Lighting. Basic concepts and characteristics.
Devices that redistributing the light stream of light sources in space are referred to as lighting devices (OP).
All OP can be divided into the following groups:
- Lamps.
- Spotlights.
- Projectors.
Luminaires are OP, the light flow in which from light sources is distributed inside large bodily corners. As a rule, the lamps illuminate objects from them at sufficiently close distances commensurate with the dimensions of the lamps themselves. Luminaires can illuminate surfaces and objects both inside and outside the premises.
Thus, these vehicles, as well as urban security, are not suitable in emergency situations, nor even when providing utilities. As for the conversion of the transport facilities of prisoners, the Brazilian Road Code and the National Transport Council is also silent, without resorting to any question regarding permission or ban on short-term red alarm or rotation. Thus, because of its special urgency, in view of not a hurry to get to the destination with the prisoner, but also the security of the prisoner, escort and community itself, it is understood that this type of vehicle can use red lighting for equating a police car taking into account his The specifics that must be transported by the prisoner.
Floodlights are an OP, focusing the flow of light from light sources in sufficiently small bodily corners and illuminating objects that are from the OP at distances significantly exceeding the dimensions of the OP themselves. Spotlights, as a rule, illuminate objects outside the premises.
Projectors are OP, concentrating the light flow of the light source on a certain clearly bounded area or in a certain amount. All the famous type of projector is a film projector. Such an OP creates a given illumination only on a specific screen area. As a rule, the projectors use complex optical systems that provide not only the necessary levels and uniformity of illumination throughout the specified surface, but also the extremely clear transmission of the projection of images from one place to another with a change in scale.
The municipal guards do not have such a character because they do not have a specific goal for transporting suspects to pursue criminals, making it like any of people who are not compulsory. The Brazilian Road Code recognizes only intermittent or rotating red lighting for emergency cars, and no other color backlight is recognized as we have seen in practice, white, blue, green.
The nature of red lighting is to demonstrate to other road users that the vehicle that circulates provides emergency service and must arrive as quickly as possible to the destination. Thus, when patrolling without urgency should remain when the red lighting device is turned off.
Parameters of lighting devices
The main lighting characteristics of light instruments are the curves of the light of light, the ratio of flows emitted to the lower and upper hemispheres, and the efficiency coefficient.
From how the device is distributed in space, its purpose depends on the lighting. Estimated light distribution with the help of the so-called light strength curve.
What we see in practice is that police cars, civilian guards, ambulance, observation and transit machines, patrol the road using a device caused without providing emergency service, only to be visible and use prerogatives in traffic jams . At the same time, the relevance of light loses its lighting, activating any means only for vehicle alerts to move against the direction, use priorities.
Booking for drivers of emergency cars there is a topic that is "specific legislation for emergency vehicles", where it is taught and demonstrated when and why lighting can and should be used. In the first days, red lighting existed only periodically, then rotating lighting appeared on the market, all with incandescent lamps that led to big flow Batteries and quickly heated dome. Over time, the technology has made it possible to improve the equipment, and today the market is increasingly becoming lighter, thinner and with an increasingly intense brightness that can be seen on a much larger distance than the lighting of rotation, and still do not heat up.
The curve of the light strength (CCC) is a graphic image of the distribution of light in space, seems to be in the form of a graph I (A, B), where a and b - the angles of the spread of the light flux in longitudinal and transverse planes. The more it resembles an oval, elongated along the vertical axis of the lighting device, the curve is already considered to be the curve and the higher the illumination in the center of the light spot. The appearance of this curve is the most important characteristic of the lighting device.
Today we did not find any rotating devices, only LED and intermittent, which was great success in this area, since the battery consumption is minimal. Resolution issued a decree, such vehicles: those that are intended for maintenance and repair of power supply networks, water supply and sewage, gas pipeline and communication systems; those that are intended to save, maintain and road alarms when the executive body of the transit or executive road; intended to provide emergency mechanical assistance on roads opened for public transport; Special vehicles intended for transportation valuable papers; vehicles used for escort service when registering in a road body for this purpose; Special vehicles designed to collect garbage on the service of the State Administration.
Lighting devices are divided into 7 species according to the standard curves of the power of light:
- Concentrated (K)
- Deep (g)
- Cosine (e)
- Semi-shy (l)
- Wider (w)
- Uniform
- Sinus (s)
Typical curves of light (in the CD) of the lamp are designed for the value of the light of the light with a light flow of the lamp FCV \u003d 1000 LM. The main feature determining the type of curve is the ratio of the maximum light of the light of the lamp to the middle arithmetic for this plane.
Differences on emergency vehicles belong to the color of lighting, and suppliers of utility services in amber-yellow color - for public utilities must have non-removable lighting, and only emergency vehicles can use a beep.
Another very important difference is that not all communal vehicles can travel with an intermittent or rotating lighting device, only those that are intended for mechanical rescue, maintenance and garbage collection. It notes that the escort service refers to the escort of indivisible fees, and not to the accompaniment of the prisoner.
Luminous devices are divided into classes, depending on which proportion of the entire flow of the lamp is the light flux of the lower hemisphere. The stream in space can be distributed mainly down (direct light lamps), preferably up (luminaires of reflected light), evenly in all directions (lamps of scattered light).
Other vehicles can only work with an intermittent or rotating lighting device when they are in the effective provision of civil service. Vehicles that we usually see traveling along the road with a yellow-amber lighting device are mourning vehicles that are not specified in the exhaustive list of resolution, as a result of which they pass irregularly, not allowing the use of such a device.
Today we have confirmed that both emergency vehicles and utility vehicles mainly use auxiliary lighting for those installed at the top of the vehicles, to ensure greater visibility of road participants, which is not prohibited by the Code. On the contrary, in this case the purpose of reducing accidents and greater visibility is achieved.
Lighting lights of scattered light are suitable for general lighting. They are distinguished by a uniform distribution of the brightness of light, the soft-teens-forming properties and the saturation of the surrounding space with light, which is important for creating visual comfort.
The lighting light lighting devices create the most comfortable and uniform lighting, fully corresponding to the standards for limiting the indicators of the blinding effect and discomfort, good saturation with light, a combination with upper or lateral daylight.
Finally, we conclude that in accordance with the Brazilian Road Code there are vehicles that use parked parking and benefits on a circulation and vehicles that have only parking and parking that still have the right to periodic red or yellow lighting , established or depending on their characteristics, and that it is necessary so that they can use their prerogatives, subject to the service or actual implementation of the emergency service.
Mainly reflected (20 ... 40%) (B);
Reflected (less than 20%) (O).
These parameters are indicated by the manufacturer in the accompanying documents on the OP.
Classification of lighting devices for the main purpose
The main purpose of the OP is divided into the following groups:
- OP for illumination of industrial premises;
- OP to illuminate administrative, office and other premises public;
- OP to illuminate household premises;
- OP for illumination of agricultural premises;
- OP for lighting sports facilities;
- OP for functional outdoor lighting;
- OP for decorative outdoor lighting;
- OP for internal lighting of means of transport;
- OP for architectural and artistic lighting of buildings, structures, monuments, fountains, etc.;
- Op emergency lighting.
The classification of the OP in the primary purpose determines the prevailing areas of their application. However, this classification is quite conditional, since often the same lamp can be used in a variety of situations.
It is important to note that the patrol is not allowed when the light is included even in the case of emergency vehicles when they do not ensure the effective provision of this service. Only in cases of efficient maintenance, the use of lighting and, above all, prerogatives that are not the privileges of the components of the organs that store these vehicles are justified, but, as indicated, prerogatives, legally and regulated in the interests of the public. As for utility providers, for some species is prohibited to move with lighting.
Classification of lighting devices for constructive execution
By the method of installation of OP are divided into the following groups (according to GOST 17677):
- embedded (B);
- ceiling (P);
- suspended (s);
- wall-mounted (b);
- outdoor (T);
- desktop (H);
- crown (T);
- console (K);
- portable (P).
Constructive feature sets the predominant position of the lamp in space in terms of obtaining the greatest effect and achieve the results declared by the manufacturer.
Nevertheless, as mentioned in the title of this work and demonstrated during the course, what is happening in the practice of road traffic is an incredible banalization of lighting with fires or government agencies or private initiatives or even drivers of vehicles that are even authorized to use such services. But abuse the right that ends with the fact that it does not fulfill its function aimed at public interest, but in practice it is a privilege on the way.
Therefore, it is necessary to raise awareness and control. Here are some lighting tips that we share for you to work in your home studio. One of the main difficulties for those who produces a video content for distance learning is the achievement of a standard that allows the material to be understandable, understandable and at the same time good reproductive quality. Not forgetting that the success of audiovisual production also proceeds from the one in which it is recorded.
Structure and functions of the joint venture.The structure of the lighting device is a set of lighting fittings designed for concentration and redistribution of light flux, changes in the spectral composition of light, protection of the eye from excessive brightness of the lamp, protection of it from the impact of the medium and mechanical damage, fastening and connecting to the network. Without lighting fittings, light sources (lamps) are not used in lighting and light-signal installations for their intended purpose.
With the distribution of smartphones that are compiled, among other functions of high-definition video recording, such devices received a place on the record market. However, due to the limitations of such devices, there are often problems related to the creation of such content, which makes it impossible to record materials at home, which makes it difficult to disseminate the content, which is one of the main intended learning purposes.
If one of the main bottlenecks faced by the staff of distance learning platforms, for example, is a high-quality recording of audiovisual materials, one can say that one of the main problems is covered. For this reason, it is important to have the basic concept of such a concept with a small number of equipment, turning the production of something unattractive and understandable in full and high-quality content.
Light devices - Basic technical means to create the required conditions artificial lighting and light alarm in all spheres national economy and life of people. The efficiency of the use of electricity for lighting is largely determined by the nomenclature and parameters of light instruments, which are not only necessary for functional, but also important architectural and decorative elements of the interior and exterior.
Of course, it will not have the same functions and will not allow the operator to have the same control over the professional chamber, but for manufacturers who begin to develop their work, mobile device Enough to have good quality image capture.
It is worth remembering that the cell phone lens fixes the reflected light, that is, better illuminates your place of recording, the better the image quality. But how to improve the quality of home records? We have already shown here a simple and relatively inexpensive process of expanding the quality of the record of the recording environment during the production of devices known as Softbox, we call lighting tips for your home studio.
Classification of light instruments. Basic - lighting function, i.e. By the nature of the light distribution, operating conditions and the main purpose. The main functions of light instruments: light and lighting.
Lighting devices (OP) divided: by nature light distribution on the lamps (Melee devices - up to 15-30 m) and spotlights (long-range devices) operating conditions - on instruments for premises, open spaces and extreme media (under water, in space), and basic appointment(Table 2.2) - on groups that differ in their design, constructive performance, power, light distribution, etc.
But the availability of resources to increase illumination ambient Does not solve the most common problems if there is an understanding of how such devices must be organized and located. And this supplement is what will be shown later. What will you read in this article?
Lighting Tips from My Home Studio
The first of the lighting councils is how to place equipment. You need to think about two aspects when it comes to scenographic lighting for recording audiovisual materials. The first is the amount of light that will be sent to the entity of the record, which in this case is you, and the second is to how to cover the entire scene.
Light distribution For spotlights and lamps of general lighting, the light curves of light and can be symmetric and asymmetrical, limited and unlimited, narrow and wide. In order to compare different lights, the number and type of lamps Lighting devices, the light curves for them are built, usually, for a conditional lamp with a light flow, equal to 1000 lm. The value of the power of the lights with specific lamps is obtained by multiplying the lights found on the curve of the light of the values, on the light stream of lamps installed in the lighting device.
The ideal diagram of the brightness of brightness includes three points of light, therefore: with two softboxes and a natural source of medium lighting, you can get enough light to ensure the quality of the recording. As a rule, this scheme consists of front light or basic light, backlighting or backlighting and surrounding lighting, which functions as filling light.
The primary source is the light that the most affects the number of lighting, which is in the record. This is usually the most "strong" light source, which should be located to ensure good lighting in the spotlight record, which is the leading content.
Table 2.2 - Classification of lighting devices for the main purpose
| LIGHTING | |
| Lamps | Spotlights |
| Residential, public, industrial buildings, vehicles, metro, underground transitions, tunnels, mines, mines | Studios, shopping, sports, etc. Rooms, Theaters, Circus, Museums, Exhibitions, Clubs, Disco |
| Transport streets, road squares, junction | Large sports and spectacular, industrial, transportation spaces, construction sites, etc. |
| Pedestrian streets, roads, squares, sidewalks and buildings | Sea, river, airfield, etc. Transport zones |
| Pedestrian zones in parks, gardens, squares, boulevards | Film Platters |
| Sports, spectacular, transport, manufacturing, warehouse, etc. zones | Military and other protected areas |
| Architectural facilities: buildings, facilities, green plantings, small architectural forms, landscape elements |
Differences. Luminaires and spotlights differ in both their constructive execution designed for certain operating conditions and the environment, for example, dust and moisture degree of protection and moisture indicated by INGRESS Protection IP (penetration protection code). If the code is not indicated, it is considered that the lamp has the degree of protection IP20, i.e. It can only be used in the interiors with the usual medium.
Codes (degree) of penetration protection (IP):
1) The first digit of the code denotes protection against dust and solid objects:
IP2x - sewn from the possibility of touching with your fingers to the current parts;
IP3x - protection against the possibility of touching with a rod 0 2.5 mm to the current parts;
IP4X - protection against the possibility of touching the rod 0 1 mm to the current-generating parts;
IP5x - dust protection (dust is allowed in quantities that do not affect the performance of the lamp);
IPGX - dustproof (full protection against dust penetration);
2) The second digit of the code denotes the protection against moisture:
IPXO - no water protection;
IPX 1 - protection against vertically falling droplets;
IPX3 - protection against rain to an angle of 60 ° to vertical;
IPX4 - sewn from splashing at any angle;
IPX5 - protection against jets at any angle;
IPX6 - protection against water with a dynamic effect of its large mass (heavy shower, sea wave);
IPX7 - protection against water during temporary immersion;
IPX8 - water protection when immersed on a given depth for a long time.
To operate in a normal interior environment, lamps are manufactured open or closed without a special seal when the surrounding air has free access to the lamp. For wet and dust, as well as for open spaces, moisture-proof and dust-absorbing lamps or spotlights with code No. 65 are manufactured, under the canopies of at least IP44. In an explosive environment, lighting devices and devices are used in the appropriate design, in particular, the fiber optic.
Luminaires are classified by the character of light distribution separated by 5 classes depending on the ratio of the light flux directed into the lower hemisphere, to the full light stream (Table 2.3).
Table 2.3 - classification of luminaires by character of light distribution
| Lamilian class | The share of the light flux directed into the lower hemisphere in% | Light distribution scheme lamp | Characteristic light distribution curves |
| Direct Light | over |  |
|
| Pretty Light Light | 60-80 | ||
| scattered light | 40-60 | ||
| Pretty reflected light | 20-40 | ||
| Reflected light | less |  |
Luminaires are also classified by the method of their attachment.Although they often can be installed in different ways, and they can be stationary or portable. The interior is distinguished ceiling, suspended, wall, outdoor, desktop, built-in, on open spaces - suspended, on supports (console or crushing), wall (shed), portable (seasonal - garden, illuminational).
Often lamps are combined into different groupsSubordinates architectural decision or largely determining it. For example, in the interiors of public and industrial buildings, built-in widespread lighting installations (devices) In the form of luminous eaves, ceilings, panels, strips, points, as well as light shafts, artificial windows and niches, in which typical lamps are applied. These devices in various variations and in the appropriate version of IP are used in the Lampsight of the facades of buildings, structures, small architectural forms. The compositional and artistic role of lamps increases in the case of their individual order for a particular architectural object. In the interiors of public non-residential buildings, on the streets and squares of cities and villages, the form of modern lighting devices often imitates the form lamps of the milk era (chandeliers, sconces, lights).
There are copyright, reflecting the taste and style of era, devices designed by prominent architects and designers. In particular, excellent samples of such lamps created for their structures, as well as for the city of F.O. Shechor, A. Aalto, I.A. Fomin, A.K. Drins, A. Gaudi, D. Ponti, F.L. Wright.