Financial support. Open Library - open library of educational information Providing the necessary financial resources for development costs

Financing is the provision of the necessary financial resources for the costs of carrying out certain activities. In our case - for the implementation of the educational process, i.e. for the implementation of one or more educational programs and/or maintenance (education) of students and pupils. Financing involves:

• - intended use funds - spending funds for predetermined purposes;
• - irrevocability - funds provided to educational institutions are not directly returned or reimbursed. In the “classical” concept, financing is defined as “providing the necessary financial resources for development costs National economy" Financing is carried out on the principles:
• - planning - funds are provided when drawing up the budget (financial plan);
• - allocation of funds as they are spent;
• - economy - correct and rational spending of funds.

In general, the definition is more voluminous, but quite acceptable. It should be added that these financing principles are fully included in the current budget process. Estimated financing is the provision of funds from the state budget to cover the expenses of non-production institutions, which, as a rule, do not have their own income. Estimated financing is carried out (more precisely, should be carried out) in strict accordance with the intended purpose of expenses and cost standards established by the funding body, taking into account the profile and characteristics of the activities of budgetary institutions. Costs are grouped in accordance with the budget classification, which determines the target orientation of allocations for each estimate. The need for funds is justified by appropriate calculations for each type of expense. Expenses that are not included in the estimate or exceed the estimated allocations, as well as an increase in costs from any other sources, are not allowed.

An estimate of a budgetary institution is a document that determines the volume and quarterly distribution of budgetary allocations for all expenses of this institution.

Since the main source of financing for education is the budget (state and municipal), the financing of education is determined by the following factors:

• - the system of state and other bodies involved in the process of financing education;
• - the procedure for developing forecasts of the need for budgetary funds, projects for the expenditure part of budgets for financing education;
• - the procedure (order) of the actual financing of education from the budget.

At this stage, two important components of the financing system are:

• - financing scheme;
• - distribution of functions between bodies involved in financing.

The following bodies participate in the funding process at the federal level:

• - President of the Russian Federation (highest official);
• - Federal Assembly Russian Federation (legislator);
• - Government of the Russian Federation;
• - Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, including the system of the Federal Treasury and its territorial bodies as an integral part of the Ministry of Finance;
• - federal ministries and departments that have jurisdiction over educational institutions financed from federal budget;
• - authorized banks (conducting network);
• - actual educational institutions of federal jurisdiction (expenditure). An important mechanism for budgetary financing of educational institutions is the standard value of the federal standard for budgetary financing. The federal standard for budget financing is the standard cost of implementing a state educational program during the year by type and type of educational institutions per student. The size of the federal standard is the minimum cost required for the execution of budgets at all levels. When calculating it, the following expenses are not taken into account:
  • 1) current (utilities, i.e.: heating, lighting, water supply, sewerage and others);
  • 2) long-term (capital) expenses.

Their financing is in addition to the standard.

All funds that do not come from the budget to an educational institution are, of course, extra-budgetary. In this case, the distinguishing feature is their “non-belonging” to the source of receipt, i.e. to the budget (no matter what budget). Perhaps this is not the most successful classification, but it has firmly entered into everyday life, and the term is generally accepted. Thus, the sources of funds for the educational institution are divided into budgetary and extra-budgetary. This does not mean at all that budget funds cannot move according to the scheme of acquisition by the state (the owner of budget funds) of any goods and services. The state, naturally, can acquire both for its needs. Therefore, to understand financing, it is necessary to introduce another important feature: only its founder-owner can finance an organization (as defined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Article 120).

Thus, an educational institution can be financed by the state or municipality, or by a private person. In addition, the concept of “self-financing” is known. Self-financing is the financing by an organization of its own work (performed within the organization) at the expense of funds owned (disposed of) by this organization. The results of such work can be:

• - consumed by the same organization, in this case self-financing is represented in the form of reimbursement of one’s own costs for performing work at one’s own expense;
• - received in the form of some product, intellectual object, etc., which can be subsequently sold, which will reimburse (fully, partially or with a profit) the costs incurred, or put aside “in reserve, as a reserve,” etc. But since both of these options have as the final result a specific product used by the organization in one form or another, then, strictly speaking, this is not financing. Rather, this should be attributed to the organization’s acquisition of goods, works, and services (at least from its employees). Another question is if the organization spends its funds on carrying out, for example, research work, which do not bring tangible results (at least for a certain period of time), then this can probably be considered self-financing of your own work. Thus, funding can come from the following sources:
• - founder’s budget;
• - sponsorship funds;
• - own funds at disposal (property).

And to be even more precise, it should be pointed out that for the purpose of its own financing, those funds of the organization that remain with it after paying off the costs incurred to obtain these funds can be used, i.e. profit, and even after settling relations with the tax system.

Sources of extrabudgetary funds include:

• - income from the sale of goods, works, services (income from various types of activities);
• - income from non-operating activities (these are all received fines, penalties, penalties, etc.);
• - donations (gifts, sponsorship, transfer by will, etc.)

All these sources of extra-budgetary funds are present in the activities of educational institutions.

Extra-budgetary receipts (income) can probably be classified as different ways. Two main groups can be chosen as the basic elements of the classification, determining the nature of the activity, the financial result and possible tax consequences. These groups include:

• 1. Main activities:
  • - implementation of one or more educational programs, content, education of students (pupils);
  • - carrying out research work;
  • - activities to provide and maintain the educational and research process.
• 2. Other activities, including other income, i.e. other activities permitted by educational institutions that generate income and are not related to the specified types of main activities.

Federal budget funds are allocated for the maintenance of federal educational institutions, for the implementation of federal educational programs, for educational subventions as part of financial transfers to subsidized regions. Funds from the budgets of the regional and municipal levels provide for allocations for the maintenance of educational institutions, the founders of which are the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the federation, as well as for the implementation of programs of the relevant constituent entities of the federation and municipalities.

The term multi-level financing is used in cases where the financing of certain activities or educational institutions is carried out from budgets of various levels. In cases where the term multi-channel financing is used, it means that the sources of financial resources are not only budgetary allocations at various levels, but also different types extrabudgetary funds.

There is also a bill of exchange method of financing educational institutions. It is preceded by the receipt of bills of exchange from various enterprises and banks into the budget in conditions of a shortage of means of payment. Financial authorities transfer incoming bills of exchange as financing to educational authorities. Bills of exchange are transferred at a certain nominal value with specific maturity dates.

Option bill form financing is in essence close to a system of mutual offsets that arises as a means of reducing non-payments. When implementing financing using the offset method, an agreement was concluded between the lender of the educational institution, the education management body and the financial body.

Participation of an educational institution in concluding an agreement as one of the parties is possible, but not mandatory. If the educational institution is a full-fledged legal entity with the rights of economic independence, after the offset, it received a notification from the education management body about financing by the offset method.

The treasury system of budget execution was developed with the introduction of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation dated July 31, 1998 No. 145. When implementing such a financing system, first of all, financial support for the expenses of educational institutions is made according to the so-called. "protected" items of the budget classification. When financing educational institutions through the treasury system of budget execution, the main administrator of loans - the education management body - is removed from the procedure for financial transfers of funds.

The functions of educational authorities are limited to determining the amounts to be transferred and drawing up applications for funding for each institution, indicating the items of expenditure. The financial authority transfers budget funds to the bank account of the corresponding branch of the Treasury, which are credited to the personal accounts of the educational institution. The personal accounts of the Centralized Accounting Departments of Education Management Bodies receive only funds from educational institutions serviced by this accounting department.

The business structure is a self-supporting or self-financing system that must provide profitable operation.

In this regard, methods of financing an entrepreneurial structure are of particular importance.

Financing methods are determined in the process of strategic financial management. In this case, two concepts are distinguished: vertical and horizontal integration.

Vertical integration occurs when an entrepreneurial structure is part of a larger entity. In this case, part of the management functions is transferred to a higher level, where the process of redistributing funds from subordinate enterprises takes place to form centralized funds used to finance general programs from a single center.

In this case, the main tasks of current financial management are:

Providing conditions for adaptation of these structures in the system of activities of higher echelons;
comparison of production and distribution cost structures;
determination of the cost level in business structures;
determination of the level of self-sufficiency.

With horizontal integration, independence is achieved in resolving all issues, production and financial. In this case, the role and importance of the financial manager and the management decisions he makes, as well as the requirements for current financial management, increase.

Prompt response to ongoing events both within the company and outside it;
constant updating of information in the process of forming funds of funds.

In general, financial management is based on the concept of ensuring profitability that exceeds the industry average.

Recently, there has been a significant increase in attention to issues effective management financial support for business activities. In this regard, in economic literature Various options have emerged for determining financial support for entrepreneurial activity. In particular, L.N. Pavlova gives the following definition: “financial support for entrepreneurship is capital management, activities to attract, allocate and use it.”

Based on this, it is obvious that consideration of issues of financial support for entrepreneurial activity is impossible without knowledge of specific sources of financing.

Currently, all sources of financing are divided into the following groups:

Own funds of business entities;
borrowed funds;
involved funds;
budget allocations.

In a market economy, it must be provided primarily from its own resources (proceeds from sales) or from borrowed funds, if there are not enough of its own. In some cases, state support is possible, but in modern conditions the role of budget funds as a source of financing entrepreneurial activity has sharply decreased due to the state budget deficit.

To monitor compliance with the principle of self-sufficiency, estimates of production and distribution costs are drawn up, consumption rates for raw materials and basic materials are calculated, and specific targets are set for increasing labor productivity and reducing production costs.

To implement the principle of self-sufficiency, cost management is of great importance. The process of cost management involves the desire not just to reduce costs, but to determine the optimal cost value.

Determining the optimal cost involves:

Cost planning;
capital investment planning;
fixing the level of costs;
improvement of cost indicators.

An important point for realizing self-sufficiency is the inclusion of cash savings in the payable costs.

Thus, self-financing is a financial strategy for managing the funds of enterprises in order to accumulate capital sufficient to finance expanded reproduction.

The concept of self-financing is used when developing a company's development strategy. Foreign experience shows that the main strategic line for most large companies is to achieve self-financing, and, as a rule, the enterprise does not have free financial resources, since investing them in the business gives more and more profit.

To develop a development strategy, enterprises use strategic financial management. Its most important elements are flexibility and efficiency.

The use of these methods in practice allows you to quickly respond to ongoing changes, make adjustments to the enterprise strategy, and get rid of ineffective financing methods.

Strategic financial management should ultimately ensure the growth of enterprises.

External growth occurs through the acquisition of new enterprises, using the method of one-time financing of pre-selected purchase objects. One-time financing makes sense only on the condition that the acquired object is not expensive, is ready for operation and can make a profit. The acquisition of new enterprises can be carried out in order to strengthen one’s own business or to profitably invest free funds.

When developing a strategy for the development or growth of an enterprise, a financial manager must clearly distinguish between the areas of current and strategic financial management.

Stimulating commercial initiative;
growth of labor productivity;
optimization of distribution costs;
determining the amount of internal sources of financing that ensure self-sufficiency;
the efficiency of using available funds over a certain period of time.

Costs from a payback perspective;
capital investments from the standpoint of future profit;
searching for ways to accumulate capital most effectively;
redistribution of financial resources to the most profitable areas of activity;
enterprise growth.

When developing the basic provisions for the development of an enterprise, it is necessary to clearly formulate incentives for growth or expansion, analyze specific situations and conclusions obtained during current and strategic financial management.

The main incentive, as a rule, is the desire to gain a larger sphere of influence, which is achieved through the purchase of various securities. The main goal is to participate in the management of as many commercial organizations and enterprises as possible.

You can invest capital in competing firms, in supplier enterprises, in privatized objects of work in progress, and in various forms of business. However, in each specific case, the financial manager must compare the volume of investment with the benefits that the company will receive from investing capital, taking into account alternative options and risk factors. Typically, financial management focuses on financial investments, which belongs to the area of ​​strategic financial management.

When developing an enterprise development strategy, various situations may arise that can lead not to growth, but to a reduction or, possibly, curtailment of production, for example, in a situation with a gradual switching of capital.

The gradual switching of capital implies the modernization and re-equipment of production to produce new products. At the same time, additional financial resources that were accumulated by the enterprise for the purposes of expanded reproduction are brought into circulation.

The curtailment of production, and in some cases the cessation of the enterprise’s activities, occurs when the income on invested capital does not cover the costs incurred. It is most preferable to carry it out in stages, with a gradual transfer of capital to new areas of business. However, an abrupt cessation of activity in one area and connection to a new area also has a number of advantages: the period of decline in profitability is reduced to a minimum, financial resources are immediately included in the area of ​​activity with higher income.

Ensuring financial activities

When choosing sources of financing for an enterprise, it is necessary to solve five main problems:

Determine the need for short- and long-term capital;
identify possible changes in the composition of assets and capital in order to determine the optimal composition and structure;
ensure continued solvency and, therefore, financial stability;
use your own and borrowed funds with maximum profit;
reduce the cost of financing business activities.

Sources of financing for an enterprise are divided into internal (equity capital) and external (borrowed and attracted capital). Internal financing involves the use of own funds and, above all, net profit and depreciation charges.

Financing from your own funds has a number of advantages:

1. By replenishing the enterprise’s profits, its financial stability increases;
2. The formation and use of own funds is stable;
3. External financing costs (debt servicing to creditors) are minimized;
4. The process of making management decisions on the development of the enterprise is simplified, since the sources of covering additional costs are known in advance.

The level of self-financing of an enterprise depends not only on its internal capabilities, but also on the external environment (tax, depreciation, budget, customs and monetary policy of the state). External financing involves the use of funds from the state, financial and credit organizations, non-financial companies and citizens. In addition, it involves the use of financial resources of the founders of the enterprise. Such attraction of the necessary financial resources is often the most preferable, as it ensures the financial independence of the enterprise and facilitates the conditions for obtaining bank loans in the future. In a market economy, the production and economic activity of a company is impossible without the use of borrowed funds, which include: bank loans, commercial loans, i.e. borrowed funds from other organizations; funds from the issue and sale of shares and bonds of the organization; budgetary allocations on a repayable basis, etc. Attracting borrowed funds allows the company to accelerate turnover working capital, increase the volume of business transactions, reduce the volume of work in progress.

However, the use of this source leads to certain problems associated with the need for subsequent servicing of debt obligations assumed. As long as the amount of additional income secured by attracting borrowed resources covers the costs of servicing the loan, the financial position of the company remains stable, and the attraction of borrowed capital is effective. If these indicators are equal, the question arises about the advisability of attracting borrowed sources for the formation of financial resources as they do not provide additional income. In a situation where the cost of servicing accounts payable exceeds the amount of additional income from its use, a deterioration in the financial situation in the organization is inevitable.

Thus, financing based on borrowed capital is not so profitable, since lenders provide funds on the terms of repayment and payment, that is, they do not participate with their money in the equity capital of the enterprise, but act as a lender. Comparison of various financing methods allows an enterprise to choose the best option for financial support for current operational activities and covering capital costs. The organization's financial resources are generated from certain sources.

When creating an enterprise, contributions to its authorized capital can be cash, tangible and intangible assets. At the moment of transfer of assets in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital, ownership of them passes to the economic entity, i.e. investors lose proprietary rights to these objects. Thus, in the event of liquidation of an enterprise or withdrawal of a participant from a company or partnership, he has the right only to compensation for his share within the residual property, but not to the return of objects transferred to him at one time in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital. The authorized capital, therefore, reflects the amount of the enterprise's obligations to investors.

The authorized capital is formed during the initial investment of funds. Its value is announced upon registration of the enterprise, and any adjustments to the size of the authorized capital (additional issue of shares, reduction of shares, making additional contributions, admission of a new participant, addition of part of the profit, etc.) are allowed only in cases and in the manner provided for by the current legislation and constituent documents.

The formation of authorized capital may be accompanied by the formation of an additional source of funds - share premium. This source arises when, during the initial issue, shares are sold at a price above their par value. Upon receipt of these amounts, they are credited to additional capital.

Profit is the main source of funds for a dynamically developing enterprise. In the balance sheet it is present in an explicit form as retained earnings, and also in a veiled form - as funds and reserves created at the expense of profits. In a market economy, the amount of profit depends on many factors, the main one of which is the ratio of income and expenses. At the same time, the current regulatory documents provide for the possibility of certain regulation of profits by the management of the enterprise.

These regulatory procedures include:

Varying the boundary for classifying assets as fixed assets;
- accelerated depreciation of fixed assets;
- the applied method of depreciation of low-value and rapidly wearing items;
- procedure for valuation and amortization of intangible assets;
- the procedure for assessing participants’ contributions to the authorized capital;
- choosing a method for estimating inventories;
- the procedure for accounting for interest on bank loans used to finance capital investments;
- the procedure for creating a reserve for doubtful debts;
- the procedure for assigning certain types of expenses to the cost of goods sold;
- composition of overhead costs and method of their distribution.

Profit is the main source of reserve capital formation. This capital is intended to compensate for unexpected losses and possible losses from business activities, i.e. it is insurance in nature. The procedure for the formation of reserve capital is determined by regulatory documents regulating the activities of an enterprise of this type, as well as its charter documents.

Additional capital as a source of funds for an enterprise is formed, as a rule, as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets and other material assets. Regulatory documents It is prohibited to use it for consumption purposes.

A specific source of funds are funds for special purposes and targeted financing: gratuitously received values, as well as irrevocable and repayable government allocations to finance non-productive activities related to the maintenance of social, cultural and communal facilities, to finance the costs of restoring the solvency of enterprises located in complete budget financing etc. First of all, the organization focuses on the use of internal sources of financing. The formation of authorized capital, its effective use, and management is one of the main and most important tasks of the financial service of an organization. Authorized capital is the main source of the organization's own funds. The amount of the authorized capital of a joint-stock company reflects the amount of shares issued by it, and of a state and municipal enterprise - the amount of the authorized capital. The authorized capital is changed by the organization, as a rule, based on the results of its work for the year after amendments were made to the constituent documents. You can increase (decrease) the authorized capital by issuing additional shares (or withdrawing a certain number of them from circulation), as well as by increasing (decreasing) the par value of old shares.

Additional capital includes:

1) results of revaluation of fixed assets;
2) share premium of the joint-stock company;
3) monetary and material assets received free of charge for production purposes;
4) budget allocations to finance capital investments;
5) funds to replenish working capital.

Retained profit is profit received in a certain period and not directed during its distribution for consumption by owners and staff. This part of the profit is intended for capitalization, that is, for reinvestment in production. In terms of its economic content, it is one of the forms of reserve of the organization’s own financial resources that provide it industrial development in the coming period.

Means of financial support

The business structure is a self-supporting or self-financing system that must provide profitable operation. In this regard, methods of financing an entrepreneurial structure are of particular importance.

Financing methods are determined in the process of strategic financial management. In this case, two concepts are distinguished: vertical integration and horizontal integration.

Vertical integration occurs when an entrepreneurial structure is part of a larger entity and then part of the management functions is transferred to a higher level. At the same time, there is a process of redistribution of funds from subordinate enterprises to form centralized funds used to finance general programs from a single center.

A feature of vertical integration is that it can unite various business structures.

The main objectives of current financial management are:

1) providing conditions for adapting the activities of these structures with general principles activities of a higher level;
2) comparison of the structure of production and distribution costs;
3) determination of the cost level in business structures;
4) determination of the level of self-sufficiency.

With horizontal integration, independence is achieved in solving all production and financial issues. In this case, the role and importance of the financial manager and the management decisions he makes, as well as the requirements for current financial management, increase.

In conditions of horizontal integration, current financial management is designed to ensure:

1) prompt response to changes occurring both within the company and outside it;
2) constant updating of information in the process of forming funds of funds.

In addition, financial management uses a number of indicators that can be used to determine the competitive advantages of a business entity in the capital market. These include the availability of capital, the mutual attractiveness of securities, the desire for financial cooperation, etc.

In general, financial management is based on the concept of ensuring profitability that exceeds the industry average.

Recently, attention to the issues of effective management of financial support for business activities has increased significantly. In the economic literature, there are various options for determining the financial support of entrepreneurial activity. In particular, L.N. Pavlova in her textbook on financial management gives the following definition: “financial support for entrepreneurship is capital management, activities to attract, allocate and use it.”

Based on this definition, it is obvious that consideration of issues related to the financial support of entrepreneurial activity is impossible without knowledge of specific sources of financing entrepreneurial activity.

Currently, all sources of financing are divided into four main groups:

1) own funds of business entities;
2) borrowed funds;
3) raised funds;
4) budget allocations.

Financial support for entrepreneurship is based on the implementation of the principles of self-sufficiency and self-financing.

Self-sufficiency as a method of financing means reimbursing current costs from generated income.

Self-sufficiency in a market economy must be ensured primarily through one’s own resources (proceeds from sales) or through borrowed funds, if one’s own is not enough. In some cases, state support is possible, however, even in modern conditions, the role of budget funds as a source of financing entrepreneurial activity has sharply decreased.

To implement the principle of self-sufficiency, estimates of production and distribution costs are drawn up, consumption rates for raw materials and basic materials are calculated, and specific targets are set for increasing labor productivity and reducing production costs.

To ensure the effectiveness of the principle of self-sufficiency, cost management is of great importance. The cost management process does not involve the desire to simply reduce costs, but rather determine the optimal cost value.

Determining the optimal cost includes the following elements:

Cost planning;
- capital investment planning;
- fixing the level of costs;
- improvement of cost indicators.

An important point for the effectiveness of the principle of self-sufficiency is the inclusion of cash savings in the subsumable costs.

Thus, self-financing is a financial strategy for managing the funds of enterprises in order to accumulate capital sufficient to finance expanded production.

The concept of self-financing is used when developing a company's development strategy. Foreign experience shows that the main strategic line for most large companies is to achieve self-financing. In this case, you should pay attention to one feature: self-financing of companies is different in that, as a rule, the company does not have free financial resources, but their investment in the business gives more and more profit.

To develop a development strategy, a company (enterprise) uses strategic financial management. The most important elements strategic financial management are flexibility and efficiency.

The use of these methods in practice allows the company to quickly respond to changes, make adjustments to the company's strategy, and get rid of ineffective financing methods.

Strategic financial management should ultimately ensure the growth of companies.

Internal growth is ensured by expanding existing production through the development of its own material and technical base as a result of phased financing.

External growth occurs through the acquisition of new enterprises, the method of one-time financing of the purchase of a pre-selected enterprise or firm. Moreover, one-time financing makes sense only if the purchased object is inexpensive, ready for operation and can generate profit. In addition, the acquisition of new enterprises can be carried out in order to strengthen one’s own business and profitably invest free funds.

When developing a strategy for the development or growth of a company, a financial manager must clearly distinguish between the areas of current and strategic financial management.

Current financial management deals with the following issues:

Stimulating commercial initiative;
- growth of labor productivity;
- optimization of circulation production costs;
- determining the amount of internal sources of financing that ensure the company’s self-sufficiency;
- determining the efficiency of using the funds available to the company for a certain period of time.

Strategic financial management considers the following issues:

Costs from a payback perspective;
- capital investments from the standpoint of future profit;
- searching for ways to accumulate capital most effectively;
- redistribution of financial resources to the most profitable areas of activity;
- growth of the enterprise.

In the course of developing the main provisions for the development of a company, it is necessary to clearly formulate for oneself the incentives for the growth or expansion of the enterprise (company), as well as analyze specific conclusions and situations that a financial manager can come to in the course of current and strategic financial management. Let's look at these questions in more detail.

The main motive, as a rule, is the desire to gain a larger sphere of influence. This is achieved by purchasing various securities. It should be borne in mind that the main goal is to attract as many commercial organizations and enterprises as possible to participate in management.

Consequently, investment of capital is possible in competing firms, and in supplier enterprises, and in privatized objects of work in progress, and in various forms of business.

But in each specific case, the financial manager must compare the volume of investment with the benefit that the company will receive from investing capital, taking into account alternative options and risk factors.

It should be remembered that financial management is focused on the diversification of financial investments, which belongs to the field of strategic financial management.

Diversification is a strategic orientation towards creating a diversified production or portfolio of securities.

In the course of developing a development strategy for an enterprise (company), various situations may arise that can lead not only to the growth of the company, but also to a reduction, and possibly to the curtailment of production. So, for example, a situation is possible in which it is necessary to move to the so-called gradual switching of capital.

The gradual switching of capital implies the modernization and re-equipment of production to produce new products. At the same time, additional financial resources that were accumulated by the enterprise for the purposes of expanded reproduction are brought into circulation.

The curtailment of production, and sometimes the cessation of the activity of an enterprise, occurs when the income on invested capital does not cover the costs incurred. It is most preferable to wind down production in stages, with a gradual transfer of capital to new areas of business. At the same time, an abrupt cessation of activity in one area and connection to new areas has a number of advantages: the period of decline in profitability is reduced to a minimum, financial resources are immediately included in a new area of ​​activity that provides higher income.

Financial Services Department

In the practice of financial management of individual countries (in particular, in France), the use of funds generated in the process of Activities is considered as different kinds self-financing, intended either to maintain the level of production (depreciation) or for the purpose of its growth (retained earnings, reserves).

The main purpose of depreciation in domestic practice is to ensure the replacement of worn-out fixed assets. In conditions where business entities do not have enough sources of investment financing, the importance of depreciation increases.

Depreciation charges as cash reflect the amount of depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets. They are included in the cost of manufactured products and, after their sale, are transferred in the form of revenue to the bank account of the business entity. By their economic nature, depreciation charges provide simple reproduction of values, but they relate to financial resources. The fact is that the depreciation of buildings, structures, machinery, equipment, and vehicles is not reimbursed immediately as depreciation charges are calculated and formed. The latter can be accumulated and spent on expanding and updating production, investing in securities and high-yield projects, placed on deposits, etc.

Currently, according to the new Chart of Accounts, depreciation charges are in the general cash flow of an economic entity and are not isolated as a fund of funds.

The following procedure for calculating depreciation has been introduced: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 685 “On the main directions of tax reform in the Russian Federation and measures to strengthen tax and payment discipline”, paragraphs 4-5. The composition of property subject to depreciation for;

For taxation purposes, property was included whose value exceeded 100 times the minimum monthly wage established by law, useful term which has been used for more than one year. Land plots, subsoil and forests also do not belong to property subject to depreciation.

Property subject to depreciation was grouped into four categories:

1) buildings, structures and their structural components;
2) passenger vehicles, light freight vehicles, office equipment and furniture, computer equipment, information systems and data processing systems;
3) technological, energy, transport and other equipment, as well as material assets not included in the first or second category;
4) intangible assets.

The annual depreciation rates were: for the first category - 5%, for the second - 25%, for the third - 15% for all taxpayers, with the exception of small businesses and entrepreneurs, for whom the annual depreciation rates increase and are accordingly: for the first category - 6%, for the second - 30%, for the third - 18%.

For the fourth category, depreciation charges are made in equal shares over the life of the intangible assets. If the period of use intangible asset It is impossible to determine; the depreciation period is set at 10 years.

Calculation of depreciation charges is made by multiplying the total cost of property assigned to the corresponding depreciation category by the depreciation rate, with the exception of property classified in the first and fourth categories, in respect of which the calculation of depreciation charges is carried out for each unit of property separately.

Annual depreciation rates directly affect the amount of depreciation charges, and, consequently, the volume of financial resources.

In countries with developed market economies, depreciation charges are the most important source of investment financing. Their share in the total volume of current and capital expenses of business entities carried out from extra-budgetary sources is about 40%. In Russia this figure was 37%. No more than 40% of total depreciation charges are used for investment purposes.

In the process of developing and making management decisions in the field of financial support for business activities important place takes the correct determination of the size of the sources of the enterprise's own funds.

Financial management assumes that in the course of planning and determining the values ​​of these indicators, a business entity must clearly understand how the value of the sales revenue indicator is related to the value of the profit indicator, and also that profit is influenced by a number of factors and, first of all, the value of production costs (product cost ).

In foreign practice, a methodology has been developed that allows, during operational and strategic planning, to monitor the dependence of financial results on production costs and sales volumes. Analysis that allows you to trace the chain of indicators costs - sales volume - profit is called operational analysis.

Using operational analysis, a financial manager will be able to find answers to a number of critical issues, which will give him the opportunity to make competent management decisions in the future.

Such questions may include the following:

How much cash capital does the company require?
- how these funds can be mobilized;
- to what extent can financial risk be increased using the effect of financial leverage;
- how changes in production and sales volumes will affect profits.

The key elements of operational analysis are the following indicators:

Financial leverage;
- operating lever;
- profitability threshold (break-even point);
- margin of financial strength of the enterprise;
- gross margin;
- gross margin ratio.

Operational analysis allows you to determine the most profitable combinations between variable costs per unit, fixed costs, price and sales volume.

Fixed costs include:

Constant salary;
- rental payments;
- payment for electricity;
- gas fee;
- payment for water;
- telephone fee;
- expenses for postal services;
- insurance payments;
- repair costs;
- advertising costs;
- interest on the loan;
- depreciation.

Variable costs include:

Raw materials and basic materials;
- purchased semi-finished products;
- additional salary;
- expenses for purchasing goods.

Financial support system

Control over project financing consists of constant comparison of actual costs with the budget. Comparing actual costs with planned ones allows the project manager to predict costs for the future development. The main tasks of budget control are: assessment of exact costs, subsequent distribution of costs over time, confirmation of costs, timely reporting of costs, determination of deviations from pre-planned amounts, cost forecasting. The purpose of budget control is to identify deviations from planned plans, and not to seek resource savings.

The organizational support system for financial management is an interconnected set of internal structural services and divisions of an enterprise that ensure the development and adoption of management decisions on certain aspects of its financial activities and are responsible for the results of these decisions.

Since the financial management system is an integral part of the overall enterprise management system, its organizational support must be integrated with the overall organizational management structure. Such integration makes it possible to reduce the overall level of management costs, ensure coordination of the actions of the financial management system with other management systems of the enterprise, and increase the complexity and efficiency of monitoring the implementation of decisions made.

Financial support for institutions

Types of non-productive activities;
- organizational and legal forms of business entities;
- management structures and subordination schemes;
- methods and sources of financing.

The organizational and legal forms of non-profit organizations are varied. In accordance with Federal Law No. 7-FZ "On Non-Profit Organizations", this group of business entities includes public and religious organizations, foundations, non-profit partnerships, institutions, autonomous non-profit organizations, consumer cooperatives, associations legal entities etc. Making a profit is not the main purpose of their creation. If a profit is received, it is not distributed among employees, but must be used to achieve statutory goals.

Among the total number of non-profit organizations, a significant share is occupied by state and municipal institutions. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, an institution is a non-profit organization created by the owner to carry out managerial, socio-cultural or other functions of a non-commercial nature.

State-owned are all institutions that are federal or regional property and financed from the federal and regional budgets.

Municipal are those institutions that are owned by a municipality and that are financed from local budgets.

Each state or municipal institution must have a charter approved by the founder and registered in the prescribed manner, a budget estimate or plan for financial and economic activities, an independent balance sheet, as well as property under operational management.

State and municipal institutions are divided into three types:

State-owned;
- budget;
- autonomous.

According to Art. 6 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, state institutions are state (municipal) institutions that provide state (municipal) services, perform work and (or) perform state (municipal) functions in order to ensure the implementation of the powers of state authorities (state bodies) provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation or local government bodies, the financial support of whose activities is carried out at the expense of the corresponding budget on the basis of budget estimates.

Law No. 83-FZ establishes that the status of government institutions should have:

Directorates of associations, directorates of formations and military units of the Armed Forces, military commissariats, control bodies of internal troops, control bodies of civil defense forces, formations and military units of internal troops, as well as other troops and military formations;
- institutions executing punishments, pre-trial detention centers penal system, institutions specially created to ensure the activities of the penal system, performing special functions and management functions;
- specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation;
- institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation, FMS (Federal Migration Service), FCS, FSB, SVR (Foreign Intelligence Service), FSO (Federal Security Service), special, military, territorial, facility units of the federal fire service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, emergency -rescue units of federal executive authorities;
- specialized psychiatric hospitals (hospitals) with intensive observation, leper colonies and anti-plague institutions.

State institutions, being non-profit organizations, have a number of characteristics inherent to them:

1) the purpose of creation is the implementation of managerial, socio-cultural, scientific and other functions of a non-commercial nature;
2) the founder of such an institution - government bodies and local government bodies;
3) securing property - with the right of operational management;
4) sources of financing - funds from the relevant budgets and state extra-budgetary funds;
5) the presence of a budget estimate, the volume of which is established by the founder, including on the basis of a state assignment;
6) a high degree of state regulation of their financial activities and a low level of independence in the execution of budget estimates;
7) operations with budget funds are carried out through personal accounts opened by him in the treasury authorities;
8) lack of rights to provide and receive credits (loans), purchase securities;
9) crediting extra-budgetary revenues from income-generating activities to the appropriate budget of the budget system of the Russian Federation, with the exception of institutions of the penal system, where such revenues are fully allocated to financially support their functions in excess of budgetary allocations;
10) consolidation in the charter of the position on subsidiary liability for the obligations of a state-owned institution of public law education represented by the executive body exercising the functions and powers of the founder;
11) a special procedure for maintaining accounting records in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 162n “On approval of the Chart of Accounts for Budget Accounting and Instructions for its Application.”

Based on their functional characteristics, all state and municipal institutions are divided into:

For state and local government bodies. For example, this is the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Finance of Russia, federal agencies, administration of the municipal formation "Volkhov district of the Leningrad region", etc.;
- judicial bodies, including, for example, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, courts of general jurisdiction, etc.;
- military, educational, medical and other institutions.

Using the example of the education sector, let's look at another principle of grouping institutions.

Depending on the program being implemented, educational institutions are grouped into certain types of institutions operating in accordance with the standard provisions approved by the Government of the Russian Federation:

Preschool;
- general education, which includes three levels: primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education;
- primary, secondary, higher and postgraduate professional education;
- additional adult education;
- additional education for children;
- special (correctional) for students and pupils with developmental disabilities;
- for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);
- other institutions carrying out the educational process.

In turn, certain types of institutions may function as part of a typical group of institutions. For example, general educational institutions include schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, boarding schools, and evening schools.

Unlike education, standard regulations are not approved for other branches of the public sector, and their activities are regulated by statutes. For example, the charters of all state museums are directly approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Organizational building state system medical institutions are regulated by the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia by approving the corresponding nomenclature of institutions and the rules for their licensing.

In accordance with the nomenclature, all institutions are grouped into three large blocks:

Treatment and prophylaxis;
- State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service;
- pharmacies.

In turn, each of the listed groups includes institutions of certain types and types, which indicates a widely ramified structure of medical institutions, the name of which reflects the specifics of the functions they perform. For example, maternal and child health institutions include orphanages and maternity hospitals; Dispensaries are institutions that specialize in certain types of diseases or types of activities (dermatology, venereology, drug treatment, etc.).

The second type of state and municipal institutions includes budgetary institutions. These include non-profit organizations created by the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipal entity to perform work, provide services in order to ensure the implementation of the powers of the relevant government bodies (state bodies) or local government bodies provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the fields of science, education, healthcare, culture , social protection, employment, physical culture and sports, as well as in other areas.

In many ways, the characteristics, rights and responsibilities of budgetary institutions will be similar to the characteristics, rights and responsibilities of government institutions. In particular, accounting in budgetary institutions will be carried out in the same manner as for state-owned institutions.

The next organizational and legal type is autonomous institutions. The Law on Autonomous Institutions provides the following definition: an autonomous institution (AI) is a non-profit organization created by the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipal entity (which acts as its founder) to perform work, provide services in order to exercise the powers of public authorities provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation , powers of local government bodies in the fields of science, education, healthcare, culture, social protection, employment, physical culture and sports, as well as in other areas.

In addition to the Law on Autonomous Institutions, issues of the legal and financial nature of their functioning are set out in the following legislative acts:

Law of the Russian Federation No. 3266-1 “On Education”, which states that when creating an autonomous educational institution by changing the type of an existing state or municipal educational institution, the educational institution has the right to carry out the types of activities specified in its charter on the basis of a license and certificate of state accreditation issued to such educational institution, until the expiration of these licenses and certificates;
- The Budget Code of the Russian Federation, which established that the budgets of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation may provide for subsidies to autonomous institutions, including subsidies for reimbursement of standard costs for the provision by them of state (municipal) services in accordance with the state (municipal) assignment (clause 1 of Article 78.1 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation );
- Tax Code of the Russian Federation: when determining the tax base for calculating income tax, subsidies to autonomous institutions are not included in the revenue portion (subclause 14, clause 1, Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

All types of state and municipal institutions have both general and characteristic features. Among the general features, it should be noted: the presence of the owner of the property in the person of a state authority or local government; securing property under the right of operational management; securing a land plot with the right of permanent (indefinite) use; fulfillment of state (municipal) assignments; publication of reports in the media; licensing of certain types of activities, regardless of whether their services are paid to citizens and legal entities from the budget or provided on a fee basis.

License - a special permit to carry out a specific type of activity, subject to mandatory compliance with licensing requirements and conditions, issued by a licensing government body to a legal entity or individual entrepreneur.

In accordance with Federal Law No. 99-FZ "On licensing of certain types of activities" the following are subject to licensing: educational activities, activities of non-state pension funds on pension provision and pension; medical and pharmaceutical activities, etc.

In addition to the license, potential recipients of budget funds must have other documents. For example, educational institutions receive the right to issue state-issued documents only after passing state accreditation, which is carried out by an accreditation body once every six years in institutions of primary, secondary, higher and additional vocational education and in scientific organizations; once every twelve years - in other educational institutions.

The founder retains full control over the activities of the head of the institution, despite the fact that, unlike the head of a state-owned institution, the head of a budgetary or autonomous institution has much more freedom and independence in making management decisions. This concerns the expenditure of funds, personnel management, and the policy of providing paid services.

Financial and economic support

This section sets out the legal basis for the financial and economic support of local self-government. Issues of the formation and use of individual components of municipal property, financial resources, as well as the management of economic processes on the territory of the municipality are discussed in Chapter 6. Financial autonomy is an essential element of local self-government. This is also emphasized in the European Charter, which states that local governments have the right “to have funds that they can freely dispose of in the exercise of their functions.” At the same time, financial resources “must be proportionate to the powers granted to them by the constitution or law.” Composition and use of municipal property The composition of municipal property is determined in accordance with federal laws and laws of constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

According to Federal Law N 131-FZ, municipal property includes: - property intended to resolve issues of local importance, including municipal lands and some Natural resources; - property intended for the exercise by local government bodies of certain state powers; - property intended to support the activities of local government bodies and officials, municipal employees, employees of municipal enterprises and institutions. The federal law specifies the composition of municipal property that may be owned by settlements, municipal districts and urban districts. According to the Law, municipal ownership should only include property necessary to fulfill the powers of local governments as public authorities. Property intended for commercial use (profit making) must be transferred to other owners.

Municipal property, depending on its purpose, can be divided into two main groups: property that allows conducting economic activities, producing goods and providing services, and property that ensures the performance of managerial and other non-economic functions of local government. The property of the first group is assigned to municipal enterprises and institutions with the rights of economic management or operational management. It allows business entities to function, and in some cases, to make a profit and pay taxes and fees to the budget. The property of the second group, not assigned to municipal enterprises and institutions, constitutes (together with financial resources) the treasury of the corresponding municipality. Local government bodies, on behalf of the municipality, independently own, use, dispose of and manage municipal property.

In accordance with the Law, they have the right to transfer municipal property for temporary or permanent use to individuals and legal entities, state authorities and local governments, alienate, and make other transactions in accordance with federal laws. The procedure and conditions for the privatization of municipal property are determined by the population directly or by representative bodies of local self-government independently. At the same time, income from the privatization of municipal property goes in full to the local budget.

Local government bodies can create municipal enterprises and institutions, participate in the creation of business societies, including intermunicipal ones, necessary to exercise powers to resolve issues of local importance. Local government bodies determine the goals, conditions and procedures for the activities of municipal enterprises and institutions, and approve their charters. Municipal property is recognized and protected by the state, on an equal basis with state, private and other property.

Ensuring financial sustainability

Organization of financial stability planning is necessary, first of all, in order to link the sources of income and the directions of use of own funds. In this case, we are talking about establishing proportions between the consolidated calculation for the entire volume of output (goods, works, services) and the planned debt.

The fact is that cash receipts in amounts and terms may not coincide with payments to suppliers of raw materials, for work and services, settlements with enterprise employees and the budget, as well as with banks for the repayment of loans and interest on them.

As a result, even at the planning stage, it is advisable to draw up a payment calendar that reflects the inflows and outflows of funds by amount and timing. At the same time, the structure of outflows (accounts payable and internal debt) should not go beyond the structure of the consolidated calculation. This means that the total payment for, say, raw materials and supplies should not exceed the total amount resulting from the summary costing. Otherwise, there may not be enough own sources to pay for other items in the consolidated calculation. The same should be done with other items of the consolidated calculation.

Consequently, if information about cash inflows by amount and timing is known quite accurately, then outflows by amount and timing are subject to adjustment. And vice versa, if upcoming outflows are quite strictly regulated in terms of amounts and timing, then inflows are already adjusted. But in any case, you can foresee in advance the days and periods when “cash” gaps will arise, and take appropriate measures to eliminate them and strengthen the financial stability of the enterprise.

Organization current management financial stability involves processing accounting data in a special way. As a result, the necessary output documents are obtained - internal forms of reporting, analysis and audit. These forms are standard standard documents for official use, are formed on the basis of accounting data and can be obtained at any time upon the user’s request - for the year, quarter, month and day.

The main task of summary reports is to provide information to managers at different levels in order for them to make management decisions on-line. In this regard, the relevance of these tables depends entirely on the timeliness of entering and processing initial data in the accounting department of the enterprise. The simplicity, accessibility and readability of the proposed analytical documents allow the manager to understand the financial condition of the enterprise without special knowledge of accounting, financial and tax accounting.

Summary reports of internal reporting, analysis and audit have their own standard forms, on the basis of which it is possible to analyze the work not only of an individual site, but also of a group of sites, a number of enterprises and divisions, summarize the data obtained in tables and build graphs broken down by type of inventory values, suppliers and buyers, financially responsible and accountable persons.

It should be noted that to receive reporting:

A specific user's access to the accounting database is initially limited to the limits of his competence;
- each table indicates the required level of analytics - enlarged groups, subgroups and accounting units;
- the employment, financial results and rhythm of work of a particular site, facility, division and enterprise as a whole are determined;
- transparent control over the timeliness of entering initial data is provided, the search for errors and inconsistencies is simplified, as well as inventory and revaluation of inventory items;
- these forms allow you to see the movement of material, financial and documentary flows.

Working with these summary analytical documents is possible if at least five conditions are met:

1) statement of the problem (what we want to analyze, what we want to receive and in what form);
2) setting up the chart of accounts in accordance with the needs of operational and management accounting (introduction of detailed analytical reference books);
3) accelerated processing of current information (day to day and without delay);
4) availability of online accounting;
5) protection of information and restriction of access to it.

Thus, the development, testing and subsequent implementation of internal forms of reporting, analysis and audit open up broad prospects for strengthening financial condition enterprises through the timely receipt of analytical information in a readable format and in real time.

At the same time, strengthening the financial and economic condition of the enterprise completely depends on the organization of the work of the financial and economic service. A special role is given to the head of this service - the financial director, who understands the language of accountants, economists and financiers.

Taking into account that many enterprises have long introduced the position of financial director, we can objectively talk about a qualitative change in the work of the service. However, this position was not introduced by law and therefore was absent from the qualification directory of positions and specialties for quite a long time. And only by Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation No. 75, the position and job description of the financial director were introduced into the Qualification Directory. According to this instruction, the main task of the CFO is to strengthen financial stability. However, this issue is not covered in sufficient depth. Consequently, it makes sense to fill this gap by developing regulations both for the entire financial and economic service and for each of its leading specialists.

These provisions define the purpose, scope of tasks and methods for solving them within the framework of the financial and economic service on the basis of regulation, regulation and instruction. These management influences determine the rights, duties and responsibilities of the entire service, the financial director and each leading specialist, and also establish the regulations, content and methods of transmitting internal information. In turn, a clear delineation of functions between specialists within a service makes it possible to create a single database, eliminate duplication and parallelism in work, and also identify the indicators for which each service and department is responsible.

Consequently, only by combining economics, finance and management in one service can we talk about creating the foundations for strengthening financial sustainability.

If its own sources of cash are insufficient, the enterprise is forced to use borrowed funds in an “inappropriate” manner, and this, of course, does not contribute to improving its financial and economic condition.

By “non-targeted” use of borrowed funds we should understand quite common cases when funds for very specific and justified purposes, for example, to pay for raw materials and materials, are taken from the wrong “shelf” from which they should have been (the reason is banal: the necessary “shelf” empty), and with one that is filled, but intended for other purposes, say, payment of wages and taxes.

Therefore, in order for the proceeds from sold products (works, services) to be used for their intended purpose, it is necessary to prepare a planned cost estimate for the entire planned portfolio of orders. As a result, in the consolidated planned calculation, each item receives not only a cost, and in some cases, a physical assessment (for items of raw materials, supplies, fuel, energy), but also its specific weight in relation to the total amount of revenue.

Guided by these specific weights, revenue and advances received are distributed into separate “shelves”, each of which has its own purpose - a separate item in the consolidated calculation. Because of this, each item in the consolidated calculation receives its own source of financing. It becomes clear how much money earned can be used to pay for raw materials and materials, pay wages, transfer taxes and non-tax payments, interest on the loan and repay the loan itself. The profit included in the planned calculation also receives cash content.

The distribution of funds in accordance with the structure of the planned costing should apply to all incoming amounts from outside until all revenues are received (according to the payment method) or all receivables are closed in cash (according to the shipment method).

It follows: in order to avoid confusion about what to pay first - raw materials, wages or taxes - it is necessary to strictly adhere to the accepted structure of the consolidated calculation and not allow the use of some sources to the detriment of others.

This representation of the mechanism of formation and use of first borrowed and then own funds makes the process of cash flow “transparent”, and each cost item receives specific content. At the same time, for each article an upper limit is established, exceeding which can lead to overexpenditure of the intended source and, consequently, a decrease in profit and equity capital in cash.

But targeted distribution of funds is possible only if:

1) cost estimates for certain types of products (works, services) are drawn up correctly and are economically justified;
2) a consolidated calculation for the entire planned production output takes into account all costs, which is confirmed by an analysis of reporting data and actual expenses for the planned production volume;
3) summary costing at the stage of compiling a planned order portfolio allows you to determine the break-even point, take into account selling prices, and, if necessary, adjust individual cost estimates and cost items;
4) actual costs are in accordance with planned calculations and are strictly controlled;
5) payment of itemized costs is made within the existing source, the need to establish the order of payments disappears, and the work of the enterprise becomes rhythmic.

With this approach, a consolidated cash flow balance is created based on the summary calculation. The receipts and expenditures of these funds, in connection with the time schedule and established restrictions, contribute to the fact that cash flows are systematized and are in accordance with accepted contractual obligations to third-party organizations, workers and employees, the budget and funds, banks and shareholders, both in terms of the amount of obligations , and according to the timing of their implementation.

As a result, in the same balance sheet, cash flows simultaneously combine:

Receipts of funds from buyers of products (works, services) both in amounts and terms;
- spending funds to pay for products (works, services) of third-party organizations in accordance with established deadlines and amounts;
- payment schedule for settlements with workers and employees;
- payment schedule for settlements with the budget and funds;
- payment schedule for paying interest on the loan and repaying the loan itself.

Consequently, such a balance directly implies days or periods when it is necessary to make payments, but there are no own funds for this. Hence the need for a loan arises, which receives an economic justification. And vice versa, if there is an excess of own funds, then the question of their profitable investment may be raised.

Thus, working with planned costing and drawing up a cash flow balance provide all the grounds for organizing and implementing operational management of the financial stability of an enterprise. The effectiveness of this management is monitored through internal forms of reporting, analysis and audit.

Financial support of the state

These acts perform the following main functions:

Determine the circle of individuals and legal entities who are subject to the legal norm;
- regulate the rights and obligations of legal entities and individuals regarding the mobilization and use of financial resources;
- is fundamental for the application of appropriate measures to comply with legal norms.

The subjects of legal relations are the state, citizens and economic structures. All financial and legal relations arise and stop on a legislative basis. The State budget and budget system are established exclusively by laws; taxation system; basics on the creation and functioning of financial, credit and investment markets; the status of the national currency, as well as foreign currency in the territory; the procedure for creating and repaying state internal and external debts; procedure for issuing and circulating government securities.

The coordination of the movement of financial resources is carried out by the financial apparatus. The financial apparatus is a set of financial institutions that manage the financial system of the state.

General management of financial activities is carried out by state authorities and management: the President, the Cabinet of Ministers, the Ministry of Finance, the State Control and Audit Service, the State Treasury, the State Tax Administration, the Verkhovna Rada Clearing House, and the National Bank.

The Verkhovna Rada passes laws, including financial matters; main directions of budget policy for the next budget period; approves the State budget and makes changes to it; exercises control over the implementation of the State budget; makes decisions on the report on its implementation; defines the fundamentals of internal and foreign policy.

The Cabinet of Ministers ensures the implementation of financial, pricing, investment, and tax policies; policies in the field of labor and employment, social protection, education, culture and science, etc.; organizes the development of a project on the State budget and ensures its implementation; makes decisions on the use of funds from the Reserve Fund of the Cabinet of Ministers.

The central place in financial management in the system of executive authorities is occupied by the Ministry of Finance. It is he who is responsible for the tasks of the general management of the entire financial system.

Main functions of the Ministry of Finance:

Creation of the foundations and directions of the state’s financial policy, and development of measures for their implementation;
- organization of the budget process, drafting the State Budget and its implementation;
- organized regulation of the financial activities of business entities through the introduction of rules for carrying out financial transactions, forms of financial documents, order and maintenance accounting and financial reporting;
- organization of the functioning of the securities market;
- implementation of mobilization activities through the public credit system and public debt management;
- ensuring financial relations of the state with other states, international organizations and financial institutions;
- organization and implementation of financial control in the country;
- development of tax and customs policies;
- organization and control of insurance activities;
- ensuring the stability of public finances.

The Ministry of Finance includes two divisions: the State Control and Audit Service and the State Treasury.

Bodies of the state control and audit service perform the following functions:

Organize the work of control and audit units at the sites of audits and inspections;
- carry out audits and checks of financial activities, the condition and savings of funds and material assets, the reliability of accounting and reporting in departments of the ministry, state committees and other state executive bodies, in state funds, budgetary institutions, as well as in enterprises that receive funds from the budget ;
- control the completeness of taxation, correct use and savings of foreign currency;
- develop guidelines and other regulations on conducting audits, inspections, etc.

The State Treasury was created with the aim of effectively managing state budget funds.

The main tasks of the treasury are:

Organizing the implementation of the State budget and monitoring it;
management of cash resources of the State budget and funds of budget funds within the framework of expenses established for a certain period;
- financing of State budget expenses;
- keeping records of the cash execution of the State budget, compiling reports on the state of execution of the State budget;
- management of state internal and external debt in accordance with the law;
- distribution between state and local budgets of deductions from national taxes, fees and obligatory payments according to standards approved by the Verkhovna Rada;
- monitoring the receipt and use of state budgetary funds, etc.

The main task of the State Tax Administration is to implement the tax policy of the state.

The tax administration has the following main functions:

Development of draft tax legislation;
- control over the correctness of the calculation of taxes and other obligatory payments and the timeliness of their payment;
- accounting of tax payers and receipt of payments to the budget;
- imposition of fines and administrative penalties on violators of tax laws, etc.

The Verkhovna Rada Clearing House is a permanent supreme body of state financial control, the main task of which is to organize and exercise control over the timely implementation of the revenue and expenditure parts of the State budget; determining the effectiveness and feasibility of using public funds, currency and financial and credit resources. The Clearing House, as an expert body of the Verkhovna Rada, provides relevant opinions and recommendations on the financial activities of governing bodies.

The National Bank is the main financial instrument in the money market. The main task of the NBU is to regulate money circulation and organize the effective functioning of the credit system. The NBU also performs the functions of placing government securities and servicing government debt, organizing cash execution of the budget, conducting international payments, and carrying out currency regulation.

Terms of financial support

This issue is fully regulated by Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 94. If the amount of security at the stage of filing an application is relatively small - only 5%, then the amount of security for the execution of the contract reaches 30% of the total cost of the contract.

In the text normative act there are clarifications indicating some important points regarding the calculation of the amount of financial guarantee of the seriousness of the performer:

The amount of security should not be less than the amount of the advance payment transferred, in the case where advance payments appear in the transaction.
If a tender is being held to carry out a number of works, then each of them must be accompanied by a separate contract, respectively, and separate security in the established amount.

Perhaps the most important and defining point in matters of performer liability insurance is the fact that security does not have to be provided in cash. In the modern business world, alternative methods, in other words, methods of indirect collateral, have long been practiced.

Essentially there are two of them:

When determining the need for financial resources, it is necessary to take into account:

A) for what purpose are funds required and for what period (short-term or long-term);
b) when and how much money is needed;
c) is it possible to find the necessary funds within the enterprise or will it be necessary to turn to other sources;
d) what will be the cost of paying debts.

After carefully weighing all the options, we choose the most acceptable source of receiving funds.

Sources of financial resources are divided into own and borrowed.

The initial formation of financial resources occurs at the time of establishment of the enterprise, when the authorized capital is formed.

Its sources, depending on the organizational and legal forms of management, are share contributions of members of cooperatives, sectoral financial resources (while maintaining sectoral structures), long-term credit, and budgetary funds.

The size of the authorized capital shows the size of those funds (fixed and working capital) that are invested in the production process.

The main source of financial resources at operating enterprises is profit (from core and other activities) and depreciation charges.

Along with them, the sources of financial resources are: proceeds from the sale of retired property, stable liabilities, various targeted income, etc. If there is a lack of own funds, the enterprise can apply for a loan. Depending on how long the loan is taken out, there are short-term (up to a year), medium-term (from one to three years) and long-term loans (from three to five years).

Lending has two types:

Lending to the activities of a business entity in the form of direct issuance of cash loans (bank loan);
lending as a type of payment, i.e. settlements with installment payments (trade credit).

To obtain a loan, the borrower submits an application and other required documents to the bank (i.e., the lender). The application indicates the purpose of obtaining the loan, the amount and period for which the loan is requested. Other documents are established by the specific creditor bank. These necessarily include constituent documents, cards with sample signatures and seals, and a balance sheet.

Having received the documents, the lending bank assesses the creditworthiness and solvency of the borrower. Then a loan agreement is concluded, which contains the type of loan, the amount and term of the loan, calculations of interest and commission fees of the bank for its expenses associated with issuing the loan, the type of loan security and the form of transfer of the loan to the borrower.

An important condition for issuing a loan is its collateral.

Loan collateral is a property that serves as a guarantee for the lender of the debtor's full and timely repayment of the loan received and payment of interest. The main types of loan security can be a surety, a guarantee, a pledge and insurance of the borrower's liability for non-repayment of the loan. Any business entity (bank, enterprise, association, etc.) can be a guarantor or guarantor.

A bank loan is issued for a specific period at a certain loan interest rate. A loan can be issued against a promissory note called a promissory note. One form of bank credit is where the bank allows a firm to spend money beyond the amount in its checking account. Such a loan is called an overdraft; interest is also paid to the bank for it.

It should be noted that due to the high interest rates currently in force in Russia, using a bank loan is not possible for many enterprises. When there is an urgent need for funds, they mainly use short-term loans.

Trade credit, also called commercial credit, means that an entrepreneur purchases goods with deferred payment. And this is tantamount to receiving a loan from the seller of the goods in an amount equal to the cost of the goods. The entrepreneur purchasing the goods undertakes, in accordance with the contract concluded with the supplier, to return to him the cost of the goods received within a certain period of time with the payment of interest for the loan provided in the form of goods.

Trade credit is used primarily by wholesale buyers of goods, although its use for retail sales is not excluded. In this case, it is customary to talk about purchasing goods with payment in installments.

In a market economy, new forms of relationships between enterprises and banks are developing. First of all, we mean leasing, factoring, franchising.

Leasing is a form of long-term lease associated with the transfer of equipment, vehicles and other movable and immovable property for use. There are two types: financial and operational.

Financial leasing provides for the payment by the lessee during the term of the contract of amounts covering the full cost of depreciation of the equipment or most of it, as well as the profit of the lessor.

Upon expiration of the contract, the tenant can:

Return the leased object to the lessor;
enter into a new rental contract;
buy out the leased asset at its residual value.

An operating lease is concluded for a period shorter than the depreciation period of the property. After the end of the contract, the leased object is returned to the owner or leased out again.

The use of leasing is associated with the separation of ownership of property from its use.

The advantages of leasing are that leasing allows a business entity to obtain fixed assets and begin their operation without diverting money from circulation. As you can see, leasing is effective method financing for enterprises that do not have the necessary funds to invest in production equipment. This situation is especially typical for small businesses, which typically have limited funds.

It is also important that fixed assets are on the balance sheet of the leasing company throughout the entire transaction, and payments to it relate to the current expenses of the business entity, i.e. are included in the cost of production and accordingly reduce the amount of taxable profit.

Factoring can be defined as the activity of a specialized institution (factoring firm or factoring bank branch) to collect funds from the debtors of its client (industrial or trading company) and manage its debt claims.

Factoring is especially beneficial for small and medium-sized businesses as a form of financing that allows management and employees to concentrate on production issues and maximizing profits, speeds up the receipt of most payments, guarantees full repayment of debts and reduces the cost of maintaining accounts.

Factoring provides a guarantee of payment and eliminates the need for suppliers to take out additional and very expensive bank loans. All this has a beneficial effect on the financial position of the enterprise.

Franchising is a system of selling licenses (franchises) for technology and trademarks. The franchising system makes it possible to widely use the resources of large enterprises to finance small businesses.

Buying a franchise is profitable because the risk is relatively low. By investing in a franchise, you are purchasing a viable business that has been operating successfully for a long time. The licensor (the company providing the franchise) can lease fixed assets and offer financing.

In addition to providing financial and advisory assistance, the licensor typically trains the new entrepreneur in how to manage the firm. Many licensors offer advice on advertising, taxes and other business issues, as well as on managing the day-to-day operations of a franchise business.

For large firms to finance small innovating firms that deal primarily with innovation issues, venture (risk) capital is usually used. The fact is that a large company is usually reluctant to be the first to produce fundamentally new products. The consequences of a possible failure are much more severe for it than for a small company.

Therefore, the main direction of participation of a large company in research of a probable nature related to the development and development of fundamentally new products is the implementation of so-called risk financing of small companies specializing in such developments.

Small firms are characterized by ease of management, wide scope for personal initiative, the ability to implement a flexible scientific and technological policy, and the active involvement of inventors in their activities. Many of these firms make a significant contribution to the innovation process, the development of new products, and advanced technologies.

The participation of large firms in risk financing is due not only to increased returns compared to traditional forms of R&D, but also to their direct economic interest.

The fact is that independent small firms enjoy tax and other benefits and receive direct financial support under government programs to stimulate scientific and technological progress. As a result of all this, risk finance is currently actively developing in many countries.

Forms of financial support

Financial resources are the most important monetary source for expanding production.

A decrease in their volume limits the possibilities of targeted influence of finance on economic development.

All elements of the value of the gross social product participate in the formation of financial resources, but the main source is national income.

An important source of financial resources can be income from foreign economic activity, as well as part of the national wealth involved in economic turnover (carry-over balances of budget funds used to cover expenses current year, reserve funds of insurance organizations, funds from the sale of part of the country’s gold reserves, proceeds from the sale of excess property, etc.).

Borrowed and borrowed funds are also used to generate financial resources.

At the micro level, non-centralized financial resources are formed, used for the costs of expanding production and satisfying the socio-cultural needs of workers.

The needs of social production at the macro level are met through centralized financial resources. The forms of their use are budgetary and extra-budgetary funds.

Financial support for reproduction costs can be carried out in three forms: self-financing, lending and government financing.

Self-financing is based on the use of business entities’ own financial resources. If there is a lack of own funds, an enterprise can reduce its expenses or use borrowed funds raised through transactions with securities.

Lending is a method of financial support for reproduction costs in which the expenses of a business entity are covered by a bank loan provided on the basis of urgency, payment and repayment.

State financing is carried out on an irrevocable basis from budgetary and extra-budgetary funds formed at different levels of government in the process of distribution and redistribution of part of the national income.

In practice, it is necessary to achieve an optimal balance between all three forms of financial support, and this is only possible on the basis of an active financial policy of the state.

Procedure for financial support

In this Procedure, terms and concepts are used in the meanings established by the Procedure for the formation, monitoring and control of the implementation of municipal tasks, approved by a resolution of the Administration of the Tsentralnensky rural settlement.

Financial support for the implementation of municipal tasks by budgetary and autonomous institutions is carried out in the form of a subsidy from the local budget for reimbursement of regulatory costs associated with the provision of municipal services and work in accordance with the municipal task (hereinafter referred to as the subsidy).

Financial support for the implementation of municipal tasks by state institutions is carried out on the basis of budget estimates within the limits of budgetary allocations provided for in the district budget.

Financial support for the implementation of municipal tasks by institutions in terms of the implementation of powers delegated by the Russian Federation and the Primorsky Territory, the Shkotovsky municipal district to the Tsentralnenskoye rural settlement is carried out through subventions allocated from the federal, regional and regional budgets to the budget of the Tsentralnenskoye rural settlement.

Standard costs per unit of municipal service are established by the founder in agreement with the finance department of the Administration of the Tsentralnensky rural settlement (hereinafter referred to as the finance department).

If standard costs for the provision of municipal services are established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, Primorsky Territory, Shkotovsky MR, the volume of financial support is formed taking into account these standards.

Standard costs per unit of work are established by the founder in agreement with the finance department in accordance with the Procedure for determining standard costs, approved by the founder in agreement with the finance department.

If it is impossible to estimate the number of units of work and standard costs per unit of work, standard costs for performing such work are determined on the basis of cost estimates (normative estimate calculation).

If, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the municipal task includes paid services (work), then when determining the amount of the subsidy, the institution’s costs for the provision of paid services (work) are not taken into account. In the case of provision of partially paid services (work) or at preferential prices (tariffs), the subsidy takes into account costs that are not covered by the payment received by the institution for such services (work). The procedure for determining the specified fee (price, tariff) is established by the founder, unless otherwise provided by law. An institution does not have the right to use subsidies from the local budget to compensate for expenses associated with conducting income-generating activities.

Standard costs for general business needs and maintenance of property are established by the founder in accordance with the Procedure for determining standard costs, approved by the founder in agreement with the finance department.

The maintenance of property should be understood as the maintenance of real estate and especially valuable movable property assigned to an institution in the manner prescribed by law or acquired by the institution at the expense of funds allocated by the founder for these purposes, the payment of taxes and fees that are imposed on the corresponding property, including land plots.

In the case of leasing, with the consent of the founder, of real estate, especially valuable movable property assigned to an institution in the manner prescribed by law, or acquired by the institution at the expense of funds allocated by the founder, financial support for the maintenance of this property is not provided through a subsidy.

Approaches to determining standard costs used to determine the amount of financial support for a municipal task for government institutions cannot differ from the corresponding approaches used to determine the amount of subsidies for budgetary or autonomous institutions providing (performing) similar services (work).

Accounting and implementation of operations using local budget funds for the implementation of a municipal task by a government institution is carried out on the personal account of the government institution, opened in the finance department in the prescribed manner, within the limits of budget obligations and the maximum volumes of financing provided for by the cash plan for the execution of the district budget.

The subsidy to the budgetary institution is transferred to a personal account opened in the finance department in the prescribed manner.

The subsidy to an autonomous institution is transferred to a personal account opened in the finance department in the prescribed manner, or to an account opened in credit organization.

Funds for the provision of subsidies to budgetary and autonomous institutions are allocated by the founder within the budgetary allocations provided for in the local budget for the relevant section, subsection, target item and type of expenditure for the classification of budget expenditures in the departmental structure of expenditures and the consolidated budget schedule according to the corresponding code for the classification of operations of the public administration sector.

The provision of a subsidy to an institution during a financial year is carried out on the basis of an agreement on the procedure and conditions for providing a subsidy for financial support for the implementation of a municipal task, concluded between the institution and the founder (hereinafter referred to as the agreement), in the form in accordance with Appendix 1 to this Procedure. The founder has the right to clarify and supplement the established form of the agreement, taking into account industry specifics.

The founder has the right to amend the agreement by concluding additional agreements in the event of a change in the municipal task and the volume of the subsidy provided during the financial year.

The draft agreement, as well as draft additional agreements between the founder and the institution, are subject to approval by the finance department.

The subsidy is transferred in accordance with the local budget cash plan. The founder forms proposals for the formation of a cash plan for the execution of the local budget, taking into account calendar plan subsidy financing established in the agreement.

The balances of funds provided to budgetary and autonomous institutions from the local budget that are not used in the current financial year are used in the next financial year for the same purposes.

The volume of financial support during the financial year can be revised based on the decision of the founder (including on the basis of an interim report on the implementation of the municipal task) in agreement with the finance department after making changes to the budget schedule by making appropriate changes to the municipal task in terms of the volume of municipal services (work) and/or cost standards, in the agreement, as well as, if necessary, in the Procedure for determining standard costs.

The grounds for revising the amount of financial support for the implementation of a municipal task by an institution are:

An increase or decrease in the volume of allocations provided for the provision of relevant municipal services (work performed) in the district budget;
- fulfillment of a municipal task by an institution not in full or with a quality lower than that established in the municipal task;
- identifying the need for the institution to provide municipal services (perform work) in quantities in excess of those established in the municipal task;
- identifying the need for the institution to provide additional municipal services (work) not specified in the municipal assignment;
- identifying the need to redistribute the volume of municipal assignments between institutions.

If the institution fulfills all the requirements for the volume and quality of municipal services (work) approved in the municipal task, a reduction in the volume of financial support for the municipal task in terms of municipal services already provided and work performed is not allowed.

If, within the framework of a municipal task, municipal services (work) are provided (performed) without fail in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, Primorsky Territory, Shkotovsky MR and Tsentralnensky rural settlement, then if the need for the institution to provide services (perform work) in the amount of in excess of what is established in the municipal task, adjustments to the municipal task and its financial support are carried out without fail.

The institution, simultaneously with the report on the implementation of the municipal task, submits to the founder a report on the use of the subsidy in the form in accordance with Appendix 2 to the Procedure. The procedure and frequency of submitting a report on the use of the subsidy is established by the founder in the municipal assignment.

In the event that, based on the final report on the execution of the municipal task and the report on the use of the subsidy, it is established that the municipal task has not been completed in full, the founder considers the issue of partial or full return of the subsidy in the amount determined based on the number of services not actually provided (not executed works). By decision of the founder, services not actually provided (work not completed) are included in the municipal task for the next year without being included in the total amount of the subsidy in the next year. In this case, the subsidy in the amount determined based on the number of services not actually provided (work not performed) is not refundable.

In the event that the deadline for completion of work (provision of services) moves to the next year, by decision of the founder, the subsidy is not refundable, but is taken into account when forming the municipal task for the next year. The specified works (services), as well as subsidies for their implementation, must be reflected in the municipal task for the next year without being included in the total amount of subsidies in the next year.

Control over the effective use of local budget funds provided for the implementation of the municipal task, as well as the timely submission of reports on the use of local budget funds, is carried out by the founder in the manner established in the municipal task, as well as by the finance department in the manner established by current legislation.

Providing financial management

This information package consists of:

Information on the assessment of financial condition;
cash flow estimates;
acceptance data;
investment decisions.

Information support is important to use not only for financial management.

The so-called “information users” include:

Investors;
shareholders;
owners;
creditors;
unions;
workers who use this information for their work;
customers;
government agencies;
population; business and scientific fields.

Basic requirements for information support for financial management:

1. Significance in informational influence on results.
2. Completeness of data while providing informative indicators.
3. Credibility.
4. Relevance.
5. Perceptibility for processing.
6. Estimated comparability.
7. Relevance (containing priority structure).

IN in a broad sense in financial management they use information that is related to making management decisions. But it is important to comply with the form of providing information that meets the above requirements for effective data processing.

Financial management falls into the category of internal users of information. In economic language, “information users” are divided into internal and external.

As for the first group, this includes:

Heads of organizations;
financial managers;
sometimes the owners of the company.

External users include:

Creditors;
potential investors;
counterparties of the enterprise;
tax authorities; stock exchange.

At the same time, attention should be paid to the point where those interested in high result economic activities include organizations and institutions. But only those who have made claims to the ownership of the enterprise’s funds, and evaluate the feasibility of using all the resources of this organization. And also in this row are creditors (real and potential), who must first of all analyze the degree of trust in a possible or actual client. We should not forget about such users of information as suppliers, purchasing audiences, government bodies, which are primarily responsible for monitoring and correcting the financial activities of the company. All information resources have their own characteristics. If we classify them according to sources of receipt, then again the division will be between external and internal information resources. The first row of resources is data that relates to other producers, possible consumers and suppliers. It is provided by information markets. It is clear that internal information comes from the internal sphere of the enterprise and has open and closed access (for internal use only).

An interesting fact is that the entire global market for goods and services has long been divided into information data sectors.

This area includes:

1. Business resources:

Macroeconomic data;
- financial and stock statements;
- commercial data;
- statistical resources;
- business news.

2. Scientific and professional information assets.

3. Socio-political and legal data.

4. Mass and consumer resources.

Let's expand the concept of a sphere with internal provision of an information base that is created directly in the activities of the enterprise with the help of its employees at different levels of the hierarchy. Here the classification is more complicated. The content of information and the source of its formation are taken as the criterion principle.

So, using the first parameter we look at the data:

In management accounting;
estimates;
budgets;
planned and operational information;
statements of purchases and expenses, expenses.

As for sources, the following statements are provided by:

Accounting;
financial department;
management and advertising department;
sales and production department.

As well as additional sources depending on the specifics of the company.

Ensuring financial security

The main goal of ensuring the economic security of the bank is to achieve maximum operational stability, as well as create the basis and prospects for growth, regardless of objective and subjective threatening factors. In the current conditions of unpredictable financial conditions, this is especially important.

To achieve the highest level of economic security, the bank must work to ensure the stability and efficiency of the functioning of its main components, which include: the financial component, the information component, the technical and technological component, the personnel component, and the legal component.

The financial component is the most important, since financial stability indicates the bank’s security with its own financial resources, the level of their use, and the direction of placement.

The most important and complex problem is ensuring the financial component of the security of a commercial bank, because a stable, efficiently operating bank has sufficient funds to solve problems of protecting information, protecting bank employees, and attracting highly qualified specialists to all structures.

On the other hand, the financial component is the resultant of all other components, its high level is predetermined by the success of actions on other components.

The essence of the financial component of the security of banking activities is to ensure organizational, managerial, regime, technical and preventive measures that guarantee high-quality protection of the rights and interests of a commercial bank, growth of authorized capital, increasing the liquidity of assets, ensuring the repayment of loans, and the safety of financial and material assets.

The process of ensuring the financial component of the economic security of commercial banks should be understood as a set of measures aimed at preventing damage from negative impacts on their economic security in various aspects of financial and economic activity. It is the prevention of damage that not only clearly threatens the economic security of the enterprise, but also potentially possible, that is the goal of the work of financial managers to maintain business sustainability.

Negative impacts that threaten the financial component of the economic security of a credit organization can be of a subjective and objective nature. Negative impacts of the subjective type include internal and external impacts, which are based on the conscious actions (and sometimes inaction) of people and other subjects of the market for services and goods of a commercial bank with the aim of causing harm to this organization, as well as poor quality work of its employees or business partners . In contrast to impacts of a subjective nature, negative impacts of an objective nature are the result of force majeure circumstances or circumstances similar to them in their essence and sources of occurrence of political and macroeconomic circumstances, i.e. circumstances not directly related to the activities of this organization or its employees.

The division of negative impacts of the subjective type into internal and external reflects the nature of the relationship between the perpetrators of the damage caused and the affected organization. For example, internal negative impacts can be caused by erroneous and sometimes dishonest actions or inaction of its employees in such an important area as financial planning and asset management.

The cause of considerable damage can be ineffective management of working capital and capital structure, insufficient control over the ratio of fixed and working assets, borrowed funds and equity capital.

A serious threat to financial security is also posed by deficiencies in the organization of control over the structure of investments, the ratio of parts of the financial portfolio in terms of risk and profitability. Ultimately, such errors, if they are made systematically or are accompanied by significant consequences, as a rule, lead to the loss of independence of the organization or cause its bankruptcy.

External negative influences of a subjective type regarding the financial component of economic security include methods and techniques of competition used by competing commercial organizations in order to provide themselves with additional advantages in the market. The most common types of negative impacts from competitors include price competition, improving the quality and improving the consumer properties of banking products, active advertising support and service programs, reduction, as well as such specific and not accessible types of impacts as industrial espionage (still rare in Russia) and, on the contrary, the widespread practice of lobbying interests in government and administrative bodies.

Negative impacts of an objective type, generated by force majeure circumstances (natural disasters, wars, mass unrest, etc.) or other circumstances close to them of an objective type (international agreements and domestic legislative acts, blockades, embargoes, strikes, unfavorable price conditions, currency exchange rates, etc.) occur relatively rarely and are usually difficult to predict, but despite this, all entrepreneurs still need to take them into account in their activities. Among the measures used to prevent or minimize damage from negative impacts of an objective type, one can highlight the detailed study of force majeure clauses in contracts with counterparties, the development of scenarios for the response of all structural divisions of the organization to the occurrence of force majeure circumstances and the creation of the necessary resource reserves.

The assessment of the current level of ensuring the financial component of economic security is carried out in several main areas. First of all, financial statements are studied. Based on reporting data, the structure and dynamics of the organization’s capital, the level of its autonomy and financial independence from borrowed funds, the situation with the liquidity of working capital and solvency at the current moment and in the future are analyzed. The use of fixed and working capital, the structure, group and age composition of production assets and other similar indicators are subject to appropriate analysis. Particular emphasis is placed on the structure of working capital, the level of liquidity of inventories and accounts receivable, as well as on indicators of turnover of working capital and the duration of one turnover.

Financial statements are also an important source of data necessary for analyzing the Bank's cost structure and its dynamics. By analyzing the cost structure, it is possible to determine the type of bank strategy and the degree of its orientation towards high-tech, intensive development paths, and to identify hidden reserves for saving resources.

When completing the study of financial statements, it is necessary to carefully analyze their profitability and profitability. Indicators of profitability and profitability characterize the efficiency of the organization, the use of capital and other resources, the validity of the cost structure: they allow you to compare it with other credit organizations.

The next direction of assessing the current level of ensuring the financial component of economic security is related to the study of the competitive position of the Bank in the relevant market and the analysis of its inherent competitive advantages. The collected information serves as the basis for classifying competing entities depending on their inherent competitive advantages. Additional criteria for such a classification may include financial indicators of their activities: profitability and profitability, the amount of dividends paid and the amount of profit per share, dynamics of the market value of shares and other securities, etc.

Of fundamental importance for the economic security of each bank is the determination of long-term prospects for the development of the business in which it participates, and a clear understanding of its role and place in this business. Long-term planning begins with forecasting consumer demands and preferences regarding banking products and services. In this case, the likelihood of new similar products appearing on the market, differing from those already known both in consumer properties and, possibly, in terms of provision, is necessarily taken into account. Then an assessment is made of the total volume and dynamics of effective demand for these products. The main trends in the strategies of potential competitors are analyzed. And as a result, the place of this credit institution in the banking services market is specified.

The system of measures allows us to ensure sustainable economic security of banking activities. The basis of these activities is planning and forecasting. Forecast estimates are reflected in the strategic plan of the enterprise, which contains qualitative parameters for the use of all available resources. To implement the banking security strategy, the main tactical steps are determined. The most optimal seems to be the development of several alternative scenarios for the development of the situation in a commercial bank and the calculation of indicators for ensuring the economic security of banking activities for each of them. After choosing the optimal option, current banking plans are drawn up based on the calculation results.