Tibetan letter. The Tibetan alphabet and its original form in the matrix of the universe. Application of Tibetan script to other languages

Tibetan language

The Tibetan language is part of the Tibeto-Burman language group, and may also be distantly related to the Chinese language. Its various dialects are spoken throughout the Tibetan cultural area, which includes Tibet proper, areas of western China and peripheral areas from Ladakh along the southern border of Tibet to Bhutan.

With the spread of Tibetan Buddhism, the Tibetan language also began to be understood in Mongolia. We can probably distinguish five periods in the development of the Tibetan language: archaic, ancient, classical, medieval and modern.

Theories regarding the nature of the archaic Tibetan language are the field of activity of scientists specializing in comparative linguistics.

The introduction of writing and the first translations of Buddhist texts gave rise to the ancient Tibetan language, which was in use from approximately the 7th century to the early 9th century AD. In 816 AD, during the reign of King Tide Srongtsang, a fundamental reform of the literary Tibetan language and the vocabulary of translations of Indian texts was carried out, and this resulted in what we now call the classical Tibetan language. It became the language of the Tibetan translations of the Mahayana Buddhist canon recorded in the languages ​​of India (basically, the root syllables in the Tibetan language are composed, as shown above, of basic letters, to which are attached superscript and subscript letters. However, Tibetan word-syllables are often very complex , since they are supplemented by the prescriptive and prescriptive letters .om in Sanskrit), as well as the language that Tibetans usually use to this day when writing on religious, medical or historical topics.

While classical Tibetan continued to dominate, some writers during the medieval period were influenced by the spoken language of the time. This style is characterized by increased use of compound words, simplified grammar - often by omitting "case" particles, and the introduction of words from the spoken language. Compared to classical Tibetan, works written in this style are often quite difficult to understand.

As for the modern period, it is clear that this process has continued, giving rise to the modern literary Tibetan language, which reflects even greater influence from the spoken language.

Tibetan writing and thirty letters of the alphabet

The Tibetan alphabet consists of thirty letter-syllables, created on the basis of an Indian prototype in the 7th century AD. There are several types of this letter - block letters and several types of cursive and ornamental letters, although we do not consider the latter.

These letters, when combined in various ways, form the characteristic compound Tibetan word-syllables.

Each letter of the Tibetan alphabet is actually a syllable with an inherent vowel sound -a. Such letter-syllables represent the smallest words in the Tibetan language.

When it is necessary to transcribe the Tibetan script using Roman letters, we can resort to one of several invented transcription systems. However, the pronunciation of some letters differs from these standard equivalents, so a modified pronunciation should be used when reading Tibetan. It should be noted that there are two options for pronunciation of Tibetan words - colloquial (oral) and used when reading. The latter strives to preserve a more complete pronunciation of words. Unfortunately, a complete and accurate description of Tibetan pronunciation is quite difficult and it would be best to ask a native speaker for it.

Methods to make it easier to memorize writing letters

Instead of memorizing the order of writing and the curve of the lines of each letter, you can notice that similar elements occur in the writing of some Tibetan letters. Perhaps the most common of these is the grapheme. In the Tibetan alphabet it can be found in the writing of the following letters (its place in their composition is highlighted in a lighter color):

Proportions in writing letters

The tops of all Tibetan letters in a line are at the same height, while according to the location of their bottom edge, all letters of the Tibetan alphabet can be classified into one of the following two classes.

Such letters fit into a square.

Letters of this type have a long “leg” going down under the line and therefore fit into a 1:2 rectangle.

Pronunciation

So, let's begin:

The Tibetan alphabet consists of thirty main letters and four vowels. There are several varieties of writing Tibetan letters. Here we will consider writing that is close to printed, because it is the easiest to learn and is used most often. It will be easy for you to master the varieties of other spellings yourself after completing this course.

Thirty basic letters can be called consonants, but it must be taken into account that the Tibetan letter is syllabary. And each letter is not just a letter, one consonant, but a letter-syllable. Which includes both consonant and vowel sounds (if there are no symbols indicating a specific vowel sound, then it is “A”). These symbols, which change the vowel sound "a" in a syllable, are precisely those four vowels.

Now let's move on to the alphabet. Look at the letters that are new to you and listen to how they sound.

Under each Tibetan letter it is written in Cyrillic approximate pronunciation. This is exactly how it is wrong to pronounce the letters. This is just a slightly similar pronunciation, but far from ideal, especially in the case of some letters. The transcription, so to speak, is here only to make it easier for you to remember the alphabet. Tibetan letters are written in Latin characters as they are written in the Wylie transliteration. Wylie transliteration is one of the most common systems for transliterating Tibetan characters using Latin ones. Most likely, the Wylie system will come in handy when you type Tibetan text on your computer. It is often used to clarify philosophical terms in translations so that there is no confusion about what exactly is being discussed, because complex concepts, for example, of Buddhist philosophy have no equivalent in Western languages. There is no need to remember it now. Later, after completing several lessons, you can always come back and learn it when it will be much easier and will not cause confusion.

The entire alphabet is divided into eight rows for a reason. Each row is a separate group of letters. This especially applies to the first five rows. There are several classifications and options for dividing letters. Here we will divide them by sound into the following categories: voiceless (marked in blue), aspirated (marked in yellow), voiced (marked in red), nasal (marked in purple), and unclassified (gray-blue).

The first five rows and first three columns are letters with similar pronunciations. They differ only in the sonority or dullness of the sound. In the third column in these rows there are letters with a voiced pronunciation, for example ག་ ga. The second column contains voiceless consonants, voiceless aspirated consonants, to be more precise. For example, ཕ་ pha. And in the first column in the first five rows there are letters whose sound is somewhere between the sound of the letters from the second and third columns of the same row. Those. for example, in the second row the letter of the first column ཅ་ (cha) sounds neither like ཆ་ (chha) nor like ཇ་ (ja). Its sound fluctuates between these two letters. All these rows have the same pattern. This is a very important rule. Further, when we go through two-syllable and three-syllable letters, this rule will be very useful to you.

It is important that you do not pronounce voiceless letters with aspiration, clearly emphasizing the sound “x” in the middle of the syllable. The syllable ཁ་ (kha) is not at all the same as, for example, in the word “bacchanalia”. The "x" sound is much less audible. He's not even there. When you pronounce aspirated syllables, just a little more air comes out than when you pronounce voiceless syllables without aspiration. These voiceless unaspirated syllables themselves (first column, five rows) sound very similar to the pronunciation of the Russian syllables ka, cha and beyond, only a little louder, a little harder. The sound "g" in the letter ང་ (nga) is also used in Cyrillic transcription purely formally. There is no such sound there. And to pronounce it as, for example, in the word “hangar” is incorrect. The pronunciation of this letter is similar to the pronunciation of "ing" endings in English or the nasal "n" in French. The letter ཝ་ (ua) is pronounced not as two syllables, “u” and “a,” but as one. The sound “u” (again, conventionally “u”) here is like a consonant, pronounced short and abruptly. Very similar to the English "w" sound.

 Task: Listen to the alphabet again to make sure what you just learned.

Tibetan syllables also have two tones: low and high. In some dialects they are clearly distinguishable by ear, in others they are inaudible. We won't talk about them in our lessons. But still worth mentioning: vowels following letters ཀ་ཁ་ཅ་ཆ་ཏ་ཐ་པ་ཕ་ཙ་ཚ་ཤ་ས་ཧ་ཨ་ ka, kha, cha, chha, ta, tha, pa, pha, tsa, tskha, sha, sa, ha and after the big “a” have a high tone. The remaining syllables are pronounced with a low tone.

Writing

Each letter begins with a top horizontal line. This letter in Tibetan is called དབུ་ཅན་ (u-chen). Which literally means “with the head.” The “head” in this case is precisely this first top line. Letters should be written so that it (the upper horizontal line) of all letters is at the same level. Those. Tibetan words, so to speak, do not lie on a line, like, for example, writing in Cyrillic or Latin, but seem to hang from the line.

Tibetan letters, in this style of writing, consist of separate lines connected to each other. There are two general writing rules that apply to almost all letters and their lines: horizontal lines are written from left to right, and vertical lines are written from top to bottom.

There is a tendency for Westerners who learn to write Tibetan to tilt their letters to the right. This is understandable; starting from the first grade we were taught to do this. But in the case of the Tibetan language, this is not necessary. You need to navigate by the rightmost vertical line, which many Tibetan letters have. It should either be strictly vertical, or you can tilt it a little to the left, but only just a little.

The following is a letter writing table, which shows the sequence of letter lines. When you write in Tibetan, it is highly advisable that you maintain this sequence. Practice writing each letter while saying how to pronounce it. If, while practicing, you fill one page of your notebook with each letter, then this will be enough to henceforth write without errors and easily distinguish the letters. Of course, for those who want to have beautiful handwriting, one page per letter will not be enough. The classification colors in the table are preserved.

ka

ཀ་

ཁ་

ཁ་

ག་ha

ག་

ང་

ང་

ཅ་cha

ཅ་

ཆ་

ཆ་

ཇ་

ཇ་

ཉ་nya

ཉ་

ཏ་ that

ཏ་

ཐ་

ཐ་

ད་ yes

ད་

on

ན་

པ་ pa

པ་

ཕ་

ཕ་

བ་ ba

བ་

མ་ ma

མ་

ཙ་ tsa

ཙ་

ཚ་

ཚ་

ཛ་

ཛ་

Alphabet

The Tibetan alphabet consists of thirty letter-syllables, created on the basis of an Indian prototype in the 7th century AD. There are several types of this letter - block letters and several types of cursive and ornamental letters, although we do not consider the latter.

These letters, when combined in various ways, form the characteristic compound Tibetan word-syllables.

Each letter of the Tibetan alphabet is actually a syllable with an inherent vowel sound -a. Such letter-syllables represent the smallest words in the Tibetan language.

When it is necessary to transcribe the Tibetan script using Roman letters, we can resort to one of several invented transcription systems. However, the pronunciation of some letters differs from these standard equivalents, so a modified pronunciation should be used when reading Tibetan.

It should be noted that there are two options for pronunciation of Tibetan words - colloquial (oral) and used when reading. The latter strives to preserve a more complete pronunciation of words. Unfortunately, a complete and accurate description of Tibetan pronunciation is quite difficult and it would be best to ask a native speaker for it. So here is a slightly simplified version to suit the needs of most people for your guidance.

K.A. Reminds me of the pronunciation of the "s" in the English word "cap"
KHA Reminds me of the pronunciation of the "s" in the vigorously pronounced English word "cold"
GA Reminds me of the pronunciation of the "g" in the English word "gone"
N.G.A. Reminds me of the pronunciation of "ng" in the English word "singer"
C.A. Reminds me of the pronunciation of "ch" in the English word "teacher"
CHA Reminiscent of the pronunciation of "ch" in the vigorously pronounced English word "champ"
JA Reminds me of the pronunciation of the "j" in the English word "jam"
NYA Reminds me of the pronunciation of "ny" in the English word "news"
T.A. Reminds me of the pronunciation of the "t" in the English word "halter"
THA Reminiscent of the pronunciation of the "t" in the vigorously pronounced English word "toe"
D.A. Reminds me of the pronunciation of "d" in the English word "done"
N.A. Reminds me of the pronunciation of the "n" in the English word "no"
PA Reminds me of the pronunciation of "p" in the English word "people"
P.H.A. Resembles the pronunciation of "p" in the vigorously pronounced English word "pen"
B.A. Reminds me of the pronunciation of the "b" in the English word "bubble"
M.A. Reminds me of the pronunciation of "m" in the English word "mat"
TSA Reminds me of the pronunciation of "ts" in the English word "eats"
TSHA Resembles the pronunciation of "ts" in the vigorously pronounced English word "tsar"
DZA Reminds me of the pronunciation of "ds" in the English word "adds"
W.A. Reminds me of the pronunciation of the "w" in the English word "way"
ZHA Reminds me of the pronunciation of "sh" in the English word "shah" with a low-pitched vowel
ZA Reminder

So, about the writing of the ancient state of Shang-Shung, which ancient Tibet adopted from it. I will rely, as promised, on the study of Professor Namkhai Norbu Rinpoche, “The Precious Mirror of the Ancient History of Shang Shung and Tibet.”

“Without studying the ancient history of the Bon teachings that existed in the state of Shang-Shung, as well as the genealogy of the kings of Shang-Shung, it is impossible to clarify the more than three thousand eight hundred-year history of this state. (meaning from the appearance there of Shenrab Miwoche and his Teachings of Yundrung Bon - Nandzed Dorje )

Before the arrival of Shenrab Miwo, the history of Shang-Shung already numbered many generations, and sixteen generations of the royal family of Mu passed from Menpei Lumlum to Shenrab Miwo’s father, the Bonpo king Thyokar...

Shenrab Miwoche, after his arrival, laid the foundation for a new system

writing, and therefore we can speak with certainty about

existence of the Zhang Shung writing system at least since the time

Shenraba Mivoche.

The Treasury of Precious Narratives says:

The Enlightened One was the first to create Tibetan writing. In Sutra

From ten letters he built a spacious building of sounds.

The capital sign "go" opened the way for them, the sign "shed" cut into

short phrases.

The sign "tseg" divided phrases inside, evenly separating syllables so that they

didn't mix.

Gigu, drenbu, naro, shabkyu and yata hooks

In combination with letters they formed sentences with many

components.

Thus, first the alphabet of the deities of the pure countries (brought

Shenrab Miwoche - Nandzed Dorje) was transformed into an alphabet

"punyig" of the Tagzig writing system (Tazig - state,

supposedly located in ancient times on the territory of the present

Kyrgyzstan - Nandzed Dorje), which was converted into the old

the Shang-Shung alphabet "Yiggen", and that, in turn, into the alphabet

"mardrak".

Example: “The capital sign “go” opened the way for them...” - here

the sign with which any written text began is mentioned - this is

image of a left-handed swastika, marked with a signature hook"

(which today represents the sound “u” in Tibetan - Nandzed Dorje).

its writing, it is worth noting right away that “the first historical

evidence, which cannot be dispensed with in this case, is

ancient Bon texts containing information about the history of the first people

Shang Shung, and from this history it is impossible to separate the history of Tibet."

The first were the "five clans of people who are indigenous

only for the population of Shang Shung, Azha, Minyag and Sump, they are

ancestors of all Tibetan clans, therefore all Tibetans can be classified as

to one of these five indigenous clans - Don, Dru, Dra, Go and Ga."

Each of them corresponded to an individual dominant element -

earth, water, iron, fire and wood.

"According to Tophug, twelve small principalities that existed before

the first king-ruler of Tibet Nyatri Tsenpo, descended from the Don clan from

Minyaga, from the clan of Dru from Sumbha, from the clan of Dra from Shang-Shung, from the clan

Ga from Azha. This is how the family line of descendants came about."

I cannot even describe the historical

formative processes (for this, just refer to the book yourself

Namkhai Norbu Rinpoche), but I’ll jump straight to questions of writing,

because it is in this part that the current Russian Young Buddhists

claim most nonsense after those immoderate in zeal

their own without wisdom to the Teaching of Tibetan lamas - they simply

claim that there was no written record of the coming of the Buddha Dharma in Tibet.

By the time the first king Nyatri Tsenpo came to Tibet, “there was no

no other cultural tradition, including a system of knowledge and

government, except for the one that came from

Shang-Shunga Bone. And this tradition was undoubtedly associated with

Shang Shung language and writing. So starting from the first

Tibet did not dry up, each Tibetan king had his own bonpo -

the royal priest "kushen", who usually performed the rite of ablution

and, having elevated him to reign, gave him a name. This is the name that was

a sign of the greatness and inviolability of the ancient order and the royal dynasty

defenders of Bon were taken from the Shang Shung language. ...And that's why I don't

not only the first king Nyatri Tsenpo, but also the kings known as the Seven

celestial "Three", including Mutri Tsenpo, Dintri Tsenpo, Dartri

Tsenpo, Etri Tsenpo and Sentri Tsenpo, as well as the kings known as

"Six Lek" - Asholek, Desholek, Tkhisholek, Gurumlek, Dranshilek and

Ishilek... in a word, all Tibetan kings wore only Zhang-Shung

names, and therefore these names cannot have any meaning on

Tibetan ...The Shang Shung word "three" (khri) means "deity",

or "heart of the deity", in Tibetan "lha" or "lha tug". And this

a word like "mu" (dmu) means "all-encompassing" (Tib. kun kyab);

the word "din" - "space" (Tib. long); the word "gift" is "perfection"

(Tib. leg pa), etc.

Is it really before King Srongtsen Gampo (late 7th century AD)

Nandzed Dorje) did Tibet have no writing system? Or

did alphabetic writing exist before this king? Was this one called

Tibetan alphabet? Previous Tibetan historians stated that "before

there was no written language in Tibet." And this is explained by the fact that

writing is the basis of any writing, including Tibetan

culture... Thus, such statements about the absence

writings were intended to prove the absence of Tibetan culture

primordial ancient basis and extensive and deep knowledge."

However, in the text of the teacher and translator Vairocana, “The Great Picture

being" says:

"By the grace of Songtsen Gampo, a learned sage was invited from India

Liji. Thonmi Sambhota redesigned (! - nandzed) writing,

translated several texts, such as "Collection of Chintamani Supreme

Jewel", "Sutra of the Ten Virtues" and others."

"So it says here that in Tibet there was an ancient system

alphabetic writing, but since this writing style was inconvenient

to translate Indian texts into Tibetan, then to make a style

spelling more convenient, and also facilitate the understanding of Sanskrit and

many other reasons, the old style of writing was converted into "scholarly"

(Thonmi Sabhota did this based on the Indian Devanagari script).

In this regard, a more convenient procedure for dividing into

case particles, etc., in a word, writing was

systematized with greater care. ...and not a word about what

before that there was no written language in Tibet, that it was

created or given for the first time - there is not a single proof of this.

In the treatise "Treasury of Precious Stories" also

Here is a quote that can confirm this:

When Buddhist teachings were translated
from Indian to Tibetan,

They couldn’t translate the Indian system
letters to Tibetan.

Therefore, thirty were taken as a sample
letters of the Tibetan alphabet,

The names of deities were transcribed according to their sounds,

The mantras were not translated, they were left as is
in Indian script.

variants of the ritual text "The general offering to Do for all being",

which he came across in different circumstances.

"...and in all of them the colophons at the end of the text said:

This concludes the text of the deep ritual of the great
propitiation - offerings to Do for life well-being
- which has been passed down from generation to generation to this day
from the great shenpo Cheo, who was recorded by me, Sangpo Trinkhyo, and in

which the Zhang Shung and Tibetan masters continuously showed
magical powers.

We talked about many components of the Zhang Shung culture, and if

as an example, take at least the only Bona Gate,

for example, Shen prosperity, then even this section included

a huge number of extensive teachings on recognizing signs and

fortune telling, astrology, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, rituals.

cheating death, etc. By the time of the appearance of the first Nyatri king

Tsenpo in Tibet had already spread various Bon teachings,

for example, known as the Bon of the twelve knowers, the Main Knowledge of Bon

deities, knowledge of ransom ritual, knowledge of purity, banishing rituals,

destruction, liberation. It is logical to assume that there were also recordings

instructions on all these sections of the teachings. It is quite obvious that

if it was possible to remember any of this, then no more than one or

two of these sciences, but to retain all of them in memory would be

impossible. And from a historical point of view it is also completely

it is impossible that the ignorant Tibetans, living in an unenlightened

were able to remember all the various historically detailed

testimonies about the reign of the dynasty of their kings, memorize verbatim

extensive teachings from various fields of knowledge...

The Mirror Clearly Reflecting the History of the Royal Dynasty says:

"Over the years, this prince became an expert in arts and crafts,
computing, sports exercises and five areas and achieved
success in them. ...he became known as Sontsen Gampo."

This king ascended the throne at the age of 13. At 16, he married the queen from

Nepal, and two years later - his second wife, a queen from China.

It is said that at this time the Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo sent

three letter-scrolls to the Chinese king Senge Tsenpo. About sending letters and

Nepalese king is also told in the mentioned “Mirror, clearly

reflecting the history of the royal dynasty." All this proves that in

Tibet had writing and related sciences and knowledge.

Let us also think about whether Thonmi Sambhota could have been dark and

illiterate person, in such a short time to master, being in

India, the local language (Sanskrit), writing and internal sciences,

communicate effectively with Brahmin Lijin and Pandit Lha Rigpey

Senge? How long does it take to return to Tibet to create

writing from scratch, write a treatise "Eight Sections of Chakaran",

then translate a number of treatises into Tibetan from Sanskrit and, as

it is said to present them as a gift to the king (who would also do well to

know then this new writing in order to at least appreciate the gift)?

Tibet definitely had its own written tradition before

Dharma King Songtsen Gampo, but Tibetan historians have given

distorted picture. The main reason for this is that with

over time, the Tibetans, who with great faith accepted what came from India

culture and knowledge. However, historical evidence and roots

the cultures and knowledge from ancient Shang Shung were not lost. AND

preserved this very subtle stream of culture mainly by the Bonpos.

But it gradually became customary to call any lamas who talk about this

adventurers, since with the persecution of Bon the people established

contempt for the Bonpo.

Now we should analyze whether the writing was called

existed in Tibet before the introduction of a new writing system,

Tibetan. All Bon sources say that “The teachings were

translated from the old Shang Shung script to "mardrak", which was later converted into "large and small mar". And the “big mar” was converted into “uchen”...

When I was 13 years old, I met an old lama named Dizyo, a Tibetan linguistic scholar from Dege Muksan. I received writing lessons from him. On the last day of training, he told me: “You have a talent for calligraphy and a sharp mind. I know an ancient type of writing called “Letter sent down by the gods” (lha-bap), and if you want, I can teach you it.” I, of course, agreed.

Later, in the house of a doctor named Tsegyal, I saw a chest covered with this letter. These were lines from “Entering the Practice of the Bodhisattva” by Arya Shantideva. Lama Tsegyal, realizing that I knew this letter, said: “This is a good sign. This alphabet is the root of all Tibetan writing, but despite this, there are very few who know it. Do not forget it. There will be a time when it will be useful.”

By conducting a graphical analysis of the Lhabap script, one can find in it the roots of the Tibetan Ume script, the so-called cursive script. The assertion that "ume" is simply something that came out of writing very quickly in the "uchen" style is baseless. After all, the Bhutanese, although they wrote in cursive in “uchen”, except for fluent writing, did not succeed in anything, no “ume”. Therefore, it is quite obvious that the source of the Uchen style is the Indian Gupta script, and the Ume style arose from the Mar style, which has Shang-Shung roots.

Chapter " Turks": Elements d Revneturkic runic script (Orkhon-Yenisei writing) —

Chapter " National religions of China and Japan": Chinese hieroglyphic writing -

In total, we researched and built 11 alphabets according to the laws of the matrix of the Universe. The Tibetan alphabet will be the twelfth alphabet.

The history of the appearance of the Tibetan alphabet

Rice. 1. Tibetan alphabet- used in Tibetan language. Consists of 30 letter-syllables. Created on the basis of an Indian prototype in the 7th century.

Alphabet

Wiley's transliteration is indicated in brackets

In addition, there are several "reversed" letters to represent the cerebral sounds of the Sanskrit Devanagari alphabet, which are not present in the Tibetan language:

For transmission " f» Chinese borrowings use the ligature ཧྥ

There is a classical rule to transliterate Sanskrit - च छ ज झ (ca cha ja jha) as ཙ ཚ ཛ ཛྷ (tsa tsha dza dzha) respectively, reflecting East Indian or Newar pronunciation. Nowadays the letters ཅ ཆ ཇ ཇྷ (ca cha ja jha) are also used.

Vowels are written above or below the syllable:

Calligraphy

Rice. 2. Tibetan Recording - Style " Fish ».

Rice. 3. Tibetan Recording - Style " Bug ».

Cursive

Rice. 4. Tibetan cursive writing is called ume ( Headless ).

1st Caique — Ka the name of the first letter of the Tibetan alphabet, denotes a voiceless velar plosive consonant. In the text it is used to indicate the letter number " 1 " In the structure of a syllable, a kaik can only be a syllabic letter; it can have subscripts, superscripts and subscript letters and thus form 21 initial presented below in dictionary order.

2nd letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Kha(Wiley Kha), Khaik- the second letter of the Tibetan alphabet, the primer is associated with the word “mouth”. In the text, the number “2” is used to represent the letter. Kha- - mouth

3rd letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Ha or Gaik- the third letter of the Tibetan alphabet and one of the most common letters in Tibetan writing, means a voiced velar plosive sound. In the dictionary, the section on the letter ga can occupy up to 10 percent of the volume. In the text, the letter ga can be used as the number 3."

4th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Nga- the fourth letter of the Tibetan alphabet, velar nasal consonant. In the Tibetan primer it is associated with the word nga - I (personal place). IN tantric Buddhism symbolizes decay sanskar - elements of life. In the text it can represent the number 4. In a word it can be either a syllabic letter or a final letter. It is present as a syllabic in eight initials.”

5th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Cha(wiley Ca) is the fifth letter of the Tibetan alphabet. Indicates sound H. A syllable can only contain a root letter (mingji), and therefore can only be part of the initials of a syllable. In the text, the letter cha can be used as the number 5. It forms four initials. In the Tibetan dictionary, approximately 2% of words begin with these initials. In addition to the letter Cha, there are six more ways to express the sound Ch in the Tibetan language.

Chemchemma - butterfly, (chalak) - thing, object * (chacho) - noise.

6th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Chha(wili cha) - the sixth letter of the Tibetan alphabet, can only be a syllabic letter, forms two initials with the superscript letters maik and achung with which the letter chaik does not combine. In the text it can represent the number 6. Letter designation of numbers:

Number 6 (chha - pair). * (chhagiguchhi) - 36. * (chhazhabkyuchhu) - 66 (chhu - water)."

7th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Jah(wili Ja) is the 7th letter of the Tibetan alphabet. Graphically, it is a homoglyph of the letter E. The transcription of this letter may vary in different sources. In Dandaron’s dictionary it is ja, and in Roerich’s dictionary it is dza, in A.V. Goryachev’s dictionary it is dja. One way or another, the transcription of ja coincides with the transcription of three more initials based on bayataj. In the text it can represent the number 7.

Jah can only act as a syllabic letter. There are six variants of initials with ja in the dictionaries. In the Tibetan ABC book, this letter is associated with the word tea:

Ja - - tea, Mount Chomolungma -

8th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Nya(wiley Nya), Nyaik- the eighth letter of the Tibetan alphabet, in the dictionaries of Roerich and Dandoron “nya”, in Tibetan primers it is associated with the word “fish”. Nya is a syllabic letter, in combination with prescriptive and inscriptional letters it forms six initials, and if we add four homonymous initials based on pendulum, it turns out that in Tibetan there are eleven variants of spelling this sound. In the text it can represent the number 8.

9th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Ta(wiley ta), taik- the ninth letter of the Tibetan alphabet, can only be syllabic, in combination with other letters it forms nine more initials. In the Tibetan alphabet book it is associated with the word “palm tree”. In Chinese loanwords, it is a synoglyph of the Chinese initial do. In borrowings from Sanskrit, the mirror image of this letter is used to convey retroflex takara.

Numeric Match: ta - 9, ti - 39, tu - 69, te - 99, then - 129.”

10th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Tha(Wylie Tha) is the tenth letter of the Tibetan alphabet, acts only as a syllabicator and forms four initials. When transmitting borrowings from Sanskrit, the Indian retroflex thakar is used to reflect the letter tha - . Numeric value: tha - 10, thi - 40, thi - 70, thi - 100, thi - 130.”

11th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Yes- The 11th letter of the Tibetan alphabet, refers to those letters that can be prescriptive, syllabic, and finals (suffixes). The properties of the capital letter yes, like other capital letters, include some voicing of the syllabic letter (the capital letter is not readable, see gaochacha, etc.); as a syllabic yes is present in 13 variants of spelling the syllable initial described below; As a syllable final, the letter yes softens the vowel sound of the syllable, but in most pronunciation variants it itself is not readable. Numeric value: yes - 11, di - 41, du - 71, de - 101, do - 131.”

12th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " On, naik- The 12th letter of the Tibetan alphabet, can be both a syllabic letter and a final letter. According to Roerich, the letter na, like other Tibetan letters in tantric texts, can have its own symbolic meaning. When transmitting the Sanskrit retroflex nakara ण, the mirror reflection naika is used - . Numeric value: on - 12, on giga - 42, on zhabkyu - 72, on drenbu - 102, on naro - 132.”

13th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Pa- 13th letter of the Tibetan alphabet, refers to phoikam - male letters, can only be a syllabic letter. Numeric value: pa - 13, pi - 43, pu - 73, pe - 103, po - 133.”

14th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Pha(Wiley Pha) is the 14th letter of the Tibetan alphabet, an aspirated voiceless labial plosive consonant. Numeric value: pha - 14, phi - 44, pho - 74, phe - 104, pho - 134.”

Phukron (phukren) - - dove, - Phurpa -

Rice. 5. « Phurba, Kila(Sanskrit. कील kila IAST; Tib. ཕུར་བ, Wiley phur ba; " count " or " nail ") - a ritual dagger or stake, usually shaped like a handle in the form of three heads of an angry deity and a triangular wedge shape , probably intended for stabbing victims during rituals ( according to some reports, it was used as a nail for tying a ritual victim, but there are also other versions of its purpose). The item dates back to the Vedic era ( perhaps pre-Vedic ), but later found purpose in the context of Tibetan versions of Buddhism and tantra .

Purba I real (« Visible World » Note Ed. Tantric Buddhism, phurba is used as a weapon to subdue forces opposing the teachings. With the help of phurba, the practicing yogi literally nails their symbolic images to the ground... Kila – ( Sanskrit – dagger) a river in Russia, flows in the Republic of Dagestan. Tindinskaya(Kila) is a river in Russia, flowing in the Republic of Dagestan. The mouth of the river is located 86 km along the right bank of the Andiyskoe Koisu River. The length of the river is 21 km.”

15th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Ba- The 15th letter of the Tibetan alphabet, in the primer it is associated with the word cow. A syllable can have a prefix, root and suffix letter (final). Numeric Match: ba - 15, bagigubi - 45, etc. Sinoglyphs: Burmese badechai, etc. »

16th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Ma- 16th letter of the Tibetan alphabet. As part of a syllable it can be both an initial and a final (ma is one of ten letters that can appear at the end of a word). The initial can be used either as a root letter (mingzhi) or as a “prefix” (ngyonjug). As the prefix ma, it is part of 15 initials (maochacha and others “mao”), as the root letter ma forms ten initials, which are presented below in dictionary order. In the text it is used to indicate number "16", “mi” - 46, “mu” - 76, “me” - 106, “mo” - 136. (Alphabetical notation of numbers).

Ma as part of the finals: ( lam) - path».

17th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Tsa- 17th letter of the Tibetan alphabet. In most transcriptions - tsa, in Roerich - tsa. A syllable can only have a syllabic letter. Graphically, it is the letter cha with the contact diacritic sign tsa-thru. Numeric value: tsa - 17, qi - 47, tsu - 77, tse - 107, tso - 137.”

Tsitsi - mouse

18th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Tsha(Wiley tsha) - the 18th letter of the Tibetan alphabet, can only be syllabic. Transcription: Semichov - tskha, Roerich - tsa, Schmidt - ttsa. Graphically, the letter chkha with the contact diacritic sign tsa-thru. Numeric Match: tskha - 18, tskhi - 48, tskhu - 78, tskhe - 108, tskho - 138.

19th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Dza(Wylie Dza) is the 19th letter of the Tibetan alphabet. A word can only have a syllabic letter. Numeric Match: dza - 19, zagiguji - 49, etc. Graphically, it is the letter ja with the contact diacritic sign tsa-tkhru.”

20th letter of the Tibetan alphabet – « Va(wiley Wa) — the most rarely used letter of the Tibetan alphabet. In Roerich's dictionary there is a special name for this letter - bachkhe. Mainly used to convey borrowed words and place names. In the literal transmission of numbers it corresponds to the number 20. There cannot be any inscriptions or signatures around the letter “va”. not capital letters. "Va" can only act as a syllabic letter or a signature letter, taking the form of a vazur diacritic. In Tantric Buddhism, "va" is found in mandalas and symbolizes a state beyond cause and effect, and is also a term for mysticism and the occult sciences. Va— — Tibetan fox »

21st letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Zha(Wylie zha) is the 21st letter of the Tibetan alphabet. In domestic dictionaries it has different transcriptions: in Semichov it is zha, in Roerich it is sha and in pronunciation it is close to the 27th letter Shcha. According to the Tibetan classification of pronunciation hardness refers to feminine letters. Numeric Match: lady - 21, zhi - 51, zhu - 81, zhe - 111, zho - 141.

A syllable can only have a syllabic letter, and only “Ga” and “Ba” can be capital letters.

Press - - cat »

22nd letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Behind- The 22nd letter of the Tibetan alphabet, graphically - a homoglyph of the Chinese hieroglyphic key No. 58 - 彐 “pig's head”. According to the Tibetan classification of hardness of pronunciation, it refers to female letters. Numeric Match: for — 22, zi - 52, zu - 82, ze - 112, zo - 142.”

23rd letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Achung (small A) is the 23rd letter of the Tibetan alphabet, can be either a syllabic or a suffix. As a syllabic letter achung can only be combined with suffixes. Attributed and inscribed with achung are not combined. Achung also does not combine with the drenbu vowel. In Tibetan practical transcription, achung is used to represent Chinese diphthongs and Sanskrit long vowels. Numeric Match: a - 23, agigui - 53, etc.”

24th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Ya(Wiley ya) is the 24th letter of the Tibetan alphabet. The letter “I” can be syllabic and subscribed (see yatak). As a syllabic it is written in two initials, as a signature in 32 of which seven are basic, the rest are complex. In Burmese writing, yatak can be compared to the yaping sign. Numeric Match: ya -24, yi - 54, yu - 84, ye - 114, yo – 144".

25th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Ra- The 25th letter of the Tibetan alphabet, can be either a syllabic or a final (suffix), subscribed or inscribed. In the Tibetan primer it is associated with the word “ ra » — goat. Numeric Match: ra - 25, ri - 55, ru - 85, re - 115, ro - 145.”

26th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " La— 26th letter of the Tibetan alphabet. In the primer it is associated with the word “ la» — Mountain pass(see Nathu-La, Nangpa La). In a syllable there can be a central syllabic letter, a suffix, a signature letter and an inscription letter. Numeric Match: La - 26, Li - 56, Lu - 86, Le - 116, Lo - 146.”

27th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Sha, Sha(Wiley sha) - the 27th letter of the Tibetan alphabet, can only be a syllabic letter. In the Tibetan primer it is associated with the word shcha - meat. In pronunciation it is close to the 21st letter, transcribed as Zha. In Tibetan practical transcription based on the dictionary material, it conveys the Sanskrit letter Shakar श (Shakyamuni, Shariputra, etc.) and the Chinese initial ㄒ (xi-). Numeric Match: now - 27, cabbage soup - 57, schu - 87, shche - 117, scho - 147.”

28th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Sa- The 28th letter of the Tibetan alphabet, it can occupy four different positions in a syllable: sa root (7 initials), sago - inscription, sa-jejuk - suffix and sa-yangjuk - second suffix. The cursive letter "Sa" in the Ume style looks like a homoglyph of the Russian handwritten letter "I". Numeric Match: sa - 28, si - 58, su - 88, se - 118, so - 148. In the Tibetan primer the letter "sa" is associated with the word sa - earth, soil».

29th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " Ha-29th letter of the Tibetan alphabet, denotes the voiceless glottal fricative consonant [h]. Numeric Match: Ha - 29, Hi - 59, Hu - 89, He - 119, Ho - 149. It can only be a syllabic letter, but it also forms a whole series of ligatures to convey sounds borrowed from Sanskrit and Chinese, for example:

30th letter of the Tibetan alphabet - " A (big a) - the last letter of the Tibetan alphabet, refers to masculine letters. Used to indicate vowel sounds at the beginning of a syllable. Unlike small a, large A in a syllable can only be a syllabic-forming letter, it is combined with all Tibetan vowels and can be combined with finals (jejug), but is not used with signature, subscript and superscript letters.

In the text, “ ” is used to denote the number, with the vowels “akikui” -, “azhabkyuu” -, “adrenbue” - and “anaroo” - (Alphabetical notation of numbers).

In Tibetan dictionaries, the letter A section takes up less than one percent of the volume, but the letter A itself is considered the shortest version of the pronunciation of the Prajnaparamita Sutra and is often found at the beginning of mantras, such as in the mantra Om mani padme hum -

This concludes the Introduction with the descriptive part of the Tibetan alphabet. Let's move on to presenting our results of the study of the Tibetan alphabet in the matrix of the Universe.

A COMMENT:

Above we looked at the alphabet itself and the features of the letters of the Tibetan alphabet. Let's move on to presenting the results of our research.

Tibetan alphabet in the matrix of the Universe

Below in Figure 6 we will show what we built on the basis of Knowledge about the matrix of the Universe “ Initial view » Tibetan alphabet, similar to the one first constructed Thonmi-Sambhotoy minister, philologist of the king Srontsang-Gampo – « Tibetan script was developed in 639 Thonmi-Sambhotoy(སློབ་དཔོན་ཐུ་མི་སམ་བྷོ་ཊ། thon mi sam bho ṭa), minister, scholar-philologist of King Srontsang-Gampo (སྲོང་ བཙན་སྒམ་པོ srong btsan sgam po). According to legend, the king sent to India (to the pandit Devavidyaisimhi) his dignitary Thonmi Sambhot, who, based on the Indian Bengali script, developed the national Tibetan alphabet (it was invented signs for sounds not found in Sanskrit – ɂa, zha). Thonmi Sambhota also wrote the first grammar of the Tibetan language, taking Sanskrit grammar as a model. It is believed that he himself took part in the creation of the alphabet and grammar Srontsang-Gampo».

Rice. 6.« Original View » Tibetan alphabet of 30 letters, built by us on the basis of Knowledge about the matrix of the Universe. The first row of letters of the alphabet begins with the 28th level of the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe. Rows of letters of the alphabet were built horizontally from left to right ( shown on the left by arrows). The vast majority of letters of the alphabet occupy the 4th vertical level of the matrix of the Universe. Four letters occupy 3 vertical levels - these are: 1) 20th letter BA: 20th letter of the Tibetan alphabet – « Va(wiley Wa) — the most rarely used letter of the Tibetan alphabet. In Roerich's dictionary there is a special name for this letter - bachkhe. Mainly used to convey borrowed words and place names. In the literal transmission of numbers corresponds to the number 20. There cannot be any inscription, non-subscript, or subscript letters around the letter “va”. "Va" can only act as a syllabic letter or a signature letter taking the form of a diacritic vazur . In Tantric Buddhism " va"is found in mandalas and symbolizes a state beyond cause-and-effect relationships, and is also a term denoting mysticism and the occult sciences. 2) 25th letter RA. 3) the 26th letter LA and 4) the 30th letter A capital.

Tibetan mantra Om Mani Padme Hum in the matrix of the Universe

In the work section " Prayers and mantras“- (Figure 6) we found the position in the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe of the Tibetan prayer - Om Mani Padme Hum and wrote down this mantra in Sanskrit letters. Below in Figure 7 we present this drawing from the work.

Rice. 7. In Buddhism, the “Six-syllable” is known. prayer - mantra Om Mani Padme Hum(Sanskrit: ॐ मणि पद्मे हूँ; Tib.: ཨོཾ་མ་ཎི་པ་དྨེ་ཧཱུྃ།) - one of the most famous mantras in Maha Buddhism yana, especially characteristic of Tibetan Buddhism), the six-syllable mantra of the bodhisattva of compassion Avalokitesvara. The mantra is especially associated with Shadakshari(Lord of Six Syllables) is the embodiment of Avalokiteshvara and has a deep sacred meaning.” From Figure 5 we now know the position in the matrix of the Universe “ Name» female hypostasis Avolokiteshvara - Mani Padma – jewel in lotus. This gives us the opportunity to correctly arrange in the matrix of the Universe all the syllables included in the “Six-Syllable Mantra”. In prayer - mantra syllables Mani Padmé are in "center » . The picture on the right shows the Sanskrit writing of the Tibetan prayers - mantras – Om Mani Padme Hum. sacred syllable OM- This Lord Himself at any His hypostases. This syllable is located on the 32-29th level of the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe. The vertical arrow next to it points upward in the direction of all the worlds of the Lord, including the Spiritual worlds. The remaining syllables of the mantra are written down to the 9th level of the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe, as shown on the right in the figure. About the meaning of the mantra: “This mantra has many meanings. They all come down to explaining the meaning of the totality of sacred sounds of its constituent syllables. The mantra itself is rarely interpreted in the meaning determined by its literal translation: “Oh! The jewel in the lotus [flower]!” In particular, the 14th Dalai Lama explains that the mantra represents the purity of the body, speech and mind of the Buddha. Second word (mani - « jewel") correlates with bodhichitta - the desire for Awakening, compassion and love. Third word (padme- “lotus flower”), correlates with wisdom. Fourth word (hum) represents the indivisibility of practice (method) and wisdom." So " Name» female hypostasis Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara — Mani Padma, recorded in the matrix of the Universe " opened » us location in the matrix of the Universe prayers - mantras Om Mani Padme Hum.

Now we can write this mantra into the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe using the letters of the Tibetan alphabet.

Rice. 8. The figure shows the entry of the mantra into the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe Om Mani Padme Humletters of the Tibetan alphabet. The inset at the top of the picture shows the recording of this mantra. It can be seen that to the left and right of the text of the manra there are specific signs ( symbols) in the form of two dots and an arrow pointing down. We considered that these signs have a certain meaning and assigned them a place similar to the Tibetan letters, as shown in the figure. As a result, the mantra, together with the signs ( symbols) took the position from the 36th to the 1st level of the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe. The upper part of the mantra is located in the space that corresponds Abode of Maha Vishnu.

Rice. 9. Mantra text Om Mani Padme Hum, written in letters of the Tibetan alphabet. To the right and left of the text of the mantra, specific signs (symbols) are clearly visible.

Rice. 10. The figure shows the position of the lower sign ( symbol) at the base of the sharp peak of the pyramid of the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe. 1) space upper Tetractys (contains 10 circles) at the place of transition between the Upper and Lower worlds of the matrix of the Universe. It can be seen that the middle point above the arrow coincides with the top of the pyramid of the Lower World of the matrix of the Universe. The remaining details of the alignment of the sign (symbol) with the matrix of the Universe are clearly visible in the figure. Thus, our assumption about the meaning of the signs (symbols) at the beginning and end of the mantra Om Mani Padme Hum(Figure 9)may be correct.

Sacred dagger Bhurba or Qila and Vedic deity Hayagriva

In review or brief description letters of the Tibetan alphabet, we talked about the sacred Tibetan symbol Bhurba or Qila (Sanskrit). Phurba, Kila(Sanskrit. कील kila IAST; Tib. ཕུར་བ, Wiley phur ba; “stake” or “nail”) - a ritual dagger or stake, usually having the shape of a handle in the form of three heads of an angry deity and a triangular wedge shape ... " We combined this Tibetan symbol with the matrix of the universe. Below in Figure 11 is the result of our combination.

Rice. eleven. The figure shows the result of combining the Tibetan sacred symbol with the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe Bhurba or Kila(Sanskrit). The key to aligning the dagger pattern with the matrix was the distance “A” between the image details, as shown in the figure, equal to the distance between two adjacent horizontal levels (6th and 5th). The total vertical size of the symbol is 8 levels. The same vertical size will be occupied by two syllables in Sanskrit - CI And LA(letters vertically occupy four levels of the matrix of the Universe). The remaining details of combining the design of the symbol (dagger) with the matrix of the Universe are clearly visible in the figure.

Purba symbolizes the destruction of all concepts and attachment to one's own " I ", as well as ideas about the illusory real (« Visible World » Note Ed.) peace. In some special rituals of Tantric Buddhism, phurba is used as a weapon to subdue forces opposing the doctrine . ….».

It was noted above that the handle of a dagger with a triangular blade crowned by the horse head of a fierce protective Tibetan deity Hayagriva:

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia:

Rice. 12. Hayagriva in the form of Vajimukha, Cambodia, late 10th century, Guimet Museum. Hayagriva(Sanskrit हयग्रीव, literally “horse neck”; i.e. Hayagriva) is a character in Hindu mythology (in modern Hinduism usually as an incarnation of Vishnu) and the Buddhist figurative system (as “ wrathful protector deity of the Teaching ", dharmapala), is also found in ancient Jainism. In archaic Hindu statues it is represented with a human body and a horse's head, in Buddhism a small horse head (or three heads) is depicted above a human face(s).

The origins of the image are associated with the ancient Aryan cult of the horse (cf. the cult of the horse in the Ashvamedha sacrifice). It was apparently later reinterpreted during the codification of the Vedas and the development of Vaishnavism and Buddhism.

Hinduism

Beheading of Hayagriva

In Vedic literature, the god Yajna is incarnated as Hayagriva. In Puranic literature, Hayagriva is an incarnation of Vishnu. Since the Taittiriya Aranyaka describes the Yajna as protoform Vishnu, the information from these traditions does not contradict each other.

Agni, Indra, Vayu and Yajna once performed a Yagna in order to gain havirbhagu , which they would dedicate to all the gods. But in violation of the agreement, Yajna left the meeting, taking away all Yajnabhaga with himself, and drove away the gods who followed him with a bow, given to him by Davy . The gods ensured that termites gnawed Yajna's bow string. The bow, straightening up, cut off Yajna's head, and then Yajna repented of his crime. Then the gods invited Ashvinidev (divine healers), so that they attach a horse's head to the Yajna .

The Skanda Purana tells a similar story: deities led by Brahma competed in greatness, and it turned out that Vishnu surpassed everyone in every competition. Then Brahma cursed him, and Vishnu's head fell off. After this, the gods performed the yajna, and Vishnu appeared at it, putting the head of a horse instead of his head to his neck. At the end of the yagna, Vishnu went to dharmaranya and performed tapas, thanks to which he received the blessing of Shiva, with the help of which he regained his previous head instead of a horse's head.

Asura

Asura Hayagriva, the son of Kasyapaprajapati and his wife Danu, according to Valmiki's Ramayana (Aranyakanda, Canto 14), began tapas (asceticism) on the banks of the Saraswati River, and after a thousand years Devi appeared and asked him to choose any reward. He wished to become invincible for the gods and asuras, as well as immortal . When he learned that it was impossible to accomplish this, he (Hayagriva) wished to become vulnerable only to the one with a horse's neck (for Hayagriva). Devi granted him the fulfillment of this wish. Having gained invulnerability and invincibility, he went through all three worlds, causing trouble to good people, and finally entered into battle with the gods. Having won the victory, he fell asleep, and during his sleep Vishnu cut off his head with the help of Hayagriva’s own jewelry, dedicated to Vishnu. Vishnu replaced his head with a horse's , and then killed Hayagriva as he ran away.

Theft of the Vedas

In the Ramayana (IV. 6,5) Sugriva tells Rama that he will find Sita, just as the lost Veda-shruti (Vedic wisdom) was found, and then (IV. 17, 50) Vali tells Rama that he will find Sita even if she is hidden at the bottom of the sea, like Shvetashvatari. The commentator explains that Shvetashvatari is the same as Veda-shruti, and refers to a certain Puranic story about how the asuras Madhu and Kaitabha stole the Veda-shruti and hid it in Patala (the lower world). Then Vishnu descended to Patala, took the form of Hayagriva, killed the asuras and returned Veda-shruti.

Asura

According to the Bhagavata Purana (VIII.24), the asura Hayagriva stole the Veda-sruti and hid it at the bottom of the sea. Vishnu, taking the form