Labor process and types of labor. Classification of labor processes. Classification of production processes Machine-manual processes

Introduction

Introduction

1 The labor process and its components

1.1 Concept and essence

1.2 Classification, content and composition of labor processes

2 Organization labor process

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Relevance. Labor organization is a constantly operating factor in the efficiency of any activity in general and production in particular. At all times and in all spheres of human functioning, better organized labor with equal technical and technological equipment ensured the achievement of higher results.

The basis of any production is the labor process - both manual and mechanized. The labor process is the final stage or act of any production, management, or creative process. You can perfectly organize the listed processes as a whole, but if their core - the labor process - is poorly organized, then the output of any system will be a bad result. Therefore, managers of all ranks and specialists developing production, technological, management and other processes should observe the principle of proportionality in quality, quantity, resources and deadlines.

The widespread use of rational techniques and labor methods in production makes it possible to improve the use of modern high-performance equipment and working time, and significantly increase labor productivity.

In the conditions of mechanization and automation of production, the requirements for the organization of labor processes of performers, and especially those servicing mechanized and automated complexes, are particularly increased, since the efficiency of their use ultimately depends on this.

The purpose of the work is a theoretical study and generalization of issues related to the organization of labor processes: classification, content, composition, organization.

The work consists of an introduction, two parts, a conclusion and a list of references.

1 The labor process and its components

1.1 Concept and essence

The basis of the production process is labor. The labor process is a set of methods and means of human influence on the subject of labor using a tool or the influence of a human-controlled (managed) tool on the subject of labor with the aim of producing a material or intangible product, occurring in certain natural or artificial conditions.

Let us consider the essence of the components of the above concept.

“The set of methods and means of human influence” is the sum of interrelated methods and techniques of theoretical research or the practical implementation of something in any field of activity. For example, methods of analysis and synthesis, modeling, generalization in theoretical research, techniques of induction and deduction, etc.

For example, the “subject of work” for a researcher may be a theoretical position, invention, problem, methodology and information, for a designer – a kinematic diagram of a product, etc., for a writer – an idea, image, structure and content of a book, for a turner - machine, at the doctor - the patient’s illness, etc. As a “working tool,” a researcher may have a computer, a program, experimental equipment, etc., a designer may have a computer-aided design system, a computer, etc., a writer may have a table, a computer, books, paper and pen, a turner has a machine, a surgeon has a scalpel, etc.

“Material product” of the researcher’s activity equal to zero- the result of labor is formulated in the form of a new method, principle, invention, etc., which refers to intangible products (assets). For a turner, the result of his labor will be a manufactured part.

Certain natural or artificial conditions” in which processes take place are, for example, the natural beauty of nature for an artist’s sketch, a forest for a lumberjack, a laboratory for a researcher, a production facility for a turner, etc.

1.2 Classification, content and composition of labor processes

Labor processes differ in the nature of the subject and product of labor, the functions of workers, the degree of human participation in influencing the subject of labor, and the organization of labor. The correct assignment of the labor process to a separate classification group is mandatory when organizing them.

The classification of labor processes is presented in Table 1.

Table 1 - Classification of labor processes

1) analysis of the situation (problem, work plan, program, technology, design, etc.);

2) mental representation of the technology for performing the work, possible impacts of environmental factors, forecasting the results of the process;

3) preparing the workplace and providing it with everything necessary (material resources, labor, information, technology, etc.);

4) performing work is the direct labor process;

5) registration of work results;

6) delivery and implementation (implementation) of the work;

7) stimulating good work results.

The composition of the labor process is shown in Figure 1.

Labor as a process is part of the production process.

The production process is a set of labor processes and technological processes, in which starting materials, raw materials, and semi-finished products are transformed into finished products.

Typically, a distinction is made between main production processes, the purpose of which is to produce products for the market, and auxiliary processes (repair, transport, etc.) that ensure the normal functioning of the company.

Each production process can be considered as a set of changes that objects of labor undergo, and as a set of actions of workers aimed at expediently changing these objects of labor. In the first case they talk about the technological process, in the second – about the labor process.

A technological process is an expedient change in the shape, size, condition, structure, position, location of objects of labor, carried out in an established manner and in a strictly defined sequence.

To establish technically sound labor standards, it is necessary to study the production process and its components. The production process is a complex phenomenon, having a technological side, an organizational side, a labor side, and a socio-economic side. The technological side involves carrying out work in a strictly defined sequence and at a certain time. It determines the types, methods and sequence of influences on the subject of labor, the machines, mechanisms, tools used, the order and modes of operation of machines and equipment. The set of means and methods for carrying out work is reflected in special technological documentation ( technological maps, instructions).

Under the labor process is understood as a set of actions carried out by the performer to create a product or its part or to perform another function in the production process.

Labor process, or labor itself, is the purposeful activity of people aimed at changing the shape, size, structure, physical and chemical properties, relative position of objects of labor using means of labor. In the labor process, there is both direct impact of workers on objects of labor with the help of tools, as well as management of means of labor and maintenance of production for various functions.

The system of actions of production workers, which makes up the content of the labor process, the composition and sequence of labor functions and actions, techniques and methods of work are enshrined in organizational documents, such as job and production instructions, regulations, etc.

Labor processes differ according to the following main characteristics: the nature of the subject and product of labor, the functions of workers, the degree of worker participation in influencing the subject of labor (the degree of mechanization of labor), the severity of labor.

By the nature of the subject and product of labor There are two types of labor processes: material-energy and informational. The first are typical for workers, the second for employees. The subject and product of workers' labor is matter or energy; the subject and product of employee labor is information (economic, design, technological, etc.).

By degree of participation human influence on the subject of labor, labor processes are divided into manual, machine-manual, machine and automated.

Manual are processes in which the impact on the object of labor is carried out by workers without the use of additional energy sources or with the help of hand tools that are driven by an additional source of energy (electric, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.). Examples of manual processes are assembling products, sawing, painting, drilling holes with an electric drill, etc.

To machine-manual These include processes in which the impact on the subject of labor is carried out using the actuators of the machine (machine), but the movement of the tool relative to the subject of labor or the subject of labor relative to the tool is carried out by the worker. For example, processing parts on metal-cutting machines with manual feeding.

During machine processes changes in the shape, size and other characteristics of the object of labor are carried out by the machine without the physical efforts of the worker, whose functions are to install and remove the object of labor and control the operation of the machine. For example, processing parts on a machine with mechanical tool feeding, the work of a press operator.

Automated processes are characterized by the fact that technological influence on the object of labor, its installation and removal are carried out without the participation of the worker. Depending on the degree of automation, the functions of workers in automated production conditions may include monitoring the operation of the machine, eliminating failures, setting up, changing tools, ensuring the necessary stocks of labor items and tools, and drawing up a program for the operation of machines.

Types of labor

To analyze labor processes and its organizations, a distinction is made between free and forced labor; individual and collective; meaningful and meaningless; mental and physical; creative and routine, prestigious and non-prestigious; normal severity, heavy and especially heavy, normal tension, tense and especially tense, etc.

Concept free labor formulated in the Constitution Russian Federation, where Article 37 states: “Labor is free. Everyone has the right to freely use their ability to work, choose their type of activity and profession.”

Forced labor– performing work under the threat of any punishment (violent influence). Forced labor is prohibited.

Personal work- this is work only for yourself and your family. The results of labor are used for personal consumption, that is, they are not sold. Such work is typical, as a rule, when running a household.

Social work– this is work in production, in the service sector, etc. The products of such labor are intended for exchange; they serve to satisfy social needs. Products of labor are subject to sale.

Individual work- this is work performed by a person independently on his own initiative or based on the employee receiving a personal task, with individual accounting and payment for his work.

Teamwork is based on the participation in the performance of any work of a group of people for whom a common task has been established; accounting for the work performed and payment for labor are carried out based on the results of the work of this team as a whole.

Mental work involves intellectual activity or activity associated mainly with neuropsychic stress. For labor physical Only physical stress is typical. Mental and physical types of labor have many gradations. Considering the two extreme cases, we note that in their pure form they are rare.

Work creative (creative) associated with the analysis of specific situations and the search for new solutions, innovation in various fields of activity, with the creation of works of science, technology, art and culture.

Routine labor is based on the mechanical repetition of a once established procedure for performing work without attempts to change it.

Work can be characterized by level of prestige– its significance, importance, popularity, attractiveness. If the work fully possesses such qualities, then it will be considered prestigious, and vice versa. To a large extent, the assessment of the prestige of work is subjective and also subject to market circumstances. Thus, during the Soviet period, the work of, for example, an accountant and a notary was not distinguished by prestige and was poorly paid.

An important characteristic of labor is its state tension, harmfulness. According to this criterion, when deciding questions about remuneration, it is divided into: work of normal intensity, work under favorable conditions; tense, harmful; especially harmful and especially stressful. To classify labor into one of these categories, there are physiological and sanitary-hygienic standards.

In conditions of market competition, reducing costs and thereby extracting more income becomes of particular importance for each company. The key direction in this activity is the correct organization of labor processes.

Relevance of the issue

When creating products, materials, semi-finished products and raw materials are transformed into finished products. In this case, three components are used: tools of production, objects and labor. With the help of the former, a person changes the shape of an object, its physical and chemical characteristics, appearance, and location. Production tools are used to control the manufacturing process of a product and to carry out other activities. Taken together, all operations form the activity of the enterprise. Thus, the content of the labor process includes personnel operations necessary for the expedient change of the subject. The effectiveness of operations depends on various factors. Among them are the nature of the production process, the specifics of the task, and the degree of human participation in its implementation.

Features of product manufacturing

In the course of work activities, materials, raw materials and semi-finished products are transformed into products ready for use/use. This is carried out with the participation or under the control of a person. In practice, the following classification of production processes is accepted:

1. Basic. Their purpose is to produce goods for the market.
2. Auxiliary. These include, for example, transport and repair operations. They ensure the normal operation of the enterprise.

Classification has significant practical significance. Any of them can be viewed from two sides. First of all, production processes are complexes of changes that occur with objects. At the same time, they are a set of actions of workers aimed at obtaining a finished product. In the first case, we are talking about the technological process, and in the second, about the labor process.

Transaction categories

Technological processes are classified according to:

• degrees of continuity;
• energy source;
• method of influencing an object.

Depending on the energy source, active and passive operations are distinguished. The latter are considered natural and do not require additional energy converted by man to influence the object. An example of a passive operation is the cooling of metal under normal conditions. Active processes occur under the direct influence of either a person on an object, or set in motion by energy transformed by a worker. Technological operations can be continuous or discrete. In the first case, it does not stop during the period of loading materials, issuing products, or during control activities. Accordingly, the second category is distinguished by the presence of breaks. Depending on the method of influencing the object and the type of equipment used, the technological process can be hardware or mechanical. The latter is carried out by an employee manually or with the help of machines, machines, etc. In this process, the object is subjected to mechanical action. As a result, a change in the shape, position, and size of the object occurs. Hardware processes involve exposure to thermal energy, chemical reactions, biological elements or radiation. Such operations take place in chambers, ovens, vessels, baths, etc. The result is a product that may differ from the original material in its chemical properties, state of aggregation, structure. Hardware operations are most often used in the food, metallurgical, microbiological, and chemical industries.

Study of labor processes

All technological operations at enterprises are carried out with human participation. IN industrial conditions The labor process is the activity of personnel aimed at converting certain resources into specific products. Its key features are:

• energy and time costs;
• usefulness of the results;
• income;
• degree of satisfaction with the performance of functions.

The essence of the activity is determined by the totality of operations and personnel movements that are required to complete all stages. The organization of labor processes must ensure:

• receiving assignments;
• information and material preparation;
• direct participation in the transformation of raw materials into the finished product, according to technology;
• delivery of the result.

Specifics

The labor process and its rationalization are ensured by the methods used to perform individual operations that help reduce physical activity, creating convenience when carrying out activities, eliminating unnecessary and repeated actions. The methods used also facilitate control and accounting activities. The classification, content and composition of labor processes are closely related to the technology used in the enterprise. In this regard, the effectiveness of the activity will depend not only on its direct performer. Of no small importance is the design of the equipment used, the organization of labor processes and workplaces. These elements are playing an increasingly important role in modern conditions.

Features of work activity

The labor process and the principles of its organization are considered one of the fundamental elements of any enterprise. In conditions of automation and mechanization, the requirements for the quality of activities of personnel performing equipment maintenance are significantly increasing. This is due to the fact that the efficiency of the enterprise will depend on this.

Classification of labor processes: diagram, table

The structure of the activity depends on the task, the technology used and logistics. To study its diversity, a classification of labor processes is carried out. Various types Activities are combined into groups according to specific characteristics. Depending on the purposes of the study, certain criteria are selected that characterize the labor process and its organization. Classification of personnel activities can be carried out according to:

• characteristics of the raw materials used in chemical, metal and woodworking operations, and others;
• functions performed (the classification of labor processes in this case involves division into basic, service, and management operations);
• type of production: it can be mass, serial, individual (single);
• the nature and content of operations: they can be processing, thermal, mining, physical and chemical, and so on;
• form of organization labor activity: it can be individual, subject-closed, collective;
• frequency and duration.

Basic information is presented in the table below.

Characteristics

Depending on the purpose of the product, personnel activities are divided into auxiliary and primary. This classification of labor processes influences the choice of standards for employees and methods of establishing them. It also influences the choice of methods for creating the necessary conditions for people to carry out their professional activities. Classification of labor processes is also carried out depending on the degree of personnel participation in them. Manual operations are performed manually or using non-mechanized tools. For example, this could be painting the workpiece with a brush. Manual mechanized operations are performed using more complex tools. For example, this could be drilling holes using an electric drill. Machine-manual operations are performed by mechanisms with the participation of a worker. In this case, the specialist makes certain efforts to control the elements of the equipment. Machine operations include processes that are performed on machines and other units. In these cases, the employee's participation is limited solely to operating the equipment. Automated processes are processes that are performed by machines, the movement of the working parts of which, as well as control, is carried out according to a given program using computers. The employee's tasks are limited to monitoring the progress of operations.

Nature of the product and subject

There is a classification of labor processes, within which operations are divided into informational and material-energy. In the latter case, the product and subject of professional activity is substance (parts, materials, raw materials) or energy (hydraulic, thermal, electrical). Accordingly, such labor processes are typical for workers. The product and subject in the first case are information. It can be design, technological, economic. Information operations are carried out by employees (specialists).

Specifics of creating conditions for activity

One of the key components of labor organization in the company is improved planning and improved maintenance of existing jobs. This is necessary to create conditions for performing high-quality and high-performance operations at the lowest possible physical cost. Workplaces are the primary link in the enterprise structure. Each of them is an area of ​​application of human physical and mental efforts. The workplace must be equipped necessary means, used to perform assigned tasks by one or more subjects. It predetermines the conditions for carrying out activities (difficult, normal, harmful), rest and employment regimes, the nature of operations (monotonous, varied, and so on).

Key areas of administration

The workplace acts as one of the most important categories studied within the framework of management theory. This is due to the fact that the area in which a person performs his professional tasks has a direct impact on the effectiveness of his activities. The effectiveness of personnel management and the enterprise as a whole depends on it. In the process of organizing places of work, the following tasks are solved:

• optimal use of enterprise space;
• rational arrangement within a limited area of ​​all elements of the workplace;
• creating convenient and comfortable conditions for employees;
• prevention negative impact on people internal and external factors;
• uninterrupted high-quality service for each workplace, ensuring rhythmic, continuous and synchronous functioning of areas.

Administration Purpose

At the workplace, the components of the labor process are connected: means, objects and direct efforts of employees. The main task within the administration is functional placement elements to reduce temporary and physical losses. Special attention is paid to ensuring safety when equipping workplaces. Competent management is characterized by adequate justification for the regulation of professional activities. This is achieved if standards are developed:

• experienced specialists;
• according to the recommended method;
• using labor standards.

Time Analysis

It is necessary to establish adequate standards. The analysis is performed in accordance with the classification of employee time spent. The criteria may be:

• direct physical efforts of personnel;
• subject of activity;
• equipment.

Working time is a measure of labor costs.

The importance of site maintenance and provision

Workplaces must ensure timely delivery of raw materials, tools and materials, repair and adjustment of equipment. At enterprises, a system of comprehensive provision of sites is created and implemented. It provides:

• preparation and communication of planned tasks to personnel and distribution of operations;
• equipment with tools;
• equipment adjustment;
• energy supply, overhaul maintenance of devices and installations;
• current repair and maintenance of equipment;
• quality control of tools and objects of labor;
• acceptance of finished products to warehouses.

Certification

It allows you to detect workplaces that do not meet modern requirements, where unskilled, heavy, manual labor is used, or tasks are performed in conditions that are dangerous for the employee. All deficiencies identified during certification must be eliminated as soon as possible. Bringing workplaces up to date is the responsibility of managers. Implementation allows you to improve and optimize the activities of enterprises.

Conclusion

Labor processes and their classification are the basis of the activities of any enterprise. In modern conditions, with the ever-increasing role of automation, the requirements for the quality and speed of operations are growing. As part of management activities, models for optimizing the workspace are developed and implemented, and worn-out equipment is eliminated.

Production is the process of converting raw materials into finished products. Typically, a distinction is made between main production processes, the purpose of which is to produce products for the market, and auxiliary processes (repair, transport, etc.) that ensure the normal functioning of the enterprise.

Each production process can be considered from two sides: as a set of changes that the objects of labor undergo, and as a set of actions of workers aimed at expedient changes in the objects of labor. In the first case they talk about the technological process, in the second – about the labor process.

Technological processes are classified according to the following main characteristics: energy source;degree of continuity;way of influencing the subject of work.

Based on the energy source, technological processes can be divided into passive and active. The former occur as natural processes and do not require additional,

energy transformed by a person to influence the object of labor (for example, natural drying of hay.) The latter occurs either as a result of direct human influence on the object of labor, or as a result of the influence of means of labor driven by energy (drying hay by the method of active ventilation).

According to the degree of continuity of impact on the subject of labor, technological processes are divided into continuous and discrete. At first, the technological process is not

is interrupted (loading potatoes into the bunker while the potato sorting station is running). The second ones are characterized by the presence of interruptions during the technological process (stopping the seeder while loading seeds).

According to the method of influence on the object of labor and the type of equipment used, mechanical and hardware technological processes are distinguished. Mechanical processes are carried out manually or using machines (machine tools, automatic assembly machines, etc.). In these processes, the object of labor is subjected to mechanical influences, that is, its shape, size, and position change.

During hardware processes, a change occurs in the physical and chemical properties of the object of labor under the influence chemical reactions, thermal energy, various types of radiation or biological objects. They occur in devices of various design forms – furnaces, chambers, baths, vessels, etc. (typical for the processing industries of the agro-industrial complex).

All types of technological processes at an enterprise can only be carried out as a result of the labor of its employees.

Labor process–– a sequential set of labor actions carried out by the performer (performers) of work in the production of material goods or the performance of certain functions. Labor process is the primary link in the creation of any product or product, and labor productivity depends on the level of its organization. A rationally organized labor process represents a precisely calculated and established relationship between the means of labor, labor force, and their interaction in the process of change (movement) of a given object of labor up to its technological completeness.

The organization of labor processes must be based on certain principles arising from the objective laws of production.

Currently, it is customary to divide labor processes: by the nature of workers’ participation in the production process, by the purpose and nature of the products produced, by the type of organization of production (Figure 6).

By the nature of workers’ participation in the production process labor processes are divided into manual, machine-manual, machine and automated.

Manual processes are those in which workers act on the object of labor without the use of additional mechanisms or using hand tools.

Machine-manual processes include processes in which the impact on the object of labor is carried out using mechanisms, but there are also manual works.

With machine processes, the entire process is carried out without physical effort. Installation, removal of the part and operation are carried out by the employee.

In an automatic process, the worker only controls the work.

According to the purpose and nature of the products manufactured labor processes are divided into main and auxiliary. This classification affects the choice of forms of organization of workers’ labor, labor standards, and methods for establishing them.

By type of production organization labor processes are divided into individual, small-scale, serial, large-scale, mass. This classification is of decisive importance for the choice of forms of organization, both the production processes themselves and labor processes, workplace service systems, requirements for the accuracy of standards and regulations.

The concept of the labor process

The labor process can be considered from two points of view - relatively speaking, in a general sense and in a special sense. On the one hand, this is the activity of workers to create goods and resources, on the other hand, the functioning of the employer in organizing labor.

Accordingly, the main qualifying features of the labor process are:

• the nature of labor and the final result of production activities;
• employee functioning;
• type of employee labor involvement in the production process (degree of mechanization or automation of labor);
• the severity of the labor process.

Hence:

1. According to the orientation of work activity and the final product of labor, we can distinguish:
   • material labor process;
   • informational.

   The subject and result of the work of the first subgroup is some substance, thing or energy, and the second is information. Material labor processes are operations inherent to employees of work specialization, information ones - to specialists and employees.

2. Based on the types of labor functions, all employees are divided into:
   • management staff of the enterprise;
   • specialist sector;
   • technical performance sector.
3. According to the employee’s labor participation, the labor process can be:
   • manual;
   • machine-manual;
   • machine;
   • automated.

Where the manual labor process is the performance of job functions without auxiliary means and mechanisms, machine-manual - with the use of physical participation and auxiliary means (for example, drilling a hole with an electric drill), machine - control of a mechanism, for example a machine, automated - monitoring the progress of the process of programmed machine action .

The structure of the labor process is...

The structure of the labor process is represented by two components:

• labor force;
• means of production.

Moreover, the means of production represent the cooperation of objects and means of labor.

Labor power is understood as the combination of the physical and intellectual qualities of a worker, which he uses in the performance of his job duties.

In turn, the subject of labor is a natural substance, a thing or several things, which are influenced by the worker with the assistance of means of labor in order to adapt them for production needs.

Accordingly, means of labor are understood as production tools used in the production process. The means of labor include various mechanisms, machine tools, and computers, as well as workplace worker.

Elements of the labor process

Based on the above, one can understand that upon closer examination, the labor process is a set of actions that a worker carries out in the process of performing his job functions. The design of the labor process is represented by a number of elements that depend on production task, the production technology used, the materials used, finance and technical equipment.

The basic element of the labor process is an operation as a component of the production process, performed by a staff unit of an enterprise or a group of employees in a certain sector of labor, consisting of a set of actions to perform substantive work on a specific task. In turn, one operation consists of combining labor techniques as a complex of technologically completed parts of the operation. Labor techniques differ in purpose:

• basic;
• auxiliary.

The method of the labor process is a set of labor actions. And a labor action is a combination of sequential movements that an employee makes without interruption.

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Labor movement is a part of the labor action, which is a single movement of any part of the human body during labor functioning. Labor movements can be classified according to:

• subtype (movement, capture, release, etc.);
• directions (active and passive);
• technological component (basic and auxiliary);
• method of execution (movements of arms, legs, torso, etc.);
• accuracy (adaptive and free).

Indicators of the severity of the labor process are...

The severity of the labor process is a qualitative designation of labor, reflecting its impact on the physical condition of the employee. An analysis of the severity of the labor process is carried out as part of a special assessment of working conditions on the basis of the Law “On Special Assessment...” dated December 28, 2013 No. 426-FZ, in order to determine the level of harmfulness or danger of labor production at the declared place of work.

The methodology for analyzing the severity of the labor process is presented in Appendix No. 15 of the manual on the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process R 2.2.2006-05 (approved by the chief state sanitary doctor of the Russian Federation on July 29, 2005). Data on the severity of the labor process are the following criteria subject to analysis:

Any of the given indicators is measured quantitatively and assessed in accordance with the provisions of clause 5.10 of the manual R 2.2.2006-05. In these requirements, each indicator corresponds to certain standards that meet one of 4 classes of working conditions, from optimal to harmful 2nd degree. In this case, the final assessment of the severity of the labor process is determined by the most sensitive indicator, which received the highest degree of severity. It must be borne in mind that if, in the conditions of a certain workplace, several criteria of classes 3.1 and 3.2 are present, the working conditions are assessed 1 level higher, that is, 3.2 and 3.3, respectively. Class 3.3 is the highest degree of severity.

The tension of the labor process

Along with the severity of the labor process, when conducting a special assessment of working conditions, the intensity of labor is also analyzed. The intensity of the labor process is 23 indicators arranged in 5 groups of loads:

• intelligence;
• sense organs;
• emotions;
• monotony;
• labor regime.

Analysis of the level of presence of one or another criterion in the work activity of a particular employee is carried out on the basis of dynamic observation during a full work shift, successively for at least 7 days. At the same time, it is unacceptable to take into account any partial indicators and ignore others.

Analysis of the intensity of the labor process is carried out according to the following rules:

1. 1st class - optimal - is assigned if 17 or more criteria are assessed as 1st class, and the rest - 2nd class and there is no data for 3rd class.
2. An acceptable 2nd class is assigned when 6 or more indicators have a second class, and the rest have a first class, or when no more than 5 criteria are assessed as 3.1 and/or 3.2 with the rest being 1st and/or 2nd class.
3. The 3rd, harmful class is assigned when 6 criteria are assessed as harmful (class 3), with others in the 1st and 2nd classes. In this case, the stress of the 1st degree of the labor process is:

• no more than 6 criteria of class 3.1, and the rest - 1st or 2nd class;
• or from 3 to 5 criteria have class 3.1, and from 1 to 3 criteria have class 3.2.

Voltage of the 2nd degree of the labor process is:

• presence of 6 criteria of class 3.2;
• or more than 6 criteria with a score of 3.1;
• or no more than 5 indicators are assessed as degree 3.1, and from 4 to 5 criteria - as 3.2;
• or there are 6 indicators of class 3.1 and from 1 to 5 criteria of class 3.2.

Moreover, if more than 6 indicators are rated at 3.2, labor intensity is rated at 3.3.

Work process planning is...

Managing an efficiently operating enterprise is impossible without operational planning of the labor process. In a general sense, planning is the optimal allocation of resources to complete assigned tasks as quickly as possible. At the same time, the essence of planning is setting tasks, goals or proposed actions for the future.

Labor process planning can extend to:

1. The sphere of labor and include a labor plan, productivity planning there, and predict the labor intensity of the final product.
2. Plan for the number of staff of the enterprise, including determining the number and structure of personnel, monitoring the hiring and dismissal of employees.
3. Pay plan including fund wages, average wages for the enterprise, the ratio of wages and productivity.

One of the components of planning the labor process is labor standardization, defined as indicators of the required costs and results of labor activity, as well as the required ratio between the number of staff of the enterprise, including the number of various groups of employees, and the number of pieces of equipment.

During the planning process, the following steps must be performed sequentially:

• define goals and objectives;
• develop a project (scheme of activities) in several versions;
• identify available resources and sources of their acquisition;
• identify specific performers and assign assigned tasks to them;
• record the prepared plan in the form of documentation.

In practice, as a rule, 3 production planning schemes are used:

• linear planning (bottom-up scheme);
• hierarchical planning (“top-down”);
• counter planning (radial, closed between equivalent structural units).

For ease of understanding, any production plan relating to any area of ​​the labor process should have answers to the following questions:

• When;
• for how long?

Thus, planning the labor process is an important component of labor organization, without which effective production in any enterprise is impossible.