Presentation of human anatomy biology. Anatomy and human physiology. Lower respiratory tract

Anatomy

Amazing pages in the history of anatomy. Objectives: varieties of anatomy. Pathological anatomy studies organs and fabrics affected by the disease. From history ... Contribution to science. Anatomy of the respiratory system. Anatomy of the circulatory system. A circulatory system from blood vessels and hearts is consisting. Structure and work of the heart. The heart consists of four chambers - two atrial and two ventricles. The right and left parts of the heart are separated by a partition. Anatomy of the digestive system. Conclusions. We found out what anatomy is. They learned scientists who contributed to anatomy. Considered the origin and development of anatomy. - Anatomy.ppt.

History of Anatomy

The history of the development of anatomy, physiology and medicine. Hippocrates. Aristotle. Claudius Galen. Ibn Sina. Paracels. Li Shi-Zhen. Andreas Vezaliy. William Garvey. Luigi Galvania. Louis Pasteur. Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich. Sechenov Ivan Mikhailovich. Mesnikov Ilya Ilyich. Pavlov Ivan Petrovich. Botkin Sergey Petrovich. Ukhtomsky Alexey Alekseevich. Burdenko Nikolai Nilovich. Used resources. Pasteur. - History anatomy.ppt.

Test by anatomy

Test tasks on biology. Science, studying the structure of the body. Brain volume. The main part of the cell of the human body. Organoid cell performing the function of transport substances. Organoid cell performing the function of destruction. Metabolism and energy. Proteins, carbohydrates, water. The cloth whose cells are tightly adjacent to each other. Fabric, in the kitro there is a well-developed intercellular substance. Muscles. Cornea eye. The combination of cells and the intercellular substance. Name the organs of the digestive system. Name the organs of the musculoskeletal system. Name the chief body of the respiratory system. - Anatomy Test.PPT

Organism organs

The world. Grade 3 "We and our health. Human organism." The subject of the lesson: 1. What is the name of everything that surrounds us, but not done by a person? Nature. 2. With what person receives information about the world? Sense organs. 3. What science is the plants studying? Botany. 4. What does zoology studies? Animals. 6. What is the invisible kingdom of wildlife? Bacteria. 5. Internal muscular organ called pump? A heart. 7. What kind of plants never blooms? Fern. 8. Science that studies the work of the internal organs of man. Physiology. 9. Special sensitivity of the human body to some products? - organism .ppt.

Structure of man

Proportions of man

Human physique. Body proportions. Age changes in body proportions. Km - middle line. Body proportions and human age. The data of age-related changes in the proportions of the body in boys: the proportions of the body and sexual differences. Mesomorphic brahimorphic dollyorphic. Mesomorphic type. Brahimorphic type. The heart is located transversely due to the highly standing diaphragm. The lungs are shorter and wide, the loops of the small intestine are located mainly horizontally. . Dolichomorphic type. Increased risk of arterial hypotension. Usually arterial pressure above the norm. - human proportions .pptx

Organism systems

Digestive system. The structure of the digestive system. Mouth. Teeth. Next, food moves around the esophagus and enters the stomach. In the stomach of food makes the first long stop. Shrinking, the muscles of the stomach promote food on into the intestines. Stomach. Intestines. Small intestine. Colon. Liver. Hormonal system. The structure of the hormonal system. Pituitary. Thyroid. Parathyroid gland. Adrenal. Pancreas. Eggs. Ovaries. Lymph system. The lymph nodes. Spleen. Urinary system. Kidney. The kidneys remove excess water, salts and purify blood from alien substances. - organism system.pps

Human organ systems

Human. System systems. Nervous muscular blood skeletal digestive respiratory excretory endocrine glands. Nervous system. The cell of the nervous system. Central nervous system. Muscular system. In the tissues of the muscular system, the chemical energy turns into mechanical and thermal. Attach to the bones. Consist of very long fibers, length from 1 to 10 cm, shape - cylindrical. The entire muscle is covered with a connecting case - Fascia, Fascia. Characterized powerful and rapid reductions and rapid development of fatigue. Smooth muscles (involuntary). Smooth muscles are reduced by the influence of the autonomic nervous system. - human system systems.PPT

Interior environment of the body

The internal environment of the body is a set of liquids participating in the process of metabolism and maintain the constancy of the internal environment. Inner medium of the body tissue blood lymph (intercellular) liquid. Internal environment of the body. Fabric fluid. In the human body about 20 liters. Blood plasma shaped elements: blood plates platelety cells Erythrocyte leukocytes. The relationship of the components of the internal environment of the body. Lymph Blood. The internal environment of the body has the relative constancy of the composition and physicochemical properties. - internal environment of the body.ppt

Internal human body

Internal environment of the body. Purpose. Necessary for the lesson of knowledge. Intellectual workout. Finish a logical chain. Name in one word. Objective UE - 2. Table. The composition of the inner environment of the body. Human blood system. Cells of the circulatory system. Lymph movement. Blood cell functions. Erythrocytes. Blood cells. Cell name. Crossword. The inner environment of the human body. Protein. K. Liquid connecting fabric. L. Colorless liquid. R. Blood records. T. hollow muscle organ. I. Forming elements. E. Liquid part of blood. P. Heathe Organ. S. - internal human body .PPT

"Internal environment of the body" Grade 8

Human. Internal environment of the body. Knowledge of students on the composition and functions of the inner environment of the body. The inner environment of the body and its components. The components of the inner environment of the body. Property of the inner environment of the body. The role of the internal environment in vital activity. The composition and function of the blood. Blood composition. Plasma blood. Forming blood elements. Blood function. Erythrocytes. The structure of red blood cells. Blood groups. Platelets. Cutting blood. Leukocytes. Periods of Life Leukocytes. Immunity. White blood cells. - "Internal environment of the body" Grade 8.pptx

Constancy of the inner environment of the body

Internal environment of the body. Vocabulary. The concept of "internal environment of the body." Fabric fluid. Components. Human body fluids. The blood micropreater of man. Blood. Blood. Plasma blood. Forming blood elements. Erythrocytes. Hemoglobin. Ribbon from red blood cells. Leukocytes. I.I. Swords. White blood cells. Platelets. Constancy of the inner environment of the body. Constancy of the inner environment of the body. Prothrombin. Used resources. - Constancy of the inner environment of the body.ppt

Water in biology

Water, water, circle water. The role of water in the body. Water is about 60% of body weight. In the muscles up to 80%, in the bones up to 20%. On average, it consumes 2.5 l: 1.2 liters in the form of liquids, 1 l with food, 0.3 liters formed metabolic water. Exammed by the kidneys, intestines, leather and light. Excess and lack of water lead to the poisoning of the body. Antidiuretic hormone reduces urica and urination, while maintaining water in the body. Water exchange is closely related to mineral exchange. Make up about 4% of the mass of the body. Water is a binding material connecting solid parts of the cell. - water in biology.ppt

Human systems

Goals and objectives. Structure. There are slides with the image of various human system systems. Content. Oral cavity. Digestive system. Circulatory system. CD PB AG MG Sr. Nervous system. Selective system. Respiratory system. Skeleton. Higher nervous activity. Vision. Also affects the liver, stomach, pancreas, kidneys. Mercury falls into the body when breathing, with food and through the skin. Urban dust can contain up to 1% lead. Tallium is a component of acid-resistant, bearing and other alloys. W. Wolfram is a component of heat-resistant superhard steels and alloys. - Human system.ppt.

Elements in human body

The role of biogenic elements in the human body. Maintenance chemical elementsincluded in the human body. The content of organogen elements in the human body. The content of "Metals of Life" in the human body. Oxygen. I am friends everywhere: in minerals and in the water, without me you are like without hands, there is no me - Fire Flood! (Oxygen). Although my compiler and difficult to live without me, I am not possible, I am an excellent solvent thirst for the best control! And destroy so immediately two get gas. (Water). Water. - elements in the human body.PPT

Immunity

Genetic foundations of immunity. Alien elements. Antigens. Antibodies. Types of immunity. Elements of the immune system. The origin of the cells. Stages of hematopois. The main functions of lymphocytes. Cytokines. Immunity. Gumoral immunity. Activation. The activation process. Activation of helper T-cells. Clone of plasma cells. The secretion of antibodies. The structure of the antigen binding site. Complement system interaction with IgG. Immunoglobulin molecule. Comparative characteristics of various classes of immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulin classes. Immunoglobulin M. Immunoglobulin G. Immunoglobulin A. Immunoglobulin E. - Immunity.PPT

Biology Immunity

Topic: Immunity. Objectives: Tasks: Equipment: Blood Table, Portraits I.I.Mechnikova, L. Pasteur. Computer, training electronic publications: Biology 6-11 classes - human physiology. Location lesson: I. Organization moment. II.Beck homework. From the history. Plague is known with deep antiquity. In the VI century, the Byzantine Empire, the plague lasted 50 years and carried 100 million man. In the 6th century, from the plague in Europe died? Part of the population - 10 million man. The plague was called black death. It was no less dangerous. She sick 2/3 born and from 8 people in three died. At the beginning of the XIX century, cholera began to spread with the development of world trade. - Biology Immunity.ppt.

The immune system

Immune system as a lifestyle factor. Immunity. Congenital - is the result of general processes occurring in the body. Two main factors that have the basic impact on the efficiency of the immune system: 1. Human lifestyle 2. Environment. Each cell cell in the human body is involved in the work of the immune system. The basis of the work of the immune system is the ability of cells to determine "its" (cells of their body) and "someone else's" (invaded foreign agents). Inadequate immune system reaction: on harmless substances (pollen plants, dust, dandruff animals, some types of food ...) leads to allergies. - Immune system.ppt.

Immune system of man

Biology. Expansion of the horizon. Leukocytes. Varieties of leukocytes. Mesnikov Ilya Ilyich. Historical reference. Immunity. The immune system. Natural. Infectious diseases. AIDS. Ways to transfer AIDS. Virus. Foreigners. - human immune system.PPT

Immune system of the body

Human immune system. Trail in the history of mankind. The incidence of the children's population. Statistical studies. Immunity. Antigen. Central lymphoid organs. Timus. Nonspecific protection factors. Protective barrier. Infection. Specific mechanisms of immunity. Specific immunity. Artificial immunity. Vaccinoprophylaxis. Serum. National calendar of preventive vaccinations. Critical period. Factors. Increase the protective forces of the child's body. -

1. Protecting humans 2. Labor and art of primitive people 3. Arena of a person 4. Systems of the body 5. The bodies of the body 6. Myshtsy and their functions 7. Types of muscles 8. SELL 9. CLOCK 10. GENERAL AND CHROOMOSOMAY 11.OVERS A language and taste 13.Appression 14. Essential 15. Eye of the organs of vision 16.And sees eye 17.Truption of hearing organs 18.Tustion of equilibrium 19.Pish Education 20. Singing 21.Golos (voice formation) 22.Sartz 23.VRAST 24.R 25. Muck and woman 26.Artion and pregnancy 27.Spid

For thousands of years, the ancestors of the ancient people moved the same as the monkeys - on four limbs about two and a half million years ago, a small group of human-like creatures learned to walk straightening, on two legs. They formed a special kind, "man stirred" due to the ability to walk on two legs they had free hands: With the help of the hands, they subsequently swung to make and use the workers of labor

The instrument of labor and the art of primitive people primitive people knew how to do the tools of labor from stone. Also as the tools they used other natural materials and bones of animals. The main guns of a person skillful were pointed stones for cutting meat and skins, knives and needles from fragments of horns and bones, jaws of ruminants, which were used as saws, etc. Most tools were made of silica, as it is easily processed. The first works of art appeared years ago, they were created by the "man reasonable" it was very realistic images of bison, deer and other animals. These are the so-called rock paintings: they were found on the rocks and stone Walls caves tools of labor art

Human race. The concept of "race" implies a set of people whom unites: a) the generality of physical type b) the community of habitat (range). What are the difference or similarity of appearance manifest? These are pigmentation of the skin, hair color and eye, shape and rigidity of the head of the head, sizes and shape of the nose and lips, eye cut, etc. Based on these signs and the relevant territory, scientists have identified the following "big races" of people: Coresoid (or Eurasian) , Australo-Negroid (or Equatorial) and Mongoloid (or Asia-American) .. Caucasoid Race. At its representatives, the skin color varies from very bright to dark-gluten shades. In general, the most brighter are people of the North of Europe. However, it should be borne in mind that most of the European winds have dark hair and eyes. From this point of view, the color of the skin is considered a more important feature when combining European views into a single group. Hair is more likely either soft and straight or wavy. Curly hair is found in the southern regions of the European part. The nose is usually with an average or high stand, narrow, straight or with a convex back. Beard, mustache, the walker of the body are developed from a strong to moderate degree. Australian-Negroid Race. The skin color is from very dark to yellow-brown shades. Hair color and dark eye. The shape of the hair is from very curly to widely wavy (among Australia's aborigines). Nose with middleweight or low, wide and little protruding. The lips are often with a very large mucous part. Jaws come forward. Mongoloid race. Skin color - from dark to light. The color of the hair is dark, some options are very dark (iso-black). Hair is usually tough and straight, but in South Asia there are groups with a significant frequency of wavy hair. The nose is usually quite narrow, with a small or medium transfer height, performs insignificant, but there are options with a strongly protruding nose (Kets, North American Indians). The hair cover on the face is poorly developed, and there is almost completely absent on the body.

The system of the body in the body of a person 12 main systems. Each of them performs its function of the brain and the nerves form nervous system, controlling many body functions of the skeleton, cartilage and ligaments make up a skeletal system that serves as a muscle body forming the muscle system, provides motor activity. The digestive system digested food and sucks the nutrients. Endocrine system with hormones adjusts many processes in the body. The blood circulation system delivers cells Required substances A and take unnecessary

The nervous fabric contains two types of cells: neurons that provide the transmission of the nerve pulse, and cells (glilath) forming protection, nutrition and support for neurons. Various fabrics are combined and form organs, each of which performs its specific function in a living organism. Body fabrics of our body of our body are extremely diverse; Four large fabric groups are isolated: epithelial, coupling, muscular and nervous. Epithelial fabric is a coating fabric, it forms an outer layer of the skin (i.e. it covers the body) and lifts the internal organs. The epithelial tissue consists of the formation of cells (one or several), which are very tightly adjacent to each other, forming even the compounds, so there is practically no intercellular substance. Such a dense arrangement of cells prevents the penetration of various pathogenic microorganisms and toxic substances inside our body, thus performing a protective function. The connecting tissue is extremely widespread in the body and is very different in structure and functions. It consists of bones, tendons, cartilage, the connective tissue also includes fatty fiber and blood. In the connective tissue, the cells do not fit tightly to each other, on the contrary, it is most of it, the intercellular substance is produced by the tissue cells. The bone tissue has a very solid, rich in calcium and phosphorus an intercellular substance. Muscular tissue is divided into cross-striped, which forms a skeletal muscles, and smooth, which is part of internal organs and vessels. Muscular tissue consists of very thin fibers, they can only be seen under the microscope. The fiber of the skeletal muscle can reach lengths up to 15 cm. Separately highlighted heart muscle tissue, it is also cross-striped, but has some differences in structure and operation.

Muscles and their functions frontal wrinkle muscle skin on the forehead circular eye muscle closes the eyes circle muscle mouth squeezes lips Deltoid Moves the shoulder bone in different directions Any movement, from blinking to walk and run, is carried out using muscles. Muscles consist of cells with the ability to shrink in body 3 type of muscles: skeletal (cross-striped) muscles, smooth muscles and muscles of the heart. Skeletal muscles are involved in running, when digesting food, smooth, and heartbeat depends on the reductions of the heart muscle. Skeletal muscles lead in the movement of the skeleton bone and, together with the skeleton, serve as a supporting body. In the human body, more than 640 skeletal muscles. They cover the entire skeleton and determine the shape of the body. The dimensions of skeletal muscles vary from the powerful four-headed muscle of the thigh to the tiny stirred muscle in the ear. Skeletal muscles are joined to the bones with the help of tendons whose fibers on one end are woven into muscle tissue, and on the other - in the periosteum. When the muscles are reduced, the bones to which they are attached are driven.

Types of muscle muscles are long and thin. They are formed by many parallel threads - myofibrils. Myofibrils also consist of threads, or myophilaments, 2 types of proteins - actin and myosin, - cross-skeletal muscles transverse allocations. Smooth muscles Smooth muscles play an important role in processes that do not depend on our consciousness, for example, in moving food on the digestive tract (peristaltics). Short spindle-shaped cells of smooth muscles form plates. They are reduced slowly and rhythmically. Muscles of the heart of the muscles of this type is not found anywhere except the heart. Cardiac muscle, or myocardium, is most of the mass of the heart. Its branching cells with transverse ability form a complex network. The heart muscle is reduced automatically, without the participation of consciousness. This muscle pumping blood by the body has time for the life of a person to reduce on average more than 2 billion times. Biceps bent hand in the elbow. Muscle biceps in action! In order for the hand to break out, the other muscle of triceps should work out. It is located opposite the biceps, below. Skeletal muscles

The skeleton gradually scientists found out that the bones are absolutely living formations. They have their own blood vessels, and the bone tissue itself is constantly rebuilt and updated. The skeleton not only supports the body. Thanks to flexible joints, the bones move as a result of cutting and relaxing muscles. Separate parts of the skeleton protect vital organs. For example, the bones of the skull protect the brain, and the chest is master and the lungs. Cases are stored in the bones, without which the muscles and nerves cannot function normally. In the bone marrow, filling the cavity of the spongy bone tissue, various forms of blood cells are developing. The cartilage covers the surfaces of the articular bones in the joints, and in some places in the ears, the nose, between the sternum and ribs - is part of the skeleton. Why does the body of a person displeasant to the cake, like the jellyfish thrown on the coast? It helps to maintain a skeleton shape consisting of separate bones. Many bones of your skeleton are connected movably with the help of joints and ligaments. Thanks to flexible bone connections, you can run and jump. In the body of an adult, about 200 separate bones. The little children have them even more, because with age, some bones firmly grow together! The skeleton is a flexible cable, which serves as a support body, determines its shape, protects the internal organs from damage. Movable muscles are attached to it. The bones were considered as non-residential structures designed to serve only a mechanical support for active soft tissues.

The cell surrounds the cell membrane of the cytoplasm, which provides communication between the kernel organelles - the mitochondrial cell control center provide the energy cell in ribosomes, the EPS energy exchange takes place in transportation of various types of cells perform different work, but they are all the same. The cell membrane separates the contents of the cell from the external environment and performs metabolism between the cell and the medium. Organelles float in liquid student cytoplasm. Each type of organelle is responsible for performing its special function. The most important of the Organe-Sadro, the Cell Control Center. The kernel contains genetic material - DNA. In the DNA is the hereditary material. Orgellam also includes mitochondria, ribosomes and an endoplasmic network. Cell cells multiply by division by one of two ways. Mitosis lies in the formation of genetically homogeneous cells in all tissues and organs. It provides an increase in the body and replacing worn cells new. Meyosis formed sex cells. The cells connecting one on the other form the walls of the organs or skin. Their sizes range from 0.01 mm at nerve cells (neurons) to 0.2 mm for eggs (female reproductive cells) - the largest cells of the human body. The human body consists of 220 billion cells, which are divided into 200 different groups. But two categories are clearly distinguished: 20 billion "immortal", mainly nervous cells (neurons) existing throughout human life; and 200 billion "mortals", which are constantly replaced. Consequently, most of the cells of the human body is updated all the time.

In DNA molecules is hereditary information. DNA molecules are spinled in a spiral and packed in chromosomes. In the DNA 2 molecule, there are one around the different circuit, forming a double helix. Chains are held together by means of nitrogenous bases included in their composition. There are 4 types of bases, and their accurate sequence in the DNA molecule serves as a genetic code that determines the structure and function of cells. In the human body near the genes. 1 gene is a DNA molecule site. Since proteins regulate the metabolism, it turns out that it is the genes that are controlled by all chemical reactions in the body, determine the structure and functions of our body. All cells, in addition to sex, contain 46 chromosomes, combined in 23 pairs. Chromosome contain thousands of genes. The genes are transferred from parents to descendants. Individual characteristics different people due to various combinations of genes. Sex cells contain on 23 chromosomes. In fertilization, a complete set of 46 chromosomes is restored. 1 pair of chromosomes, namely sex chromosomes, differs from the rest of 22 pairs. In men Hu chromosomes. Women have XH-chromosomes. DNA genes and chromosome Each pair consists of 1 maternal and 1 paternal chromosome. In pair chromosomes, the same set of genes represented respectively in 2 options - maternal and fatherly. 2 variants of the same gene responsible for a certain feature form a pair. In the pair of genes, one is usually dominated and suppresses the action of another. For example, if the maternal chromosome is present the dominant gene of the brown eyes, and in the paternal, - the blue gene, the child's eyes will be brown. The center of DNA DNA Molecule Chromatin has deciphered the DNA structure of Franc Chrome Creek James Wats

The nervous system constantly gets signals from the outside world with the help of special sensors. They are called sense authorities. Light perceive eye organs. From them to the brain the path is very short. After all, they are his growing! The outer hole is covered with transparent glass so that water and dirt get inside. This cornea is an external transparent eye sheath. It is made of cells that are well transmitting light. Therefore, the cornea must be constantly wetting, otherwise it will dry and fit. The role of lubrication in your eyes is carried out by tears. Taste organs are in language. They work in the same way as the rest of the senses. That is, perceive the incoming information and turn it into electrical signals, which are running through the nerve cells to the brain. Groups of cells capable of perceiving certain signals are called receptors (from Lat Recipere receiving). All you see, you hear, feel and perceive in your brain is only nervous signals! Smells are perceived by the brain, also as a series of signals. They are supplied to the brain the sense of smell. The skin is fabricated by receptors that perceive pressure, heat and cold. In response to signals from the receptors of the cold, the lumen of the skin capillaries expands, the skin is blushing, the flow of hot blood through it increases. Thanks to this mechanism, cheeks are blushing. Eye Sensor Authorities Language Receptors receptors Charm Appator receptors

Language and taste. Different areas of the language perceive a different taste, this is due to the variety of receptors. The tip of the language is most sensitive to sweet, the side surfaces - to the acidic and salty, and the receptors located on the back of the tongue perceive the bitter taste. As a result of the interaction with dissolved substances in flavoring cells, nerve impulses arise, which in several nerves are transmitted to the central nervous system, in particular to the taste zone of the large hemispheres of the brain, where the analysis of these pulses occurs. In addition to the taste receptors in the oral mucosa, receptors may be receptors that perceive the temperature and pressure, which partly enhances the taste sensations. The taste is very important for our body; So, to taste food, we can determine whether it is high-quality. Taste organs are the so-called taste buds. These are several receptor cells that are capable of developing a nervous impulse in response to the action. Taste kidneys are located in the growth of the language mucous membrane - in flavoring papillas. Tasted kidney receptors react only to substances dissolved in water, so we cannot feel the taste of dry food until it is inamped saliva. Most of the kidney is at the tip of the tongue, on its back and side surfaces.

Touch allows us to the touch to identify the shape and size of objects, feel the temperature; For example, if a person is touched to a red-hot object, he immediately reflects his hand. A person's skin sensitivity at the tips of the fingers of the hands is especially well developed, since the hand is the main human labor organ. Skin sensitivity is provided by the presence in the skin and on the mucous membranes (for example, in the oral cavity) of a variety of receptors. All of them have a very complex structure. Plus pressure receptors, thermal and pain. Pressure receptors are most on the palms, fingers and in the tongue. Thermal receptors are two species - react to heat and cold, they own an important role in the regulation of body temperature. Pain receptors are just free nervous endings, in a huge number of leather and mucous membranes. These receptors react to any tissue integrity disorders, they are necessary to protect the body against danger. Touch

The sense of smell allows us to perceive the richest world of smells and fragrances. Perception occurs due to special olfactory receptors, which are located in the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity. The olfactory receptors are cells, in huge numbers focused in the upper nose, they are capable of reacting only on substances that are gaseous. The olfactory cells are extremely sensitive, they can catch the smell in response to the interaction of everything with several molecules of the substance. As a result of interaction with the odorless substance in the receptor, nerve impulses arise, which in the olfactory nerve go to the olfactory zone of the cortex of large hemispheres of the brain, where the smell is recognized. Thanks to the sense of smell, a whole world of smells and flavors is open. It is believed that there are about seven types of olfactory receptors, each of which is capable of detecting only one type of molecules. These major smells are as follows: camphor (smell of camphor), musk (smell of musk), ethereal, floral, mint (ether smell), caustic and rented (smell rot).

Eye muscles are the fastest muscles of our body, thanks to them we can translate a look from one item to another for the small fractions of a second. Conjunctive - a special mucous membrane, covering the front of the eye and a part located behind the centuries, protects the eyes from infections and dust. It highlights a special liquid - a tear that is washes eyes. The eyeball consists of shells. It is white, it is white and called the scler, on the front, it goes into a transparent cornea. Her turbidity leads to blindness. The middle shell is vascular, it performs a trophic (i.e. nutrient) function, as it is permeated with a large number of blood vessels, according to which blood brings nutrients and oxygen. In front, the vascular envelope goes into the iris, in the center of which is located a hole through which the light penetrates. This is a pupil. The color of the iris is the color of the eyes; Pupil regulates the entry of light into the eye. Due to the small muscles located in the cornea, the pupil hole is either narrows with bright light, or expands in the dark. The iris and the cornea are not adjacent to each other tightly, between them is the so-called front camera of the eye filled with transparent liquid. Immediately behind the pupil is a transparent lens. It is surrounded by a crewing muscle that changes the curvature of the lens, allowing the lens to be tuned on a more far or close subject (this is the so-called accommodation process). The crystal is a glassy body. The vitreous body is a transparent shape, tightly connected to the retina. The vitreous body supports intraocular pressure and eye shape. The retina is an inner sheath of the eye. It is here that the light falls around, passing through the pupil, the lens and the vitreous body. In the retina there are visual receptors. Sticks are twilight receptors, they give a black and white image, work in the dark. Columns are capable of perceiving only daylight, but they form a color image. There are three types of colums: some are sensitive to blue, others to the red and third - to yellow. The largest concentration of colums is on the retina in the area of \u200b\u200bthe so-called yellow stain. It is just opposite the pupil. This is the zone of the best vision. The retina also has a blind spot. There are no receptor cells in this area, and this is due to the fact that the optic nerve comes out here. The structure of organs of vision

As sees the eye of the crust of the cornea. The image on the retina of the cornea focuses the light from the subject, and a clear, but inverted image appears on the retina. Photoreceptors send nerve impulses to the brain. Processing the signals of the brain turns over the image again, so that we all see right

The structure of hearing organs. Hearing allows a person to better navigate in the outside world and communicate with other people, perceiving the sounds of different heights and volume. As is known, the sound spreads in the form of sound waves having a frequency. Our ear is an extremely subtle tool, it can perceive sounds with a frequency of oscillations from 20 hertz to 21 thousand hertz. Due to the fact that the auditory analyzer is a pair body, we can always determine which side sounds and approximately how far its source is. Human hearing body has three departments - outdoor, secondary and inner ear. The outdoor ear consists of ear shell (we usually call it just an ear) and an outdoor auditory passage that goes inside the temporal bone of the skull. Own sink due to its form allows you to better catch the sounds and pour them into the outer hearing pass, located in the temporal bone. It has an S-shaped shape and ends with a drummeal separating the outdoor and middle ear. In the outer hearing aisle, there are special glands that allocate a special substance - an ear sulfur that performs a protective function, not passing dust and harmful microorganisms. Sulfur accumulation must be regularly deleted, otherwise, accumulating, it can worsen hearing. The eardrum is the border between the outdoor and inner ear. It is a cavity inside the temporal bone. The middle ear has three bones and two muscles. Bones due to their form got the names: hammer, anvil and rapidly. The hammer is attached to the eardrum, from which it through an anvil and rapidly transmits fluctuations on the membrane, separating the average and inner ear. In addition to the transmission of the sounds of the bone and the muscles of the middle ear regulate the power of oscillations caused by the drummeal, protecting, thus, for example, from strong sounds or, on the contrary, enhancing quiet sounds. The inner ear has a rather complicated structure. It is a system of cavities and channels filled with liquid. This system is called a connecting labyrinth.

Feeling equilibrium feeling of equilibrium is the so-called sixth sense of man. Thanks to him, we are able to determine the position of our bodies relative to the Earth and move in space. The feeling of equilibrium allows us to navigate in the dark. For example, we feel, are we moving down or climb upstairs. This important feeling is formed as a result of the vestibular analyzer. Anatomically, i.e., by location, it is very close to the auditory analyzer. The vestibular analyzer is as well as the inner ear, is in the maze, in the thickness of the temple bone of the skull.

For the normal vital activity of any living organism, he needs an energy source. And such a source is food that the body receives from the external environment and definitely processes in the digestive system. The digestive system begins with the oral cavity. In the mouth area are teeth located in two rows and fixed in the upper and lower jaws. The tooth consists of three parts: the root, which is in the deepening of the bone of the jaw, neck, located in the gum, and the crowns, which appears above the gum. The substance from which the tooth consists is called dentin. The saliva is distinguished by three pairs of special salivary glands. This process is reflexively. Even from one type or smell of food saliva begins to flow into the mouth. In addition to the enzyme splitting carbohydrates, the saliva contains a special substance lysozyme that kills harmful microorganisms if they penetrate the body with food. Thanks to the saliva, the food lump is formed, which is swallowed, food is falling into the throat, then in the esophagus in the stomach, food is delayed several hours. Under the action of gastric juice, which is released by the mucous membrane of the wall of the stomach, complex protein molecules are split up to simpler. Gastric juice is a colorless liquid that does not smell. Its main enzyme is pepsin, splitting in an acidic medium of proteins molecule. There are in the gastric juice and enzymes that are splitting fats. Food is fastened to the small intestine, more precisely in its initial department - the duodenum. The duodenum flows the liver and pancreas ducts. The liver produces bile, which accumulates in the gallbladder and is thrown into the duodenum in digestion. The bile itself does not break the nutrients, but facilitates the digestion of fats and creates the necessary environment of the enzymes that produces pancreas. In the next part of the digestive tract - the small intestine - there is a splitting of those nutrients that did not have time to digest earlier. In the small intestine, sprouting products of proteins, fats and carbohydrates are absorbed. In the next department of the digestive system - the colon - the absorption of all nutrients, which did not have time to worry in the small intestine. In the colon there are symbiotic, i.e. friendly bacteria, they split the fiber, which is not amenable to the effects of digestive juices, protect the body from harmful microbes and produce some important vitamins. Digestion

All living in nature breathes. Breathing is one of the main signs of life. Each body, even every cell and tissue, is needed every second energy that is formed as a result chemical reactionsoccurring in the body. For all of these reactions, oxygen is required, which we obtain from atmospheric air with breathing. The respiratory authorities include nasal and oil cavities, nasopharynk, larynx (there are voice ligaments in it), trachea, bronchi (two bronchops depart from the trachea, which are already branched in the lungs, forming the so-called bronchial tree), lungs. In the nasal cavity, the inhaled air is warmed and cleaned, which does not occur when breathing through the mouth, so it is desirable to breathe through the nose, especially in cold weather. In the nasal cavity there are also special olfactory receptors that allow us to capture and distinguish odors. In the next respiratory tract - nasooplot airways Crossed with digestive. Food does not fall into the lads due to the fact that during swallowing, the larynts are covered with a special formation, called the Nadrostnik. Mountains consists of cartilage, the largest of which is thyroid. In the larynx there are two couples of voice ligaments that play a crucial role in the formation of voice. After the larynx, the inhaled air falls into the trachea - the breathing tube with a length, see the trachea in the chest is divided into two bronchi, which, enter into the lungs, begin to branch and end with alveoli, or pulmonary bubbles. Breath

Voice (voice formation) The voice occurs in a special voice apparatus, which is located in the larynx and is a very sensitive body. It consists of two small folds, a kind of films from muscles covered with mucous membrane. These folds are called voice ligaments. They are behind the thyroid cartilage, which can be fascinated on the front surface of the neck under the skin. This cartilage in everyday life is called Kadyk, or Adam Apple. There is a narrow voice gap between voice bundles. All this space is sometimes referred to as a resonator chamber, in which the sound is simulated, i.e. it can be modified. The evolutionary process created a similar resonator chamber only in a person, the primates it is missing, therefore, for example, monkey sounds primitive. When talking, the voice apparatus makes sounds consisting of tones, "and when singing the width of the sound range reaches two octave, that is, 16 tones. The voice of each person has its own individual shades, and they can recognize people without seeing them in front of them. Voice ligaments are a very thin "tool", and therefore they are so tender and varying. It is very strongly influenced by smoking, which leads to hoarse and disadvantaged votes. Walrous diseases of the upper respiratory tract can sometimes cause even temporary voice loss. It is also necessary to try less Speak or shout loudly, from this voice can "sit down" or hoarse. If this is rare, it is not very scary, but the regular increase in voice can cause serious consequences.

The heart is the first body that begins to work in the body just the resulting organism is the heart. From now on, it works without stopping. On the right, the heart is considered the most hardworking body of our body. The heart performs in our body the role of a pump pumping blood according to the system of blood vessels. Its main mass consists of heart muscles. The heart is located in the chest between the left and the right lungs (closer to the left) and has two atrium (left and right) and two ventricles (left and right). The heart weighs an average of about 300 g, and its size roughly corresponds to a compressed fist.

A person throughout his life takes place several stages of development, each of which has its own characteristics caused by a certain physiological, mental, spiritual state. These life periods are called age. Under the full life cycle of the individual (or age period) understand the period of time, starting from the moment of the development of a person in the womb and ending with his death. All this time cut, as if divided into several steps in the development of a person, who are in everyday life, call infant age, childhood, adolescence, youth, mature yearsOld age. The chronological age (passport, calendar) is distinguished - this is the period from birth to some date, events, periods, and biological (anatomo-physiological), which characterizes the condition of the body. Not in all cases in a particular person, chronological and biological ages coincide. The degree of coincidence depends on the heredity, adaptive capabilities of the body, the influence of the environment, social and other factors. Finally, the individual features of this person play an important role. Although each age (childhood, adolescence, etc.) is inherent in its certain biochemical, physiological, anatomical, psychological features, these "average" signs can manifest themselves in different ways. It is most characteristic of the period of puberty. Age

Aging aging is a natural physiological process, and it is inevitable for every person, but the timing of the offensive and the proceeding of the process depend on many factors that study the special science of gerontology (from Greek. GEROOPTOS - old man, elder). The period of life of people aged 75 to 90 years old is considered senile. Faces older than 90 years belong to the group of long-livers. At the same time, to determine the beginning of aging and its duration of each individual is very difficult, because the accompanying aging mental and physiological processes do not always coincide with chronological (passportable) age. Women due to the influence of certain sex hormones (estrogen, etc.) and greater stability of the body are growing slower and live longer than men, on average for 6-10 years. According to statistics, on three or four women aged about 100 years, only one man usually accounts for. It is believed that aging is associated primarily with the gradual restriction of the functionality of the main systems of the human body, primarily nervous and blood, which reduces its resistance to various adverse effects. In particular, the degeneration of nerve cells occurs, their regulatory and trophic (nutritious) effect weakens and increases the likelihood of diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular brain lesions, diabetes, lung damage.

A man and a woman with a natural-biological point of view man and a woman are individuals who are the human community (population). They differ in sexual signs and peculiarities of an anatomyological structure and psyche. The division into men's and female individuals is one of the fundamental natural differences that exists from almost all animals. In this sense, the view of NMO Sapiens (reasonable person) is no exception. It was in the interaction of male and female individuals that one of the main principles of conservation of life are being implemented - reproduction of themselves like. Community and distinction between a man and a woman, their purpose, the essence of relationships cannot be explained only by natural-biological factors. Questions "What is a man?" And "What is a woman?" Worried man since sincerprove. In the human community, there is one significant feature that distinguishes people from animals in the human relationship, - the male man is helping to extract food to women and children. If we take the closest animals to us - primates, we will see that the male does not provide the stern female, she feeds herself. The male can fight to protect or enjoy it. In all famous human communities, a future man since childhood learned the main law of being - to become a full member of society, he will have to provide food his family - his wife and children. Of course, both the female and male world are unique in their own way. At the same time, they are united by fundamental universal values \u200b\u200b- love, friendship, family, children.

In ancient times, everything that was associated with conception, pregnancy, childbirth, seemed something mysterious, incomprehensible. Modern medicine about Nicla in the mystery of a person's birth, but, despite the huge progress of many sciences, including molecular biology, still remains a mystery as a fertilized egg turns into a thinking creature. All mammals, including a person, for the appearance of the offspring, a male sex cell - sperm - should get inside the body of the future matter there to connect with a mature female oxychillet cage. The fusion of these cells is called fertilization. In the human body, fertilization occurs and the very first stage of the formation of a new organism proceeds. Fertilization together with the beginning of this development is called conception. The conception can occur if the female organism has reached puberty (since years since years, sometimes from 10 to 16 years) and before (usually after 45 years). In some diseases of the internal organs, women are incapable of conception. Typically, the conception occurs in the fallopian tube, and occasionally on the eve of the vagina with an intact virgin spray. The fertilized egg is divided several times, and almost identical subsidiaries are formed - blastomeres. The germ stage of development - Morula - consists of blastomers. Usually three days after ovulation and fertilization of Morula moves from pumping pipe In the uterine cavity and grows into its wall. This process is called implantation. After that, we can say that the conception occurred. It was then in the cells of the embryo, many of his own most important genes begin to work. So begins pregnancy - development Children's body in the human body. Conception and pregnancy

AIDS among contemporary diseases that are subject to the person most dangerous and insidious is the AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). It's hard infectioncaused by a human immunodeficiency virus (abbreviated HIV). AIDS is considered by many as one of the global problems of modernity, the fate of all mankind is depends on the solution. AIDS virus affects the immune (protective) human system. In itself, this can not be the cause of death, but a person can be a victim of a number of other diseases, for example different species Cancer, meningitis, encephalitis and others who will lead to his death. In infected patients, HIV contains in the blood, saliva, tears, breast milk, urine and probably other body fluids. The paths of transmission of infection are established: sexual, parenteral - when overflowing infected blood and its preparations, as well as through intolerated medical instruments; Redenatal - from mother to child before, during or after childbirth. With breastfeeding, infection is possible as a mother's mother, the other way around. The probability of birth at the HIV-infected woman of an infected child is about 30%, and in the treatment of modern medicine in the arsenal, it decreases to 8%. Infected people from the very beginning are contagious. A few weeks (on average, about 6), after infection, the patient develops a sharp disease (the temperature increases, pain in the joints and muscles appears, etc.). The cunning of the disease is manifested in the fact that its symptoms in one or two weeks completely disappear, sometimes even 10 or more. During this period, the virus carrier, considering himself almost healthy, leads a normal lifestyle and is therefore particularly dangerous as a potential source of dissemination of the disease. In different patients, there are different intensity diseases. Although there are still no drugs healing from AIDS, there are medication tools that slow down its development. Outside the body, the virus is not stable and is not transmitted by the household - when coughing and sneezing, through drinking water, with handshake, touches and hugs, with sharing by pools or public baths, telephone or toilet. HIV and through insect bites in modern Russia, the majority of infected are drug addicts, together using non-sterile syringes. In our country, foreign experiences associated with drug admission safety measures are still in demand: due to the fact that many drug addicts cannot completely abandon drugs, they are offered to introduce drugs not parenteral (through syringes), but orally (through the mouth), as a last resort) - Use exclusively sterile syringes. In the Netherlands since 1985 there is a practice of free exchange of used syringes for sterile.

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The main methods of anatomical research are observation, body inspection, opening, as well as observation, study of a separate organ or group of organs (macroscopic anatomy), their internal structure (microscopic anatomy). Anatomy is widely used by modern technical testing. The structure of the skeleton, internal organs, the location and type of blood and lymphatic vessels know using X-ray radiation. The internal covers of many hollow organs explore (in the clinic) by endoscopy methods. For the study of external forms and proportions of human body, anthropometric methods are used.

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Physiology (from Greek. Phýsis - nature and ... logies) of animals and humans, science on the vital activity of organisms, their individual systems, organs and tissues and regulating physiological functions. F. It also studies the patterns of interaction of living organisms with the environment, their behavior in various conditions.

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Methods of research in physiology: observation method; Experimental method: acute (vivisection) and chronic; Transplant of various organs. Subject and removal of organs or various sections of the brain (extirpation); Biochemical methods; Introduction of labeled atoms and subsequent observation at a positron-emission tomograph (PET).

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Hygiene - medical science learning ambient and industrial activities for human health and developing optimal, scientifically based requirements for the living and labor of the population.

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Research methods: clinical; Physiological; Laboratory.

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From the history of the development of anatomy, physiology and medicine

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Hippocrates (460-377 BC) Ancient Greek physician formulated the doctrine of four types of physique and temperament

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Aristotle (384-322 BC) Ancient Greek philosopher introduced the name "Aorta", laid the foundations of a descriptive and comparative anatomy

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Claudius Galen (130-200 g.) The Roman doctor first began to study the functions of the organs, described in detail the human nervous system.

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Avicenna Abu Ali Ibn-Sina (980-1037) Central Asian scientist, doctor, mathematician, sings.

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Theophratist Paracels (1493-1541) The Revival Epoch doctor first began to apply simple drugs in the treatment

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Andreas Vezaliy (1516-1590) The Italian doctor described in detail the skeleton of man and corrected Galen's mistakes

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Ambruz Pare (1514-1564) French doctor The founder of modern surgery

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William Garvey (1576-1657) The English doctor proved that the blood in the body moves along a closed circle, and that the central point of blood circulation is the heart

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Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) Italian physicist, an anata and physiologist revealed the presence of electrical phenomena in animal tissues of organisms

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Eduard Jenner (1742-1823) English doctor laid the beginning of the vaccination method (precise)

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William Morton (1819-1868) The American Dentist doctor used for the first time for the anesthesia and anesthesia pair of ether

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Louis Pasteur (1822- 1895) Great French Chemist The founder of science microbiology

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Paul Erlich (1854-1915) German bacteriologist and chemotherapist engaged in learning immunity in animals and man

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Karl Landstiner (1868-1943) Australian immunologist opened (1901, along with Ya Yansky) Blood Groups in humans, discovered (1927, together with P. Lulein) in human erythrocytes antigens

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Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) English microbiologist and biochemist discovered and studied lysozyme - an antibiotic substance contained in human and animal organism, discovered Penicillin, antibiotic substance highlighted Penicillium mushroom

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From the history of domestic biology and medicine