Let's consider what is included in the living area of the apartment. The living area of an apartment is the sum of the areas of living rooms that were allocated as such when designing the building. Not everyone knows how to calculate it independently and correctly in order to avoid overpayment in the future. First you need to decide on the difference between living and common area.
Living space and common space as different concepts
To understand the issue of the difference between the residential zone and the general one, you first need to understand what the area of the apartment as a whole is. It is usually called the totality of all rooms. It does not include rooms that are not heated. To find out the main differences between the common and living space of an apartment, you should refer to the legislation.
The Housing Code defines the total area of a residential premises as the sum of the area of premises used as additional premises. They help citizens meet their daily needs.
Loggias and balconies do not fall under this definition. The Russian Residential Complex does not provide more specific characteristics of the living space.
But there is a legislative instruction that talks in more detail about the common space of the apartment. It is characterized as the sum of the areas of absolutely all rooms in the apartment. Loggias, balconies and terraces, verandas are taken into account according to special coefficients - 0.5, 0.3, and 1, respectively.
Also this instruction contains the concept of living space, which is characterized by the totality of the areas of all rooms considered residential.
What is included in the living space of the apartment or we calculate it ourselves
What is considered living space in an apartment? To do the calculation yourself square meters, you must first, armed with a measuring tape, calculate the footage of each room.
In this case, the bathroom, balcony, corridor should also be included in the calculations. Next, the obtained indicators are summarized.
Everything is quite simple if all the rooms are rectangular. In this case, you will need to measure the length and width of each room and multiply these values by each other. It is important to measure rooms by floor to ensure you get a more accurate result.
If you need to calculate the area of a room in which the walls do not touch each other at right angles, a sheet of paper will help you. You can complete an imaginary rectangle on it, and then divide its area by 2.
What else you should definitely read:
Living area of the apartment
What is the living area of an apartment in Russia? The living area of the apartment consists of bedrooms and living rooms.
What is not included: Kitchens, bathrooms, toilets, corridors, storage rooms, dining rooms are not subject to inclusion in the living space area.
It also does not include rooms that are not heated, such as loggias and balconies.
Increasing the living area with your own hands
If you are planning to increase the space of your apartment, you need to remember that any change in its layout must be agreed with local authorities. To do this, an apartment project is drawn up and permission is obtained for it.
In order to increase the living space of the apartment, you will one way or another have to remodel the apartment, this includes:
- extension of balconies, loggias, their glazing;
- demolition load-bearing walls and interior partitions;
- moving a kitchen or bathroom;
- elimination of gas stoves and ventilation openings;
- laying windows and moving them.
The most in a simple way to increase your living space is to do it with a balcony. Since, in accordance with the law, due to its non-heating, BTI employees do not consider it a residential premises.
Delightful words once existed - “mezzanine”, “entre”, “enfilade”, “basement”, “mezzanine”, “clean rooms”, “government apartment”. Today, not everyone knows what it is.
Tiered functional zones
Residential house, abode, vitality, abode, shelter, living quarters, dwelling, dwelling, habitation- a place to live.
Apartments- functional areas.
State apartments. Residential apartments. The apartments can be a floor (mezzanine, basement, mezzanine). At the hairdresser - special apartments for ladies. Also used to mean “half”: master's apartment, children's apartment. In addition, an apartment can also mean a separate room in a house or a separate apartment.
Half— functional area, focusing on its belonging to family members. Almost never constitutes half of a house or floor, but only a part. Children's half(two or three rooms). Host half, guest/hired half in rental houses. Male half. The female half. Brother's half. Half of the parents. Sons half.
In the hut - clean and black halves.
Enfilade- row, order, jib, low.
1) a series of doors, arches, openings located in the alignment;
2) a series of rooms whose doors are located in alignment. Enfilade: front, city, park, residential, dining room.
Apartment (khvatera, vatera)- premises rented (hired) for temporary residence. Apartments in tenement buildings, originally intended for rental. Separate areas or premises can be rented out residential buildings. Entire houses and even estate complexes can be rented out - in this case they are also called apartments.
An apartment differs from a hotel, inn, lodging house, or tavern rooms in that it is more permanent.
Apartments for the military- quartering of personnel of military units in residential premises of the civilian population.
State-owned apartments civil officials (director of a gymnasium or library, professor of the Academy, etc.) are supported by the treasury (operating costs, repairs, furniture, lighting, firewood).
Entre- entrance to the house. Can be used to mean the front hallway, vestibule, cold entryway and openings themselves. It was also used in the same meaning Russian word entrance.
Entrance- a place at the entrance to the house intended for the entrance of carriages. After the master left the carriage, the coachman or cab driver took the carriage to the side, to a specially designated place, so as not to interfere with others driving up. The entrance could be in the form of a ramp - an inclined access road. The entrance porch itself could also be called an entrance, a door, an entrance, or a closed vestibule-type vestibule.
Porch- external entrance to the house, Maybe open- steps and platform, covered- with an umbrella and closed- in the vestibule, which can serve as a cold entryway. Can be combined with a veranda. Red porch, front, front, reception, elegant— the main entrance for hosts and guests. Porch black, back, girl's, yard, utility- another porch for servants, courtyard people.
Welcome or high-ranking guests are greeted on the front porch, and they are seen off on the porch.
Tea drinking can take place on the porch.
The porch is often a favorite place to relax.
From the front porch, a footman calls a carriage for guests to the entrance.
Pryaslo, floor, tier, housing, lived, living, connection- the space between the floors of rooms whose floors are on the same level. Floors in a residential building.
Quantitative designations: first second Third etc.
Mezzanine, main floor, red tier, red housing, red connection- the most representative floor, containing the front (reception) rooms. In a residential building, the mezzanine on the street side was single-tier(front rooms), from the courtyard side - two-tier(living rooms). The mezzanine belongs undividedly to the gentlemen.
Ground floor- the first in a row, so called in those cases when the second was the mezzanine. The lower floor could contain a front enfilade, but in the general hierarchy of the premises of the house it is ranked lower than the mezzanine enfilade. The lower floor could be used as housing for both masters and servants; sometimes the entire lower floor was allotted to the courtyard people.
The master's rooms on the lower floor may include a children's room, a library, or an office. There are also rooms for guests and tutors. From the workrooms there could be a kitchen with food rising to the mezzanine dining room via a separate staircase or special lifts. In merchant houses, the lower floor could house shops, taverns, warehouses, craft workshops.
Half tiers:- mezzanine and sub-mezzanine rooms, which almost never amount to half the height of the mezzanine: the mezzanine floor is higher than the mezzanine, and in total they are greater than the height of the mezzanine.
Mezzanines can be called mezzanines.
One and a half story house- a one-story house with a mezzanine. Large mezzanines were considered a floor.
Mezzanine- 1) the upper mezzanine of the rear rooms of the mezzanine; 2) in rooms of sufficient height, another floor level with a staircase was installed in part of the room - to increase usable area. In the 18th century the front window opening was divided into two parts, of which the upper (fanlight) illuminated the mezzanine. In the 19th century the mezzanine floor had its own windows. Middle-aged and older children, teachers, governesses were accommodated on the mezzanines, guest rooms, and choirs were set up.
Mezzanine (mezzanine, superstructure, tower, half-tier, half-housing, teremok, light room)- the upper floor is only above part of the main facade, as a rule - above the middle one. Mezzanine is a residential floor for older and middle-aged children, tutors, governesses, guests, relatives.
Belvedere (lantern, tower, tower, lighthouse, lighthouse, superstructure, insight tower, tower)— 1) building above the roof. It differs from the mezzanine in that it is intended not for housing, but for admiring landscape views, for this reason it is most often round in plan; 2) the name belvedere can be given to gazebos in a garden or park; 3) some palaces in Europe were called belvederes.
Flashlight- 1) most often used in the meaning bay window, i.e. a wall projection suspended or on consoles, with well-lit interiors thanks to three-sided lighting. The most common functions: office, artist's studio, winter Garden; 2) lanterns could also be called glazed belvederes, or other parts of the house with continuous glazing; 3) a light lantern in the roof to illuminate dark interior spaces.
Dovecote- a light superstructure on the roof, or a place in the attic where pigeons are bred and kept.
Basement, basement, basement, semi-basement, cellars, ground floor- a floor whose floor level is buried below the daytime ground surface. If a house is buried in the ground for most of its height, it is called basement Semi-basement buried by less than the height. Ground floor determined by façade characteristics, correlation with order elements, when the base is the pedestal of the order system.
A free-standing glacier may be called cellar
The basement may contain work areas: kitchen, utility room, laundry room. The most common use of the basement is warehouses, in residential buildings most often - food stores, in merchant houses and in guest yards - manufacturing warehouses, and often shops or tavern halls. The basement in lordly manor town houses could be used as housing for courtyard people (humans). From ancient times to the 19th century. basements were used for prison cells, punishment cells, and home prisons. A library could be placed in a dry basement.
Underground is not a floor, most often it is a pit with a hatch in the floor, small in area and used for storing food.
Attic, underhair, roof, underroof- the space between the ceiling and the roof. Attics are also often called attics. In city houses, clothes are dried in the attics. In apartment buildings, the attic area is divided according to the number of residents. Attics are often used as closets for storing old, unnecessary junk. The attic space used for housing (attic) was intended for courtyard people, or was rented out. These were the cheapest apartments for students, artists or elderly people living on rent.
Up, up, up, up- rooms on the top floor. Usually used in relation to the main floor - mezzanine, mezzanine, upper residential floor. When using the term, they do not mean a floor, but a very specific, specific room.
Down, down, down- usually a reference point for rooms on the mezzanine or lower non-front floor.
Inside is a very common term, usually focused on home interiors.
Gallery, gallery- 1) most often used to mean a long open passage outside buildings (as opposed to a corridor). It can go around the perimeter of the house, or it can adjoin only part of it (for example, a portico).
Single-tier, two-tier, three-tier gallery(on one, two, three floors); 2) can be used to mean a room of considerable elongation; 3) a special room for a collection of art objects; 4) covered passage from one building to another.
Veranda- gallery, glazed on the outside, lattice, landscaped. Can serve as a direct synonym for the term “gallery”.
Terrace- a wide, spacious porch with a fence like a balcony. It differs from a balcony in its obligatory connection with the surface of the earth. People relax on the terrace and veranda, drink tea, and after lunch have coffee and cigarettes. Children play on warm days.
Risalits differ from extensions in that they were built or planned simultaneously with the construction of the house.
Add-ons, like extensions, not planned by the project.
Premises
Room- occupied rented area. It could be an apartment, any room, a barracks, a residential building, a hotel room, a hospital ward.
Room- part of the house limited by walls, partitions, ceilings. Rooms can be: front rooms, living rooms, utility rooms. Rooms not only in a residential building, but also in public places, in a hospital, in a tavern, in a craft workshop.
Clean rooms- residential and front rooms, black rooms - utility rooms, work rooms, utility rooms, production rooms.
Front rooms for guests, luxuriously decorated rooms.
Names of rooms: library, side room, basket, boudoir, pantry, gallery, wardrobe, upper room, living room, maid's room, children's room, sofa room, housing, hall, dining room, hut, office, prison cell, valet, office (home), punishment cell, cell , pantry, classroom, office, corridor, kitchen, coachman's laboratory, footman's room, people's room, workshop, music room, hotel rooms, shaped (prayer room), armory, anteroom, cook's room, restroom, laundry room, reception room, antechamber, entrance hall, hallway, salon, bright room, secret room, entryway, bedroom, dining room, customs, restroom, corner (coal room), tea room, closet - and other rooms.
Rooms: for guests, for rest, for girls, for tutors (governesses), for breakfast, for the owner, for grandmother, for servants, etc.
Possible quality characteristics of the rooms: dusty, gloomy, cramped, empty, separate. Orienting terms: adjacent, (neighboring), adjacent, other, nearest, distant, rear, last, internal. Indicating belonging: ours, his, hers, mine, at home, in yours, in yours, to yourself, to her, to him.
The term peace is often used synonymously with room. It carries the same semantic loads.
Sidewall, sidewall- a room to the side, on the side of the functional core. The living room for guests, poor relatives, is usually uncomfortable.
Coal, corner- a room occupying a corner of the house, with two external walls. It can serve any function: living room, hall, living room, bedroom, dining room, office, pantry, guest room. However, if the room is called a coal room and nothing else, its function is not strictly fixed, or is ambiguous.
Checkpoint- a room through which communication with other rooms is carried out. Front doors are walk-through doors, as a rule. For residents this is a significant inconvenience.
A synonym for room, and a very common one, is the term upper room The semantic center of gravity here is shifted towards residential, utility and work premises. It is not customary to use it in combination with the name of the front rooms.
In peasant houses the term upper room denotes a clean, summer, living room, cold hut.
Gornitsa can be used to refer to a mezzanine (light, tower, teremok, top), rooms in the attic (attic).
Svetelka, svetlitsa is also used in this meaning. Can also mean: 1) a room with red windows; 2) clean, bright room, white hut; 3) any room.
Chamber (floor)- 1) front room; 2) a room of large volume and area, for example, a cook’s kitchen or a prison cell.
Camera- room, upper room, inner peace.
Kelia- monk's housing; cellar, pantry; lonely, remote dead man; lonely house; secluded housing; housing of a person leading a secluded lifestyle (maiden’s cell, cell of a writer, scientist, artist).
Number (number)- numbered rooms in a hotel.
Terms for housing of poor quality
Cage, cage- cramped room, small chamber.
Kennel- a small, cramped room, dirty, dark room.
Nora- a small dark room.
Corner- an inconvenient, uncomfortable, unfurnished home, often rented, rented, or presented for temporary use.
Closet, closet— small room, chamber, closet, pantry, barn.
State rooms
Antechamber, antechamber, front hall - the room preceding the hall. Performs reception functions. It can be included in the front suite, but it can also be located separately, but it belongs to the number of front (reception) rooms. If the first front room in a house is the hall (this was usually the case in the 1st century of the 19th century), then the front hall is the front hallway.
Hall, hall, first reception, team, assembly- the largest front room in the house, usually the first after the hallway. As a rule, it is part of an enfilade. Adjacent to the hallway, pantry, office, internal corridor, internal staircase to the upper floor, living room, antechamber. Main functions: reception, dining room, dance room. Large houses may have separate rooms for receptions, dining and dancing, but in ordinary houses, most of them, all three functions are combined in the hall.
If there is a piano in the house, it most often stands in the hall, which in this case also serves as a music room. Celebrations, festive and religious rituals are performed in the hall: congratulations, engagements, marriage blessings, funeral services for the deceased.
Often the hall takes on the functions of a living room: communication, card games. If there is a billiard table in the hall, then it serves as a billiard room. A corner or a separate area for a bureau or bookcases can be allocated in the hall, as a result of which the functional range of the hall includes the functions of an office. In the hall they can also perform toileting, cut fabrics and sew. Often the hall is used for children's games, less often - as a guest room.
Reception- used in two meanings: 1) any front room; 2) a special room for receptions. It is usually located at the beginning of the front area. Adjacent rooms: hallway, living room.
The reception area can serve as an entrance hall, hall or living room, depending on the social status of the guest. In addition, the owner’s reception room is an office or library, the hostess’s is a boudoir, a formal bedroom.
Dining room, dining room, refectory- room for eating. It is located in the front area, or separately, in close proximity to the buffet. If the house does not have a separate room, the hall takes over the functions of the dining room.
In the dining room they have lunch, breakfast, dinner, drink tea, drink and have a snack. In some cases, it can perform the functions of a nursery, guest room, living room, or reception room. In the 19th century in summer time good weather the dining room could be moved to the garden, to the gazebo, to the porch, terrace or balcony. In addition to the dining room, tea rooms were very popular in houses - this is a place for family members to communicate with each other or with guests; ladies and girls can read or embroider here, as in the living room.
The living room is a room for receiving guests. Second front room (after the hall). Usually the central room is in a suite, between the hall and the front bedroom. In the 1st half. XIX century two or more living rooms were rarely made.
The living room should be smaller than the hall, although initially it was designed for the same number of guests: the hall is intended for dancing, the living room is for quiet time. In the living room, salon or friendly contacts are carried out. Often the living room is used as a reception room for visitors of the same social level as the owner (the lower strata - peasants, burghers, petitioners, headman, clerk, policeman, priest - are received in the hallway or hall, friends - close people - in the office or boudoir).
People can enter the living room with a report from a footman or without a report; on special occasions, the owner himself can lead the guest from the hallway (entrance) to the living room. If there is a piano in the living room, it serves as a music room. Card games mostly take place in the living room. The living room can host lunch, breakfast or dinner. If dining in the hall, drinks and snacks may be served in the living room before dinner. After lunch, people eat dessert, tea, coffee in the living room, or simply relax. Often the living room is used as a tea room. In the living room, ladies and girls while away the days: sewing, knitting, reading. Here, young children can be with their mother. Religious ceremonies are held in the living room. The living room is a one-time overnight stay for guests - a police officer, a doctor, a random traveler, a neighboring landowner, and on holidays - the invitees sleep side by side on the floor. Less often, the living room is equipped for permanent housing.
Sofa- a room with a sofa or sofas. It is most correct to call a room with stationary soft sofas, occupying a significant area of the room. Borrowed from Turkey, so the sofas closest to the oriental type are low, close to the floor. Essentially, a sofa room is a small living room with the same functions, but of a more intimate nature. It can be in a suite, but it can also be placed separately.
The sofa is used to receive guests, friends, and loved ones. Intimate and intimate conversations are held in it - in Khomyakov’s Moscow house this room was called the “talking room.” The guitar is a frequent guest here. They can have tea in the sofa room, relax after dinner, and sometimes accommodate guests for the night.
The sofa can be combined with a library or office.
Salon- a room for social receptions, closest in function to the living room, with which it can be combined. It is possible to combine a salon with a hall, and often with a hall and a living room at the same time.
Portrait, that is, a room whose walls are hung with family portraits can be a sofa, a living room, a hall, or a dining room. The name “portrait” is a decorative and artistic semantic reference point, but the main functional load of this room comes from the living room or hall.
Separate music room She was rarely in houses, most often it was combined with a living room, less often with a living room, and even less often with an office. The hallmark of a music room is the piano in it.
Boudoir, master's room, teremok, svetelka, gorenka- the hostess’s room, her office, the reception room and the living room when it is separated from the bedroom. Can be combined with a bedroom. Despite its intimate, intimate character, functionally the boudoir belongs more to the front room than to the living area. The owner's room could also be called a boudoir.
Bosquet, bosquet- a front room, the walls of which are decorated with decorative paintings to resemble the natural greenery of the park, under a gazebo. Usually serves as a living room, tea room, boudoir.
Billiard room— a special room for playing billiards. It belongs to the number of ceremonial rooms, most often not in an enfilade, but apart. Can be combined with a pantry.
Living rooms
Bedroom, bedroom, bedchamber, bedchamber, bedchamber (bedroom) rest, bedchamber, bedchamber- room for sleeping.
Povalsha, povalusha, povalsha- often means a shared bedroom; in villages - for the whole family - in the superstructure or in the basement.
Dortoir, dormitory- shared bedroom in monasteries, hospitals, boarding houses.
In the manor's house there may be master bedroom, master bedroom, common bedroom, front bedroom.
Dormitory- for spouses.
Master bedroom- usually in the 1st half of the 19th century. coincides with the front bedroom - the room that closes the enfilade, which at the same time serves as a women's office, boudoir, living room, dressing room, reception room, and work room of the mistress of the house.
Not far from the mistress's bedroom should be placed children's room for younger ones
children (up to 6 years old), girls' room, toilet (restroom), if it is a separate room.
Front bedroom- as part of the front area.
Men's bedroom- usually combined with an office, located near the hall and the servant's room. Near the men's bedroom there may be valet.
Dressing room, restroom- a special room for dressing. Located next to a separate bedroom - both female and male. It should have the shortest and most convenient connection with the dressing room, or be combined with it.
Office, workroom, hiding place, breech, office- a room for private homework.
Cabinet- the room belonging to the owner is located in the back of the house, not far from the hall and hallway, separate hostess's office is possible mainly when the owner does not live in the house. Usually the hostess’s office is her bedroom (the last room of the suite). If there is one owner in the house, without a mistress, his office, combined with a bedroom, can also be located in the last room of the front suite.
An office can be a functional unit consisting of several rooms: work room(or, actually, an office), a library, a reception room and a lounge.
If there is only one room, it combines all these functions.
In the reception room the following can be received: relatives, acquaintances, friends, a lady, a doctor, a clerk, a petitioner from the middle class. The visitor can be received in the office only after the report. On especially special occasions, the owner himself meets the guest in the hallway or on the porch, and then leads him into the office. The office can simultaneously be the owner’s bedroom, in which he rests not only during the day, but also at night.
In the office, the owner usually deals with economic and financial matters: making orders, checking accounts, writing business letters. The office contains a documentary archive, securities, money.
After lunch, the owner relaxes in the office, or smokes or drinks coffee with the guests. In addition, in the office the owner can read, play cards, perform prayer, and perform a marriage blessing ceremony. For an artist, an office is a studio, if a separate room is not allocated for this in the house; a writer writes; for a chemist, a study is a laboratory. The office can take on the functions of a living room, salon, portrait, restroom, dining room, guest or music room.
An office can be called a room for storing and exhibiting collections. The most common was the weapons cabinet (armory, weapons, gun room). Could be mineral cabinets, botanical, entomological, natural(shell), smoking rooms, art rooms, mintskabinets(collection of coins and medals), zoological rooms.
Library, book depository, book-keeper, book-reader, book-depositor- room for storing books.
The library is not often placed in a separate room. Usually it is combined with an office, less often with a living room, sofa and reception room, and even less often with a restroom, dressing room, or in a collection room.
The library is usually located on the mezzanine, but can also be located on the lower floor or in the mezzanine.
Children's- kids room. The children are sleeping in the nursery. They play not only in the nursery. The playground itself is the whole house (hall, living room, hallway, maid's room, corridor, office, parents' bedroom). There are different nurseries for older and younger children. The nursery for younger children is not far from the mother’s room (bedroom) and the maiden’s room. The older children's nursery is located next to the classroom, teachers' and tutors' rooms, and most often away from the parents' rooms. Older children of different sexes have different rooms.
Nurses and nannies can sleep in the nursery of younger children, but they can also sleep in the maid’s room, and behind the threshold, in the corridor, on the rug.
Cool— room for home education of children 6-14 years old. Can be equipped with one cool room, but there may be several. The room for gymnastic exercises and fencing and the dance class can be located separately from the classroom.
Figurative, prayer- a room in a residential building specially designed for prayer. Pattern is not a house church. Icon painting workshops are also called figurative. The presence or absence of a figurative one depends on the degree of piety of the owners. They pray figuratively and read books of spiritual content. On major holidays (patronal holidays, Christmas), an invited priest conducts a service (all-night vigil, prayer service). During the service, there were gentlemen in the imagery, in the corridor and in the neighboring rooms there were courtyard servants, on the street there was a crowd of peasants and children.
Premises of utility and production areas. Rooms for courtyard people
Human- a room or several rooms in a manor house or in an outbuilding (people's outbuilding) for courtyard people. The human quarters could be called barracks. People could work in the people's room (sew boots, knit nets), but the main purpose of the people's room was rest and soya. The people's room could be combined with the dining room. The footman on duty could sleep in the footman's room (hallway). The people's room, with rare exceptions, contained the entire male population of courtyard people.
The habitat of female servants was girlish Here the girls slept on the floor, on rugs laid out at night, and often ate food (table food). Due to the fact that the female population of the courtyards served in a smaller part, and mostly produced goods for sale (yarn, sewing, embroidery), the maid's room served as a workshop, a workroom. The maid's room should have a connection with the bedroom, children's room, dressing room, dressing room, and also have a separate exit to the back (maid's) porch. Usually the girls' room was located at a distance from the men's half of the house, but if it happened to be next to the owner's office, they had to be separated by a blank wall.
For the hostess, the maiden's room could serve as a reception room for people of the lower classes: headman, cook, servants, poor relatives, matchmaker, gardener. Punishments are carried out in the maid's room, and flogging a hay girl in the maid's room is not as shameful as in the stables.
In addition to common rooms, courtyard people could also have their own special ones. The doorman worked and slept in Swiss. The valet could have his own valet. The coachmen were placed in coachman. The carpenter or icon painter lived in his workshop, cook - on kitchen, cook, who, as a rule, was free, from the bourgeoisie, certainly had his own room. The nurse, the nanny, slept on the floor in the nursery. The man, the maid on duty and the footman are on the floor on a rug outside the threshold of the master's room.
Entrance hall, anteroom, front hall, footman's room, waiter's room, warm entryway- the first note of the cold hallway in the room in the house.
Main functions of the hallway:
1) The hallway is the first heated room, a thermal buffer between the chilly air of the cold entryway and the actively used living and front areas. 2) In the hallway, when entering, shake off shoes; if there are scrapers, clean the soles, remove outerwear, which is either hung on hooks and hangers, or placed on tables and benches. When leaving, they get dressed. 3) Hallway - the workroom of the male part of the courtyard people, a place for them to rest and wait for orders. 4) In the absence of choirs, an orchestra could be placed here on holidays. 5) The hallway could serve as a buffet (the next room is a hall, which was used as a dining room). 6) In the hallway they are waiting for the result of the report. When the owner (hostess) goes out into the hallway for a conversation and holds an audience there, the hallway serves as a reception area. 7) The hallway can be combined with the dining room. 8) The hallway can be not one room, but a zone and consist of two rooms: a servant’s room and a reception room; the servant's room can be combined with a buffet, and the reception room with a dining room.
Guests are greeted in the hallway and, when parting, they are escorted to the hallway. In some situations, after the report, the footman escorts the guest from the hallway to the living room or office. The headman is received in the hall. The priest is also not allowed further than the front hall; vodka and snacks are brought to him there.
Warm passage There are at least two in the house: clean and black. The hallway in front of the main staircase is called the lobby.
Office- to manage large farms, offices were established and operated that dealt with economic and economic affairs under the direction of the manager. The office premises could be located either in the main house (on the ground floor) or in a separate outbuilding.
The office could also be called an office. Office could also be called the owner’s office, where he dealt with economic and financial affairs, received the headman, contractors, petitioners, compiled and checked accounts, stored money and securities.
Workshop called a room or several rooms in a house (outbuilding) for special work related to the owner’s creativity.
Artist's (sculptor, painter) workshop can be in a room specially designed for this purpose, or in any room equipped for work (in the hall, living room, office).
In a city house there may be craft workshop- sewing, icon painting, (figurative), wallpaper. One of the most common was carpentry workshop- for the economic needs of the estate.
Shop- premises in rows or a residential building for trade.
Dressing room, dressing room, dress room, clothes room- room for storing clothes. Sometimes it is combined with a ladies' toilet or restroom. In the men's house it can be combined with a library, a weapons room, and a reception room. Clothes are stored in closets and chests of drawers.
Pantry- separate storage room.
Lumber room- small storage room. Used for storing household supplies, food, wine, clothing, weapons, dishes, utensils, jewelry, money, books, furniture, paintings, old trash. Sometimes they sleep, especially in the summer, most often servants, footmen, valets, and courtyard people. The keys to the pantry are with the housewife, housekeeper, housekeeper, and cook.
Kitchen, cookery, cooking, cooking- a room or outbuilding for preparing the master's food. Must have a convenient connection: with the pantry (glacier), dining room (buffet). The kitchen is the home of the cook, and often the maid. When guests are treated in the hall, dining room, living room, their servants (valet, maid, coachman) are in the kitchen.
For the courtyard people they could cook separately, in a separate room called human cuisine or hasty. The master's kitchen, or the kitchen where they cooked for both gentlemen and people, could be called a "supply kitchen".
In the house, next to the dining room there could be pantry, buffet, where tableware and table linen were stored. The pantry should have the shortest convenient connection with the kitchen. In the buffet, dishes are waiting to be served to the table. A man from the kitchen carries dishes to the pantry. In the pantry, dishes are received, served, heated, and, on command, handed over to the footmen for serving. What is uneaten from the master's table returns to the pantry and is eaten there by the servants. Kvass, wine, and vodka are stored in the pantry. In the pantry, guests' servants are treated to tea or vodka. If the house does not have a separate pantry room, then in the dining room (hall) small area with a buffet where tableware and table linen are stored.
Table, shabby- a dining room for courtyard people, often combined with a living room. Could also be combined with a girl's one. The table is a meeting place for courtiers. In the fall, cabbage cutting takes place in the dining room.
Laundry- rooms where they wash and iron clothes. Usually located on the ground floor, basement or in a separate outbuilding.
Punishment cell, cold- in some houses there was a special room where courtyard people were imprisoned for offenses in anticipation of punishment.
corridor called a narrow, long room inside a house, through which the rooms are connected to each other. The corridor allows you to make adjacent rooms not passable.
In a residential building, the corridor can be combined with a hallway or an internal staircase. The corridor is not only an internal communication zone for domestic workers, it is also living sector. The maid girl or the man could sleep in the corridor near the door.
In large rooms (halls), corridors could be organized using screens.
Stairs, stairs— stepped ascent (descent) connecting different levels floors As a rule, a house has several staircases, the need for which is determined by the degree of isolation of individual functional areas.
Main staircase— leads to the front and living rooms. Back, black, maiden staircase- for street servants. Along the same stairs, food can be delivered to the dining room (pantry) from the lower floor or kitchen outbuilding. Internal staircase- in the inner corridor. Mezzanine staircase, staircase to mezzanine; attic staircase. Spiral staircase.
Needy, needy, right place, waste, latrine, latrine room, waste room, waste place, latrine room, retreat, retreat place - a room for the discharge of natural needs. It is located next to the front entrance, sometimes at the maiden porch. As a rule, it is not heated.
Water closet- an improved toilet, where sewage is washed off with water and special valves are closed with water, preventing bad air from entering the room. Water closets must be heated.
Vessel space- a small dark room (closet, closet under the stairs), where there is a container for mandrels, which the servants regularly empty and wash.
In the bathroom, bath— a bathtub for washing is placed. The bathroom area (apartment) can contain several rooms: the bathroom itself, the toilet, and the water closet.
Baths— floating structures on the water were also called baths.
Bath- a structure or room in a house containing washing rooms and a steam room. The estate usually has two separate baths - for the gentlemen and for the courtyard people (the master's bathhouse and the people's bathhouse).
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Composition of the apartment premises
Composition of the apartment premises
Apartments are the main cells from which all houses, both small and large, are assembled. It depends on how comfortable and rational the apartments are in their planning structure. overall quality residential building.
One of the main conditions for the proper organization of an apartment is its compliance with the needs of the family, satisfaction of the life processes occurring in it: rest, activities, cooking, etc. At the same time, the comfort of living in an apartment depends not only on the correct determination of the necessary composition of the premises, but also on their sizes, the nature of the relationship, aesthetic qualities.
Each apartment consists of the following premises: living rooms, kitchen, hallway, bathroom or shower room, toilet, built-in wardrobes or utility room; balconies, loggias or terraces are allowed. In hot climates, their installation is mandatory.
Living rooms make up a group of residential premises, the remaining rooms are called utility rooms. In total, the living and utility areas make up the total area of the apartment.
Living rooms are the main part of the apartment. They have different purposes and are divided into common rooms and bedrooms. In large apartments, an additional office for work and study may be provided.
All living rooms must be designed so that their sizes, proportions, location of windows, doors, heating devices made it possible to conveniently place the necessary furnishings. All living rooms should be illuminated with natural light. Approximately, the sufficiency of natural lighting is determined by the lighting effect, which characterizes the ratio of the luminous area of window openings in the light to the floor area of the room.
According to current standards, this ratio should be within the range of 1:4.5... 1:8. If the light opening overlooks the loggia, then to calculate it, the area of the room should also include the part of the loggia adjacent to this opening.
The common room is the main and, as a rule, the largest room in the apartment. It serves as a place for recreation and various activities of family members, receiving guests, and a dining room. The area of the common room in two- and three-room apartments must be at least 16 m2, in four- and five-room apartments - 18 m2. Its width is taken to be at least 3 m. The best proportions (width to length ratio) are 1:1... 1:1.5. Rational placement of furniture in a common room can highlight isolated corners used as a dining room, living room, or work space (Fig. 1).
Sometimes a common room in large apartments is designed as a passageway, where it is the connecting link for all rooms of the apartment. This allows you to design an apartment with a minimum area of corridors. However, in small apartments the common room should be made impenetrable.
Bedrooms are designed for one or two people and can be intended for children and adult family members. The area of the bedrooms should be 10... 12 m2 for two people and 8 m2 for one person.
All bedrooms should be designed as non-passable. They need to provide built-in wardrobes or dressing rooms, carefully consider the possible arrangement of furniture, taking into account that bedrooms, in addition to their main purpose, also perform other functions - they serve as a place for younger children to play, older children to study, and adults to work (Fig. 2). IN southern regions It is necessary to protect the bedrooms from overheating at night and therefore not to orient them towards the western side of the horizon.
Rice. 1. Options for organizing and zoning a common room depending on the proportions of the room
The kitchen is a very important room in the apartment. Processes related to cooking, table setting, and washing dishes take place here. Very often the kitchen also serves as a place for eating. Therefore, when designing an apartment, very serious attention should be paid to the layout and equipment of the kitchen, taking into account the satisfaction of increased sanitary requirements requirements for this premises.
All items of kitchen equipment must have a shape and surface that is easy to clean. The walls should be painted oil paint or cover it with washable wallpaper, and cover the wall next to which the equipment is located with glazed tiles. The floor should also be made of easy-to-clean materials (linoleum, PVC tiles, etc.). Depending on the size of the family and the nature of the household, the type and size of the kitchen and the set of special equipment and furniture change.
Rice. 2. Options for organizing bedrooms depending on the size and proportions of the rooms:
a - for one person; b - for parents
In our construction practice, three main types of kitchens are used: kitchen-niche, working kitchen, kitchen-dining room (Fig. 3).
A pantry kitchen is a kitchen whose equipment is located in a niche in the living room or hallway. Such kitchens are rational in hotel-type houses in apartments designed for one or two people leading household in a minimal amount. This type of kitchen is permissible only if it is equipped with an electric stove and artificial exhaust ventilation.
IN modern apartments The main type of kitchen is a kitchen-dining room, in which, in addition to working equipment, a dining table and chairs are placed. This type of kitchen is very convenient, as it turns into an additional room. The kitchen-dining room, as a rule, has an entrance from the front.
Rice. 3. Main types of kitchens:
a - kitchen niche; b - working kitchen; in - kitchen-dining room
The kitchen area depends on the size of the apartment, but must be at least 8 m2 and have a width of at least 2 m. one-room apartments residential buildings in cities and towns, it is allowed to reduce the area of kitchens to 5 m2 (working kitchen).
All types of kitchens are equipped with stationary kitchen equipment and special furniture. The main piece of equipment is a gas, electric or solid fuel stove (depending on local conditions). Next to the stove there is a work table with a built-in sink, which is also a cabinet for storing kitchen equipment. Above the table there are wall cabinets for storing dinner and tea utensils and food. In Fig. 4.4. The approximate dimensions of this equipment are given.
The shape, color, and material from which the kitchen equipment is made mainly determine the composition of the interior, and its rational arrangement creates convenience and saves the housewife’s labor and time, so architects should pay special attention to the equipment of a modern kitchen.
The location of kitchen equipment depends on the proportions of its room, the location of openings, etc. It can be single-row, double-row, or corner.
The sanitary unit of the apartment includes rooms where the bathtub or shower tray, washbasin and toilet are located. In one-room and small two-room apartments, intended for singles and small families, combined sanitary units are advisable, where all sanitary fixtures are located in one room. In apartments intended for large families, appliances must be placed in separate rooms: a bathtub with a washbasin in the bathroom, and a toilet in the restroom. In order to increase comfort in such apartments, it is possible to locate a combined sanitary unit in the bedroom area and a toilet with a washbasin in the kitchen and common room area.
Sanitary appliances are produced for the equipment of sanitary facilities standard sizes(Fig. 5). The dimensions of the sanitary facilities are determined by the arrangement and size of the equipment (Fig. 6). In addition, the bathroom should provide space for washing machine with a size of at least 0.75X0.50 m.
The size of bathtubs and showers also depends on the type of hot water supply in the house, which can be central, which does not require the installation of water heating devices, or local, with a solid fuel water heater or a gas water heater. A wood or coal stove requires a special place on the floor, geyser hung on the wall above the bathtub. Volume of the bathroom equipped gas water heater, must be at least 7.5 m3. In this case, the doors should have ventilation grilles at the bottom or a gap between the door and the floor for air flow.
The dimensions of the latrine must be at least 0.8 m in width and 1.2 m in depth. Doors in restrooms and bathrooms must open outward.
Rice. 4. Approximate dimensions of kitchen equipment:
a-slabs; I - electrical; II - gas; 41 - solid fuel; b - sinks; c - options for equipment layouts
Rice. 5. Overall dimensions of sanitary facilities equipment
Rice. 6. Sanitary facilities and their equipment: a-toilets; b-bathrooms; c-combined sanitary units; separate sanitary units
Entrance to the restroom and combined WC must be from the front or interior corridor. The entrance to the bathroom can be organized from the bedroom, but only if there is a second entrance from the front or interior corridor. Sanitary facilities are equipped with exhaust ventilation.
IN apartment buildings in temperate or cold climatic regions, sanitary facilities, as a rule, are designed without natural lighting and ventilation (in some cases, lighting is provided with a second light through a transom located at the top of the kitchen wall). In warm and hot climatic regions, for lighting and mainly ventilation, it is preferable to provide windows in sanitary units facing north or north-east. Windows are usually located at the top of the wall. Walls and floors in sanitary facilities must be finished with waterproof and easy-to-clean materials.
When arranging sanitary unit equipment, it is necessary to take into account the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of installation of sanitary equipment. In this regard, it is desirable to place the sanitary unit adjacent to the kitchen, which makes it possible to combine their communications into a single installation sanitary unit. Currently, in industrial construction, enlarged sanitary-technical blocks and panels with water supply, sewerage, and hot water supply pipes embedded in them are used. Three-dimensional sanitary cabins are also used, entirely assembled at the factory.
The placement of a sanitary unit depends on the overall layout and size of the apartment. As mentioned, it is desirable to place a sanitary unit adjacent to the kitchen. However, in large apartments it is possible to separate them, since the kitchen should be adjacent to the dining room, and the bathroom and toilet should be adjacent to the bedrooms, located in an isolated part of the apartment further from the entrance. In addition, in large apartments there should be a restroom adjacent to the kitchen with an entrance from the corridor, and in the back of the apartment adjacent to the bedrooms there should be a combined sanitary unit with a restroom and a bathtub.
The front room is the entrance to the apartment and the connecting link between its individual rooms, so it is very important to rationally and beautifully design its interior, using the minimum area. In the front room it is necessary to provide a place for convenient placement of a hanger for an outer dress and a shelf for shoes under it, a mirror with a bedside table for storing accessories for the care of shoes and clothes. In the large hallways there could be space for a table for a telephone and a chair (Fig. 7).
Rice. 7. Examples of front layouts
In apartment buildings, the hallway is usually illuminated by a second light through glazed doors. It’s beautiful when the front room communicates with the common room through a double glazed door or sliding partition. This visually expands the space of the front room, and, if necessary, makes it possible to increase the space of the common room. In such a front hall you can place a TV and a lounge chair. The minimum front width is 1.4 m.
In some layouts, mainly large apartments, internal passages and gateways are provided that provide communication between individual rooms. Their width is taken to be at least 1.1 m if they lead to living rooms, and 0.85 m if they lead to kitchens and bathrooms. In locks and passages, the height of which can be reduced to 2.1 m, it is rational to arrange mezzanine and wall cabinets for storing various household items.
In addition to closets, some apartments have utility storage rooms and dressing rooms, which are very convenient in everyday life. IN individual houses With large apartments The arrangement of storage rooms is mandatory.