concert halls)

· institutions of science and scientific services (academies and their branches, research institutes, design bureaus, archives, etc.);

· financing, lending and state insurance institutions (banks, savings banks, etc.);

· public utility institutions (hotels, collective farm workers' houses, dormitories, motels, campsites, fire brigades, etc.);

· consumer service enterprises (baths, laundries, showers, hairdressers, service centers, reception centers, etc.);

trade and Catering (shopping centers, department stores, shops, indoor markets, restaurants, canteens, factories, kitchens, cafes, etc.); communications (post offices, telegraphs, etc.);

· transport (train stations, river stations, airports, road stations, etc.);

construction (design and design and survey organizations, workshops, design and architectural planning organizations, etc.).

Basics of space-planning solutions

Public buildings have a wide variety of space-planning compositions, depending mainly on the functional purpose and architectural solution. Nevertheless, from a wide range of compositional forms of public buildings, corridors and halls clearly stand out. Most of the public buildings are a “mixed group”, which has become more widespread in modern services to the population of cities, workers' settlements and rural areas. Buildings are built according to an enfilade scheme, in which the flow of people is directed from room to room with doors located along the same axis. This layout is typical for the premises of museums, art galleries, and some types of exhibitions.

All types of public buildings have basic planning elements: premises for the main functional purpose (in administrative buildings- offices, rooms; in halls - halls, in trade buildings and public catering buildings - shopping and dining rooms, in libraries - reading rooms and book depositories, etc.); entrance unit - consisting of a vestibule, vestibule and wardrobe; vertical transport unit - stairs, elevators; premises for movement and distribution of human flows in corridor buildings - corridors and recreation; in theaters - foyers and lobbies; sanitary facilities - toilets, washbasins, personal hygiene rooms.

The relative arrangement of the main planning elements in accordance with the functional purpose and the best organization of human flows indicates the quality of the building's layout.

Residential buildings are classified by number of floors as follows:

low-rise - 1-2 floors;

medium-rise 3-5 floors;

multi-storey - 6 or more floors;

high number of floors - 11-16 floors;

high-rise - more than 16 floors.

In the 70s, a classification by height was adopted. Structures up to 30 m high are classified as high-rise buildings; up to 50, 75 and 100 m - to categories 1, 2, and 3 of multi-storey buildings, respectively; over 100 m - high-rise. Thus, for classification, the criterion of height, and not the number of floors, was adopted, since the characteristic heights of floors in individual countries are accepted as different. Not only in Russia, but also in the world there is no common understanding"multi-story (high-rise) building." The increasing need for the construction of such buildings has led to the need to develop a regulatory document that takes into account the specifics fire safety high-rise buildings.

Classification of public buildings by capital and service life

4. Basic planning schemes of civil buildings

The typological series of residential buildings that do not have elevators is a network of independent types, each of which has specific characteristics. It is based on two groups of houses, differing in volumetric layout and, mainly, in the nature of their connection with the environment. The first group includes residential buildings with a direct connection between apartments and the territory. These are single-apartment and residential two-apartment houses with personal plots and outbuildings, which are commonly called manor houses and multi-apartment blocked buildings, consisting of blocks with a different number of apartments, each of which has a separate exit to the outside.

Another group of elevator-free buildings includes multi-apartment residential buildings with exits from the apartment through common communications - stairs, galleries and corridors. Depending on the accepted method of combining apartments and ensuring their connection with the surrounding territory, residential buildings in this group are divided into sectional, gallery and corridor types.

Thus, residential buildings are divided according to architectural layout into six groups:

· Residential buildings of sectional type

· Blocked residential buildings

· Residential buildings of gallery type

Corridor-type residential buildings

· Residential individual houses

A residential building of a sectional type, consisting of one or several sections.

A residential building of a corridor type, in which apartments (or dorm rooms) have access to staircases through a common corridor.

The architectural and planning composition of a blocked house depends, as in any type of dwelling, on a number of conditions. The rural type of house presupposes the presence of a subsidiary plot and an appropriate layout of the apartment, while the urban type of house has a different organization of apartment plots. For construction on difficult terrain, terraced houses are used.

The main structural and form-building unit of a block-type house is a block, which is a complete volume-planning element, both in construction and engineering terms. Residential buildings are formed by connecting blocks of identical or different types of apartments and number of floors.

The main type of block is ordinary, the side walls of which are always adjacent to adjacent blocks. Entrances to them are usually made on both sides.

End blocks are located along the edges of the houses. One of the transverse walls of such a block is internal, lockable, the other is external.

In houses with complex configurations, rotary blocks are used. They can be deployed at both obtuse and right angles. The general disadvantage of such blocks is the complexity of organizing apartment areas.

The most common type of block is a single-apartment building, or, as it is commonly called, a “block apartment”. In blocked houses, as a rule, three main types of apartments are used:

· one-story - in two-story blocks

· one-story - in two-story blocks (floor apartments)

· two-story (cottage-type) apartments

There are also other types of apartments, for example, two-story with an incomplete second floor, apartments with one-way orientation, apartments with a difference in levels, three-story apartments.

Space planning solutions for blocked houses

One-story block apartments. The blocks that make up such houses are usually one-, two-, and three-room, less often four-room.

One-room block apartments have the same type of layout. The entrance to such a block is often made in the middle zone, since the block is used relatively rarely and is located at the ends of houses.

In two-room block apartments, living rooms can be located either on one side or on different sides of the block, in three-room block apartments - on both sides.

Two-story blocks with a floor-by-floor arrangement of apartments in the block. When designing blocked houses with small apartments, a floor-to-floor arrangement is used. This type of house construction is used in cases where it is necessary to achieve high building density with small apartments. The floor arrangement of apartments has significant disadvantages. For families living on the second floor, communication with the site is complicated, they do not have a basement, and it is difficult to arrange summer premises.

There are several schemes for the planning organization of blocks depending on the location of the entrances to the upper and lower apartments:

· With a common entrance to the upper and lower apartments

· With separate entrances on one side of the house

· At entrances from different sides, from opposite sides or in the end block of one from the facade, the other from the end.

Two-story blocks with apartments on two levels. The most common type of block house is a house with apartments located on two levels. The placement of premises on two levels ensures clear zoning: the lower floor is allocated for a common room, kitchen, utility rooms, sanitary unit, the upper floor is for private premises. The planning organization of a block apartment is determined by its position on two opposite sides of the block, the need for passage from the street to the site, as well as the position of the stairs.

Three-story blocks. To increase the building density, three-story block houses have been developed. There are several methods for planning the organization of these blocks. The traditional method of planning a cottage house is when the ground floor houses a kitchen, a living room, a front room and a utility room. Premises. In the top two there are living rooms with sanitary facilities. Another technique, more often used, is to locate the front and utility rooms with a garage on the ground floor. Residential premises occupy the second and third floors.

Blocks with apartments of one-sided orientation. Each block consists of two paired apartments facing opposite sides of the house. The buildings in them usually have a high density, but houses from such blocks can only be located in the meridian direction, since all apartments in ordinary blocks have a one-way light front. Here the location of houses is inevitable in the depths of the plots, and outbuildings are located on the border with the street.

Cross blocks. Residential buildings formed from cruciform blocks are used when high building density is required. Such blocks usually consist of four one-story or two-story apartments, with two-way orientation, cross-ventilation or corner ventilation. In terms of plan, blocks come in simple and complex configurations. To be interlocked, each block must have at least two blank end walls. If in a cross-shaped block all the external walls have window openings, then such a block is a four-apartment building.

Sectional, corridor, gallery low-rise buildings

Sectional houses consist of one, several, identical or different sections in layout and differ in number of floors, length and plan configuration. The planning solutions of the sections largely determine the number of apartments facing the floor landing. Sections with two, three and four apartments are mainly used. The planning structure of the sections determines their possible orientation according to the cardinal points. Sections are divided into latitudinal and meridial, with free, partially limited orientation. The orientation of living rooms in sections according to the cardinal points must meet the requirements for insolation and ventilation of apartments. Latitudinal sections have great urban planning flexibility, as they can be used in a variety of orientations. Meridial sections have limited orientation and can only be used when the longitudinal axis of the house is directed in the meridian direction from north to south.

Depending on the location in the house plan, there are three main types of sections: ordinary, end and rotary, and each of them can have different variants plan forms.

Gallery and corridor houses have common features. Both types of houses, based on their planning structure, have developed horizontal communication, through which the apartments are connected to the staircase. Gallery and corridor houses have a common structure and design solution, coming from a blocked house. The gallery type of house is designed mainly for warm climates. The corridor type of house is more suitable for harsh climatic conditions.

Gallery houses are distinguished by a variety of architectural, planning and volumetric-spatial solutions for the configuration of plans, the location of galleries and the layout of apartments. The planning schemes of gallery houses can be reduced to three main groups: linear, articulated, spatial.

Linear schemes include houses whose configuration is based on a linear plan. The configuration of houses can be: rectangular, with shifting apartments and curved. Two methods of arranging stairs in gallery buildings are used: stairs removed from the main volume of the building and stairs built into the main dimension of the building.

Articulated gallery houses consist of two or more rectangular blocks, united by a communications unit - a staircase. The shape of the plans of such houses is quite diverse - from a simple combination of blocks in plan with their offset parallel to each other to a complex configuration.

Spatial schemes are used mainly in the creation of residential complexes. Their plan forms are very diverse.

To create amenities and maintain the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions in corridor-type houses, corridors must have the appropriate width, lighting and ventilation. All these conditions, naturally, leave an imprint on the formation of corridor houses. Basically these are rectangular or rectangular with a shift in the plan of the house. Shifts are usually made to divide a house into shorter sections, to provide lighting and ventilation to corridors at the ends. In addition to shifts, sections of the house are sometimes located at an angle to each other. In the layout of plans for a corridor house, the location and number of stairs are important, which are usually designed at the junctions of individual sections of the house, and in the case of a simple rectangular plan - in the middle or ends of the house.

In corridor-type houses they use Various types apartments: on one, two levels, with alternating levels. Corridors are located on each floor, every other floor, every other.