How the state regulates the income of the population. State regulation of income: factors of growth in living standards in Russia. Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Qualitative changes in the development of production, growth in production volumes and its quality are not possible without deep transformations in the entire economic mechanism, one of the most important links of which is the regulation of income and wages. In conditions market economy There are objective and subjective factors that must be taken into account when organizing wages at enterprises.

The main objective market factors include the cost of labor, prices for means of labor and finished products, the sales market for goods and its conditions, the mechanism of competition, profit, etc. Such factors influence wages regardless of the state and the enterprises themselves. When organizing wages, the main role belongs to objective factors; managers only can and must take them into account.

Subjective factors include regulation by the state, by the enterprises themselves, and by trade unions.

It is known that in a market economy the state, although in a significantly narrowed form, retains a regulatory function. This function extends to the area of income and wages. Regulation of income and wages at the macroeconomic level takes place in many countries with developed market economies and is an integral part of socio-economic policy. The state cannot refuse to regulate income and wages if market mechanisms of self-regulation are not established, if most enterprises do not have a real owner interested in the restructuring and development of production. In addition, the transition from a centralized system for solving problems in the social sphere to a market one cannot occur automatically and spontaneously, since the transformations affect the deep, essential elements of the system.

Let us highlight the following most significant goals of the state concept of income. The priority direction in income policy should be to increase real wages, for which it is necessary to index them, reduce debt and make payments on it a priority, and adopt laws on compensation for damages in case of non-payment of wages. It is necessary to accelerate the process of bringing the minimum wage closer to the average cost of living. To do this, it is necessary to free the minimum wage from the functions of regulating social transfers, since this restrains its increase, since it is associated with significant budget expenses.

To ensure a real increase in income, it is necessary to strengthen the distinction between the taxation of wages and business income, establishing a more preferential procedure for hired workers and their equivalents (the benefit consists of a lower starting tax and less progressive rates). The financial base of pensions should be strengthened by increasing the nominal amount of wages, deductions from which form the pension fund. Legislatively, organizationally and economically, it is necessary to form a mechanism for regulating the income of the population, taking into account the territorial characteristics of life.

The policy of state regulation of income today contradicts financial stabilization, since it is carried out by reducing government payments on all counts social spending state budget.

The main functions related to the state’s influence on the income of the population have also undergone changes. These changes are manifested, first of all, in the reorientation of administrative and command functions to social protective ones, which are aimed at mitigating the negative consequences of the transition economy. Among the priority areas are such functional changes as:

o providing conditions for earning income and creating equal opportunities in the exercise of rights to a share in public welfare through fair distribution of income;
o implementation of social programs for the structural reorientation of the economy, aimed at housing construction, education, healthcare, etc., as well as supporting industries that ensure the social development of society;
o reducing undesirable differences in the receipt and distribution of income due to the transition period;
o pursuing a reasonable policy of combining taxation with social support (benefits for producers of essential goods, small businesses, encouraging charity, transport payments, subsidies, etc.).

The state regulatory impact on the income of the population consists of implementing measures aimed at preventing negative social consequences associated with the formation of a market mechanism. Forms of government regulation consist of material, institutional and conceptual components.

Material the basis for state regulation of income depends on the volume of national production and the size of the share that is redistributed centrally through the state budget. Institutional the basis is related to the organization of the redistribution process and the activities of relevant institutions. Conceptual relies on the use of a particular theory in government social policy.

The state regulatory mechanism is quite complex and includes primary distribution (wages, other primary incomes of the population and enterprises); redistribution through the state budget, tax and transfer systems; final distribution is through operations and services to the public.

During the primary government distribution of income, an upper limit is set for the increase in nominal wages in the public sector. The economic importance of wage regulation is determined by the fact that its change affects aggregate demand and production costs. Primary income regulation is used by the state both to increase the competitiveness of national products, encourage investment, and to curb wage growth and inflation.

Redistribution of income is carried out through the state budget, consists of differentiated taxation of various groups, recipients of income and social payments to the population.

By organizing budgetary redistribution of income, the state solves several problems: increasing the incomes of the poor, creating conditions for normal reproduction of the labor force, easing social tension.

The following economic, legislative, conciliatory, and administrative methods can be distinguished.

TO economic methods include the determination of minimum wages, tax policy, regulation of wages for employees of public sector organizations and civil servants, employment, etc.

The growth of the minimum wage depends on the economic opportunities that have developed in society at a certain stage. If this factor is not taken into account, this may lead to delays in payment of wages to employees, a budget deficit, etc. At the same time, the minimum wage should be determined taking into account the funds that are necessary for the normal physical reproduction of the labor force, i.e. living wage, which in turn depends on monetary policy states.

Tax revenues to the budget are ensured by tax policy; without this, it is impossible to organize the redistribution of income and establish effective incentives economic growth. For example, providing tax breaks to small businesses helps increase employment, gives them a chance to survive and take their place in the market.

When regulating wages in the public sector, the state proceeds from its economic capabilities. Through the efforts of this sphere, the human potential of any society is formed. The role of this area in promoting health and leisure is great. By increasing the costs of maintaining this area, the state ensures the social orientation of the economy towards the development of the individual. There is also a reverse relationship: more complex, creative work creates a larger mass of output per unit of time, which leads to economic growth.

Legislative methods. An important place in income regulation is occupied by the development of its legislative and regulatory framework, which is the starting point of the entire regulatory process. Standards are used to calculate standard consumer budgets, working time standards - to determine working hours, the duration of vacations at enterprises, and create safe working conditions; tax rates - for withholding income tax, taxes legal entities(including social, etc.)

To regulate the income and quality of life of the population, the most significant are the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Basic Law), the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, laws on economic reform, on employment, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation (on increasing the minimum wage, legal support for collective - contractual system, social security and insurance, social guarantees, etc.).

Administrative methods. They are not associated with the creation of an additional material incentive or the risk of economic (financial) damage, are based on the power of power and include measures of prohibition, permission or coercion.

With the transition to a market economy, some previous administrative measures were retained, but new ones also appeared: direct state control over monopoly markets; development of standards, monitoring their compliance; education and maintenance of minimum acceptable parameters of life of the population, below which there is poverty; protecting the interests of the nation - export licensing or government control over imports.

Conciliation methods. In many countries, these methods are widely used and are considered the most economical and “bloodless”. Social partnership is the coordination of actions of the government, entrepreneurs and employees on the dynamics of wages and social transfers.

The idea of social partnership developed in the 1950s. L. Erhard, R. Balogh and others, proceeds from the need to harmonize public interests represented on the one hand by trade unions of hired workers and on the other by associations of entrepreneurs for the sake of successful economic development countries. It involves the conclusion of a “social contract” in the field of economic and social policy by the government, national employers' associations and trade unions acting as equal partners.

In agreements different levels(in the General - at the federal level, in sectoral and regional tariff agreements - at the sectoral and territorial levels, in collective agreements - at enterprises) questions about the size of the minimum wage, tariff rates, social benefits, the procedure for indexing income, and working hours are reflected , compensation for harm, guarantees of labor rights, labor protection, housing, etc.

The collective bargaining system is effective form regulation of wages of hired workers. Its development in Russia is hampered by two factors:

1) depreciation of labor power, as a result of which wages cannot fulfill their reproductive function;
2) unjustified differentiation of wages by categories of workers at enterprises of the same industry, territory, as well as by individual industries and regions.

Each method has at its disposal direct and indirect measures of influence. Measures of direct government intervention include: state guarantee of a minimum wage in its territory, regulation of wages in the public sector, establishment of a system of regional coefficients, public investment, subsidizing programs to improve production efficiency, tax exemption, direct administration requiring the allocation of a quota of workers places for certain groups of the population, organizing retraining of workers and allocating a certain number of workers to perform socially necessary work, etc.

Indirect means of influence include preferential taxation of low-income groups of the population; selectivity of the procedure for distributing free goods.

Structure of social policy

As an area of government regulation, income policy is one of

means of centralized influence on the overall size and distribution again

created value. Price of labor, rate of profit, supply and demand of labor,

competition - all these factors of self-regulation of the labor market form the income of the population and distribute social wealth. Major Western economists recognize inequality in the distribution of income and wealth. Moreover, by wealth they understand existing movable and immovable property, money, securities, and by income - the total amount of money earned or received in another way during any period.

Statistics from different countries show that the majority of the population has

minimum income, and less – very high. Government spending

consist of government purchases and transfer payments. Government purchases usually represent the acquisition of public goods (defense costs, construction and maintenance of schools, highways, research centers, etc.). Transfer payments are payments that redistribute tax revenues received from all taxpayers to certain segments of the population in the form of unemployment benefits, disability payments, etc.

The essence of income policy is to directly establish

by the state of such an upper limit for the increase in nominal wages that would contribute to the implementation of the main tasks and priorities facing the economy.

Specific wording of individual income policy provisions in different countries different. In practice, there are no two completely identical options for the development of income policy. The implementation mechanism and forms of manifestation of this policy in each specific state differ in features determined by:

Socio-economic and political development of a particular country;

The extent and nature of government intervention in regulatory matters

wages;

Traditions of concluding collective agreements;

Social tension in society.

The main object of all income policy options is the worker's earnings as a whole, including wage rates, overtime pay, social benefits, etc. In Western European countries, as a rule, income policy implies direct restrictive regulation of all main categories of income of the population that underlie personal and industrial consumption. In practice, income policy primarily affects the movement of wages only.

The development and implementation of income policy has gone particularly far in

Great Britain, since the British state tried to achieve

coordinated actions of trade unions and the government. However, in almost all capitalist countries the income policy had modest economic results: its principles were never fully implemented.

Personal income is understood as the amount of money and material goods received or produced by households over a certain period of time. The role of income is determined by the fact that the level of consumption of the population directly depends on the level of income.

Cash income of the population includes all receipts of money in the form of payment

labor of working persons, income from business activities, pensions,

scholarships, various benefits, income from property in the form of interest,

dividends, rents, amounts from sales valuable papers and real estate.

Nominal income characterizes the level of monetary income, regardless of taxation and prices.

Disposable income is nominal income minus taxes and other mandatory payments. To measure the dynamics of disposable income, the indicator of real income distribution is used. It is calculated taking into account the price index.

The problem of income distribution has two aspects: functional

distribution and personal distribution.

The functional distribution of income is related to the way in which

Society's monetary income is divided into wages, rent, interest and profit.

Total income is distributed in accordance with the function performed

recipient of the income. Functional distribution forms the primary income of the population. In a mixed economy, as the practice of developed countries shows, the bulk of total income comes from wages. The income of small owners, including from the self-employment of doctors, lawyers, farmers, owners of small and unincorporated businesses, is essentially a combination of wages, profits, rent and interest.

Personal income distribution is related to the way in which the aggregate

The income of society is distributed among individual households. Total income is unevenly distributed between groups. Personal distribution is related to households as a spending group. Part of the population's income goes to the state as individual taxes, and the rest is distributed for personal consumption and savings. Income generation is accompanied by unequal distribution. Reasons for inequality of income distribution:

Objective reasons reflect overall utility activities, territory,

industry and interprofessional differentiation of wages, level

education, inequality of property ownership.

Subjective reasons are related to the character of the individual (luck, connections, risk,

adventurism, discrimination, etc.).

Specific reasons are due to the current features of the market environment (low labor prices, unregulated regulatory framework, the possibility of appropriating large “shadow” incomes).

The income of workers is not limited to the sources mentioned above. In every market economy there is a system compensation payments,

representing an important part of income. Such a system is already needed

because inflation at one rate or another “eats” the increase in monetary

income of the population in any country. In our country, this process was going on in recent years.

years at an increasing rate, and compensation compensation meanwhile

practically absent.

To be fair, it should be noted that inflation plays a certain positive role: it does not allow enterprises in the production, trade, and commercial sectors to stop and calm down at some point. They are forced to produce

All large quantity goods and services, improve their quality, otherwise

their incomes, which have stopped at some point, will be “eaten up” by inflation. However, its impact

force must be mitigated by introducing protective mechanisms for the poor

activities to support oneself and thereby entirely at the expense of one’s own

efforts to increase or at least maintain at the same level one’s material

welfare Known method protection against inflation - income indexation. But

there should not be a direct proportional connection between it and growth; otherwise

In other words, the goal should not be to completely compensate for inflation. WITH

with a certain amount of assumption, it can be argued that the market balance will be

be achieved by the amount of the “gap” that is formed between the rise in prices and

income indexation.

Income indexation is possible from both the state and the enterprise,

which gives away part of the profit for this purpose.

It is necessary to take into account that payments in the order of indexation must still

account for a small share of workers' total income. In the opposite

situation, conditions are created for the fading of the stimulating role of wages and

according to the created value, while the indexation of income goes beyond reasonable boundaries

its main function - social protection. In world practice, indexing

carried out after such a period of time as a quarter or six months. IN

In some areas, salary increases are made on a sliding scale: in

if the price index increases by a predetermined number of points or

percent - increases by a certain, pre-agreed amount and

wage.

The indexing mechanism has been used for several decades in the USA, Japan,

Canada and more than ten Western European countries; last time -

and in former socialist states of Eastern Europe, performing according

protective functions in relation to a significant part of the population, it is also necessary

to prevent social explosions, and with the latter circumstance it would be

1.2.2. Social guarantee policy

To ensure the protection of the population, the state must, first of all,

legislative order establish basic social guarantees, their mechanisms

implementation, and the function of providing social support.

Analysis of global experience allows us to identify four institutional forms

social protection of the population. State social assistance

persons who, due to disability, lack of work, sources of income

unable to independently financially support their existence.

The financial sources of this protection institute are the state,

regional and municipal budgets formed from the general tax

systems. The defining characteristic of this defense institution

social and nutritional non-contractual relations of the state with vulnerable

insurance period for receiving pensions and benefits for compulsory social

insurance). Payments under this system are made after verification

need and are designed to provide a minimum income, the amount of which

comparable to the level defining the poverty line. Mandatory

(by law) social insurance for loss of income (wages)

due to loss of ability to work (illness, accident, old age)

or place of work. Financial sources – insurance premiums employers, employers

workers (sometimes states), organized on the principles and with the help

mechanisms of compulsory social insurance. Defining Characteristics

social insurance relations: replacement of lost wages (this

means that benefits are linked to previous earnings and contributions, i.e.

insurance experience is assumed), solidarity and self-responsibility

policyholders and insured. Voluntary personal

(collective) employee insurance (from accidents,

medical and pension benefits). Financial sources – insurance premiums

workers themselves (sometimes in their favor - employers), organized on

principles and through personal insurance mechanisms. Defining

characteristics - availability of an insurance contract, self-responsibility of citizens.

Corporate social protection systems for employees, organized by

employers (medical and health care, payment of housing,

transport, educational and cultural services, company pension payments).

Financial sources – funds of enterprises. Among the named institutes

social protection basic (in terms of volume financial resources, mass coverage

variety and quality of services) is compulsory social insurance

(pension and medical, from accidents at work and in connection with

unemployment). In developed countries, these types of social insurance absorb,

as a rule, 60-70% of all costs for social protection purposes are

approximately 15-25% of GDP in Russia is the share of state off-budget social

funds account for about 45% of expenses for social protection purposes and 7.3%

GDP. World experience confirms

that the social insurance system is one of the main institutions of social

protection in a market economy, designed to ensure the implementation

constitutional right of citizens to material security in old age, in the event

illness, complete or partial loss of ability to work (or lack thereof

from birth), loss of breadwinner unemployment. Amounts of funds received

are regulated by laws and depend on the duration of the insurance (labor)

length of service amount of wages (which serves as the basis for calculating insurance

contributions), degree of disability. Unlike social assistance,

when a needy person receives benefits from public funds

(actually at the expense of other persons), financial sources of payments and services for

social insurance programs are specialized funds,

formed with the direct participation of the insured themselves. Based

sources of financing, social security can be divided into

social insurance and social assistance. Insurance, assistance and

guardianship represent in each individual case some

a combination of social services and cash transfers. Characteristic feature

The principle of insurance is to finance the assistance provided by

contributions and the close relationship between contributions and the volume of social services.

The amount of payments in this case is based on the volume of individual contributions, i.e.

on the preliminary contribution of the insured. Thus, the principle of insurance in

most consistent with market principles of fairness,

rewards according to personal contribution and personal responsibility. This

limits the system’s ability to regulate income, although it reduces

consequences of social risk. Social risk is the risk of sudden

the emergence of circumstances in society that cause significant damage to many

persons at the same time. Modern response to risks - insurance, essence

which in pooling risks. There are two main types of insurance:

Implemented by private companies (voluntary);

Implemented by the state (compulsory);

For developed countries, compulsory insurance is generally accepted.

providing payments in case of unemployment, disability,

elders. But even in these areas the state does not take over everything, but only

those areas where private insurance does not work. But insurance is not

can cover all options for social disasters. In general, insurance should

supplemented by social assistance. Between social assistance and public

insurance:

1.Both involve redistribution of income

2.Both are connected with the prevailing ideas in society about

justice.

3.Both have intersection fields.

But there are also differences; it’s one thing when a person in need receives help at the expense of

other persons, and it’s a completely different matter when for him the dependence of sizes is tangible

assistance depending on his contribution to the public fund. In the second case

individual accumulation is stimulated, and in the first - dependency. That's why

Where insurance and social assistance overlap, preference should be given to

give to insurance. The principle of social assistance presupposes

financing from the budget. When determining the size of payments, there are four possible options:

alternative approach:

Assistance is paid to all buyers in the same amount;

Assistance is focused on individual security;

The amount of assistance can be based on the amount of the previous salary

fees or the amount of insurance premiums of the recipient;

The amount of assistance depends on the needs of the recipient.

The same amount of assistance for all recipients is the easiest to achieve

organizationally option. This method turns out to be unsuitable, however,

if we are talking about compensation for lost earnings, because amount of income loss

varies greatly among different recipients. In addition, the same assistance can

reduce motivation to work. In favor of accounting for individual wealth

when establishing the amount of social assistance, it also says that in this way

social security funds are used effectively and cases of

unreasonable overpayments. Due to budget funding, all systems

social security, which are based on this principle, to a high degree

depend on the financial situation of the state. All three principles of organization

social security occupy their place in countries with market economies

a certain place. The social security system is capable of operating with

maximum return only through the interaction of insurance, assistance and

guardianship. A characteristic feature of guardianship is

tax financing. However, if a significant part of the system

social security is built on the principle of trusteeship, then this can

lead to overload of public finances.

Of significant importance is the issue of the amount of lost income and social

help. There are two main criteria here:

Social guarantees must ensure a minimum adequate standard of living;

Social benefits should not distract people from work and cultivate

dependent relationships;

The first criterion determines the minimum, and the second - the maximum limit

social benefits.

For example, in Russia unemployment benefits can be paid within 12

months (3 months - 75%, next 4 months - 60%, subsequently - 45%), after

year - minimum wage. 1

In today's conditions, such a system generates anti-incentives: it is more profitable not

work than work.

The problem of disincentives is very acute in the provision of social assistance. Task

such assistance consists of raising the income level of the low-income and poor to

minimum acceptable level. In this case, there is maintenance

minimum income at a certain level.

If the minimum benefit is large enough, it may solve the problem

poverty of individuals. However, this does not mean solving family problems

poverty. Therefore, in social assistance it is necessary to highlight family

benefits, low-income benefits and social services.

1.2.3. Employment Policy

In the twentieth century it turned out that it was impossible to leave the labor market to

“payoff” to spontaneous market forces. The most important reasons for the development and

intensification of state activities in the field of employment were:

1) development of scientific and technological progress and increasing the role of man in social production;

2) provision general conditions reproduction, including reproduction

work force;

3) providing entrepreneurship with the necessary personnel;

4) the need for compromise and mitigation of social conflicts;

5) promoting development and improvement intellectual potential

society;

6) the influence of ideas and specific social achievements (lack of obvious

unemployment - first of all) capitalism;

The influence of the state on the labor market is carried out directly and indirectly

means.

The question arises whether unemployment is possible in our society. It is also possible

inevitable, due to the economic crisis of production, change of forms

property, course for the implementation of production, technical progress and

structural changes in the economy, conversion of the military-industrial complex.

There are two options for the development of the labor market. The first is that everyone

leave immobile. The second is to significantly increase

level of wages, but not the same for everyone, but differentiated, in

depending on the actual contribution to production. At the same time enter

labor-saving equipment and technology, reduce redundant personnel,

pay them benefits, the amount of which directly depends on the level of salary, and

provide free opportunities for retraining and assistance in

employment. The first option significantly reduces the quality of the workforce,

labor productivity. The second is the model of labor market development in all

developed countries. We are talking about changing the concept of labor, that is, about

abandoning the concept of full employment and adopting the concept

effective employment.

Effective employment is a model of development and use

skilled, expensive and mobile workforce, focused on

reassessment of her growing material and living needs. Big role in

the implementation of the concept of effective employment must be played by the state

employment service, state-established fund for improving employment

(contributions to it are 1% of the wage fund, regardless of

forms of ownership). It is also necessary to organize a forecasting service

processes that occur in the sphere of labor supply and demand,

develop programs for the transformation of all forms of education levels and

education, training and retraining of workers. Effective policy

employment is more rational, socially oriented, which meets

labor market requirements.

Unemployment insurance is provided from special insurance funds.

The size of payments depends, firstly, on the duration of the period of unemployment, secondly

secondly, from specific conditions of one country or another. In the first case

the maximum amounts of payments (from 50 to 70% of the average salary) are paid in

the first months of unemployment during a certain period. Below are the payout amounts

are decreasing.

In the second case, the period of employment, length of service,

physical fitness for work, time to provide assistance, etc. So, in

In Germany, the work experience must be at least 6 months of employment in

for 3 years.

An important link in social protection in the labor market are programs

employment and retraining. Upon implementation of these programs

the state and entrepreneurs participate. Every year, American firms spend

billions of dollars for these measures. The state spends on the implementation of programs

retraining most of the funds. In order to create new jobs

the state also undertakes the implementation of such public works as

construction of roads, sewers, etc. During the economic crisis

the government increases investment in state-owned enterprises.

Employment programs are also carried out through preferential

taxing companies that create jobs.

Providing compensation for job loss by the state. This is about

unemployment benefits, payment of allowances at a new place of residence,

severance pay, etc. The question comes down to the sources of funding for services.

employment, personnel retraining systems, information centers,

concentrating data on labor surplus and demand for it.

The minimum wage is one of the most important levers

reproduction of the labor force and its stimulation, in addition, on the basis

minimum wage, various benefits are established (including

unemployment), pensions, etc. When establishing a minimum wage

housing, social benefits, inflation rate, as well as indicators that

affect the level of employment. Beyond the minimum wage base

accept a set of basic goods and services that satisfy basic

physiological and social needs of an individual or typical families

different types(with one child, two, etc.). To this set in different countries

contain different components. In the USA, for example, it includes payment

rental housing, about 20 types of meat products, purchases once every five years

used car, etc.

1.2.4. Social protection policy

The concept of “social protection” was first used by American legislators

in the text of the law adopted in 1935. It provided the legal basis

a new institution for compulsory old age insurance for the United States,

death, disability and unemployment.

This term organically fits into the conceptual apparatus of scientists and practitioners,

because he simply and clearly expressed the essence of supporting the socially vulnerable

layers of the population.

Subsequently, the scope of this definition expanded significantly, which

contributed, among other things, to the development of conventions and recommendations

International Labor Organization, World Health Organization,

International Social Security Association dedicated to social

insurance and social assistance, guaranteeing minimum income

working upon the onset of incapacity, as well as conditions and protection

labor, wages.

Widespread use by the international community of the category "social protection"

largely due to the fundamental changes that have occurred in social

politics of Western countries in the 30-50s.

In our country, the term “social protection” began to be used relatively recently, with

the beginning of market transformation: the need for its use arose,

when there was an urgent need to help citizens who were unable to

provide for yourself financially.

In this case, a derivative term from “social protection” is often used, and

namely, “social security”. Their difference lies in the correlation

actions and states:

for “social protection” the key is the nature of the intentions (of the state,

public structures and individuals) for the implementation of social policies or measures

self-defense;

for “social security” the semantic load is embodied in the definition

the state in which the protected person or social group is located

(disabled people, unemployed, pensioners, etc.).

There are three methodological approaches to the interpretation of this category:

political economic, methodological and instrumentalist.

Thus, according to B. Rakitsky, social security in in a broad sense

represents a social order within which objects

can defend their interests.

The most important characteristics of the term “social protection” include: types and

organizational and legal forms of social protection, categories of citizens who

are provided with social assistance or are covered by social insurance.

This methodological approach is based on the ILO positions, considering

national social protection systems as a combination of various institutions

social insurance and social assistance.

Methodologically, the question of the forms and mechanisms of social protection is quite

studied in detail by Western scientists. So, to forms of social protection

include: personal types of social insurance (pension, medical,

industrial accidents, unemployment); social assistance in the form

various types welfare; national occupational safety systems; help

states in obtaining education; social protection systems at the level

enterprises.

definition of this concept: social protection covers a complex

relationships, essential connections and interests of social subjects (workers and

employers), employers public organizations and states associated with

minimizing the influence of factors that reduce the quality of life (including

labor).

Factors that disrupt the normal course of working life and reduce social

status of workers, include risks of damage to health and loss

working capacity (illness, accidents, old age), insufficient

professional qualifications or unfavorable situation on the labor market,

leading to loss of employment. For an individual employee, these risks

are probabilistic and random in nature, and for the aggregate - objective

mass.

Social protection of workers includes the following areas:

Creating conditions for population employment in labor activities,

allowing workers to earn a living in amounts that

sufficient for a decent existence;

Ensuring safe working conditions for workers and citizens’ access to

national health care, rehabilitation and vocational systems

education;

Providing workers and members of their families with a living wage of material

funds in cases of unemployment, loss or sharp reduction in income due to

illness, birth of a child, domestic accident, work injury

or occupational illness, disability, old age, loss

breadwinner

All the variety of activities in the social sphere, ranging from providing

home assistance for elderly and single citizens and ending with lobbying

social legislation can be divided into four main areas:

social protection, social insurance, social security and

social assistance [I].

Social protection is the protection of social human rights. Through this

functions the principle of equal rights and equal opportunities for all is implemented

citizens, as well as stateless persons. Special

legal and policy measures to protect rights for the working population

in the field of labor and employment; to protect the interests of citizens who themselves are not

can exercise their rights (social protection of children, elderly,

disabled people).

Thus, social policy is a complex of organizational, economic

and other activities to improve material well-being, spiritual and

physical development population, providing support to people with disabilities and

low-income citizens

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF

FEDERAL BUDGETARY STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONHIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITYTECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT them. K.G. RAZUMOVSKY"

branch in Orekhovo-Zuevo, Moscow region

Department of GENERAL PROFESSIONAL AND SPECIAL DISCIPLINES

COURSE PROJECT

by discipline "Macroeconomics»

Subject:« State regulation of income: factors for increasing living standards in Russia»

Work completed

3rd year student

Runova A.S.

Supervisor:

Vysokos M.I.

2014 G.

Introduction

1. State regulation of income

1.1 Types of income

1.2 Concept and indicators of standard of living

2. Analytical part

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In a developed economy, there are always zones that cannot function without government intervention. First of all, these are industries of increased national economic and social importance, natural monopolies. Market mechanism has many advantages, its possibilities are great, but not limitless. There are areas where the mechanism of free competition does not work; the market requires government intervention. In particular, prices and wages are the object of government regulation. One of the basic principles of state regulation of labor relations is to ensure the right of every employee to fair wages, paid on time and in full.

Income of the population serves as the main source of satisfying personal needs for consumer goods and services, so the system of indicators of living standards begins with them. Statistics studies the amount and composition of income in the areas of their receipt and use. In the statistical study of population income, the most important is the social standard - the indicator of the minimum income, or subsistence level. government regulation income life

The subsistence level is a level of income that allows you to purchase the minimum set of goods and services necessary to maintain health and maintain human life at a certain level of economic development. It includes the cost of food products based on the minimum volumes of their consumption, expenses for non-food goods and services, as well as taxes and mandatory payments.

1. State regulation of income

Significant inequality in income distribution is socially dangerous. In economically developed countries, the right of people to a certain standard of well-being is recognized. A means of overcoming inequality and poverty is the state income policy. It is carried out in two main directions:

1. Regulation of income of the population;

2. Redistribution of income through the state budget.

Revenue regulation involves:

* establishing a guaranteed minimum (or rate) of wages, which is important for such categories of the population as low-skilled workers, youth, women, foreign workers, and is also often used as the starting basis for determining wages for higher categories of workers, various bonuses and additional payments;

* increasing nominal wages in order to reduce production costs and, on this basis, curb inflation, increase investment and increase the competitiveness of national products;

* protection of household cash incomes from inflationary depreciation, i.e. an increase in nominal income depending on rising prices. Indexation can be carried out both at the state level and at the firm level, being included in the collective agreement, and also carried out differentially depending on the amount of income.

Income redistribution policies include:

* accumulation of funds in the hands of the state for the implementation of social policy by collecting direct and indirect taxes from the population;

* providing the population with social guarantees by financing education systems, medical care, cultural institutions, and art.

* financing the social protection system, including:

a) the social insurance system;

b) a system of state assistance to persons who are unable to provide themselves with an income.

Social protection of the population involves the payment by the state of non-refundable payments.

Social transfers are budget funds to finance mandatory payments to the population: pensions, scholarships, benefits, compensation. They can be carried out in kind and monetary forms.

State intervention in redistribution processes should be carried out in optimal amounts. Income equalization, recognized as necessary for modern society for a number of reasons, can lead to a reduction in the efficiency of the economy as a result of excessive growth of taxes and, as a result, undermining incentives for entrepreneurship, investment, as well as a decrease in incentives to work for the recipients of transfer payments themselves.

1.1 Types of income

Personal income is understood as the amount of money and material goods received or produced by households over a certain period of time.

The role of income is determined by the fact that the level of consumption of the population directly depends on the level of income.

Individual household income is divided into three groups:

Income received by the owner of the factor of production - labor;

Income received through the use of other factors of production (capital, land, entrepreneurial abilities);

Transfer payments (benefits, scholarships, pensions).

A distinction should be made between income, which is the value of all assets owned by a household at a particular point in time.

Wealth consists of material objects:

Houses, land, cars, furniture, books,

as well as financial resources:

Cash, bank savings accounts, bonds, stocks. You can get bank loans using your wealth as collateral. Wealth serves as a source of income.

Households, by making economic resources available to firms, receive rewards in the form of wages, profits, interest and rent. These four components add up to household income.

Rent is the income received by the owner of land when renting it out. The total supply of land, unlike other factors of production, is relatively fixed by nature and cannot be increased in response to a higher price or decreased in the event of a low price.

Land rent exists in 2 main forms: differential and absolute. In turn, differential rent comes in several forms.

Absolute rent is the payment for all plots of land, regardless of fertility or location.

The next type of income is interest or loan interest. The interest rate is the price paid for the use of money. More precisely, the loan interest rate is the amount of money that needs to be paid for using one ruble per unit of time (month, year).

Wages, or wage rates, are the prices paid for the use of labor.

Analysis of income distribution is very important for determining the potential of the domestic market, because indicators of income differentiation reflect the degree of concentration of the purchasing power of the population. The presence in society of a certain differentiation in income contributes to the expansion of demand, and, consequently, the development of production and the consumer market, the involvement in these areas of an increasing number of people involved either directly in production, or in the implementation of its results, or in the production infrastructure.

The incomes of urban residents are growing at a faster rate than those of the rural population. As a result of the increase in income of the urban population over the income of the rural population in 2012, in terms of available resources it reached almost two times the size (180.2%), and in terms of monetary income - more than 2 times (203.9%).

The growing gap between urban and rural residents also becomes obvious when assessing the difference in absolute figures: if in 2011 it was 0.48 subsistence minimum in favor of the city, then in 2012 it was already 1.35 subsistence minimum.

The main directions of state regulation of income distribution.

Resolving such an acute social problem as poverty is one of the areas of government activity and is associated with support at least at the subsistence level for those who could not provide for themselves. better life, as well as a reduction (by economic means) in the number of people living below the poverty line. Otherwise, an increase in the number of poor people risks social explosions and instability in the life of society.

Reducing the number of poor people is one of the main objectives of state social policy in market economy countries.

An important direction in social policy when addressing issues of protecting personal income is supporting the poorest segments of the population. To classify certain categories of the population as eligible to receive social assistance, indicators are used that determine the level (threshold) of poverty. Poverty itself in social practice is measured using the subsistence minimum.

Expressed in two forms:

1. Social minimum

2. Physiological minimum.

The social minimum, in addition to the minimum standards for satisfying physical needs, includes costs for minimum spiritual and social needs. It is a set of goods and services expressed in monetary terms and intended to satisfy needs that society recognizes as necessary to maintain an acceptable standard of living; it is assumed that the poor have more or less normal living conditions.

The physiological minimum is designed to satisfy only basic physical needs and pay for basic services, and for a relatively short period (without purchasing clothing, shoes and other non-food items).

State redistribution of income is carried out through budgetary and financial regulation. The state, in accordance with social policy priorities and existing special social programs, provides social payments in the form of cash and in-kind transfers, as well as services. Social benefits and services are varied. They are differentiated by sources of formation and methods of financing, and the conditions for providing them to the circle of recipients. Cash social benefits are associated with compensation for loss (reduction) of income as a result of: complete or partial loss of ability to work, birth of children, loss of breadwinners or work (unemployment benefits, compensation for retraining costs and other payments to the unemployed). Cash social benefits are complemented by fully or partially free health care, education, housing and transport services. All social transfers can be one-time or paid periodically over a specified period of time. The amount of social benefits may depend on the legally established minimum per capita income or wage. Social transfers can take the form of tax rebates. All social payments are registered in the social insurance and social security system, supplemented by state charity.

Government income stabilization programs take place in various countries. But the order of their formation is different.

One part of the funds for such programs is generated through the state budget and used centrally. The other part of the funds is generated from profits from the enterprises and funds themselves.

Through the channels of government assistance programs, the needs for educating young members of society, maintaining the elderly and disabled, ensuring education, and maintaining health are met. The degree of satisfaction of these needs is determined by the level of economic development that has developed in the given conditions and the value attitudes that have developed in society.

The distribution of funds through assistance programs is carried out in three directions.

The first direction is characterized by the fact that part of the income received by the population depends on labor, but the size of satisfied needs is also taken into account.

The second direction is characterized by the fact that the payments made are not related to the work of a given employee, but the size of the needs to satisfy which these payments are directed are taken into account. These payments cover child benefits for workers with many children, single mothers, specialized treatment, and state subsidies for the maintenance of children. The size of this subsidy depends on the number of children and the income level of the parents.

The peculiarity of the third direction is determined by the fact that the main part of them, in the form of benefits and services, goes to the population directly in kind through the relevant institutions of the non-productive sphere. This part of the distributed funds forms a kind of “additional” income: they do not pass through the family budget and cannot be disposed of at its discretion. Such incomes are distributed without taking into account the measure of individual labor and are entirely determined by the interests and capabilities of society at a given specific historical moment.

Assistance payments are designed to mitigate differences in income levels that are not caused by differences in work, but by factors outside the work process itself. Also contribute to the satisfaction of a number of needs that are most important from the point of view of the tasks of developing abilities to work, personal development, achieving higher general educational and cultural levels, affordable healthcare, and pensions. But since this form of distribution affects the interests of society as a whole and each of its members individually, state policy in this area should be especially active.

1.2 Concept and indicatorsstandard of living

Standard of living is the degree to which the material, spiritual and social needs of the population are satisfied. But it must be taken into account that the standard of living is a dynamic process that is influenced by many factors.

Determining the standard of living is a complex and ambiguous process. Since, on the one hand, it depends on the composition and magnitude of the needs of society, and on the other, it is limited by the possibilities for satisfying them.

Based on various factors determining economic, political and social status in the country. This includes the efficiency of production and the service sector, the state of scientific and technological progress, the cultural and educational level of the population, and national characteristics.

The standard of living assesses the quality of life of the population and serves as a criterion for choosing the directions and priorities of the state’s economic and social policy.

Often the concept of standard of living is identified with such concepts as “welfare”, “lifestyle” and others, but the following definition reveals the essence of standard of living most fully.

Standard of living is a complex socio-economic category that reflects the level of development of physical, spiritual and social needs, the degree of their satisfaction and the conditions in society for the development and satisfaction of these needs.

The standard of living is determined by a system of indicators, each of which gives an idea of one aspect of human life. There is a classification of indicators according to individual criteria: general and specific; economic and socio-demographic; objective and subjective; cost and natural; quantitative and qualitative; indicators of proportions and consumption patterns; statistical indicators.

TO general indicators include the size of national income, the national wealth consumption fund per capita. They characterize the general achievements of the socio-economic development of society.

Particular indicators include working conditions, provision of housing and amenities, level of socio-cultural services, etc.

Economic indicators characterize the economic side of the life of society, the economic possibilities of meeting its needs. These include indicators characterizing the level of economic development of society and the well-being of the population (nominal and real incomes, employment, etc.)

Socio-demographic indicators characterize the gender, age, professional and qualification composition of the population, and the physical reproduction of the labor force.

The division of indicators into objective and subjective is associated with the justification of changes in people’s life activities and are divided depending on the degree of subjectivity of the assessment made.

Value indicators include all indicators in monetary terms, while natural indicators characterize the volume of consumption of specific material goods and services in physical terms.

To characterize the standard of living great importance have quantitative and qualitative indicators.

Quantitatively determine the volume of consumption of specific material goods and services.

Qualitative - the qualitative side of the well-being of the population.

As independent indicators, we can distinguish the proportions and structure of the distribution of the population’s well-being.

An important role in determining the standard of living is played by statistical indicators, which include general indicators, indicators of income, consumption and expenditure, cash savings, accumulated property and housing of the population and many others.

2. AnalyticalPart

Income is a monetary assessment of the results of the activities of any subject of a market economy, a legal entity or an individual.

The main types of income are: wages, rent, interest (or loan interest), profit.

The low level of income, and, as a consequence, the low purchasing power of the bulk of the population, whose monetary potential is partially diverted to the purchase of imported goods, is one of the main reasons for the Russian economy.

There is also income inequality in Russia. People differ greatly from each other: in their hard work, activity, abilities, education, property ownership, and ability to spend their income productively. Also, if a child was born into a rich family, he has a greater chance of becoming rich and getting a good education than the child who was born in an ordinary family.

Demand through an increase in the share of household income in the total income of society - GDP. Basically, to distribute the domestic market and support domestic producers, it is strategically important to increase the incomes of the poorest and middle part of the population. Increasing and timely payment of wages, pensions, scholarships and other social benefits is necessary for economic recovery.

A serious problem, the solution of which will largely determine the future socio-political stability of Russia, is the inequality of the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of living standards, as evidenced by the significant inequality of one of the most significant indicators of the standard of living - monetary per capita income. At the same time, it makes no sense to simply compare regions according to their prevailing levels of per capita monetary income, because and prices for consumer goods and services in the regions are far from the same, as evidenced by the fairly large interregional differentiation of the cost of living.

Intersectoral and interregional differences in income and wages have also increased. The social sector is in a particularly difficult situation:

1.education,

2. healthcare,

3. culture,

5.agriculture and forestry,

6. light industry and mechanical engineering,

which have the lowest wages.

But wages in the gas, oil production and oil refining industries, and in non-ferrous metallurgy are significantly higher than the average level.

The least wealthy are those whose average per capita cash income is below the subsistence level.

Based only on the level of cash income, in 2012 the share of poor people in the country was about 14%. Taking into account poor housing conditions, which citizens are unable to change, this is more than 50 million people.

Analysis of changes in the standard of living of the Russian population in last years showed that maintaining a low standard of living for the majority of the population blocks its economic development and aggravates its socio-political instability. Social policy in Russia remains passive.

The transition to market relations has made significant changes in the regulation of income, which determines the well-being of people. The role of the state in this area has decreased, the independence of regions and enterprises has expanded, and the importance of market regulators has increased. It is important to develop an enterprise’s own income policy, which takes into account the interests of various groups of workers and owners, provides for an effective system of employment and remuneration for work, measures for the social protection of workers and provides a person with a decent life. The strategic goal of the ongoing reforms is to care for the welfare of the population Russian Federation.

The selection of the component “level of health and life expectancy of the population” as one of the main structural components of the quality of life is due to the following consideration: the level and dynamics of health, life expectancy are placed in first place when determining living conditions, since they are considered a basic human need, the main condition his life activity.

The most important component of the quality of life is the standard of living of the population.

The standard of living of the population expresses the satisfaction of the material and cultural needs of the individual, in the provision of consumer goods, which are characterized by quantitative indicators abstracted from their qualitative meaning.

These are the amount of wages, income, the volume of consumption of goods and services, the level of consumption of food and industrial goods, the duration of working and free time, living conditions, the level of education, health care, and culture.

One of the main structural components of the quality of life of the population is lifestyle. This category makes it possible to consider in a comprehensive manner the content of aspects of life activity - the position and development of the individual, his social activity; the attitude of the population to work, to the policies of the authorities, to the institution of family and marriage, to law and order; value orientations of various social groups.

Quality of life is a comprehensive description of socio-economic, political, cultural, ideological, environmental factors and conditions of existence of an individual, a person’s position in society.

Also, a person’s standard of living depends on:

Ecological quality

Concerns about the safety of production and products;

Maintaining the resource potential of the country.

The criteria for the quality of life of the population of a territory are a set of characteristics by which an assessment is made of the achieved level and dynamics of the socio-economic performance of the city’s development. Objective and subjective criteria, coexisting in one system of criteria, complementing each other, from different sides reflect the objective living conditions, the subjective feeling of the individual’s degree of satisfaction with the living conditions given to him.

In the conditions of the transition economy of Russia, the center of economic development developed a system for assessing the standard of living, consisting of 12 indicators:

1. Average wages of workers.

2. Purchasing power of the population with average salary and pension.

3. Minimum consumer budget for the main socio-demographic groups of the population.

4. Living wage for the main socio-demographic groups of the population.

5. The number of people with per capita incomes below the minimum consumer budget and the subsistence level.

6. Food consumption in households with different levels of per capita income.

7. Cash income and expenses of certain socio-demographic groups of the population.

8. Indicators of population differentiation.

9. The ratio of the average per capita income of the population of the 10% most and 10% of the least wealthy population.

11. Structure of consumer spending by socio-demographic groups of the population.

12. Distribution of the population by average per capita income.

An analysis of the criteria for quality of life in Russia shows that the quality of life is characterized and supplemented by indicators that determine not only the level, but also living conditions:

The most important component of assessing the quality of life is determining the level of satisfaction of the population with the dynamics of socio-economic changes in the city.

In high-quality treatment and preventive care,

In work activity,

In environmental and civil safety.

In this regard, managing the quality of life of the population in the territory involves, along with the use of a system of statistical indicators, the development and application of a set of social indicators obtained in the process of conducting sociological surveys.

The main difficulty in measuring quality of life is the heterogeneity of its indicators. Measuring some components of quality of life does not present any special procedural difficulties and, as a rule, is carried out on metric scales. Such indicators include, for example, income level, number of children in the family, salary, level of education, number square meters in occupied housing, the volume of sales of paid services to the population, the length of free time, etc. Measuring almost all objective aspects of quality of life does not cause any fundamental problems and allows the use of relatively simple mathematical transformations.

The standard of living is a multifaceted phenomenon that depends on many different reasons, ranging from the territory where the population lives, that is, geographical factors, and ending with the general socio-economic and environmental situation, as well as the state of political affairs in the country.

The standard of living can be influenced to one degree or another by the demographic situation, housing and production conditions, volume and quality of consumer goods, but all the most significant factors can be combined into the following groups:

· political factors;

· economic factors;

· social factors;

· environmental factors

The standard of living in Russia is related to the health of the population. Currently characterized low level the birth rate is 10.5 cases per 1000 population, the high level of overall mortality is 16 cases per 1000 population.

One of the characteristic problems of Russia is the mortality rate of people of working age. Every year, more than 200 million different diseases are registered among the population of the Russian Federation. Health indicators have a negative impact on life expectancy, which in 2012 was 65.5 years, including 59 years for men and 72 years for women.

The development of prevention and primary health care has become a priority because in the past the health care system was focused on the provision of hospital care, which led to underfunding of primary health care. Medicine has become paid and expensive.

Also, one of the most important indicators of living standards is the level of healthcare.

Over 4 years, the number of hospitals decreased by 3.6%, the number of medical outpatient clinics by 0.3%, the number of antenatal clinics, children's clinics and outpatient clinics decreased by 0.5%, and paramedic and midwifery stations decreased by 0.8%. .

A difficult situation arises with the formation and development of the school network. In the period from 2010 to 2012 in Russia, the number of state educational institutions decreased by 11.4 thousand and in 2013 amounted to. 55.1 thousand. The number of non-state institutions in the 2011-2013 academic year was 691, the number of secondary specialized educational institutions - 2624, higher educational institutions - 1134, state evening institutions - 1720. The total number of general education institutions in the period from 2010 to 2013 decreased by 11 .7 thousand, amounting to 55.1 thousand.

One of the most important indicators characterizing the standard of living of the population remains the provision of housing. In Russia the housing problem is very acute. In line to receive housing and improve living conditions at the beginning of 2013. accounted for 31% of the total number of families. In recent years, housing finance has been decentralized. In conditions of limited budget financial resources The main sources of financing for housing construction remain funds from the population and the own funds of enterprises and organizations.

Thus, there are many indicators that characterize various aspects of the standard of living of the population and are integral components of social programs, and are also used as a tool for measuring the impact of economic reforms on the standard of living of the population. Based on the analysis performed, we can conclude that in Russia the standard of living of the population has not reached perfection, and it is necessary to find ways to improve it. Many indicators decreased significantly closer to 2013.

Directing funds to the development of diagnostics makes it possible to create a system in which treatment costs will be reduced, since a disease is always easier to prevent than to treat. Expensive health care does not have effective financing mechanisms, not all citizens can receive it, therefore, when declaring people-oriented policies, it is necessary to make it as accessible as possible.

A need is a need that has taken a specific form in accordance with the cultural level and personality of the individual. In this regard, the set of needs of each person is different: one goes in for sports, another does not, one devotes his leisure time to reading or visiting theaters, etc. Thus, the standard of living refers to the provision of the population with necessary material goods and services, the achieved level of their consumption and the degree of satisfaction of reasonable (rational) needs.

Conclusion

Standard of living is a complex indicator characterizing the well-being and quality of life of citizens or social groups of a particular country or territory. The standard of living is the level of consumption of these goods, reflects the well-being of the population and is characterized by a system of the following indicators:

Volume of real income per capita;

Structure of consumption of food, non-food goods, services;

Level and dynamics of prices for basic consumer goods;

Rent rates, housing services;

The volume of payments and benefits from public consumption funds;

Level of education, medical care.

Increasing the standard of living of the population is the main goal of any progressive society. The state is obliged to create favorable conditions for a long, safe, healthy and prosperous life of people, ensuring economic growth and social stability in society.

The current stage of socio-economic development is characterized by a large number of accumulated problems in the social sphere, acute contradictions related to the level of social development and improving the quality of life of the population. Resolving these problems and existing contradictions will improve the quality of life of the population and organize a transition to a more advanced stage of social development. Therefore, justification of the essence of social development and quality of life with modern positions is an important link in understanding the entire process of socio-economic changes in society and can serve as an effective mechanism in solving practical problems in its ongoing progressive development.

The problem of developing a system of indicators of the quality of life of the population is one of the most important areas research aimed at improving the tools for managing the socio-economic development of society. Various integral indicators of the synthetic category “quality of life”. On the one hand, they help to identify the basic latent (inaccessible for direct measurement) factors that form this category. On the other hand, they can be used as criteria for assessing the results of socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the country as a whole. And also as indicators of the degree of effectiveness of management of a region (country) in the field of activity to which this specific integral indicator relates.

To fulfill the main goal of the socio-economic policy of the Russian Federation (which is similar for all regions) - creating conditions for sustainable economic development. To create conditions for improving the level and quality of life of the population, it is necessary to implement social policy on new principles, such as mutual joint responsibility of all subjects of social policy; voluntariness and diversity of forms of people's participation in the formation and implementation of social policy; openness and controllability of social policy to society and people; interethnic, interfaith, intergroup and interpersonal tolerance; protection of the working population from social risks mainly on insurance principles; guaranteeing the preservation of previously acquired social rights for people who actually enjoy these rights, stimulating the active participation of people in the formation of their own well-being and in public life.

A special feature of the current stage of socio-economic development is that for the first time in the entire history of the Russian state, a three-year budget was developed and adopted, in which expenditures on social development occupy a significant share.

Such fundamental changes in financial relations, on the one hand, make it possible to more successfully accumulate the socio-economic potential of the regions and direct it to improve the quality of life of the population, but on the other hand, they increase the contradiction between the interests of the authorities local government and private owners, including individual citizens. All this requires regional authorities to be able to coordinate the interests of people, social and territorial communities, and the population as a whole in order to achieve the main goal of their activities - improving the quality of life of people.

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