The ancient Egyptians believed that if the body of the deceased is mummified, endowed posthumously with everything acquired and placed in a “pyramid”, then the spirit of the Ka body, returning from the land of the dead, visiting descendants, will recognize “itself” and enter its body. Therefore, the monuments that have come down to us are temples, palaces and tombs, that is, monumental structures designed to personify Eternity. Although the style has endured for 4,000 years, the decorating tradition has hardly changed.
Walls, pylons, columns, as a rule, were covered with hieroglyphic inscriptions and scenes of funeral rituals, where the figures of people were depicted in a characteristic "Egyptian" pose - the head and lower body - in profile, and the torso and arms - in front.
There are three types of columns in the buildings - lotus-shaped (capital in the form of a flower or lotus bud), papyrus-shaped (capital in the form of a bundle of papyrus) and gatory (capital with the image of the head of the goddess Gator - a woman with a dog's head).
The exception is the Amarna period - the period of the reign of Amenhotep IV (1368-1351 BC). The prohibition of numerous old cults and the proclamation of the true god of the sun itself gave impetus to the development of arts "in the direction of man."
Funeral scenes were replaced by images of pools with swimming fish, fluttering butterflies, touchingly sensual scenes from life. Sculpture also acquired new non-canonical forms (remember the bust of his wife Nefertiti). Subsequently, the entire Empire style and partly Art Deco are based on style elements.
Antiquity refers to architecture. ancient greece and Rome. The ancient Greek architecture that arose on the islands of the Aegean Sea was so harmonious and holistic that it was subsequently perceived by later styles (Renaissance, Classicism, Neoclassicism) as a primary source, as a kind of standard to follow.
It is clear that everything has its own explanation. Unlike the Egyptians, the Greeks were not religious dogmatists. They were talented, cheerful and cheerful people. They, of course, had gods, but they were so “humanized” that they had all the vices inherent in man: stupidity, greed, gluttony and others.
Based on mythology, naively personifying the forces of nature, Greek art, in fact, was quite realistic.
It is impossible not to mention the emergence of geometry as a science that made it possible to realize proportions as a measure of harmony. greatest achievement Greek architects had the “invention” of the order (see the reference book “The Artistic Design System of the Post-Beam Structure”) - Doric (Parthenon), Ionic (Chr. Nika Apteros) and Corinthian.
The ancient Romans, being good students of the Greeks, not only fully accepted their heritage, but also developed it, supplementing the order system with Tuscan and composite orders.
The real achievement of the Romans is that by combining the Greek order, the Italian arch and the barrel vault (the Greeks had neither one nor the other), they “invented” the arch-order cell (note - the triumphal Arch). The Romans also experimented with such a stunningly beautiful form as the dome.
In the East, the so-called centric type of temple was born and evolved, when the central room was made large and, as a rule, covered with a dome.
The dome, being for believers the personification of heavenly paradise, was present as an element of any temple. However, the dome had a rather unpleasant "constructive weakness" - it transmitted a giant thrust to the walls, due to which the latter had to be made very thick. Therefore, the chronicles often noted the collapse of domes.
So it was with the famous St. Sophia in Constantinople. Now it is the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, so mentally remove the four tall minaret towers. During the re-erection of the dome, Anthimius and Isidore, for the first time, used a structure that would later be called a dome on sails (see reference book), and will be widely used to this day. After the baptism of Rus' in 998 in Kyiv, in the image of Sophia of Constantinople, Sophia of Kiev was built. But the farther, the more the influence of Byzantine architecture on Russian religious architecture is weakening, giving way to the native Russian traditions of the Chernigov, Vladimir and other schools.
Romanesque architecture (X-XII centuries, early XIII century)
In contrast to the eastern centric type, a type of temple called the basilica developed in the West. The most important difference between Romanesque architecture is the presence of a stone vault. Her characteristic features there are also thick walls, cut through by small windows, designed to receive the thrust from the dome, if any, the predominance of horizontal articulations over vertical ones, mainly circular and semicircular arches.
Here, perhaps, it is appropriate to acquaint you with the concept of travea. The travea is an open space cell that forms the structure of medieval churches and cathedrals in Western Europe. Romanesque travea is based only on a square base, since in those days the builders could not yet lay out stone vaults on a rectangular base. As soon as they learned this, the Gothic era began.
Gothic (XII-XV centuries)
Gothic architecture originated in France in the 12th century. Middle Ages - wild customs. Life has gone from cities to monasteries and fortified castles... robbers roam the roads... The Church is so orthodox that it completely rejects the human principle. “In fashion” everything is “incorporeal” - elongated proportions, not the slightest hint of flesh. There is a need for a new type of temple - spacious, ephemeral high, where a person would feel like a grain of sand.
So, in an effort to unload the interior space as much as possible, Gothic builders came up with a system of flying buttresses (inclined supporting arches) and buttresses that were brought out to the outside, that is, a Gothic frame system.
Now, the space between the traveis was filled with thin walls covered with "stone lace" or colored stained-glass windows in the form of lancet arches. This constructive system made it possible to achieve an unprecedented height of vaults and, thanks to large windows, excellent illumination.
The columns that now support the vaults have become thin and bundled. The main facade (the classic example is the Cathedral in Amiens) was usually framed on the sides by two towers, not symmetrical, but slightly different from each other. Above the entrance, as a rule, there is a huge stained-glass rose window.
It is necessary to note some features of Italian Gothic. We can assume that in Italy, Gothic, in its canonical form, did not exist at all! And that's the official point of view modern history architecture.
Take, for example, the Doge's Palace in Venice. Of course, the eye immediately notices the Gothic “shamrocks” on the windows, small rose windows, pinnacles, crab curls. However, take a closer look, the proportions are Romanesque! Strong horizontal divisions in the form of cornices and rods, smooth wall cladding (instead of "lace"), semicircular arches! Apparently, ancient traditions were so strong in Italy that the Gothic influence is felt here only at a decorative level. It was in Italy in the second half of the XIII century. A new era begins - the Renaissance.
In contrast to medieval dogmas, a new trend arose in philosophy - humanism, which affirms the power of reason, the value and significance of human life.
The Renaissance in architecture begins with the work of Philippe Brunelleschi. Brunelleschi was born and raised in Florence in the family of a notary. Unburdened by the "experience of previous generations", who accepted the aesthetics of humanism and studied the architecture of Antiquity, Brunelleschi was able to make a turning point in the development of architecture, which we call the Renaissance.
His Orphanage today does not look like something unusual, but then he simply made a splash. In a constructive sense, the stone "Gothic" frame is replaced by a wall.
In the Middle Ages, feudal lords preferred to settle far from cities in fortifications - castles, and in connection with the revival of life in cities, they began to build city "residences" - palazzos (see reference book). These are, in fact, the same castles (a rectangle with a courtyard), but as morals softened, it became possible to abandon the towers, where the owners sat in the event of a siege, and start decorating the facades.
A floor appears - a horizontal spatial layer, scaled to the height of a person, expressed in architectural forms on the facade. Everything that was before the Renaissance is usually called tiers. Palazzos are rustic and order. They show distinctive renaissance features.
First of all, the horizontal division of the facade into floors. The weakening of the rust in the direction from the bottom up. The order (pilasters, semi-columns, sandriks above the windows) is used not on the scale of the entire building, but on the scale of the floor, but the cornice, on the contrary, is extremely massive and correlates with the entire building.
Interesting interiors of the late Renaissance. Its greatest master was Michelangelo Buonarotti. Michelangelo was more of a sculptor than an architect. From this point of view, he created architecture as a kind of winning backdrop for his sculptures. Compare the interiors of the early (F. Brunelleschi - old sacristy in the church of San Lorenzo) and late (Michelangelo - Medici chapel in the same church) Renaissance.
Brunelleschi is still very respectful with the Order, and Michelangelo, one might say, just plays with him - the pilaster hit the corner - it doesn’t matter, he “breaks” it at a right angle. He doubles the columns and pilasters, changes their rhythm, puts “torn” sandriks on them, unfastens the walls and cornices, giving them additional plasticity - these are baroque techniques in their purest form!
Michelangelo is considered both the last master of the Renaissance and the creator of the Baroque style, for it was he who realized its main style-forming element - the plasticity of the wall. The crown of his work - St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is already considered to be in the Baroque style.
The followers of the “last of the titans”, moving along the path of complication, generally refuse symmetry in the composition, opening up completely new possibilities for the wall. She, as it were, loses her most important feature - reliability and monumentality, but acquires an unprecedented, before, plasticity and dynamics.
There are buildings with a convex, concave or even curvilinear facade. Look at the baroque façade of the Church of San Carlo by Francesco Barromini's four fountains.
In the interior (Schönbrun) a whimsical complexity also appears - rounded corners, an abundance of mirrors, gilded stucco, ceiling paintings using the effect of “flowing” space into a “sky-high height” - all this gives the interior an accentuated theatricality.
On the facade, as well as in the interior, one can see a lot of such decorative elements as bas-reliefs, sculptural groups, vases, cartouches and the like.
The style was formed at the end of the 18th century and remains relevant to our time. The style is characterized by strict proportionality and harmony of all its components. Furniture is also characterized by geometricity, a clear junction of elements, straight or slightly curved shapes. These qualities apply to cabinet furniture and chairs. Decor is used in minimal quantities. IN modern interior classic style perfectly combined with other styles and forms an eclectic mix.
retrospective style. Neoclassicism appeared at the beginning of the last century, as an antithesis of the decorative excess of Art Nouveau. Reliance on the classics, order system, observance of classical proportions. The desire for comfort, harmony. Characteristic ornaments: leaves, shells, architectural pediments, antique figures. The furniture is light, elegant, straight lines.
Romanticism
Romanticism - An appeal, rather, to folklore and natural forms of decor. Wild stone, forging, Gothic forms of openings, green corners and the like.
Modern (Art Nouveau)
Aesthetic understanding of materials: glass, metal, wood. Maximum exposure of the texture and plastic possibilities of the material, its psychological impact on a person. Conscious formation of form, striving for organicity, integrity. Asymmetry, ornate lines. The source of inspiration are plants, birds, insects, flexible women with flowing hair. Appeal to vegetable, natural forms.
Neomodern - the use of Art-Nouveau plastic forms for the architectural design of premises on a modern technological basis.
High tech style. This style promotes the aesthetics of the material. The interior, made in high-tech style, cannot be confused with anything else. Only in such interiors are exposed brickwork, artificially age the plaster and bring supports and beams into the room. Materials - glass, metal, natural wood. The shapes and proportions of the furniture are carefully thought out. The complete absence of decorations is compensated by the “work” of the material: the play of light on glass, the brilliance of chrome and metal surfaces, wood polish, and so on ...
This style is characterized by grotesqueness, parody, "play" in other styles. Here, the usual proportions and classical schemes may be violated.
This style is characterized by pretentiousness, rich decor, an abundance of mirrors. Interiors in this style are overloaded with decorative elements. Rococo uses pastel colors, a favorite combination: gold and white. Rococo is sinuous lines, lack of geometry and hard lines. The furniture is comfortable. Chairs and armchairs have low seats and low backs. S-shaped legs flow into armrests. The furniture is characterized by a floral (floral) decor. Velvet and tapestry are used for upholstery.
Outstanding representatives of Rococo cabinet furniture are chests of drawers and streamlined bureaus using Chinese motifs and lacquer techniques.
Quoting Roman classics, using Egyptian motifs. The style of the aristocracy, which does not go out of fashion to this day. In the residential version (simplified Empire) - Biedermeier style. Imperial style furniture can be described as rationalistic classicism, ideal for creating an intellectual atmosphere. Empire style furniture uses mahogany, walnut, and in Russia also Karelian birch. Thread is practically not used. As decorative elements, bronze or gilded linings are used, favorite motifs: crossed swords and spears, shields and helmets, laurel wreaths. The ornament never distorts the contours of the furniture.
The shape of the furniture is metric. Ancient Roman borrowing is read in chairs and armchairs - a characteristic smooth curve of the legs and back, flowing into each other. The front legs are bent forms or paws of lions, griffins.
These are cabinets, finished with dark oak or walnut panels, green cloth. Such an office necessarily includes a solid desktop and an extensive library. A favorite decor is a vertical strip, which is used in furniture upholstery, wall decoration and other elements. The English style is expressed in our time, both in direct copying of its historical varieties (Victorian style, Chippendale, Sheraton), and in an eclectic solution. The eclectic direction organically includes the spirit and features of various eras.
Furniture in the English style is assembled from solid wood, which is subjected to minimal surface treatment: waxed or varnished. This allows you to show the texture of the wood.
The style is named after Queen Victoria (second half of the 19th century). Victorian furniture is heavy and whimsical. The decor is massive and intricate. The color of the tree is usually dark.
Functionalism was founded in the 1920s and 1930s by the German Bauhaus design school. Complete denial of excessive decorativeness. The philosophy of style is "form follows function". The house is a machine for living, so the interior is built on the principle of functionality.
Furniture can have rectangular laconic shapes or softened proportions, when the chair exactly follows the lines of the back and arms of the person sitting. In any case, this furniture is always recognizable, it is distinguished by clear and finished forms. Upholstery materials (leather or textiles) and ideally fit the filler, balancing on the verge between softness and elasticity.
Appeared in the first half of the XVIII century in France. Furniture of this style is elegant and formal. The element of curvature is present in all details, there are no clear rigid joints. The texture of the tree is preserved. The backs of the chairs are slotted open, rigid, decorated with carvings and inlays. The legs end in a bird's paw, squeezing the ball.
Country - rustic style. Using exclusively natural natural materials- the kingdom of coziness and comfort. The predominance of simple natural fabrics in the interior: chintz, linen. Antiques, rare books, flowers are often used as accessories. Wicker or wooden unpainted furniture.
Eclecticism
Eclecticism is a combination of elements of different styles. Eclecticism has firmly taken its place in modern life. It connects the details drawn from various sources, favorably playing and emphasizing them at the expense of each other. The secret of eclecticism lies in limiting two or three styles and combining them through texture, color, and so on.
Japanese Style (Shoin)
"Shoin" is a window. The formula of this style is "be clean". Windows and interior partitions are covered with white paper. In the modern interior, paper has been replaced by frosted glass. The cell of the wooden frame, characteristic of this style, can be seen in everything: in window frames, doors, partitions. Laconic Japanese-style interiors, which are characterized by the free flow of internal space, have been and are popular all over the world.
Of the furniture in the European dwelling, screens are mainly used, since the shapes and proportions of Japanese furniture do not meet the standards of a European person.
Classification architectural styles
style name
style characteristic
plan
image
Canonical
4 thousand BC.
332 AD
Superhuman dimensions, stability, strict symmetry, "quantitativeness", geometrism of forms, grandiosity. Architecture immortalized the pharaoh's deified power and belief in an afterlife.
(Pyramids at Giza, an ensemble of temples at Karnak)
Classical
8th century BC-
5th century AD
This style was developed in Antiquity: Greece, Rome. Light slender architecture Dr. Greece carries in its artistic structure a different spirit of heroism and the significance of man. The main achievement of Greek architects is the creation of an order. Harmony, lightness, simplicity, proportionality to the human scale, practicality, rationalism, solemnity.
(Athenian Acropolis, Roman Colosseum)
Romanesque
11th-12th centuries
Massiveness, heaviness, heaviness, fortress character, the main expressive means - a stele with narrow openings - a cross-bathing system. Thick walls, narrow windows - loopholes in monasteries and castles.
The main element of the composition -donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders.(Cathedral Ensemble in Pisa,
Cathedral in Worms
Gothic
13th - 14th centuries
The frame becomes the structural basis, huge openings filled with stained-glass windows appear. Arches and portals are drawn out and take on a lancet shape. Lightness, delicacy, weightlessness, aspiration upwards to the sky, to God.
(Notre Dame Cathedral,
Cathedral in Reims V Cologne )
Ancient - Russian
9th - 17th centuries
Majestic simplicity, festivity, elegance, decorativeness, many heads.
(Church of St. Sophia in Kyiv, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl,
Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir)
Renaissance
13th - 17th centuries
Symmetry, harmony, balance, geometric correctness of forms. An important achievement is the creation of a new architectural form - the floor.Windows are treated as the eyes of the building, facade - as the face of the building; those. outside expresses the internal architectural space.
(Church of Santa Maria del Fiore, Palazzo Rucelai, Michelangelo Buonarroti. Dome of St. Peter's Cathedral. Rome )
Baroque
17th century
Quaint, dynamic, restless, richly decorated, sculptural, creation of parks, ensembles, buildings richly decorated with stucco, painting, sculpture.
(Ensemble of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, Tsarskoye Selo Palace, Hermitage Museum, )
Classicism
17th - 19th centuries
"Classus" is an example. The style of absolute monarchies, calm grandeur and noble simplicity, strict rhythm, symmetry, elegance, solemnity.rigor of form, clarity of spatial solutions, geometrism of interiors, softness of colors and conciseness of external and interior decoration facilities
(palace ensemble of Versailles , arrows of Vasilyevsky Island, Kazan Cathedral)
Rococo
18 century
"Rocaille" - shell. Refinement, mannerism, luxury, whimsical decorativeness, ornament in the form of a shell.characteristic is the tendency to asymmetry of compositions, fine detailing of the form, rich and balanced decor structure in the interiors, a combination of bright and pure color tones with white and gold, a contrast between the severity of the external appearance of buildings and the delicacy of their interior decoration.( Oval room of the Hotel Subise , palace interiors of the Winter Palace, Smolny Cathedral)
Empire
18 century
The style of the empire of the Napoleonic era, dryness, academicism, rigor, clarity of lines, cold grandeur.a combination of massive simple geometric shapes with military emblems. passion for the construction of various kinds of triumphal arches, commemorative columns, obelisks. Important elements decorative decoration of buildings become porticoes. Bronze casting, painting of plafonds, alcoves are often used in interior decoration.
(Schalgren. Arch of the Star in Paris , the building of the main headquarters in St. Petersburg, Leper and Gonduin. Vendôme Column in Paris.)
Modern
19th century
Asymmetry, softened streamlined shapes, curving lines of the ornament, external decorative effect.use of new technologies (metal, glass).Stair railings, lights hanging from the ceiling, even doorknobs- everything was carefully designed in the same style
( (1906, arch. ), Victor HortaHouse of Tassel (1983),Sytin's house The mansion of S. Ryabushinsky. F. Shekhtel. Moscow. 1902
Art Nouveau - late XIX - early XX centuries; characterized by various decorations of houses, rounding, avoiding regular geometric shapes. Use of large, glazing areas. Facing surfaces are made of decorative bricks, porcelain stoneware, and in some cases - painting. (In the architecture of Moscow -Yaroslavsky railway station, Central Department Store, Metropol Hotel)
Modern
(constructivism,
organic,
retro)
20th century
The use of new building structures, new building materials, abstraction of geometric shapes, aestheticization of structures.
Constructivism - construction environment, the possibilities of new technology, its logical, expedient designs, the aesthetic possibilities of such materials as metal, glass, wood. Constructivists sought to contrast the ostentatious luxury with the simplicity and emphasized utilitarianism of new objective forms, in which they saw the reification of democracy and new relations between people. (Moscow Planetarium, arch. M. Barshch, M. Sinyavsky; Eiffel Tower
G. Eiffel
France)
"organic architecture" - to affirm the necessity and pleasantness for the human eye of flexible natural forms, the connection of architectural structures with the natural environment. (Opera House, Jorn Ustson,
Australia, Sydney )
Retro style- spacious forms, verandas. Exterior finish home is made from modern materials, but stylized antique. Here there is a contrast of dark and light colors, roof breaks, valleys, skylights, spacious stairs.
"hi-tech" ("hi-tech") - maximum functionality. No decorative frills. Active introduction of the latest technologies into the human environment. Sometimes defiant use of technical forms - brightly colored open pipes, air ducts, elements of engineering equipment, metal structures and other surroundings of the "age of technology"
Designs are characterized by: rigor and simplicity, straight lines, simple geometric shapes. The decor is calm. Uniformity prevails in the color scheme. Lots of metal and glass. Metal-glass multi-tiered galleries are popular (Rainbow Center in Niagara Falls, USA, 1978 )
Teaching visual aids and course presentations
"History of Architecture" (CD, posters, slides)
Architectural styles: Baroque
IN
Victorian style: prestige and elegance
The architecture, popular in the 19th century in Foggy Albion and in the colonies, does not lose ground today. Victorian houses are 2-3 floors, asymmetry, a complex, multifaceted roof, an attic, often a round tower, a spacious porch, carved wood or metal trim, white or beige color. However, the Victorian style has many variations, depending on the time and place of its penetration into a particular cultural environment.
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Victorian styleG
Gothic in architecture: chased mystery
Architectural styles: Gothic Dutch style: unpretentious calm
Dutch architectural style
D
Deconstructivism: not like everyone else
The style of deconstructivism leaves no chance for any of the architectural absolutes. It is introduced into any environment with flashy broken shapes and structures that are difficult to visually perceive.
Deconstructivism is called not the direction of architecture, but its negation, nevertheless, deconstructivists still have a fulcrum - constructivism and postmodernism.
Architects deliberately distort the principles and compositional motifs of these styles and end up with a dynamic and individual building object.
More about 
Deconstructivist architecture
E
European style: popular versatility
European style in the exterior
AND
Italian architectural style: sophisticated drama
Italian style in the exterior
TO
Country style house: warmth and sincerity
This style has many faces and is based on local customs: for example, in France, “rural” houses are made of stone, and in Canada, they are made of logs. In any case, country style involves traditional and natural raw materials. Distinctive touches of such an exterior are rusticity (facing of external walls with faceted stones), interspersed with hand-made items (these can be forged door handles or a horseshoe at the entrance), the color of the facade, reminiscent of shades of clay, wood, sand. The yard is beautified with appropriate archaism: bird nests on poles, flowerbeds on wagons, a model of a mill.
Architectural styles: Country Classic style in the exterior: imitation of the best
The architecture of such a structure is based on the standards of the classics - on the ancient canons, on the best examples Italian Renaissance, English Georgianism or Russian architecture. The classic in the exterior is the symmetry of the building (the main entrance is the axis around which the extensions are located), the presence of columns, triangular pediments, porticos, balustrades, balusters and other accessories of a particular architectural era. Houses of the classical type are ennobled with pilasters and moldings. The preferred material, of course, is stone, however, in our time, decor elements are well made from gypsum or polyurethane. Classical mansions are often two-story, light in color.
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Classic architectural styleColonial style in architecture: modest charm
Wealthy immigrants and planters built their homes, combining "imported" capital and comfort with local exotics. This is how the colonial exterior was born.
Houses in this style are monumental, with two floors. The layout is straight, the entrance is supported by a colonnade. They are built of stone, plaster of a neutral color. The door is massive, wooden. There is almost always a terrace available. The buildings are distinguished by large, panoramic windows that offer views of the garden or wildlife.
Perhaps the most famous subspecies of the colonial exterior is the bungalow, a one-story or mansard mansion, with a spacious veranda for the entire width of the pediment. Its color is traditionally white, reflective, because bungalows were built in the tropics, combining the features of a traditional English cottage, army tents and oriental tents.
Colonial style in the exterior
L
Loft exterior: fashionable fundamentality
The newest, trendy style. His idea is to transform technological premises, factory floors, garages or hangars into bohemian, luxury apartments.
A loft-style house is a very spacious, tall, emphatically geometric building with a minimum number of internal partitions. The undoubted advantage of such a project is inexpensive building materials: concrete, cement, brick. Any finish is alien to the loft facade; it does not require siding either. The roof can be flat or gable, with a metal roof. Be sure to have a large, tall window. A loft dwelling should resemble an industrial building, even if built from scratch.
M
Art Nouveau house: delightful chic
Minimalism in architecture: freedom and light
H
German-style houses: a fabulous identity
These houses seem to have “jumped out” of the fairy tales of Hoffmann and the Brothers Grimm. They are compact and very neat looking. The German style is characterized by economy, productivity, the absence of intricate decoration and the natural color of the facade. Such a dwelling has a square or rectangular shape, the basement is covered with stone, and the gable roof is covered with red tiles. A German house is decorated with a balcony or an attic, as well as tinted boards - half-timbered elements. The original detail is the windows separated by lintels and protected by shutters. The door is painted in a color that stands out against the background of the house.
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German style in the exteriorNorwegian style: compact and environmentally friendly
P
Provence Style Architecture: Rustic Romanticism
Why does this style know no boundaries? Because Provence is the embodiment of both brilliance and naivety, and also a symbol of family values. It is believed that the French region gave the name to the style, but “Provence” means “province”: pastorality, innocence, slowness and measuredness are its main “trump cards”.
In the south of France, houses are mainly built from wild stone, making extensive use of pebbles and slate. In other places, they resort to imitation, gypsum panels and slabs. But the roofs are always tiled, often multi-layered, of various levels. The north wall is necessarily deaf. The windows of the lower floor may differ in size from the rest, they are often supplemented with sashes. Natural colors are preferred: milky white, herbal, straw. Extensions are welcome - verandas, terraces, kitchens, barns. The door is wooden, weighty, with forged hinges and a viewing window. The yard is covered with paving stones.
Architectural styles: Provence
R
Ranch style: thrift and thoroughness
Such an exterior, one of the most popular in one-story America. Having absorbed the nuances of other styles, features of bungalows and "prairie buildings", it finally took shape at the beginning of the last century. Low-rise ranch houses are “spread out” in breadth, complicated by outbuildings, plastered and painted with light colors. Feature - sliding glass doors. The appearance of the ranch-style house reminds us that farmers began to build such housing: people are harsh, unpretentious, appreciating work, but also good rest.
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Exterior ranch styleRococo in architecture: unbridled luxury
Such houses were preferred by the French aristocrats. The classical order system, on the basis of which they were erected, is almost invisible due to the abundant, ornate decor. The walls of the rococo house are literally drowning in through patterns and lace details - curls, rocaille, cartouches. Playful arches, slender colonnades, graceful cornices and railings give the rooms an idleness and pleasant lightness. Artistry and mannerisms permeate the Rococo building like the sun a crystal shard. The traditional colors are soft pastels.
Architectural styles: Rococo Romanesque style in architecture: my house is my fortress
The origins of the exterior lie in the Middle Ages, when stronghold castles arose everywhere. Their character traits- primitive silhouette, massiveness and brutality, because protection and shelter were the main task of such cloisters.
Reigned, of course, a stone. They diversified the construction of the apse, towers with domes and arched vaults. The window openings were narrow, like slits.
Of course, in the modern version, the Romanesque mansion does not look as trivial and rude as in ancient engravings. Windows have become much larger wild stone replaced by elegant styling. But the principle remained unshakable: Romanesque-style mansions should be large, overweight and impregnable in appearance.
Russian architectural style: toy house
The exterior design in the Russian style is not as monotonous as it might seem. These are houses typical of Slavic wooden architecture, and mansions in the style of Russian merchants, and noble estates.
The ball, of course, is ruled by wood. A dwelling in the Russian genre rarely exceeds two floors, the roof is gable, the windows are small, trimmed with architraves, and a covered porch is highly desirable. Balconies, ladders, turrets will give the mansion a resemblance to a fairy tale hut, and intricate carved decoration, an open veranda on figured supports - with boyar mansions.
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Russian styleWITH
Scandinavian style in the exterior: Nordic character
Clear contours, natural building materials, a minimum of decor, but a maximum of amenities - houses with such properties are called Scandinavian.
Among the features of this dwelling are glass doors, huge windows (or a whole transparent wall), which is dictated by the lack of sunlight. Scandinavian houses are covered with either white plaster or wooden lining, which also fulfills an aesthetic mission: doors and windows are framed with dark wood, walls are sheathed with light wood, or vice versa. The roof can be both flat and gable. Scandinavian mansions are “stuffed” with energy-saving technologies and are often equipped with solar panels.
Scandinavian style in the exterior Mediterranean style house: glamor and bliss
Residences, which could only be admired on the warm coast, were also included in the design encyclopedia.
Their feature is a light and joyful color (white, cream, pink); flat, tiled roof; semi-open, green verandas; spacious balconies and rotundas; the presence of a swimming pool and, of course, a patio. The building may consist of several parts flowing into each other. Windows and doorways are often horseshoe-shaped. Preference is given natural stone, ceramics, wood.
Mediterranean style in the exterior Modern style in architecture: freedom of choice
Its value is in democracy. This design accepts any building materials, up to the latest. The house is simple - both externally and in its operation. He does not need embellishment, in certain stylistic tricks. A gable roof, sufficient space and panoramic windows - perhaps all that is required.
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Modern styleT
Tudor Style: Noble Legacy
The Tudor house is the material embodiment of a truly English character. He is imposing and a bit old-fashioned, like a 100% gentleman.
Formed in the 16th century, combining Gothic and Renaissance touches, Flemish and Italian motifs, the Tudor style is still in demand.
Its attributes are thick walls, high chimneys, turrets, lancet openings. Well, the limb, half-timbered - the outer frame. In the old days, such houses were built of stone and wood, but today they use aerated concrete, panels and blocks. Beams, cornices and shutters, as before, stand out dark color. The main facade almost always contains a bay window, sometimes in the form of a turret. It is impossible not to mention the roof: Tudor roofs are complex, with long hips and high gables, with small dormer windows. The entrance is in the form of an arch lined with stone and decorated with a family coat of arms. The territory near the house is decorated with stone sidewalks, paved paths, wrought-iron fences and, of course, an English lawn.
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Half-timbered houses: old color
Glimpses of this style appeared in the 15th century in Germany. A few centuries later, fachwerk "captured" the whole of Western Europe. Reach out to him today.
In fact, the fachwerk technique is a frame construction method. Its basis is fastenings from wooden beams, racks, crossbars, braces. Once they were made of oak, jewelerly connecting them with "secret" cuts and wooden studs. The voids between the beams were compacted with clay, pebbles, straw. The walls were plastered, whitewashed, and the frame was painted in brown, cherry or black. He served as an ornament of the facade, dividing it into clear segments. Houses lined with wooden patterns are still called fachwerk.
Architectural styles: Fachwerk Farm style: maximum air
Farm houses are often one-story, light in color, with unobtrusive decor. A noticeable feature is a large porch or open veranda, which, if the area allows, can stretch along the perimeter of the house. For decoration, either wood or materials that imitate it are chosen. The windows are large, good overview, the door is often also glass.
farm style Finnish style: wood scent
Another type of wooden exterior. For facade cladding, the Finns use timber, lining or planken. During construction, the walls are laid with insulation, for example, mineral wool. The height is one and a half - two floors, the roof is gable, ceramic-tiled, in front of the house there is often a terrace, and above it a glazed balcony. The color of the facade is from white to wooden shades. The highlight of the Finnish home, of course, is the sauna.
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Finnish styleFusion style: harmony of contradictions
Amazing this style sweeps aside laws and regulations. The architect and designer are free to use any materials, forms, textures... And even principles. Unlike eclecticism, which intertwines individual details of similar exteriors into a whole, fusion is a daring attempt to combine the diametrically opposite. For example, industrial design (loft) and baroque fragments. Or gothic with ethno. In addition, the style involves the use of complex colors, a variety of decor… And, of course, a subtle artistic flair that will not let you slide into architectural cacophony and design heresy.
Architectural styles: Fusion
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Hi-tech in architecture: on the verge of fantasy
These houses are a challenge to tradition and a demonstration scientific achievements. High-tech real estate is visible from afar thanks to wind turbines and solar panels. The layout assumes a significant size of the dwelling and cubic forms. The walls are absolutely flat, the structure is smooth, the materials are concrete, glass, metal and plastic. Color solution- white, black, silver, shades of various metals. The houses are also distinguished by the maximum glazing area: one of the facades is often glazed. The terrace can be open, but the central door is also glass, sliding. The roofs are flat, in the form of flat areas that are easy to adapt for recreation. The facades are illuminated. External engineering communications perform the function of decor items.
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Czech style: a secluded place
The design of Czech cottages echoes German and European architectural traditions. Czech mansions are distinguished by regular geometry, squat, high and multifaceted tiled roofs, stone foundations. However, instead of tiles, they are sometimes covered with straw, which is in harmony with the rural landscape. Windows and doors are streamlined, rounded shape.
Czech architectural style
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Chalet-style houses: reliable protection
It is hard to believe that in the past, the chalet was just a shepherd's house at the foot of the mountains. Cut off from civilization, this shelter had to be resilient, invulnerable, and have the necessary level of comfort. The foundation and the first floor were built of stone, the attic was erected from logs. The roof of the Alpine houses is gable, gently sloping, with significant ledges, turning into sheds. The main façade faces east living rooms to the south. The chalet includes at least one spacious balcony. The decoration is wooden carving.
The chalet in its modern form is not only stone and wood, but also brick and concrete, as well as panoramic windows and a large veranda. A logical addition to such a dwelling would be an alpine slide, coniferous trees, a brazier or a barbecue grill.
House in the Chateau style: a noble nest
Actually, this was the name of the country estates of the French nobles, consisting of a castle, a park and, often, a winery. The famous Versailles is, in fact, a chateau.
The style of such an exterior is determined by classical proportions, a large number of lancet windows, decorated with bindings, a multi-slope roof, graceful gables, wide terraces, spacious balconies with wrought iron, filigree railings and bay windows. The walls can be finished with rusticated stone, brick, decorated with stucco. The base is usually natural stone and roof tiles. The chateau-style facade is a proud sign of family nobility.
Architectural styles: Chateau Swedish style: cute natural
Being a part scandinavian style, Swedish "domestic" architecture continues the tradition of spectacular simplicity. Feature of the Swedish cottage - contrasting color: its walls are painted red, and the corners, window frames and doors are embossed with white. The buildings are often wooden, the windows are large, because sunlight in these parts is especially appreciated.
swedish style
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Ethnostyle: from the tower to the wigwam
National handwriting is the soul of ethnic style. It may be a house that resembles a Russian log house, built using wood and topped with a ridge on the roof. Or a mansion with an oriental "accent" in the form of Arabic ornaments, Persian lattices and tiles. In other words, how many cultures, building traditions - so many sources that nourish a diverse ethno-exterior.
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Ethno-style, African motifs
Ethno style, Thai motifsI
Japanese style in architecture: conciseness and lightness
Japanese-style country houses can be seen not only in the Land of the Rising Sun. This is because the Japanese style is incredibly organic. Its strengths are clarity, impeccability, unpretentiousness of lines. Materials - stone, glass and wood, the palette is restrained. Sliding doors in such a house there are on each side; the central entrance is often supplemented with a stepped deck, reminiscent of a porch and a bridge. The house can have a covered veranda with a wide view, and an open terrace. The continuation of the Japanese dwelling is an authentic landscape: a mini-pond, several picturesque boulders and a pair of dwarf pines will turn even an ordinary dwelling into a philosopher's refuge.
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