Zhashirin Sergey VyacheslayoVich

LEGAL REGIME OF PROPERTY OF CREDIT INSTITUTIONS

The article analyzes the problems associated with the concept of the legal regime of property of credit institutions. In particular, they stand out distinctive features and types of property of credit institutions. The author considers different points of view on the concept of credit institutions' own funds. The author has developed a classification of requirements for the property of credit institutions.

Legal regime, credit organizations, property, own funds, classification of claims.

^^^^ a mandatory feature of any legal entity is the presence of separate property. The property assigned to a legal entity constitutes the material basis of its activities, from which the property claims of the legal entity’s creditors are satisfied.

In the general theory of law, “legal regime” is understood as a special order of legal regulation, for example, according to N.I. Matuzova and A.V. Malko, “expressed in a certain combination of legal means and creating the desired social state and a specific degree of favorability or unfavorability to satisfy the interests of subjects of law. This is a system of conditions and methods for implementing legal regulation, a kind of “routine” for the operation of law, this is a functional characteristic of law.”

Specifying the specifics of legal regimes in relation to the sphere of civil law relations, E.A. Sukhanov expresses the point of view according to which “the meaning of the category of objects of civil legal relations (objects of civil rights) is to establish for them a certain civil law regime, i.e. the possibility or impossibility of performing certain actions (transactions) with them, entailing a certain legal (civil) result,” in other words, the legal regime determines “the behavior of participants in legal relations regarding the corresponding material and intangible benefits.”

The above definition highlights the main feature of the term “legal regime”: it is used to characterize the objects of legal relations. However, no attention is paid, in particular, to the rights established for the object, which are an integral element of its legal regime.

The author finds the most convincing approach outlined in the study by R.R. Galiullin, according to which the legal regime in the general legal aspect represents the conditions enshrined in legal norms for the exercise of the powers of the holder of rights to the relevant objects in a certain area and expressed in two states: a state of statics and a state of dynamics (...). Based on this, the civil law category “legal regime” is used to characterize the objects of civil rights, as well as economic, including business, activity. Accordingly, this category consists of two elements - the legal regime of the objects themselves and the legal regime of activities related to their possession, use and disposal.

Specifying the provisions of the legal regimes of property in relation to the field of activity of credit institutions, I would like to note the need and expediency of identifying two main elements of the content of the legal regime, based on the nature and content of the title to the property. Thus, we can highlight the following elements of the content of the legal regime of credit institutions’ property: regime of their own

funds, the regime of raised funds, as well as leased funds that are temporarily on the balance sheet on the basis of any agreement (for example, this may be a pledge with the transfer of the pledged property for safekeeping to a bank).

When examining the legal regime of the property of credit institutions, it is necessary to reveal the following features of this legal phenomenon:

1) the intended purpose of the activities of credit institutions;

2) the title of ownership of the credit institution’s property and the content of the rights and obligations of the title owner;

3) a set of requirements, restrictions, prohibitions, guarantees imposed on the procedure for forming the property of a credit organization.

The first feature of the legal regime of the property of credit institutions is the target orientation of its activities. Please note that from Art. 1 Federal Law“On Banks and Banking Activities” (hereinafter referred to as the Law “On Banks”), it follows that the main purpose of a credit institution’s activities is to make a profit; to achieve this, it has the right to carry out banking operations.

The means to achieve this goal is the implementation of banking operations and other banking transactions provided for by the Law “On Banks”. Some of them are aimed at attracting funds from individuals and legal entities. This is the risky nature of banking activities, since the funds raised are not the property of the bank, they receive these assets by various types contracts.

Since credit institutions attract funds from citizens and legal entities, it is necessary to very clearly distinguish their own capital from the assets that they receive under various types of agreements.

The second feature characterizing the legal regime of the property of credit institutions is the peculiarities of title ownership of such property.

In revealing this feature, it should be noted that the content of the legal regime includes two main elements:

Own funds of a credit organization, that is, property owned by it (and since all credit organizations, with the exception of the Central Bank Russian Federation(hereinafter referred to as the Central Bank of the Russian Federation) are created in the form of business companies, then they cannot have any other property rights);

Legal regime of raised funds.

The equity capital of credit institutions performs the following main functions: serves as a source of payment of funds for the bank’s obligations in the event of its liquidation; due to it, the formation of fixed assets, investment, acquisition intangible assets, participates in the calculation of a number of economic standards. It is necessary to note that the legislator does not determine the mode of use of own funds within the framework of a specific banking operation, which means that there is no direct indication of the possibility of their placement.

The above provision can be interpreted in two ways: either the legislator generally excludes the bank’s own funds from financial circulation, or the operation of placing the bank’s own funds belongs to the list of “other transactions of a credit organization” (Parts 3 and 4 of Article 5 of the Banking Law), which he has the right to carry out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, including along with other subjects of law.

It is this that allows the bank to continue operations in the event of large unforeseen expenses and is used to cover them if the reserve funds available to the bank to finance such expenses are insufficient. Banking analysts proceed from the fact that a bank, unlike other commercial organizations, maintains its solvency as long as its authorized capital remains intact.

A very interesting phenomenon is the borrowed funds used by the bank for financial transactions. The very concept of raised funds is not yet widespread in Russian law, since the practice of raising funds began to take shape only in recent years.

Due to the insufficient development of this institution, Russian law identifies several positions regarding the legal regime of attracted funds from credit institutions.

1. The bank’s own funds, similar to the bank’s borrowed funds, are placed on a paid, urgent and repayable basis. At the same time, the legislative approach to the placement of raised funds on one’s own behalf and at one’s own expense allows one to define them as the bank’s own funds, encumbered with rights of obligation arising from the bank deposit agreement.

2. When transferring funds to a bank on the basis of a bank deposit agreement, the first ones lose their individual characteristics and are included in the total amount of money - generic things, which, subsequently individualized according to the size of the amount of loans provided, are transferred to specific borrowers. The legal nature of the deposit operation determines that ultimately it is not the specific bills (coins) transferred by the depositor initially that are subject to return, but other money, correlated with the amount previously deposited, taking into account accrued interest. In turn, a credit transaction to transfer funds into the ownership of the borrower can only take place if the entity providing the funds (bank) was also their owner.

3. The relationship, when the depositor (client) transfers funds and at the same time is their owner, gives the bank the authority to dispose of them and, most likely, is characteristic of such an institution as trust management of funds, and not a bank deposit agreement.

4. To confirm that the legal regime for the use of borrowed funds of a credit organization does not differ, in essence, from the regime of its own funds, we can also refer to the fact that the special banking legislation itself applies both to borrowed funds and directly to its own bank funds when used (placed) as bank funds. The difference in the legal regime of a bank’s own funds from the bank’s own attracted funds can only be traced through the establishment of mandatory economic standards as part of the Bank of Russia’s supervisory function.

5. The bank acts as the owner of all funds held in the accounts of individuals and legal entities. The absence of a banking operation that is correlated only with the placement of one’s own funds must be compared with the essence of the bank as a merchant of “other people’s” money and a broad interpretation of the provisions of sub-clause. 2 hours 1 tbsp. 5 of the Law on Banks and Banking Activities. The placement of raised funds does not mean the placement of the own funds of individuals and legal entities.

The specificity of the bank’s activities is that its resources are overwhelmingly formed not from its own funds, but from borrowed funds. Raised funds account for 70-80% of all banking resources, the bank's own funds account for about 20-30%.

During the financial crisis of 2008-2010. many banks faced a problem when their clients sought to withdraw funds from the bank as quickly as possible, since in unstable economic conditions and when currency rates fluctuate, it is much safer financially to have cash.

Thus, during the crisis, significant funds were withdrawn from banks, which led to difficulties in the work of many banks, and some banks led to liquidation. In September-October 2008, depositors withdrew approximately 250-300 billion rubles from banks. . Over the past two years, the situation has begun to improve: for example, in 2010 the total amount

bank deposits (deposits) and other attracted funds of legal entities and individuals in rubles, foreign currency and precious metals (hereinafter referred to as the “total amount”) as of January 1, 2011 is RUB 21,289,300. . As of April 1, 2011, the total amount is RUB 21,472,504. .

An increase in raised funds leads to stability of the banking system, which characterizes the peculiarity of the legal regime of a credit organization's own funds as an integral part of the legal regime of the property of credit organizations.

The next feature of the legal regime of a credit organization’s property is the requirements for the formation of such property.

The core of the equity capital of credit institutions forms the authorized capital, which is the only source of equity capital of banks and other credit institutions at the stage of their creation. The remaining sources are generated directly in the process of the bank's activities. As they are created, the authorized capital becomes part of the bank's equity capital, but continues to remain its main element.

Legal norm part 1 art. 11 of the Law “On Banks”, revealing the concept authorized capital credit organization, indicates that it is made up of the amount of deposits of the credit organization’s participants and determines the minimum amount of property that guarantees the interests of the credit organization’s creditors.

The authorized capital of a credit organization is formed in accordance with the provisions of civil legislation (taking into account the requirements for certain types of commercial organizations), however, due to higher level the publicity of the credit institution, as well as due to the fact that it attracts funds, including working with depositors’ funds, it has specifics. This specificity consists of a number additional requirements to the size of the authorized capital, as well as the methods and procedure for its formation.

Requirements for the formation of property of credit institutions can be classified on various grounds. So, according to Professor O.M. Oleinik, all requirements for the procedure for forming the authorized capital of a commercial bank can be divided into three groups: substantive (qualitative), quantitative and procedural.

1. By target direction of funds:

Requirements for the formation of the authorized capital of a credit organization;

Requirements for other funds of a credit organization.

2. Depending on the prohibitions on the formation of property:

The prohibition contained in Art. 11 of the Law “On Banks”. This article contains a prohibition on the use of funds when forming the property of a credit organization federal budget and state extra-budgetary funds, as well as other property, that is, any property under the jurisdiction of federal bodies state power. Exceptions to this rule are provided for by legislative acts of the appropriate level. The following examples can be given here. In accordance with Art. 2 of the Federal Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)”, the authorized capital and other property of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is federal property. Thus, the Bank of Russia is a bank with 100% state capital. In accordance with Art. 18 of the Federal Law “On the Development Bank”, the authorized capital of Vnesheconombank is formed in the amount established by the Government of the Russian Federation;

Prohibition on the formation of authorized capital with raised funds;

A ban on using property to form the authorized capital of a credit organization if the founder has not submitted documents confirming the founder’s rights to contribute such property to the authorized capital.

3. Depending on the state of the authorized capital of the credit organization:

Requirement for the minimum amount of authorized capital of a credit organization;

Limitation of the maximum share of non-monetary funds in the authorized capital of a commercial bank. As rightly noted by V.A. Chernyshov, “in the constituent documents of the commercial

Russian banks may provide for a restriction or even a complete ban on the payment of contributions to the authorized capital with property or rights.”

4. In connection with the need to inform the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the following requirements can be identified:

Requirement to notify the Central Bank of the Russian Federation: acquisition and (or) receipt in trust management as a result of one or several transactions by one legal entity or individual or a group of legal entities or individuals related by agreement, or a group of entities that are subsidiaries or dependents of each other , more than 1% of shares (shares) of a credit institution;

Requirement to obtain prior consent of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation: acquisition and (or) receipt in trust management as a result of one or several transactions by one legal entity or individual or a group of legal entities or individuals related by agreement, or a group of entities that are subsidiaries or dependents of each other to a friend, more than 20% of shares (shares) of a credit institution.

5. According to the procedure for forming the authorized capital:

The requirement established for the formation period is one month;

The requirement that it is mandatory to open a special correspondent account with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, in which all contributions from participants will be concentrated;

The requirement in the form of a ban for participants in the formation of the authorized capital is that the founders of the bank do not have the right to withdraw from the membership of the bank during the first three years from the date of its registration.

In Art. 94 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and clause 1 of Art. 26 of the Federal Law “On Limited Liability Companies” (hereinafter referred to as the Law “On LLC”) directly states that a participant in a limited liability company has the right to leave the company at any time, regardless of the consent of its other participants. In Part 11 of Art. 11 of the Law “On Banks” states that the founders of a bank do not have the right to withdraw from the bank’s membership during the first three years from the date of its registration.

This conflict became the subject of consideration of the case by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (hereinafter - the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation) to invalidate clause 2.1. Instructions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated July 23, 1998 No. 75-I “On the procedure for applying federal laws regulating the procedure for registering credit institutions and licensing banking activities.” The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in its decision indicated the following: “In accordance with paragraph 3 of Art. 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, civil legislation does not apply to property relations based on administrative or other power subordination of one party to the other, including tax and other financial and administrative relations, unless otherwise provided by law. Relations between the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and credit organizations are of an administrative and imperious nature. Taking into account the nature of the requirements under consideration, it should be recognized that the norms of civil legislation, including Art. 94 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, do not apply to legal relations arising during the registration of credit organizations and licensing of banking activities, and are not subject to application by virtue of Art. 2 Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In accordance with Art. 1 of the Law “On LLC”, the specifics of the legal status, procedure for the creation, reorganization and liquidation of limited liability companies in the areas of banking, insurance and investment activities, as well as in the field of agricultural production, are determined by federal laws.”

Such a federal law is the Law “On Banks”, Art. 11 of which establishes that the founders of the bank do not have the right to withdraw from the membership of the bank during the first three years from the date of its registration.

Based on the above-mentioned features of the legal nature of the property regime of a credit organization, in the author’s opinion, it should be recognized that the legal regime of the property of credit organizations should be understood as a certain procedure for regulating public relations associated with the formation of funds of credit organizations, the establishment of special requirements, restrictions and prohibitions for the property of credit institutions. organizations (including the credit institution’s own and borrowed funds).

organizations in comparison with the property of other economic entities.

1. Compared to other participants in business activities that operate on the basis of various forms of ownership, the property of credit institutions includes their own funds (which are owned by the credit institution) and borrowed funds (the legal nature of which is not fully determined).

2. High degree government regulation processes of formation and use of property of credit institutions, which is expressed, for example, in the establishment by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of economic standards regulating the amount of own funds, stability, solvency and liquidity of the balance sheet of credit institutions.

3. Legal regulation of property relations is mainly carried out by special legislation. Property relations of business entities are mainly regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and other federal laws. And the property relations of credit institutions are regulated primarily by regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

Literature

Kibenko E.R. Corporate law: Textbook. - Kharkov, 1999. - P. 111-112.

Matuzov N.I., Malko A.V. Legal regimes: questions of theory and practice // Jurisprudence. - 1996. - No. 1, 2.

Civil law: Textbook / Answer. ed. E.A. Sukhanov. T. 1. - M., 2000. - P. 295.

Minaeva A.A. The concept of “legal regime of land” and its significance in land law // Legal issues of real estate. - 2005. - No. 1. - P. 40-45.

Galiullin R.R. Legal regime of real estate in business turnover: Author's abstract. dis. ... Ph.D. - Kazan, 2009. - P. 8.

Solomin S.K. Bank loan: problems of theory and practice. - M., 2009. - P. 19.

Kurakov L.P. Modern banking systems: Textbook. - M., 2000.

Solomin S.K. Bank credit: problems of theory and practice. - M., 2009. - pp. 19-20.

Regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated August 31, 1998 No. 54-P (as amended on July 27, 2001) “On the procedure for the provision (placement) of funds by credit institutions and their return (repayment)” // Bulletin of the Bank of Russia. - 1998. - No. 70-71.

Distorted understanding of banking operations pp. 2 hours 1 tbsp. 5 of the Law on Banks and Banking Activities may occur due to the substitution of concepts. It is not just attracted funds that are subject to placement, but funds from individuals and legal entities raised as deposits, i.e. transferred to the bank on the basis of a bank deposit agreement, and therefore became its property. The use of the expression “on one’s own behalf and at one’s own expense” sub. 2 hours 1 tbsp. 5 of the Law on Banks and Banking Activities defines the regime of actions, once again confirming that only one’s own funds can be disposed of “in one’s own name and at one’s own expense.”

[Electronic resource] Access mode: №р://vit1р.ш/?р=486

[Electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.info-crisis.ru/banki-dupa.html

[Electronic resource] Access mode: www.cbr.ru/statistics

[Electronic resource] Access mode: http://lawtoday.ru/razdel/biblo/ban-prav/DOC 080^р

Please note that, taking into account the provisions of the current legislation, these requirements can be equally applicable to non-bank credit organizations.

Federal Law of July 10, 2002 No. 86-FZ “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia).”

Chernyshov V.A. Legal regime of the authorized (share) capital (fund) of commercial organizations // Bulletin of the Udmur University. - 2009. Issue 1. Economics and law. - P. 115.

Federal Law of 02/08/1998 No. 14-FZ “On Limited Liability Companies”.

Currently, the document has lost force due to the publication of the Bank of Russia Directive No. 1371-U dated January 14, 2004 “On the streamlining of acts of the Bank of Russia” // Bulletin of the Bank of Russia. - 2004. - No. 15.

Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 02.12.2002 No. GKPI01 -1860 “On dismissing without satisfaction the application to invalidate paragraph 2.1 of the Bank of Russia Instruction No. 75-I dated 07.23.1998 “On the procedure for applying Federal laws regulating the procedure for registering credit organizations and licensing banking activities” » // SPS Consultant +.

CHELYABINSK BANKING SCHOOL

CENTRAL BANK OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Course work

subject: “Accounting in banks”

Accounting for property and results of activities of a credit institution

Completed by: Maletin V.A.

Provepil: Ermolaeva N.P.

1. Fixed assets:

1.1. Accounting for fixed assets.

1.2. Valuation of fixed assets.

1.3. Accounting for depreciation (depreciation) of fixed assets.

1.4. Accounting for capital investments and receipt of fixed assets

1.5. Accounting for long-term leased fixed assets.

1.6. Accounting for disposal of fixed assets

2. Accounting for intangible assets (intangible assets), low-value and wear-and-tear items (MBP)

3. Accounting for household materials

4. Capital accounting:

4.1. Formation and accounting of authorized capital

4.2. Accounting for additional capital of a bank

4.3. Reserve fund accounting

5. Accounting for performance results:

5.1. Accounting for income, expenses and financial results of the bank

5.2. Use of profits

Bibliography

Fixed assets

Accounting for fixed assets.

No credit organization can carry out its statutory activities without the presence of fixed assets. Fixed assets are the bank's property in the form of buildings, structures, equipment, instruments, vehicles, computer equipment, household equipment and other items. Those indicated as fixed assets must meet two criteria:

1. Cost - not less than one hundred times the minimum monthly wage (MMW) established by the government

2. Service life more than one year.

· land owned by the bank, regardless of value.

· Weapons, regardless of cost

· Alarm and telephone installations, regardless of cost, if they are not included in the cost of buildings, during construction

· Books, regardless of cost

· Completed capital investments in leased buildings, structures, and other objects related to fixed assets, they are credited by the tenant bank to their own fixed assets in the amount of actual costs, unless otherwise provided by the lease agreement.

All types of fixed assets are reflected in accounting at original cost, which is defined for objects:

Contributed by shareholders (participants) as a contribution to the authorized capital of the bank - by agreement of the parties

Received free of charge - by expert means or according to documents of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets, or at market price

Purchased for a fee - based on actual costs incurred, including costs of delivery, installation, assembly, installation

Built - at actual cost

Changes in the original cost are allowed during completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, partial liquidation and revaluation of the object.

To reflect the state and movement of fixed assets, a synthetic account is used № 604 "Fixed assets of banks." The account is active. Debit balance means the initial cost of fixed assets owned by the bank; turnover by debit reflects the initial cost of received objects; loan turnover means the initial cost of retired fixed assets (not counting operations on revaluation of fixed assets).

Accounting is carried out by groups of fixed assets, formed by categories and useful life of objects or depreciation rates (terms) on second-order accounts:

No. 60404 “Earth”

No. 60405 “Long-term leased fixed assets

No. 60406 “Fixed assets transferred for use to banking organizations” - active. On the second-order accounts related to it from No. 60501 to 60506, the same categories of fixed assets are taken into account as on account No. 604

No. 606 “Depreciation (depreciation) of fixed assets” - passive.

On second-order accounts: from No. 60601 to 60604, accounting is carried out in the same categories as on account No. 604;

No. 60605 “Rental obligations” - passive;

No. 60606 “requirements for lease obligations” - active;

No. 607 “Capital investments” - active”;

No. 60701 “Own capital investments”;

No. 608 “Leasing operations” - active;

No. 60801 “Machinery, equipment, vehicles and other vehicles leased”;

No. 60803 “Wear and tear of machinery, equipment, vehicles leased” - passive;

No. 60610 “Depreciation (amortization) of long-term leased fixed assets transferred to bank organizations” - passive;

No. 60611 “Wear and amortization of equipment in reserve” - passive

Analytical accounting of fixed assets is organized object by object, according to personal accounts of items on inventory cards or inventory books 0489007, as well as in the fixed assets journal 0489008. The cards contain the numbers indicated on the items being accounted for. Cards are placed in a card index according to groups of homogeneous items. It is allowed to maintain group passport cards for several simultaneously purchased identical items. The fixed assets accounting journal is not concluded at the end of the year and entries in it continue into the new year. At the locations where the facilities are operated, a list of inventory items assigned to financially responsible persons is compiled. The basis for filling out inventory cards or books are primary accounting documents (acts of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets, technical passports and other documents characterizing the condition of the object, its purpose and order, operating conditions).

Valuation of fixed assets.

As a rule, fixed assets are accounted for at historical cost, but this is not the only accounting cost. Fixed assets can also be accounted for restored value, which arises as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets carried out by government decision. Replacement cost is the cost of reproduction of fixed assets at a given point in time, i.e. acquisition or construction of facilities based on current prices or the costs of manufacturing them under new conditions. Since (for example, in conditions of inflation) the cost of raw materials, spare parts, and labor costs increase, any credit organization needs to create a source of financing to replace worn-out facilities in larger amount, than their initial cost, accordingly, when they are sold (objects), the selling price should increase. Revaluation is carried out either through established (centrally) coefficients, or by direct recalculation of the original value into the restored value according to the documented market price. At the same time, the amount of previously accrued depreciation is recalculated. The result of the revaluation changes not only the initial cost and the amount of depreciation of the object, but also creates a new source - additional capital (account No. 10601 “Increase in the value of property during revaluation”).

Account No. 604 “Fixed assets of banks”

Accounting for depreciation (depreciation) of fixed assets.

As a result of operation, any fixed asset item wears out, i.e. loses its technical and economic properties and physical qualities. The cost expression of the loss of specified properties by objects is called depreciation of fixed assets. Each bank that owns fixed assets needs to ensure the accumulation of funds (sources) for the acquisition and restoration of worn-out objects. This is achieved through depreciation charges, which are included in the bank's expenses. Their size is determined by the standards established by the government as a percentage of the original cost of objects, depending on their groups and categories (Regulation No. 1072 of October 22, 1990). The standards are annual; they serve as the basis for calculating the service life of an object. If throughout the entire life of the object the amount of depreciation will be the same (at a constant initial cost), then this type of depreciation calculation is called linear. Depreciation is calculated starting from the next month after the month of capitalization on the balance sheet and ends from the next month after the month of disposal of the object.

Depreciation is charged “for full restoration”, i.e. this means not only physical, but also obsolescence of objects, this means that depreciation is accrued for objects that are in operation and in reserve (reserve).

The maximum amount of accrued depreciation (depreciation) for each object must be equal to the book value (initial) value of the object minus the balance of the revaluation fund for this fixed asset object. To account for and move amounts of depreciation (depreciation) of fixed assets, account No. 606 “Depreciation (depreciation) of fixed assets” is used - passive. The credit balance means not only the amount of accrued depreciation included in the bank's expenses, but also its increase or decrease as a result of revaluation: debit turnover - write-off (reduction) of depreciation in connection with the disposal of fixed assets and revaluation, for a loan - accrual of depreciation and its increase at the time of revaluation. Depreciation is calculated monthly. Analytical accounting is organized according to personal accounts.

The fact of revaluation must also be recorded in inventory cards and books, i.e. recording replacement cost and depreciation. For credit institutions, the amounts of depreciation and amortization do not coincide, since depreciation is the amounts that constitute the bank’s expenses, and depreciation includes an additional amount received as a result of revaluation.

Account No. 606 Depreciation (amortization) of fixed assets

Accounting for capital investments and receipt of fixed assets

Capital investments– these are bank investments in new construction, renovation and acquisition of fixed assets. For this purpose, special sources of financing are created in the form of an accumulation fund, a depreciation (wear and tear) fund, retained earnings or loans received from other banks, etc. Capital investments include:

Construction works;

Installation of equipment;

Equipment requiring installation;

Equipment that does not require installation;

Purchase of inventory;

Cost of design and estimate documentation, etc.

Part of the capital investments can be directed to the reconstruction and modernization of facilities, and at the same time, the commissioning of constructed or reconstructed buildings in the absence of security and fire alarms and telephone installations is not allowed. Costs for this type objects produced in existing buildings are also carried out at the expense of capital investments and are accounted for as separate objects of fixed assets independent of cost. Capital investments are carried out by contract or business method. In the first case, an agreement is concluded with a third-party construction or installation contractor. The invoice will include costs in the amount of the volume of work performed by them and accepted by the customer under the work acceptance certificate, as well as the cost of equipment requiring installation, or the cost of materials consumed if they belonged to the contractor.

With the economic method of construction and installation, all costs for their implementation are taken into account by type (wages of workers of the relevant profession and qualifications who were on the bank’s staff, the cost of purchased equipment that requires and does not require installation, the consumption of various building materials and other items) directly to the bank account.

To account for costs for all types of capital investments, account No. 60701 “Own capital investments” is opened. The account is active, the debit balance reflects the amount of costs for unfinished capital investments. Debit turnover is the sum of the costs of the reporting period for the acquisition of fixed assets and the production of construction and installation work or costs that do not increase the initial cost of fixed assets (allotment of land, payment for demolished buildings, training of personnel for a newly introduced facility, etc.) directly in a bank account. Loan turnover is the cost of fixed assets transferred into operation, and write-off of costs that do not increase the cost of fixed assets.

Account No. 60701 “Own capital investments”

Payment of costs for capital investments is carried out directly from the correspondent account for settlements with suppliers and contractors or from the cash desk when issuing wages to construction workers and other payments.

Sources of financing capital investments intended for these purposes, recorded on balance sheet accounts for accounting for funds and profits, are not subject to movement. The sources used by type and size are reflected in off-balance sheet synthetic accounts:

No. 919 “Sources of financing capital investments, acquisition of intangible assets, equipment for leasing” - passive, having second-order accounts:

No. 91901 “Funds of accumulation funds”

No. 91902 “Depreciation (wear and tear) of fixed assets, intangible assets, equipment for leasing”

No. 91903 “Loans received from other banks for capital investments”

No. 91904 “Capital investment costs. Acquisition of intangible assets, equipment for leasing, produced in excess of available resources” - active.

By the receipt of passive accounts, the amounts of resources are reflected, their increase for each account in correspondence with account No. 99998. By expenditure - the amount of resources used for each account, as well as the amounts aimed at restoring costs. Accounted for on account No. 91904 in correspondence with account No. 99998. Upon receipt of account No. 91904, the amounts of costs not covered by sources of financing are recorded in correspondence with account No. 99999. Expenses include amounts that cover costs incurred in excess of available resources, i.e. accumulated resources in accounts No. 91901, 91902, 91903.

Accounting for long-term leased fixed assets.

The specified objects are accepted on the balance sheet of the tenant's bank upon concluding an agreement with the tenant on the terms of the subsequent purchase by the tenant of the object upon expiration of the lease term or earlier. The contract may stipulate the right to return the object, under certain conditions.

Second-order accounts are intended for accounting for long-term leased fixed assets:

No. 60405 “Long-term leased fixed assets” - active.

No. 60604 “Depreciation (amortization) of long-term leased fixed assets” - passive.

No. 60605 “Rental obligations” - passive

No. 60606 “Requirements for rental obligations” - active.

Receipt of fixed assets under long-term lease in the amount agreed upon by the parties (it will be considered the initial cost):

When calculating depreciation (depreciation) for this object:

If the terms of the agreement provide for the accrual of interest in favor of the lessor:

When making payments to the landlord

When transferring the property into the ownership of a bank tenant: additional payment:

At the same time, resources used for capital investments are written off in an off-balance sheet account:

Previously accrued depreciation on long-term leased fixed assets is written off (transferred) as intended (into depreciation of own fixed assets).

If at the end of the lease period the object is returned to the lessor:

Return at the end of the rental period:

When renting objects without the right to purchase, the latter are not included in the balance sheet of the tenant, but are accounted for in off-balance sheet account No. 91503 “Leased fixed assets. (This is the current lease).

Weapons and fire alarm equipment belonging to the bank, regardless of cost, are also accounted for on account No. 604 “Fixed assets of banks”, second-order account No. 60403, and ammunition for it - on the corresponding account for accounting for household materials (No. 61006).

The purchased literature is accounted for in the corresponding second-order account for accounting of fixed assets. (60403).

Accounting for disposal of fixed assets

Retirement of fixed assets means their liquidation due to moral or physical wear and tear, i.e. write-off of both fully depreciated and partially depreciated fixed assets, as well as their gratuitous transfer and their sale.

In order to account for disposed fixed assets and the results of their disposal, the Chart of Accounts provides for account No. 612 “Sale (disposal) of bank property.”

Analytical accounting of disposals is carried out on personal accounts opened for each object. Second-order accounts are divided depending on the result obtained by the bank from the disposal of fixed assets: No. 61201 - passive, No. 61202 - active. Each of them is closed on the day of registration of transactions with the following result: credit account balance No. 61201 - written off to the income account; debit balance of account No. 61202 – to the expense account.

It should be remembered that the amount of accrued depreciation (depreciation) subject to write-off for each object is always less than its original cost by the amount of the balance of the revaluation fund for the disposed object, therefore account No. 61201 must be additionally credited for the amount of the balance of the specified fund.

Accounting for intangible assets (intangible assets)

Intangible assets include bank property that ensures better performance of certain banking operations for servicing clients ( software, acquisition of a brokerage position on the stock exchange) or accelerating the process of registering a bank (development of a charter, constituent agreement, stamps, seal, etc.), so-called organizational expenses, or acquisition of patents, licenses, new technological developments, acquisition of the right to use land plots etc. Just like most assets, intangible assets, i.e. their use should generate income for the bank. These are objects whose service life should be more than a year, regardless of cost. In the chart of accounts, the following second-order accounts are provided for their accounting:

No. 60901 “Intangible assets”

No. 60902 “Intangible assets in bank organizations”

No. 60903 “Amortization of intangible assets.”

Accounts No. 60901, 60902 are active and take into account the status and movement of intangible assets at their original cost in the personal accounts of the objects. Account No. 60903 takes into account the amount of accrued depreciation (recovered cost) for intangible assets - passive (according to personal accounts of objects).

The acquisition, receipt of intangible assets and the formation of the initial cost occurs as a result of:

Contributions by shareholders (founders) towards contributions to the authorized capital - by agreement of the parties.

Purchase for a fee - based on the actual costs incurred to acquire and bring objects into a state of readiness for operation

Free admission - by expert method

Production by the bank - at cost.

Transactions on intangible assets acquired for a fee are reflected in the manner established for accounting for capital investments of fixed assets. In the same manner, off-balance sheet accounts take into account sources of financing capital investments for intangible assets. Thus, the following entries will be made in accounting regarding the movement of intangible assets:

Account No. 60901 “Intangible assets”

As payment documents are paid for intangible assets received from the supplier and other expenses reflected as part of capital investments, the following entries are made in off-balance sheet accounts:

on resource use

d-t sch. No. 97901, 91303, kit No. 99998

within available resources or costs in excess of available resources

d-t sch. No. 91404, set of accounts. No. 99999

Depreciation of intangible assets is calculated monthly based on the original cost of the objects and their useful life, independently established by the bank. The useful life is considered to be the time period during which the object generates income, but certainly more than a year. If such a period cannot be established, then it is considered to be a period of 10 years, but not more than the life of the bank. Accrued depreciation is included in the bank's expenses in correspondence with account No. 60903 “Depreciation of intangible assets”

Account No. 60903 “Amortization of intangible assets”

Documentation of transactions for the movement of intangible assets is identical to documentation for the movement of fixed assets (acts of acceptance and transfer, etc.)

Accounting for low-value and wear-and-tear items (IBP)

IBPs are divided into two types.

Low-value items, the cost of which does not exceed 100 times the monthly minimum wage, regardless of the service life of the item. Wearable items with a service life of less than a year, regardless of cost.

The following accounts are used to account for them: No. 61101 “Low-value and wear-and-tear items”, No. 61102 “Low-value and wear-and-tear items in bank organizations”, No. 61103 “Wear and tear of interbank business enterprises”.

At the time of acquisition (receipt) of MBP from suppliers, their cost is included in the composition of household materials (account number No. 610, account number No. 60311), then, based on documents on the transfer of items into operation (requirements), they are transferred to the composition MBP (account number No. 61101, account number No. 610). If IBPs are transferred as part of constructed objects, then their cost is recorded by posting: d-t inc. No. 61101, set of accounts. No. 60701. For free admission - d-t account. No. 61101, set of accounts. No. 10603. The cost of gratuitously accepted valuables is determined by a commission of representatives of the transferring organization and the bank, about which a protocol on the contract price and an acceptance certificate are drawn up.

If a surplus is identified during the inventory of SBPs in operation, they are included in the increase in income (account number No. 61101, account number No. 70107). In the credit of account No. 61101, the cost of retired items is recorded on the basis of an act (account number No. 61202, account number No. 61101). If the bank has branches and branches, then the transfer of IBP to them is carried out using account No. 61102 (account number 61102, account number 6G101).

Depreciation on IBP is accrued upon transferring them into operation, including cases of capitalization of surplus, in the amount of 100% of the cost. Therefore, the balances on accounts No. 61101 and 61102 should be equal to the balance on account No. 61103. When depreciation is calculated, its amount is charged to bank expenses (account number 70209, account number 61103). The account “Depreciation of MBP” is debited when they are removed from service (account number No. 61103, account number No. 61201). When assigning the cost of the shortage of IBP to the perpetrators, the amount of their wear and tear is charged to the income account.

Analytical accounting of IBP is maintained on personal accounts opened for each item, indicating the inventory number, price (cost), place of operation, financially responsible person. It is allowed to combine IBP accounting into homogeneous groups, provided they have the same name, the same price, one place of operation, and one financially responsible person. All inventory numbers of items must be indicated on the combined personal account.

For account No. 61102, analytical accounting is maintained on personal accounts opened for each organization. Analytical accounting for the wear and tear account of the IBP is maintained in the same manner. We also note that uniforms (special), including shoes, body armor, issued to employees, regardless of cost, are recorded in account No. 61101 “IBP”. The costs of its acquisition are covered by the special purpose fund. Accounting takes into account the cost of workwear on personal accounts opened for each recipient employee. These items are written off after the expiration of the established period, without drawing up reports.

In addition, account No. 61101 “IBP” takes into account bags for transporting and storing valuables, cash-in-transit bags, regardless of cost.

Accounting for household materials

Household materials are accounted for in account No. 610, and depending on their composition, the following second-order accounts are opened:

· stationery (invoice No. 61001),

· spare parts, including tires, for vehicles, as well as computer equipment (invoice No. 61002),

· equipment requiring installation (invoice No. 61003),

· materials for social and domestic needs (account No. 61004),

· materials for packaging money (invoice No. 61005),

· other materials (invoice No. 61006),

· household materials in bank organizations that are on budget financing (account No. 61007).

In analytical accounting, the specified values ​​are reflected by quantity, price and amount, as well as by places of storage, operation (use) and financially responsible persons. When hiring, an agreement on full financial responsibility is concluded with all officials responsible for the safety of material assets. Accounting of valuables in the warehouse is carried out in books, on cards with the opening of a separate personal account for each type of valuables, or on electronic computers.

According to the established Rules, there is a need to organize separate warehouse and accounting records of household materials in banks. At the same time, only analytical accounting is maintained in warehouses, and analytical and synthetic accounting is maintained in accounting. Reconciliation of synthetic and analytical accounting data in the accounting department is carried out daily, and the analytical data of the warehouse and accounting department are reconciled in accordance with the established schedule, but at least once a week. The fact of reconciliation is recorded by the accountant’s signature on the cards (in personal accounts, books) of warehouse accounting. Discrepancies between the indicators are documented in a certificate, and decisions on them are made by the head of the bank.

The receipt of household materials is documented by invoices or the fact of acceptance of valuables is noted on invoices signed by the persons who handed over and accepted the valuables (if the quantity and types of valuables indicated in the supplier’s document and actually accepted coincide).

The release of valuables from the warehouse is carried out on the basis of expenditure documents: requirements, acts, invoices.

When purchasing valuables in cash (for amounts issued for reporting), financially responsible persons (MRP) issue an invoice, and on the sales receipt of the accountable person they make a note that the said valuables were accepted according to invoice No. from, and sign for receipt.

Financially responsible persons, manager the warehouse, the storekeeper, who are responsible for the safety of material assets, submit to the bank’s accounting department a report on the inflow and outflow of valuables, which is a list of incoming and outgoing documents included in a special register, on time, but at least once a week. The register is compiled in two copies, one of which is transferred to the accounting department, the second, signed by the accountant, remains with the MOL. The accountant checks that the submitted documents are filled out correctly and that their numbers and quantities correspond to the data specified in the register. On the accepted documents, the accountant enters prices and the cost of material assets and indicates the necessary entries. All accounts for accounting of household materials (No. 61001 - 61007) are active. The debit balance reflects the actual value of the balance of valuables in the warehouse; debit turnover - receipt of materials at actual cost; loan turnover - release (expense) of valuables for various needs of the bank, also at actual cost.

The following transactions can be reflected in accounting.

Receipt of household materials:

d-t sch. No. 610 (by types of valuables)

count No. 60311 “Settlements with suppliers, contractors and buyers.”

Payment of supplier invoices:

d-t sch. No. 60311 “Settlements with suppliers, contractors and buyers.”

count No. 30102 “Correspondent accounts of credit institutions in the BR.”

Capitalization of valuables when submitting an advance report:

d-t sch. No. 610 “Household materials”

count No. 60307 “Settlements with bank employees for imprest amounts.”

Write-off of shortages due to the fault of the transport organization:

d-t sch. No. 60323 “Settlements with other debtors”

count .№ 610 “Household materials” and their repayment;

d-t sch. No. 20202, 30102

count No. 60323;

shortages due to the fault of MOL:

count No. 610 “Household materials” and their repayment;

d-t sch. No. 20202

count No. 60308.

Shortages within the limits of natural loss norms are attributed to the bank’s expenses:

The release (consumption) of materials in the accounting accounts is reflected depending on the intended purpose and use of the released values:

for the bank's business needs

d-t sch. No. 70209 “Other expenses”

count No. 610 “Household materials”;

for capital investments

d-t sch. No. 60701 “Own capital investments »

count No. 61003 “Equipment”;

when releasing materials for repairs, report to bank employees

d-t sch. No. 60308 “Settlements with bank employees on accountable

d-t sch. No. 61201 “Sale (disposal) of bank property” (with

contract method).

count No. 610 “Household materials”.

Upon completion of repair work using an economic method, the debt from the accountable person is written off:

d-t sch. No. 70209

count No. 60308

Capital accounting

Formation and accounting of authorized capital

Authorized capital is one of the bank's main sources of economic funds and resources. On its basis, the process of organizing the bank as a legal entity begins.

Investment in a commercial bank can be made by legal entities and individuals by purchasing shares or shares in its authorized capital. There are joint-stock banks, i.e. created in the form of a joint stock company, and non-joint stock banks created as limited liability companies.

The highest management body of the bank is the general meeting of shareholders or the general meeting of participants. The exclusive competence of the general meeting includes the following issues:

Introduction of amendments and additions to the charter of the company or its new edition;

Reorganization and liquidation of the company;

Election of the board of directors;

Increase, decrease of authorized capital;

Election of the executive body of the company;

Election of members of the audit commission;

Approval of the external auditor;

Approval of annual reports, balance sheets, distribution of profits, execution of major transactions, etc.

The executive body is the board of the bank, headed by the chairman of the board of the bank. The board in its activities is subordinate to the general meeting of shareholders or participants of the bank.

From the moment of the formation of a commercial bank, the State Bank of Russia and its territorial departments exercise constant control over its activities, limiting the degree of risk in their work and reducing the likelihood of its bankruptcy. For this purpose, economic standards have been developed that comprehensively characterize financial condition, the regulations of a commercial bank, which must be observed to ensure stable and reliable operation of the bank. In their volume, the bank reports monthly to the main territorial department of the Bank of Russia.

In accordance with the Federal Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation” (Bank of Russia) with subsequent additions and amendments, as well as Instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated October 1, 1997 No. 1 “On the procedure for regulating the activities of banks”, the following economic standards are established:

Minimum amount of authorized capital for newly created banks;

Minimum amount of own funds (capital) for operating banks;

Capital adequacy ratio;

Bank liquidity standards;

The maximum amount of risk per borrower or group of related borrowers;

Maximum size of large credit risks;

Maximum risk per creditor (depositor);

The maximum amount of loans, guarantees and guarantees provided by the bank to its participants (shareholders (shareholders) and insiders);

The maximum amount of attracted monetary contributions (deposits) from the population;

The maximum amount of the bank's bill obligations;

The standard for using banks' own funds to acquire shares (shares) of other legal entities.

Thus, this instruction stipulates that the minimum amount of banks' own funds (capital) is established accordingly (for a newly created bank): on January 1, 1998 in an amount equivalent to ECU 4.0 million; as of July 1, 1998 - ECU 5.0 million.

The minimum amount of the bank's own funds (capital), defined as the sum of the authorized capital, bank funds and retained earnings, starting from 01/01/99 is established in an amount equivalent to 5 million ECU. Banks, the amount of their own funds (capital) amounting to an amount equivalent to 1 to 5 million ECU, from 01/01/99 cannot:

a) conduct banking operations outside the Russian Federation (except for opening and maintaining correspondent accounts in non-resident banks for making payments on behalf of individuals and legal entities);

b) carry out operations to attract and place Precious Metals;

c) open branches and create subsidiaries abroad;

d) take part in the capital of credit institutions in an amount exceeding 25% of the capital of these credit institutions. Accounting for the authorized capital is carried out in the following accounts:

No. 102 “Authorized capital of joint-stock banks formed from ordinary shares” owned by:

No. 10201 - Russian Federation,

No. 10202 - to constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local authorities,

No. 10203 - state enterprises and organizations,

No. 10204 - non-governmental organizations,

№ 10205 - individuals,

No. 10206 - non-residents.

Holders of ordinary shares have voting rights, but may not receive dividends if the financial condition of the bank does not allow them to be accrued and paid;

No. 103 “Authorized capital of joint-stock banks formed from preferred shares.” Capital is grouped by ownership in second-order accounts in the same breakdown as in account No. 102.

For preferred shares, a fixed, predetermined dividend is established, but without the right to vote at the general meeting of shareholders;

No. 104 “Authorized capital of non-joint-stock banks.” Shares owned by:

No. 10401 - Russian Federation,

No. 10402 - to constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local authorities,

No. 10403 - state enterprises and organizations,

No. 10404 - non-governmental organizations,

No. 10405 - to individuals,

No. 10406 ​​- non-residents.

All listed accounts are passive;

No. 105 “Own shares of the authorized capital (shares) purchased by the bank” with a division into second-order accounts:

No. 10501 “Own shares purchased from shareholders”,

No. 10502 “Own shares of the authorized capital of a non-joint-stock bank, purchased from participants.”

These accounts, unlike the previous ones, are active.

In case of incomplete sale of shares or the presence of unredeemed shares, an off-balance sheet account is opened:

No. 906 “Unpaid authorized capital of credit institutions” with second-order accounts:

No. 90601 “Unpaid amount of the authorized capital of a joint-stock bank” - active,

No. 90602 “Unpaid amount of the authorized capital of a non-joint-stock bank” - active.

In accounting, transactions can be carried out with the following correspondence of accounts:

Accounting for additional capital of a bank

Additional capital to the authorized capital is:

o increase in value upon revaluation of property (account No. 10601)

o share premium (account No. 10602),

o the cost of property received free of charge (account ^ 10603).

All of these accounts are passive, their credit balance means an additional source of the bank’s own funds; debit turnover is a write-off, reduction of the source due to inclusion in the authorized capital (account No. 102, 103, 104) reduction and decrease in the value of property as a result revaluation (account No. 604), upon disposal of fixed assets (account No. 612), to repay losses as a result of the transfer of property free of charge (account No. 612); loan turnover - increase in sources funds: due to an increase in the value of property during revaluation (d-t. account No. 604), when selling shares at a price exceeding their nominal value (d-t. account No. 30102, 60322), with gratuitous receipt of property (d-t. account . No. 604) etc.

Operations on accounts are formalized by issuing memorial orders on the basis of certificates, calculations, orders, acts of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets, intangible assets.

Analytical accounting for account No. 10601 is organized according to personal accounts opened for each item of property being revalued; for account No. 10602 - on one personal account; for account No. 10603 - also on one personal account.

Reserve fund accounting

Characteristics and the procedure for using the reserve fund are established by the regulation “On the procedure for the formation and use of the reserve fund in credit institutions” dated December 23, 1997 No. 9-P. The purpose of the reserve fund is to cover losses and damages arising as a result of the bank’s statutory activities. The minimum size of the reserve fund is determined based on the size of the bank's authorized capital and must be at least 15% of its value. Moreover, in banks formed in the form of joint-stock companies, they proceed from the amount of amounts actually contributed (shares sold); in other banks - from the amount of the registered authorized capital but not higher than the paid-up capital). The source of formation of the reserve fund is the profit of the reporting year remaining at the disposal of the bank after paying taxes and other payments, i.e. leafing through profits. It is determined after the general meeting of founders approves the annual report and the profit distribution report.

The amount of annual contributions to the reserve fund is established by the bank's charter, but it should not be less than 6% of net profit until the fund reaches the minimum size established by the bank's charter.

The reserve fund funds are accounted for in the second-order balance sheet account: No. 10701 “Reserve Fund”. The account is passive, the credit balance means the amount of the reserve fund created at the beginning of the reporting period; debit turnover - use of the fund; loan turnover - fund formation.

Account No. 10701 “Reserve Fund”

Accounting for other funds

Other funds formed by the bank include:

1. special purpose funds (account No. 10702)

2. accumulation funds (account No. 10703)

3. other funds (account No. 10704).

All of these accounts are passive and serve to record sources of funds for the purpose of making capital investments (accumulation fund), meeting the social, living and material needs of the team (special purpose fund) and its needs.

Account No. 10702 “Special Purpose Funds”

Depending on the accounting policy adopted by the bank, the formation of funds can be carried out quarterly or annually. Main criterion their formation - the availability of profit and the right to its formation, established by the constituent documents, which stipulate both the size and conditions of use. If the bank administration does not have such a right, then the specified fund can be formed by decision of the meeting of founders when considering and approving the bank’s annual report and determining the procedure for using net profit.

The bank's constituent documents may provide for the rights to form other funds of the bank (bank chairman's fund), which will be accounted for in account No. 10704.

The accumulation fund (account No. 10703) is intended for investment in the bank's capital investments; is formed at the expense of net profit ("account number No. 70501, account number No. 10703), if this fact is specified in legislative order or the bank's constituent documents. In the case of using accumulated funds on balance sheet account No. 10703, its size does not change if the costs of capital investments made and put into operation are included in the initial cost of the object. If the costs of capital investments are associated with the allocation of land for construction, demolition of objects, training of personnel for a newly created object and are not included in the initial cost of the object, then they are repaid at the time of closing the account for accounting for capital investments from account No. 10703 (d- t account No. 10703, set account No. 60701); at the time these costs are incurred, an entry is made: d-account. No. 60701, set of accounts. No. 60322, 20202, 30102, etc.

The initial cost of capitalized objects as a result of capital investments is recorded not only on balance sheet accounts, but also on off-balance sheet account No. 919 “Sources of financing capital investments,” including on account No. 91901 “Funds of accumulation funds” (Account No. 91901, bill No. 99998) in the amount of the source of funds used, equal to the initial cost of the object transferred for operation.

Accounting for performance results

Accounting for income, expenses and financial results of the bank

According to the Charter, the bank is a legal entity and operates on a commercial basis. This means that it has the following business principles: self-sufficiency, self-financing and profitability.

To implement these principles, all bank activities must be aimed at generating income.

Principle self-sufficiency indicates equality amounts income received and expenses incurred.

Self-financing - This is an investment opportunity, which, in addition to self-sufficiency, involves receiving a profit and investing it in expanding the bank’s production and technical base, and directing it towards material incentives for employees.

Profit - the excess of income over expenses incurred. From here profitability level can be calculated as the ratio of profit: a) to the total amount of assets or b) only to the amount of income-generating assets; c) to the amount of the authorized capital or d) to the amount of own sources (capital, funds), or e) to the total amount of expenses, etc.

It should be noted that income and expenses are accounted for by the Bank of the Russian Federation using the cash method, i.e. as income is credited to cash accounts and as expenses are actually incurred in the reporting period.

The output of operating results (profits, losses) is carried out according to the decision made by the bank in the accounting policy, monthly, quarterly, at the end of the year.

To account for income received and expenses incurred for the reporting period, accounts No. 701 “Income” and No. 705 “Expenses” are used. The first of them is passive, the second is active; therefore, the credit of account No. 701 takes into account income received in the reporting period; on the debit of account No. 702 - expenses incurred during the reporting period. At the end of the reporting period, these accounts are closed to determine the financial result.

Profit (loss) is calculated by debiting the profit or loss account (No. 703) or loss (No. 704) of the amount of expenses incurred and crediting the profit or loss account of the amount of income received (account No. 703, 704, set account No. 702 and account number No. 701, account number No. 703, 704). Which of the accounts should be used (No. 703 or 704) can be easily determined by comparing the results of the income account and the expense account:

the excess of the amount of income over the amount of expenses indicates the amount of profit as financial result bank activities and vice versa.

To analyze income and expenses, financial results and use of profits, second-order accounts are allocated.

Income (account No. 701):

No. 70101 “Interest received for loans provided”,

No. 70102 “Income received from transactions with securities”,

No. 70103 “Income received from transactions with foreign currency and other currency assets”,

No. 70104 “Dividends received”,

No. 70105 “Income from bank organizations”,

No. 70106 “Fines, penalties, penalties received”,

No. 70107 “Other income”.

Expenses (account No. 702):

No. 70201 “Interest paid for borrowed loans”,

No. 70202 “Interest paid to legal entities on raised funds”,

No. 70203 “Interest paid to individuals on deposits”,

No. 70204 “Expenses for transactions with securities”,

No. 70205 “Expenses for transactions with foreign currency and other currency assets”,

No. 70206 “Costs for the maintenance of the management apparatus”,

No. 70207 “Costs for organizing banks”,

No. 70208 “Fines, penalties, penalties paid”

No. 70209 “Other expenses.”

Profit (account No. 703):

No. 70301 “Profit of the reporting year”;

No. 70302 “Profit of previous years.”

Losses (account No. 704):

No. 70401 “Losses of the reporting year”,

No. 70402 “Losses of previous years.”

Use of profit (account No. 705):

No. 70501 “Use of profit of the reporting year”,

No. 70502 “Use of profits from previous years.”

Account No. 701 “Income”

Invoice No. 702 expenses

At the end of the reporting period, to determine the financial result, the bank's income and expense accounts are closed. During the reporting year, profit or loss is determined on an accrual basis. If the bank has branches, then the result of joint activities is shown collapsed; if there are subsidiaries - legal entities - expanded - profits, losses. After the bank submits its annual balance sheet, the amount of profit (account balance No. 70301 “Profit of the reporting year”) is transferred to account No. 70302 “Profit of previous years” (account no. . No. 70301, set of accounts. No. 70302), losses are taken into account in the same way.

After approval of the annual report by the founders of the bank, account No. 70302 is closed by debiting this account the amount of the balance on the account in correspondence with the account “Use of profits from previous years” (account number 70302, account number 70502).

The loss as a result of the bank’s financial activities is repaid from sources determined by the bank’s founders.

Use of profits

It is necessary to distinguish between balance sheet and net profit (remaining at the disposal of the bank). The profit of the reporting year, obtained as the difference between the turnover (debit and credit) of account No. 70301, is called balance sheet Balance sheet profit reduced by the amount of income tax is equal to net profit.

The purpose of account No. 705 “Use of profit” is reduced to accounting for the actual profit used in the reporting year and the remaining unused profit of previous years. Account No. 705 - active; debit balance reflects the amount of profit used during the year, before the reporting period, debit turnover - amounts used in the reporting period in the form of: taxes accrued from profits (account number 70501, account number 60301) ;

dividends to shareholders from participation in the authorized capital of a joint-stock bank (account number No. 70501, account number No. 60320);

contributions to the reserve fund (account number No. 70501, account number No. 10701), special-purpose funds, other funds (account number No. 70501, account number No. 10702) and for other purposes .

Loan turnover reflects the write-off of balances on the account in correspondence with the profit and loss account (No. 703 or No. 704). After submitting the annual balance sheet, the balance of account No. 70501 is transferred to account No. 70502, and the amounts of profits are also transferred. Then, after the approval of the annual report by the founders of the bank, account No. 70502 reflects the use of profit not distributed at the end of the year for the purposes specified by the founders (account number No. 70502, account number No. 10702, No. 60320, etc.).

Account No. 70302 is closed in correspondence with account No. 70502 (account No. 70302, account No. 70502).

In analytical accounting, personal accounts are maintained by types of deductions, contributions, and payments.

Thus, we will highlight three time periods for changes in the profit item.

1. At the end of the reporting period: the amount of profit is determined by closing the accounts for recording income and expenses:

d-t sch. No. 70301, set of accounts. No. 702;

d-t sch. No. 701, kit (part No. 70301.

The credit balance on account No. 70301 is the profit of the reporting year (i.e., the excess of the amount of income over the amount of expenses will constitute the financial result of the bank’s activities).

2. After submitting the annual report: the amount of profit for the reporting year is transferred to account No. 70302 “Profit of previous years” (account No. 70301, account No. 70302).

In the same way, the amounts of balances in the profit use accounts are transferred (account number No. 70502, account number No. 70501).

3. After the founders (shareholders) approve the annual report and make a decision on the distribution of unused profits from previous years, the following entry is made:

d-t sch. No. 70302, set of accounts. No. 70502 and dt. No. 70502, set of accounts. No. 107, 102, 103, 104, 60320.

Bibliography

1. “Accounting in commercial banks” - E.P. Kozlova, E.N. Galanina.

2. “Banking accounting and operational technology” - K.G. Parfenov.

3. NOTICE Ts.B. “On the reflection in the accounting of credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation of certain operations for accounting of fixed assets” dated July 12, 2000 No. 821-U

Concept and principles of accounting. All credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation are required to maintain accounting records.

In accordance with Art. 1 of the Federal Law “On Accounting”, accounting is the formation of documented, systematized information about the objects provided for by this Law, in accordance with the requirements established by this Law, and the preparation of accounting (financial) statements on its basis. The aforementioned Federal Law and Regulation of the Bank of Russia dated July 16, 2012 No. 385-P “On the rules of accounting in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation” highlight the main tasks of accounting.

The main tasks of accounting in credit institutions are:

• - generation of detailed, reliable and meaningful information about the activities of a credit institution and its property status, necessary for users of accounting (financial) statements;
• - maintaining detailed, complete and reliable accounting records of all banking operations, the presence and movement of claims and obligations, the use of material and financial resources by the credit institution;
• - identification of intra-economic reserves to ensure the financial stability of the credit organization and prevent negative results of its activities;
• - use of accounting for making management decisions.

Accounting in credit institutions is maintained in accordance with certain requirements. The basic requirements for accounting in credit institutions are as follows.

• 1. Accounting for transactions performed on customer accounts, property, claims, obligations and business transactions of credit institutions is carried out in the currency of the Russian Federation. The requirement reveals the provisions of Part 1 of Art. 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, according to which the monetary unit in the Russian Federation is the ruble. Monetary emission is carried out exclusively by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The introduction and issue of other money in the Russian Federation is not allowed. Law on the Bank of Russia in Art. 27 also provides that the official monetary unit (currency) of the Russian Federation is the ruble. The introduction of other monetary units on the territory of the Russian Federation and the issuance of monetary surrogates are prohibited. Banking transactions in foreign currency carried out by credit institutions must also be reflected in the daily balance sheet only in rubles. For additional control and analysis of transactions in foreign currency, credit institutions are allowed to develop special programs and accounting registers. The Chart of Accounts allocates special accounts for accounting for transactions with non-residents of the Russian Federation. If the name of the account does not contain the word “non-resident”, then the account is used to reflect transactions of residents. The concepts of “resident” and “non-resident” correspond to the currency legislation of the Russian Federation.
• 2. Accounting for the property of other legal entities held by a credit institution is carried out separately from the property owned by it. Thus, valuables and documents received by the bank for storage, collection or commission, as well as for the accounting of strict reporting forms, share forms, other documents and valuables, are reflected in off-balance sheet accounts.
• 3. Accounting is maintained by a credit institution continuously from the moment of its registration as a legal entity until reorganization or liquidation in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 51 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a legal entity is subject to state registration. This rule also applies to credit organizations. Credit organizations are subject to state registration in accordance with the Federal Law “On State Registration of Legal Entities and individual entrepreneurs» taking into account the special procedure for state registration of credit organizations established by this law. The decision on state registration of a credit organization is made by the Bank of Russia.
• 4. A credit organization maintains accounting records of property, banking and business transactions by double entry on interconnected accounting accounts included in the working chart of accounts. Analytical accounting data must correspond to the turnover and balances of synthetic accounting accounts. The double entry method is the fundamental way of recording information in the accounting system. Double entry is a method of recording business transactions in accounting accounts. The essence of double entry is that the amount of each business transaction is simultaneously recorded in the debit of one account and the credit of another. A credit organization maintains accounting records of property, liabilities and business transactions by double entry on interconnected accounting accounts included in the working chart of accounts of the credit organization.
• 5. All operations and inventory results are subject to timely reflection in the accounting accounts without any omissions or withdrawals. This requirement indicates the need to reflect all facts of economic activity in the accounting system in accordance with the dates specified in the primary documents.
• 6. In the accounting of credit institutions, current intrabank operations and operations for accounting for capital costs are taken into account separately .

The body regulating accounting in credit institutions is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

The Bank of Russia establishes rules for maintaining accounting records, presenting financial and statistical reports, and drawing up annual reports by credit institutions.

The rules for maintaining accounting records in credit institutions are based on the following principles.

• 1. Continuity of business. This principle assumes that the credit institution will continuously operate in the future and has no intention or need to liquidate, significantly reduce its activities or carry out operations on unfavorable terms.
• 2. Reflection of income and expenses using the accrual method. This principle means that the financial results of transactions (income and expenses) are reflected in accounting upon their completion, and not upon receipt or payment of cash (their equivalents).

Income and expenses are reflected in accounting in the period to which they relate.

• 3. Consistency of accounting rules. A credit organization must always be guided by the same accounting rules, except in cases of significant changes in its activities or the legislation of the Russian Federation relating to the activities of the credit organization. Otherwise, comparability of data for the reporting period and the period preceding it must be ensured.
• 4. Caution. Assets and liabilities, income and expenses must be assessed and reflected in accounting reasonably, with a sufficient degree of caution so as not to transfer existing risks that potentially threaten the financial position of the credit organization to subsequent periods. At the same time, the accounting policy of the credit institution should ensure greater readiness to recognize expenses and liabilities in accounting than possible income and assets, preventing the creation of hidden reserves (intentional understatement of assets or income and intentional overstatement of liabilities or expenses).
• 5. Timely reflection of transactions. Transactions are reflected in accounting on the day they are performed (receipt of documents), unless otherwise provided by regulations of the Bank of Russia.
• 6. Separate reflection of assets and liabilities. In accordance with this principle, the accounts of assets and liabilities are measured separately and presented in an expanded form.
• 7. Continuity of opening balance. Balances on balance sheet and off-balance sheet accounts at the beginning of the current reporting period must correspond to balances at the end of the previous period.
• 8. Priority of content over form. Transactions are recorded according to their economic substance rather than their legal form.
• 9. Openness. Reports must reliably reflect the operations of the credit institution, be understandable to an informed user and avoid ambiguity in reflecting the position of the credit institution.
• 10. Valuation of assets and liabilities. Assets are accepted for accounting at their original cost. The assets of a credit institution are valued (revalued) at fair value, at cost, or by creating reserves for possible losses.

Obligations are reflected in accounting in accordance with the terms of the agreement in order to ensure control over the completeness and timeliness of their fulfillment. Liabilities are also remeasured at fair value.

The assessment of participation interests in the authorized capital of subsidiaries and affiliates, other legal entities, the value of which upon acquisition is expressed in foreign currency, is determined in rubles at the official exchange rate of foreign currency against the ruble established by the Bank of Russia, effective on the date of their reflection.

The industry accounting standards for credit institutions, the chart of accounts for credit institutions and the procedure for its application are approved by the Board of Directors of the Bank of Russia. Industry accounting standards and the chart of accounts for the Bank of Russia are approved by the National Financial Council on the proposal of the Board of Directors.

Legal regulation of accounting in credit institutions. Legal regulation of accounting in credit institutions is carried out by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, as well as by-laws.

In accordance with paragraph “r” of Art. 71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, official accounting is under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation.

The main place in the system of accounting regulation is occupied by the Federal Law “On Accounting”. This Law establishes uniform requirements for accounting, including accounting (financial) reporting, and also provides for the creation of a legal mechanism for regulating accounting. The Federal Law “On Accounting” contains:

• - the concept of accounting and other concepts used by the Federal Law “On Accounting”;
• - accounting procedures;
• - general requirements for accounting (financial) reporting

This Law applies to a wide range of economic entities, including commercial and non-profit organizations and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

This group includes the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes provisions on the mandatory approval of the annual report, defines a legal entity, while indicating that legal entities must have an independent balance, etc. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation determines the procedure for calculating and paying certain types of taxes: VAT (Chapter 21), property tax of organizations (Chapter 30), etc. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation in Art. 313 defines tax accounting as a system for summarizing information to determine the tax base for a tax based on data from primary documents, grouped in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Article 331 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes the specifics of conducting tax accounting income and expenses of banks.

This level of legal regulation includes, in particular, the following federal laws:

• - dated July 10, 2002 No. 86-FZ “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)”;
• - dated December 2, 1990 No. 395-1 “On banks and banking activities”;
• - dated December 10, 2003 No. 173-FZ “On Currency Regulation and Currency Control”;
• - dated July 27, 2010 No. 208-FZ “On Consolidated Financial Statements”;
• - dated December 30, 2008 No. 307-FZ “On Auditing Activities”;
• - dated December 26, 1995 No. 208-FZ “On Joint Stock Companies”.

The next group consists regulations Bank of Russia.

The Bank of Russia approves industry accounting standards for credit institutions, the chart of accounts for credit institutions and the procedure for its application. The Bank of Russia establishes mandatory accounting and reporting rules for credit institutions, rules for the preparation and presentation of accounting (financial) and statistical reporting.

Credit organizations located on the territory of the Russian Federation carry out accounting in accordance with the Rules for maintaining accounting records in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation. These Rules are mandatory for all credit institutions in the Russian Federation.

The accounting rules contain the Chart of Accounts for accounting in credit institutions. The rules consist of three parts and appendices.

The first part sets out the basic principles of accounting in credit institutions, general recommendations on organizing and maintaining records in credit institutions.

The second part reveals the purpose and application of each accounting account included in the Chart of Accounts.

The third part covers the organization of accounting work (organization of document flow, intrabank control, document storage, accounting reporting, etc.).

Compliance by credit institutions with the Accounting Rules must ensure:

• - fast and accurate customer service;
• - timely and accurate reflection of banking operations in the accounting and reporting of credit institutions;
• - preventing the possibility of shortages, illegal spending of funds and material assets;
• - reduction of labor costs and funds for banking operations based on the use of automation tools;
• - proper execution of documents issued by credit institutions, facilitating their delivery and use at their destination, preventing the occurrence of errors and the commission of illegal actions when performing accounting operations.

TO legal regulation accounting also includes other acts of the Bank of Russia:

• - Regulation No. 283-P dated March 20, 2006 “On the procedure for credit institutions to form reserves for possible losses”;
• - Regulation No. 279-P dated November 9, 2005 “On the temporary administration for managing a credit institution”;
• - Directive of the Bank of Russia dated November 17, 2004 No. 1517-U “On making payments by the Bank of Russia on deposits of individuals in banks declared bankrupt that do not participate in the system of compulsory insurance of individual deposits in banks of the Russian Federation, and on the procedure for interaction of agent banks with the Bank of Russia";
• - Directive of the Bank of Russia dated July 16, 2012 No. 2851-U “On the rules for drawing up and submitting reports by credit institutions to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation”;
• - regulation “Industry standard for accounting of employee benefits in credit institutions” (approved by the Bank of Russia on April 15, 2015 No. 465-P), etc.

Certain accounting issues are regulated by the internal documents of a particular credit organization, which establish the goals and objectives of accounting, requirements for accounting, accounting documentation, etc. Such documents include local documents (working documents of the organization):

• - regulations on accounting;
• - working chart of accounts;
• - document flow schedules;
• - forms of internal reporting.

General characteristics of the Chart of Accounts. The Regulations of the Bank of Russia “On the rules of accounting in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation” approved the Chart of Accounts of a credit institution (hereinafter referred to as the Chart of Accounts). It is used to reflect the state of the bank’s own and borrowed funds and their placement in credit and other active operations. In accordance with the Chart of Accounts, balance sheets of credit institutions are compiled. Based on the Chart of Accounts, a credit institution must develop a working chart of accounts. It is mandatory that the working chart of accounts be approved as part of the accounting policy of the credit institution for each year.

The chart of accounts can be defined as a list of accounts of synthetic accounting of the first and second order. The balance sheet accounts of credit institutions are divided into on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet accounts. Balance sheet accounts are divided into passive and active accounts. Passive accounts are intended for accounting for own and attracted resources, active accounts are for placing them. Balance sheet accounts are divided into first-order accounts - enlarged, synthetic accounts and second-order accounts - detailing, analytical accounts. Off-balance sheet accounts (as well as balance sheet accounts) are divided into first-order accounts - enlarged and second-order accounts - detailing. Off-balance sheet accounts are used to record valuables and documents that do not affect the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet, received by banks for storage, collection or commission, as well as to record strict reporting forms, share forms, other documents and valuables.

The following structure is adopted in the Chart of Accounts: chapters, sections, subsections, first-order accounts, second-order accounts.

Account numbering allows, if necessary, to enter additional personal accounts in the prescribed manner.

The Chart of Accounts consists of five chapters, including the following sections.

A. Balance sheet accounts.

B. Trust accounts.

B. Off-balance sheet accounts.

D. Derivative financial instruments and forward transactions.

D. Deposit accounts.

The structure of the Chart of Accounts allows you to clearly and in detail reflect any banking operations, which makes the activities of the credit institution and the results of these activities transparent and understandable for any external users.

Credit organizations have the right to open savings accounts for legal entities and individuals (clients) for a certain period of time on the same balance sheet account in which it is intended to open a bank account for depositing funds. Spending funds from savings accounts is not allowed. Funds from savings accounts upon expiration of the term are transferred to clients’ bank accounts registered in accordance with the established procedure. Savings accounts should not be used to delay settlements or disrupt the current order of payments.

Separate personal accounts for clients can be opened on accounts for recording transactions on bank accounts to record transactions involving the use of funds for capital investments and other purposes. The opening of these accounts and the execution of transactions on them are carried out on contractual terms on the same balance sheet account where transactions on bank accounts are recorded. In this case, the current order of payments should not be violated. Funds to these accounts must be transferred from bank accounts. Credit institutions carry out control functions on transactions carried out on these accounts within the limits determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation and relevant agreements.

If budget funds are allocated for capital investments, then these operations are carried out in accordance with the procedure for conducting operations with budget funds.

In the Chart of Accounts, a transit account is provided for carrying out certain operations (receiving payments from clients for subsequent transfer to direct recipients). Funds from this account must be transferred in the manner and within the terms specified in the agreement with the recipients of the funds.

The Chart of Accounts contains accounts for accounting for other funds raised and placed. These accounts are intended for accounting for funds, precious metals and securities attracted and placed by credit institutions on a repayable basis under agreements other than a bank deposit agreement, a client’s bank account and a loan agreement (for example, under loan agreements).

Analytical accounting is maintained in the currency of the Russian Federation in the manner determined by the accounting policy of the credit institution.

In the Chart of Accounts, accounts “Reserves for non-credit contingencies” are allocated to account for the movement (formation (additional accrual), restoration (reduction)) of reserves created in connection with the credit institution’s existing non-credit contingencies as of the monthly reporting date in relation to the value or deadline for which there is uncertainty.

The Chart of Accounts uses the “Cash in Transit” account to account for funds sent to other credit institutions or branches of a credit institution that have not yet been accepted (not credited to the cash desk) by the recipient.

Accounts in foreign currency are opened on any accounts in the Chart of Accounts where transactions in foreign currency can be accounted for. At the same time, accounting for transactions in foreign currency is carried out on the same second-order accounts in which transactions in rubles are recorded, with the opening of separate personal accounts in the corresponding currencies.

Transactions on accounts in foreign currency are carried out in compliance with the currency legislation of the Russian Federation.

Analytical accounting accounts can be maintained only in foreign currency or in foreign currency and rubles. Synthetic accounting is carried out only in rubles.

The recalculation of analytical accounting data in foreign currency into rubles is carried out by multiplying the amount of foreign currency by the official exchange rate of foreign currency against the ruble established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

When maintaining accounts only in foreign currency, the total balances of all personal accounts in foreign currencies of the corresponding second-order balance sheet account must be reflected in the accounting registers in rubles at the official exchange rate. This data should be used to reconcile analytical accounting with synthetic accounting.

All banking transactions carried out by credit institutions in foreign currency must be reflected in the daily balance sheet only in rubles. For additional control and analysis of transactions in foreign currency, credit institutions are allowed to develop special programs and accounting registers.

The Chart of Accounts allocates special accounts for accounting for transactions with non-residents of the Russian Federation. If the name of the account does not contain the word “non-resident”, then the account is used to reflect transactions of residents. The concepts of “resident” and “non-resident” correspond to the currency legislation of the Russian Federation.

In order to control the sale (disposal) of the property of a credit organization and display the results of these operations, accounts for their accounting are specially allocated in the Chart of Accounts.

The Chart of Accounts provides second-order accounts for recording income, expenses, profits, losses of a credit organization, and the use of its profits.

Each accounting employee of a credit institution is responsible for performing accounting operations. The procedure for performing transactions by individual employees is determined by the management of the credit institution. At the same time, individual transactions cannot be carried out solely by the accounting employee, but must be carried out according to accounting with the additional signature of the controlling employee.

All transactions performed during the working day are reflected in the daily balance sheet of the credit institution (its branch).

The credit institution develops and approves accounting policies. The accounting policy is developed and approved by the credit institution in accordance with the Accounting Rules and other regulations of the Bank of Russia.

The accounting rules and other regulations of the Bank of Russia do not contain the concept of the accounting policy of a credit institution. The Rules disclose only the main provisions of the accounting policy of a credit institution. The concept of accounting policy is disclosed in the Federal Law “On Accounting”, according to which accounting policy is understood as a set of methods for maintaining accounting records by an economic entity.

The accounting policy of a credit organization is approved by the head of the credit organization (in the form of an order). The following are subject to mandatory approval by the head of the credit institution:

• - working chart of accounts based on the Chart of Accounts for accounting in credit institutions;
• - forms of primary accounting documents;
• - forms of accounting registers, which do not include standard forms of analytical and synthetic accounting established by the Rules;
• - the procedure for conducting an inventory and methods for assessing types of property and liabilities;
• - the procedure and cases of changes in the value of fixed assets in which they are accepted for accounting (revaluation, modernization, reconstruction, etc.);
• - methods for calculating depreciation on fixed assets, intangible assets and real estate temporarily not used in core activities;
• - the procedure for attributing the cost of material inventories to expenses;
• - document flow rules and technology for processing accounting information, including branches (structural divisions);
• - the procedure for monitoring intra-bank transactions;
• - the procedure and frequency of printing analytical and synthetic accounting documents on paper. In this case, the balance sheet and turnover sheet must be printed on the first day of each month;
• - other solutions necessary for organizing accounting.

The chief accountant of a credit organization is responsible for the formation of accounting policies, maintenance of accounting records, and timely submission of complete and reliable accounting (financial) statements. The head of a credit institution is obliged to entrust accounting to the chief accountant. The chief accountant of a credit organization must meet the requirements established by the Bank of Russia (higher economic or legal education, experience in managing a department or other division of a credit organization whose activities are related to banking operations, at least one year, and if the candidate has another higher education- at least two years; absence of unexpunged or outstanding convictions for committing intentional crimes, etc.). The assessment of the qualifications and business reputation of the chief accountant is carried out on an ongoing basis when the Bank of Russia supervises the activities of credit institutions.

The chief accountant ensures compliance of the operations carried out with the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as the regulations of the Bank of Russia, control over the movement of property and the fulfillment of obligations. The requirements of the chief accountant for documenting transactions and submitting the necessary documents and information to the accounting department are mandatory for all employees of the credit institution. Without the signature of the chief accountant or his authorized officials, settlement and cash documents should not be accepted for execution.

Accounting policies must be applied consistently from year to year. Changes in accounting policies may be made under the following conditions:

• - changes in the requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting, federal and (or) industry standards;
• - development or selection of a new method of accounting, the use of which leads to an increase in the quality of information about the object of accounting;
• - a significant change in the conditions of activity of an economic entity. In order to ensure comparability of accounting (financial) statements for a number of years, changes in accounting policies are made from the beginning of the reporting year, unless otherwise determined by the reason for such a change.

Organization of accounting work. In order to organize accounting, an accounting unit (department, management) is created in a credit organization. All documents received during business hours by accounting services, including from branches, are subject to registration and reflection in the accounts of the credit institution on the same day. The credit institution approves the rules of document flow. Each fact of economic life is subject to registration with a primary accounting document. All data contained in primary documents is reflected in accounting registers. The data contained in the accounting registers is subsequently reflected in the accounting (financial) statements. Accounting registers can be maintained both on paper and electronically.

In accordance with the Rules and Art. 19 of the Federal Law “On Accounting”, credit institutions are obliged to organize and carry out internal control of the facts of economic life. The accounting department of a credit institution must have employees who are responsible for subsequent control of completed accounting transactions, including cash transactions. All accounting transactions performed on the previous day must be fully verified during the next business day on the basis of primary documents, entries in personal accounts and in standard forms of analytical and synthetic accounting. Internal control is carried out when opening accounts, accepting documents for execution, as well as at all stages of processing accounting information, performing transactions and reflecting them in accounting. The head of a credit institution, along with general monitoring of the state of accounting work, is obliged to check the timeliness of drawing up balance sheets and reporting, periodically monitor the timeliness and completeness of crediting funds to client accounts, and the direction of settlement and cash documents for their intended purpose.

Credit organizations are obliged to ensure the safety of cash documents, accounting documents, accounting registers, standard forms of analytical and synthetic accounting and accounting (financial) statements. Credit organizations are required to store cash documents, accounting documents, accounting registers, standard forms of analytical and synthetic accounting and accounting (financial) statements for a standard storage period, but not less than five years. Responsibility for organizing the storage of accounting documents, accounting registers, standard forms of analytical and synthetic accounting and accounting (financial) statements lies with the head of the credit institution.

Storage of accounting documents, accounting registers and standard forms of analytical and synthetic accounting on paper is carried out in specially equipped premises (archives).

A credit institution prepares and submits reports on its activities to the Bank of Russia.

Reporting of a credit institution. A credit institution prepares and submits reports on its activities to the Bank of Russia. Accounting (financial) statements represent information about the financial position of an economic entity as of the reporting date, the financial result of its activities and cash flows for the reporting period, systematized in accordance with the requirements established by law 1.

Annual reporting is prepared for the reporting period (calendar year - from January 1 to December 31 inclusive). This reporting must include performance indicators of all divisions of the credit institution, including its branches and internal structural units. Annual reports are prepared in the currency of the Russian Federation. In annual reporting, all assets and liabilities in foreign currency are reflected in rubles at the official exchange rate of the corresponding foreign currency against the ruble established by the Bank of Russia on the reporting date. Assets and liabilities of credit institutions in precious metals are also reflected in rubles at the discount price established by the Bank of Russia as of the reporting date. The procedure for drawing up annual reporting is approved by the administrative documents of the credit institution. The annual reporting of a credit institution is subject to mandatory audit. Annual reports are submitted by credit institutions to the territorial institutions of the Bank of Russia, which supervise their activities. Annual reports are published together with the auditor’s report in accordance with the instructions of the Bank of Russia dated September 4, 2013 No. 3054-U “On the procedure for drawing up financial statements”.

See Art. 3 of the Federal Law “On Accounting”.

of the annual accounting (financial) statements of various organizations.”

The forms, procedure for drawing up and submitting reports are regulated by Bank of Russia Directive No. 2332-U dated November 12, 2009 “On the list, forms and procedure for drawing up and submitting reporting forms of credit institutions to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.”

The annual report of a credit institution includes the following reporting documents:

• - balance sheet;
• - income statement;
• - report on the level of capital adequacy to cover risks, the amount of reserves to cover doubtful loans and other assets;
• - information about mandatory standards;
• - cash flow statement.

Peculiarities of accounting by the state corporation Vnesheconombank. The Bank of Russia establishes the specifics of accounting for the state corporation “Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs (Vnesheconombank)”. Vnesheconombank is a state corporation created by the Russian Federation.

In accordance with the Federal Law of May 17, 2007 No. 82-FZ “On the Development Bank” (Article 7), the rules for maintaining Vnesheconombank’s accounting records are established.

Vnesheconombank maintains accounting records in accordance with Bank of Russia Regulation No. 385-P dated July 16, 2012 “On the rules for maintaining accounting records in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation,” but taking into account the specifics of accounting established by the Bank of Russia.

The reporting year of Vnesheconombank is set from January 1 to December 31 of the calendar year inclusive.

The annual report of Vnesheconombank is compiled annually no later than April 30 of the year following the reporting one, and approved by the supervisory board of Vnesheconombank no later than June 15 of the year following the reporting one.

The annual report of Vnesheconombank includes a report on the activities of Vnesheconombank for the reporting period, annual financial statements, cash flow statement, capital flow statement, report on the use of profits, report on the formation and use of reserves and funds of Vnesheconombank.

See clauses 1.5-1.10 of the Bank of Russia regulation “On the rules of accounting in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation”.

In banking accounting, all property of a credit organization is divided into 3 categories:

1.Fixed assets (60401).

2. Intangible assets (60901).

3.Inventories (610 (02, 08-11))

Each piece of property owned by the bank was paid for, i.e. the bank became the owner of this property as a result of expenses incurred (exception: property received by the bank free of charge). One of the main tasks of property accounting is to reflect in accounting transactions to reimburse the bank's costs in connection with the acquisition of various property items. CBs are allowed to reimburse their costs for various property items by allocating the amount of these costs to the bank's current expenses, which are covered by its current income.

The process of reimbursing the bank's costs for fixed assets and equipment. assets are carried out by calculating depreciation, i.e. The bank reimburses itself the costs gradually, in parts, during the period of useful use of the given object.

Reimbursement of mat costs. inventories at their full book value are made on the day this property is transferred into operation (i.e., depreciation is not accrued on inventories).

The bank can become the owner of property in the following ways:

1) Receipt of property into the ownership of the bank in the form of contributions to its management company.

2)Purchase (acquisition) of property.

3) Creation (construction) of property objects by the credit institution itself.

4) Transfer of property to the bank upon completion of the leasing operation, in which the bank is the lessee.

5) Receiving ownership of property free of charge.

1) Accounting for mat. inventories in credit institutions.

Example:

1. From the bank’s cash desk, the financially responsible person was given cash for the purchase of household goods in retail trade. inventory (financially responsible persons are those bank employees with whom a financial liability agreement has been concluded; only these employees can be issued cash from the cash desk for the purchase of any material assets): Dt 60308 – Kt 20202 – 500.

2. The financially responsible person reported on the expenditure of the accountable amount, transferring household goods to the bank warehouse. inventory in the amount of 500 and drawing up an advance report with the attachment of sales receipts: Dt 61009 – Kt 60308 – 500.

3.Part of the acquired household goods. inventory transferred to St. Petersburg for use (300): Dt 70606 – Kt 61009 – 300.

2) Accounting for fixed assets in credit institutions.

All material values that the bank has are means of labor, i.e. they create the necessary conditions for the activities of a credit institution. At the same time, in accounting they are divided into 2 categories of property: fixed assets and inventories.

This division is made depending on 2 factors:

1. service life (up to 1 year, more than 1 year).

2. The main factor is the cost per unit of the property.

The bank's management sets a limit on the cost per unit of property, depending on which this object will be taken into account either as part of the fixed assets or as part of the mat. stocks.

Example 1:

1) The bank received ownership of fixed assets in the form of a contribution to the management company: Dt 60401 (A+) – Kt 10207 (P+).

2) The assets of the fixed assets became the property of the bank upon completion of the leasing operation, in which the bank acted as the lessee: Dt 60401 (A+) – Kt 60804 (A-).

3) The bank received household goods free of charge. inventory and accessories: Dt 61009 (A+) (there may also be accounts 60401, 60901) – Kt 70601 (P-).

The cost of property received free of charge is reflected in the bank’s current income; if fixed assets or intangible assets are received, depreciation is not accrued on them.

Accounting for transactions involving the purchase (purchase) of fixed assets.

The bank has the right to charge depreciation on an object put into operation from the month following the month it was put into operation. Depreciation is calculated until its total amount matches the book value of the asset.

If property items have been revalued and their book value has increased, then the amount of monthly depreciation is recalculated taking into account the revaluation.

Example:

The bank purchases a specialized auto-collection vehicle.

1. An advance payment has been made for a cash-in-transit vehicle purchased from a non-resident company. Prepayment in US dollars: Dt 60312 810 (A+) – Kt 30114 840 (A-) – 960.

2. A collection vehicle was received from the supplier: Dt 60701 810 (A+) – Kt 60312 810 (A-) – 960.

3.With cor. bills paid for the services of a transport company for the transportation of this car (10% of the cost of the object): Dt 60701 (A+) – Kt 30102 (A-) – 96.

4.Paid for the company’s services for preparing the collection vehicle for operation: Dt 60701 (A+) – Kt 30102 (A-) – 48.

5. The car, according to the act, was accepted for operation by the bank's collection service and is reflected in accounting as a fixed asset object owned by the bank (the book value of the object was formed according to the debit of balance sheet account 60701): Dt 60401 (A+) – Kt 60701 (A-) – 1104.

6.Because The collection vehicle was put into operation in November 2007, then depreciation will begin on December 1, 2007. The useful life of the specified car is 3 years, so the amount of monthly depreciation charges is 30.7: Dt 70606 (A+) – Kt 60601 (P+) – 30.7.

The book value of the object is 1140, the useful life is 3 years. Based on the book value and useful life of the object, the amount of monthly depreciation is calculated: 1140/36 = 30.7: Dt 70606 - Kt 60601 - 30.7 monthly. To account for depreciation on this object, a separate personal account is opened on account 60601.

7. The car has been in operation for 1 year and during this time the amount of accrued depreciation was 368.4. Then the car got into an accident and could not be restored:

Example 1:

1. A retired asset is written off - a car after an accident that cannot be restored:

1.1. The car is written off as an asset at its book value: Dt 61209 – Kt 60401 - 1104.

1.2. Depreciation accrued on the retired vehicle is written off: Dt 60601 – Kt 61209 – 368.4.

1.3. Parts from the decommissioned vehicle have been received and are suitable for use as spare parts. parts: Dt 61002 – Kt 61209 – 31.6.

1.4. The loss from the operation of this car is written off as bank expenses: Dt 70606 – Kt 61209 - 704.

Example 2:

2. An asset is written off - a car in connection with its sale:

2.1. The book value of the sold car is written off: Dt 61209 – Kt 60401 - 1104.

2.2. The accrued depreciation on the sold car is written off: Dt 60601 – Kt 61209 - 1104.

2.3. The proceeds from the sale of this car are reflected in the accounting: Dt 30102 – Kt 61209 – 301.6.

2.4. Profit from the operation of this car is written off as income: Dt 61209 – Kt 70601 – 301.6.

The property of a credit institution includes fixed assets, intangible assets and inventories. As a rule, the value of a credit institution's property is a small part of its assets, 5-10%. However, without the required minimum property, the bank will not be able to provide services to clients at a level that meets the requirements of the banking services market. In this connection, in the course of the bank’s business activity, the question arises about the quantitative and qualitative composition of the property of a rational organization, the procedure for accounting for the acquisition, use, safety and disposal of property.

To carry out these tasks, the credit institution must develop rational systems for document flow and timely accounting, and identify persons responsible for the safety of property.

In accordance with 385-P, it is provided that the head of a credit institution has the right to set a limit on the value of items to be accepted for accounting as part of the operating system, guided by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Items with a cost below the established value limit, regardless of service life, are taken into account as part of material inventories. Determining the limit on the value of items when accepted for accounting as part of an operating system is carried out with the Order of the Ministry of Finance.

Fixed assets (except for land) are accounted for in account 60401 “Fixed assets (except for land)”, these include: weapons, regardless of cost, as well as capital investments in leased fixed assets.

Land plots owned by a credit institution are accounted for on the balance sheet account 60404 “Land”, and other environmental management facilities are accounted for on the same account.

Regulation No. 385-P “On the rules of accounting in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation” stipulates that OS bank property includes: property with a useful life of more than 12 months, and with a value limit on the date of acquisition of over 20,000 rubles including VAT, as well as weapons, regardless of cost, land plots owned by the bank.

Thus, the operating system of a credit organization includes :

Buildings, structures, computer equipment, vehicles, industrial and household equipment, land plots, long-term leased buildings, weapons, etc. with a service life of at least a year and with a cost limit of over 20,000 rubles.

All OS of the bank must be assigned to financially responsible persons, who must ensure acceptance of the OS, proper conditions for their storage, operation, their release, and registration with the relevant documents.

OS purchased for rubles and foreign currency can be made as a contribution to the management company. The book value of fixed assets does not change until disposal (100% depreciation).

Changes in the initial cost of fixed assets are allowed in cases of completion, reconstruction, revaluation and partial liquidation of the object. The valuation of property, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency, is determined in rubles at the Central Bank exchange rate as of the current date.