The concept of mortgages and types of mortgage loans. Types of mortgage lending. Mortgage Lending Programs What Types of Mortgage Loans Are There

A mortgage is a lease on the security of real estate, and in return, obtaining a loan for various purposes.
The main circumstances that affect the loan amount:

• The amount of the borrower's initial payment.
• The term at which a mortgage loan is issued.
• The cost of the purchased house or apartment.
• The amount of your monthly income.

The subject of a mortgage agreement concluded between the borrower and the lender is always cash. Monetary obligations must always be denominated in national currency, even if foreign currency is used in the contract itself.

State mortgage

State mortgage involves the issuance of a certain amount of money, only for the purchase of housing. It is impossible to spend the received amount for other purposes. The loan is secured by the acquired property.

Social mortgage

Social mortgages are designed to provide a certain amount of money to buy a home. The target audience for such a mortgage is citizens with low and average monthly income. The purpose of such a mortgage program is to improve the quality and level of housing conditions for the poor.

A complete set of necessary information on social mortgages is issued by the city government, which is responsible for housing policy.

Housing mortgage

A home mortgage can be obtained in two ways: the first option is to get money to buy a house from a bank. Almost all banks currently have their own mortgage lending program. Interest rates currently range from 11% to 14% in rubles.

Also, the Russian Federation has developed an independent mortgage lending program for housing. This program has clear requirements and conditions for issuing money for housing.

Military mortgage

Military personnel can get mortgages in exchange for housing. At the same time, the money received by the military as mortgage lending can only be spent on the purchase of housing. Mortgage loans are provided to military personnel after 20 years of service. In order to become a member of the mortgage program for the military, you must become a member of the register of the accumulative mortgage system. The maximum amount provided by banks for military personnel is approximately 3,000,000 rubles.

Social youth mortgage

Today, it is not difficult to find support for a young family. For this, there is a program to help a young family. Construction teams are reviving - up to two hundred shifts are worked out, and a young family receives certain benefits when buying a home.

Tax. Thanks to the tax code of the Russian Federation, you can get a certain amount of money, which is deducted from the full amount of mortgage loans. In order to receive a tax deduction, we collect a package of documents: an act confirming the ownership of a home purchased in a mortgage lending program, an act of transferring an apartment or house to a buyer, a loan agreement, documents confirming the costs of processing all the necessary documents for obtaining a mortgage.

The main advantage of a mortgage is that the family does not need to accumulate the necessary amount of money for a long period of time to buy a home. Thanks to the mortgage program, the family now receives housing, and pays during the period specified in the contract.

The second is that family members can register in the resulting house as tenants, and, consequently, get a residence permit in the city.

The security of the mortgage program is high. In general, even if the borrower loses his job or working capacity, the property received through the mortgage is not lost. The borrower remains the owner.

An important factor is that the borrower does not pay income tax on the amount that he pays during the repayment of the mortgage.

The primary negative factor of the mortgage is that, the borrower overpays twice the market value of the home for the entire maturity of the mortgage. This is the most significant flaw in mortgage lending programs.

Today, there are dozens of mortgage offers, each of which entices a different borrower. Special consultants and mortgage brokers will always help you find the best deal between many mortgage programs and choose the perfect one for each one.

Mortgage classification

Mortgage loans are classified according to various criteria.

1. By the property.

2. By the purpose of lending. The following are considered as such goals:

Acquisition of finished housing in an apartment building or a separate house for one or several families as a primary or additional place of residence; purchase of a house for seasonal living, summer cottages, garden houses with plots of land; purchase of a land plot for building. As a rule, loans for the purchase of finished housing are provided in a single one-time payment;

Loans for construction, reconstruction, overhaul of individual housing, houses for seasonal residence, for engineering arrangement of a land plot;

Construction and purchase of finished housing for investment purposes. This lending for housing construction is carried out in stages: each subsequent payment is made only after the completion of its previous stage.

3. By the type of lender, mortgage loans can be:

Banking;

Non-bank.

4. By type of borrower:

a) as subjects of lending:

Loans provided to developers and builders;

Loans provided directly to the future home owner;

b) by the degree of affiliation of borrowers:

Loans to bank employees;

Employees of the bank's client firms;

Clients of real estate firms;

Persons living in this region;

Anyone interested.

5) By the terms of loans. Comparative characteristics of time periods for some countries are presented in Table 1 in the Appendix. Based on the data in this table, it can be concluded that different countries define the timing of periods in different ways. In my opinion, the most optimal timing is provided by the UK. And the terms of crediting in Russia are very narrow. After all, if you imagine that a person plans to buy an apartment with the help of mortgage lending, then it is difficult to imagine how much he will have to pay on a monthly basis to pay off such a loan in 3 years. This proves once again that mortgage lending is the weak side of our state.

6) By type of interest rate:

Loan with a fixed interest rate;

Loan with a variable interest rate.

7) If possible early repayment:

With the right to early repayment;

Without the right to early repayment;

With the right to early repayment, subject to the payment of a fine.

8) According to the degree of security (the amount of the initial payment). The loan amount can be from 50 to 100% of the value of the mortgaged property.

Types of mortgage loans

In the mortgage lending system, several different types of loans can be distinguished in accordance with the nature of payments.

1. Permanent mortgage loan.

2. Loan with standing payments.

A permanent mortgage loan is the simplest form of loan. It is typical for countries with low inflation, long credit terms and assumes equal repayments (amortization) at regular intervals. Therefore, such loans are self-depreciating. Depreciation in this case means the process of repayment of the principal debt and interest on the loan.

Loans with variable payments are not self-depreciating and provide for different frequency of repayment of principal and interest, as well as other additional conditions. This type of loan has subspecies, which will be given below.

Loans with ball payment. Provide for a one-time (ball) payment. Within its framework, three varieties are also distinguished:

With freezing interest payments until the expiration date. This type of loan does not provide for any payments both to repay the principal debt and urgent interest. The repayment of the loan and the capitalized interest on it is made at the end of the term. The use of this type of loan is rather limited;

With only interest paid. It is envisaged that during the term, interest on the loan will be regularly paid. While payments of the principal amount of the loan are planned at the very end of the term;

With partial depreciation and final ball charge. Provides that payments will be made in part until the end of the loan term.

Spring loan, or a loan with a fixed payment of the principal amount. Assumes regular equal payments to pay off the principal debt.

Loan with participation in income and value gains. This type of mortgage loan is used to finance income-generating real estate. It is close to self-depreciating, but assumes that the creditor, regularly receiving the principal debt and interest on it, participates in the income from the object. The participation of the lender can be different: he can claim a part of the excess of rent, a part of the excess of net operating income, a part of capital gains or proceeds from the sale of real estate.

Loan with incremental payments (with an incremental annuity). This loan provides for equal payments throughout the entire period and is used by the owners of leased real estate in the expectation that payments will increase annually (or with another frequency). Such loans are used when the borrower's income at the beginning of the loan term is less than at the end. The peculiarities of such a loan are as follows: the minimum first installment, then the installments increase at a constant rate; at a certain stage, equal payments under the self-depreciating loan scheme begin. A sequence of payments is set with an increase in installments at regular intervals, the amount of the last installment is determined by the amount of the outstanding loan balance.

Reverse annuity loan. On the contrary, it implies a decrease in loan payments at the end of the term or their termination. In this sense, this loan is comparable to a loan with an interest freeze.

Variable rate loan. Usually "tied" to one of the money market indices, inflation, currencies, allow you to pay off the loan at a variable rate with restrictions on its minimum and maximum value. Changes in rates affect the terms of the loan.

Canadian roll over. This is a mortgage loan, in which its term is divided into time intervals (3 or 6 months) and for each of them, taking into account the market conditions, its own interest rate is set. Thus, a roll over loan is a loan with a floating interest rate. This is how it differs from a loan with a fixed interest rate ("spring" mortgage)

Final mortgage. The essence of this type of lending is that a second loan is provided for already accredited real estate, payments on which are sent to repay the first loan. The rates for such loans are usually higher than for the first loan.

Loan with added interest payment. Provides for the assignment of interest to the principal debt, and the result is divided by the number of repayment periods to determine the amount of the next payment. Such loans are used to lend to personal property, a car, for example, and imply the possibility of early repayment of the loan.

The solution to the problem of providing their own housing is paramount for many people, and obtaining a mortgage loan is one of the available ways that make it possible to do this in the shortest possible time. The first step that many of us take is either to seek advice from a bank, or to independently study information on their websites. The development of this type of banking services, on the one hand, has significantly expanded the possibilities for choice, on the other hand, it has made it difficult for the borrower to make a decision about the type of mortgage he wants to use. Often there are cases when a person who has applied for information on the terms of lending does not have a clear idea of ​​which program is interesting to him and what is their fundamental difference between themselves.

There are many options for classifying mortgage loans, for example, based on lending purposes, availability of co-borrowers, loan currency, methods of calculating monthly payments, type of real estate that will be purchased, and each of them has a right to exist. If we proceed from the fact that a mortgage is a pledge of real estate, then all its diversity can be divided into two large groups, depending on which real estate will be pledged. If you own your own real estate and are ready to use it as collateral for a loan, then banks will offer you a mortgage secured by the existing real estate, if not - secured by the purchased one.

The borrower who has chosen the first type of mortgage has a number of advantages, which include a more attractive interest rate and the ability to use the loan received for various purposes. The second option, on the contrary, limits the scope of application of borrowed funds, reducing it exclusively to the acquisition of real estate previously agreed with the credit institution. Despite the obvious advantage of the first option, it still has one significant drawback - if circumstances arise, as a result of which you cannot pay the debt, then you can lose not only the newly received real estate, but also the one that was mortgaged. This fact, as well as the fact that most borrowers do not have their own real estate, led to the fact that its popularity is somewhat lower.

Standard mortgage programs.

Competition has led to the fact that almost every bank working with mortgages is ready to offer several lending programs. The names of such programs can be different, but most of their names speak either about the purposes for which the loan can be used, or about the method of obtaining it. The last of them are mostly marketing in nature and are aimed solely at attracting new customers. Examples of so-called targeted programs are:

• Mortgage for housing under construction: this type of mortgage lending allows you to buy an apartment at the construction stage, from a developer approved by the creditor bank. This program is one of the most costly in terms of interest rates, but it allows you to significantly save on the most purchased apartment due to its low cost.
• Mortgage for suburban real estate: within the framework of such a program, you can count on the purchase of a country house, land, cottage or townhouse. If you wish, today you can find interesting proposals developed by banks in cooperation with developers, allowing you to purchase comfortable housing at affordable prices and in a more favorable ecological environment.
• Mortgage for the construction of a house: allows you to build a house for those persons who have their own land and wish to build a private house on its territory.
• Mortgage for secondary housing: is one of the most common types of mortgage lending today. It is distinguished by the optimal interest rate, terms of provision, speed of registration, as well as all kinds of subprograms that offer a number of benefits for certain categories of borrowers.

Thus, in order to make it easier for yourself to find a mortgage, you first need to decide what you plan to use as collateral. In the future, it is enough to contact either the bank or its website on the Internet to select the program that most fully corresponds to your goals, that is, what you plan to use the mortgage loan for.

In the life of every person, situations arise that he is not able to cope with on his own. One of these can be considered the process of buying your own home. For an ordinary young professional or office worker, it seems almost impossible to save up the required amount. In this case, a mortgage loan comes to the rescue. The type of mortgage loan depends on different conditions. Currently, there are various types of mortgage lending in Russia.

In Russian usage, the term "mortgage" is usually used to refer to an affordable solution to housing problems. However, by definition, this is a loan not only for the purchase of housing, but also for the purchase of any real estate in general. An important plus of acquiring real estate with a mortgage is that it becomes the property of the borrower immediately from the moment of purchase.

Types of mortgages in Russia. Key Features.

Now the bank issues several types of mortgages: mortgages in the secondary market, mortgages for participation in shared construction, mortgages for a young family, loans for improving housing conditions.
Each loan has a number of features and is issued under certain conditions. The rates for different types of mortgage lending in Russia are also different.

Features of mortgages in the secondary market

Consider the first type of lending is a mortgage in the secondary market.
This is the most common type of mortgage lending in Russia. It's simple - you find an apartment that people can sell at least, draw up a mortgage lending agreement and buy an apartment for the money of the bank. A feature of this type of mortgage in Russia is the need to conclude an insurance contract in the event of loss of title or title to real estate.

There were cases when the apartment turned out to be not very clean and after its sale, the heirs or minor children, the owners of this apartment, were announced. As a result, you can be left homeless and with a huge debt of several million. To prevent this from happening, you need to conclude a property right insurance contract. This is a mandatory attribute of a mortgage transaction. Other types of insurance are optional, but

About equity mortgage

The second type of mortgage lending in Russia is equity mortgage. Here, unlike the first type, you buy a new apartment and you do not need to insure the loss of the title, since you are the first owner. The peculiarity of this type of mortgage is that you may simply not wait for the object to be put into operation. The rate on this type of mortgage loan in the Russian Federation before obtaining property rights is usually 1-2 percent higher. After receiving the documents for the apartment, you need to provide them to the bank and the rate will be reduced.

About a mortgage to a young family.

Mortgage for a young family is the third type of mortgage lending In Russian federation.
There are restrictions on the age of the borrower and this type of mortgage is issued by Sberbank. Usually this loan is chosen by young people who need housing to create a family. If you live with your parents and have less than 10 square meters per person (in the case of Moscow), you can apply to join the subsidy queue. 1-1.5 million rubles - this is the amount of the subsidy for Moscow, if you are recognized as needy. But as said earlier, you need to get on the line of those in need of housing.

Home improvement loan

Yet the most popular and fourth kind use of mortgage lending in Russia is a loan to improve housing conditions. To provide a mortgage loan, the bank will certainly take some real estate as collateral - according to statistics, in our country, newly acquired square meters are often used for this.

Although, if you own any other real estate, the bank will be able to accept it as collateral. The entire procedure for obtaining a mortgage is a long and multi-stage process, and sometimes the easiest way to complete it with a positive result for the borrower may be to contact a credit broker or a real estate agency.

And so you took out a mortgage. The documents are completed, the apartment is yours. The time has come to pay the loan. It is at this moment that the borrower most often encounters surprises. Repayment terms vary greatly from bank to bank, and the possibility of loan restructuring is not always available.

If the agreement was signed without careful reading, under the influence of the "low interest" promised in the bank's advertisement, there will almost certainly be problems with the payment of the loan. That is why reading the mortgage lending agreement should be treated with all possible diligence.

When you apply for a mortgage, be sure to see if your salary is enough to pay it and how much the bank can give. This can be done on a special

For some Russian citizens, the provision of housing is the # 1 goal, and it is difficult to achieve at the expense of their own savings. Therefore, you have to contact financial institutions that offer a wide variety of mortgage programs today. And this, of course, is for the better, because a person has a wide choice. But on the other hand, the process of finding and selecting the right program becomes more complicated. Sometimes a person cannot decide on the best option, because does not know what types of mortgages are on the market.

What is a mortgage, what is it like

A mortgage is a certain form of pledge, when real estate, pledged to receive funds, remains in the ownership of the owner, but is transferred into the possession and use of the pledger in case the debtor fails to fulfill his obligations. From an economic point of view, a mortgage is a market-based lending instrument designed to:

• attracting finance in order to maintain material production;
• anti-inflationary measures;
• ensuring the turnover and redistribution of property;
• overcoming social instability giving rise to an economic crisis;
• social and economic development of the economy, construction, etc.

For the borrower, a mortgage is a loan for a long term (15-30 years) for the purpose of purchasing housing, commercial real estate, and improving housing conditions.

Interesting!

The history of mortgages began in ancient Greece. And if now the borrower provides the return of money to the lender by a pledge of property, then earlier the security of the debt was his freedom. And only inVIcentury BC property liability appeared. A mortgage was a wooden post that was placed on a mortgage land plot.

The first mortgage bank was private, it was created in Germany in 1862, and the subsequent ones were mainly owned by the state. Mortgage lending began to develop rapidly inXXcentury. Massive mortgages were given to companies operating in the industrial sector, agriculture.

Usually, a mortgage loan is provided in an amount not exceeding 70-80% of the appraised value of the purchased / existing object. Also, home lending is characterized by a mandatory requirement to pay a down payment, but it does not apply to all types of mortgages. The deposit, as a rule, is 10-30% of the loan amount.

Banks lend if the client spends no more than 40% of his monthly income on servicing the mortgage. Fundamental for obtaining a loan are the documents that determine the relationship between the participants in the mortgage lending system - the mortgagor and the mortgagee. These are: a loan agreement and a pledge agreement.

Forms of mortgages in Russia and economically developed countries

The mortgage has its own forms and types. Allocate a mortgage for the purchase and sale agreement. It is the most common one. We are talking about the acquisition of real estate at the expense of credit funds, which has already been put into operation. In simple words, a mortgage loan is given for real estate in a residential state with all the necessary communications. The seller must be its sole owner, document this.

As part of a mortgage under a sale and purchase agreement, they usually give money to buy an apartment on the secondary market. Since the transaction involves 3 parties: the buyer, the seller and the creditor, a tripartite agreement is concluded. Documents are signed exclusively at the bank branch. The agreement is drawn up in 6 copies: 2 for the bank and one for the borrower, seller, Rosreestr and notary.

The second form of home lending is a mortgage on housing during the construction phase. The conditions in this case are somewhat stricter, which is associated with the increased risk faced by lenders. The borrower has to not only agree with these conditions, but also with the requirement to purchase an object from an accredited developer, and this significantly reduces the choice of housing.

But this requirement also has a positive side. The buyer can be sure that the seller will not deceive him, because the accreditation of the developer by the bank is a kind of verification of his reliability. Experienced legal entities will be among the accredited developers. At the same time, real estate is approved when construction work is completed, as a rule, by 20-30%.

The third form of mortgage is the issuance of a loan for individual construction. It is, of course, accompanied by compulsory insurance and security. The pledge until the debtor fully fulfills his obligations is the property owned or credited. In the second case, another type of security is provided for the period of registration of the pledge, for example, a surety.

In countries with developed market economies, the forms of mortgages are different. They are based on payment schemes. We will not bother you with their definitions, but simply list them. There is a mortgage:

• with "ball" payment;
• spring;
• with;
• roll over;
• with variable rate%;
• self-cushioning;
• with partial depreciation;
• with junior mortgages.

What types of mortgages exist in the Russian market

Of much greater interest are the types of mortgage loans or mortgage programs offered by banks. They are conventionally classified according to the following criteria:

• the type of property being purchased;
• type of payments;
• focus;
• the purpose of mortgage lending.

Depending on the type of real estate being purchased, there are different types of mortgages: a loan for a housing under construction, a finished object, an apartment, a cottage / cottage, a townhouse, for the construction of a residential building, for a room / share. By type of payment, you can deal with an annuity repayment system. But there is also a differentiated mortgage.

Such a feature as orientation classifies housing loans into social ones, i.e. those in the partial financing of which the state is indirectly or directly involved, and commercial, when a mortgage is taken by individual entrepreneurs, legal entities for business, etc. And the goal defines 2 types of mortgage lending: targeted or standard mortgage programs and non-targeted (a loan secured by real estate).

In the second case, for the mortgage of real estate, housing is registered, which is already owned by the potential borrower. And money is given without declaring goals. Those. a person can spend them on the purchase of housing, home improvement and other consumer purposes. In addition to the listed types, non-standard mortgage programs should be singled out separately (according to two documents, without an initial payment, etc.).

Mortgage loans by type of acquired property: new building

A loan for housing under construction is also called new building... Its banks provide for the purchase of an apartment that is just being built. The seller is an accredited developer partner. The borrower's program is costly due to high interest rates. But thanks to it, a person can save on the cost of the apartment itself, since it becomes more expensive after commissioning, and during the construction period it is cheaper.

The bank accepts the purchased apartment as collateral. The loan amount is calculated based on the value of the object and the client's solvency. It is allowed to attract 1-3 co-borrowers (individuals), who are subject to the same requirements as the borrower. Their income is taken into account when calculating the maximum size of the mortgage. The spouse is a mandatory co-borrower. The interest rate is determined depending on: the status of the client, the type of loan and its term, the amount of the contribution.

Mortgage for a finished object

A loan for a finished object implies lending for the purchase of real estate (apartments, houses) in the secondary market. This program is perhaps the most demanded. It is distinguished by fast processing, optimal conditions of provision. A person can search for real estate himself. But usually the lender offers his help in choosing and real estate partners.

In any case, the object must meet certain requirements.

Apartment mortgage

Apartment mortgage is a relatively new concept in the real estate market. It is a loan issued for the purchase of not an apartment in a multi-storey building, but a special living space, which is significantly different from the usual square meters. An apartment should not be confused with an apartment or a penthouse. This object is usually 40 sq. m. They consist of 2 or more rooms, necessarily equipped with a kitchen and a bathroom.

In addition, the apartment can be temporarily registered for 5 years. Then this period is allowed to be extended. These properties are usually sold in commercial buildings. And it has long ceased to be elite housing. Thanks to this type of mortgage, apartments have become available to a wider circle of the population.

Banking organizations want to see a person with Russian citizenship in the role of an applicant for a loan, and some, even more, with a residence permit in the territory of the settlement where the subject of the pledge is located. Mortgages for apartments may be accompanied by additional interest rates (within 1-2%), life insurance. Its characteristics are also considered:

• the ability to buy in the primary / secondary markets;
• various types of security, including a pledge of existing housing;
• the legal status of the living space is a commercial object, hence all that arise with a temporary registration, increased housing and communal services tariffs, additional services for the Management Company, etc .;
• far from all banks implement programs, because this type of mortgage is at a development stage. Apartments on credit can be offered by: DeltaCredit Bank, Absolut Bank, Bank Zenit, DOM.RF, Vozrozhdenie, VTB, etc .;
• mortgage for apartments is a suitable option for further renting them out, in order to receive income and reimburse the cost of the loan;
• attractive location of real estate (usually the central districts of megalopolises) with all the necessary infrastructure in the immediate vicinity;
• you can not use maternity capital to contribute or repay part of the mortgage;
• housing under construction is purchased only from accredited developers.

The apartment also has its own requirements. The picture below is an example of the requirements of DeltaCredit Bank.

Mortgage for the dacha / cottage

If desired, a Russian citizen can get a mortgage for suburban real estate, land, cottage, and other household buildings. It poses a risk for lenders, since country houses are not as liquid as city apartments. Wear occurs earlier. The cost of an object is more difficult to calculate. For these reasons, a loan for a summer house / cottage is a type of mortgage that is priced more expensive.

The rate on it may exceed a loan for a new building and the secondary market by 2-3 percentage points. The down payment is also higher (10-15%). Houses are considered only those that are registered in the cadastre. Banking organizations are interested in: technical characteristics of housing, materials used in its construction, the level of wear and tear. Important factors are the purpose of the land plot, remoteness from the roadway, the presence of a number of industrial enterprises, farms, high-voltage power lines.

For financial institutions to approve real estate, it and the land must meet a number of conditions.

This type of mortgage is available for: Sberbank, UniCredit Bank, Interprombank, Promsvyazbank, Rosselkhozbank, Minbank, DeltaCredit Bank, Gazprombank, etc.

Mortgage for the construction of a residential building

A mortgage loan for the individual construction of a private house is intended to finance a borrower who has a land plot and wants to build housing on it. If, in the case of conventional mortgage programs, you first select an object and then go to the bank, then in the case of a mortgage for individual construction, first of all, the amount of borrowed money is determined, and then the construction costs are planned.

Suitable as collateral: real estate in the ownership, land, movable property, a house that will be built. A small number of banks are engaged in this type of mortgage lending. Optimal conditions were observed at RSHB and Sberbank. Such a loan is undesirable for lenders, since there is a high risk of unfinished construction, which is offset by increased rates and a deposit.

In order to "reduce the cost" of a mortgage, it is necessary to attract co-borrowers, to ensure their obligations as much as possible. Banks cooperate with those people who received all permits for building a house, approved the project. At the end of the construction, you must also report to the mortgagor in documents. Another distinctive feature is the possibility of financing in tranches. The land must be suitable for the construction of a residential building. The requirements for it are listed below.

Mortgage for a room / share

Mortgages for a room in a communal apartment or a share also have a place to be, although they are less common. Making out this type of mortgage, a person will have to face bureaucratic red tape, namely, to make sure that the neighbors in the apartment refuse the right of preferential acquisition. The refusal is provided to the bank in documents, and it must be signed by a notary.

Banks are more willing to issue a mortgage for a room when the borrower already owns one / several rooms in the apartment, and turns to the lender to buy out the rest of the area. A loan for a share in a residential building is more often taken as a result of a divorce. And they are more loyal to the applied citizen / citizen if a lot of time has passed after the divorce, which reduces the likelihood of a sham deal.

The room must comply with housing standards, provide the future owner with the comfort of living (have communications, a bathroom, heating). Its footage can be at least 12 sq. m. Approved are rooms without communal debts, which are located in buildings with non-wooden floors, wear at least 50%, built after the 70s. XX century.

You can get this type of mortgage loan from: TransCapital, Sberbank, DeltaCredit Bank, Gazprombank, SKB Bank, VTB. The interest on it is slightly higher than for an apartment.

A variety of home loans by type of payment

Banks abroad offer a variety of mortgage debt repayment schemes. But there are only 2 Russian ones: annuity and differentiated. These types of mortgage payments are similar in that they include the main debt +%. But otherwise they are radically different. An annuity has the advantage of invariable payments. Most of them are interest.

With this option of repayment, the amount of debt does not decrease much, although the money is deposited regularly. Consequently, the annuity type of payments carries an impressive overpayment and is beneficial for early repayment. The payment of a differentiated mortgage takes place in a planned manner, and the body of the loan is repaid in equal installments. The size of payments decreases on a monthly basis due to the fact that they are charged on the balance of the debt, which also decreases.

Therefore, it is so important to constantly check with the bank how much the next time you need to pay on the mortgage. The differentiated system assumes that the first monthly installments will be high, for this reason, it is not suitable for everyone. But if you calculate the overpayment, differentiated mortgages are better.

Sometimes the borrower does not have a choice on the type of payment (an annuity is offered), but some organizations still give him the opportunity to decide on the type of repayment. These, for example, are: Rosselkhozbank, Nordea Bank, Gazprombank, Bank St. Petersburg.

Types of mortgage programs by focus

Based on the focus, the types of mortgages are: social and commercial... Social is a loan provided with special benefits. It is partially funded by the state if you belong to a certain category of persons, for example, a young family with children, a military man. And in some regions there are regional social programs.

In order for a person who needs to change their living conditions to be able to resort to a social mortgage, you need to contact the city administration or the Department of Housing and Utilities. At the moment, the social mortgage includes programs: military, matkapital, state program for young families.

Military mortgage

Military mortgage is aimed at assisting servicemen in obtaining housing. Members of the NIS (accumulative mortgage system of housing provision for military personnel) have the right to use this opportunity. To participate in the program, a man doing service must register with the federal executive authority / CSF. Then they open a savings account for him, where funds are regularly transferred from the federal budget.

After 3 years of participation in the NIS, a soldier can request a report on the provision of a housing loan. The money from the savings account can be used to pay the contribution. Repayment is carried out at the expense of the state finances recorded in the account of the program participant. If a soldier is dismissed, funding is terminated. More details about NIS can be found on the website rosvoenipoteka.ru.

Under the terms of a military mortgage, the loan amount is limited. For example, Sberbank has 2,502,000 rubles. The loan term has also been reduced to 20 years. For military personnel, banks offer rates slightly lower than other borrowers. You can buy: an apartment in the secondary market, a residential building with a land plot, a townhouse, an apartment under a contract of equity participation in construction. Military mortgages are given by: Promsvyazbank, VTB, Gazprombank, Rosselkhozbank, Bank Zenit, RNKB Bank, Svyaz-Bank, AHML, Otkritie, etc.

Matkapital

Mortgages in Russia became available to many parents with the advent of the program Matkapital, which provides for the introduction of an initial payment or part of the loan, repayment of a mortgage already taken at the expense of maternity capital. It applies to those spouses who have a second baby before 2021, and to the following loan offers:

• finished housing;
• new building;
• individual construction of a house.

Please note that not only the mother, but also the father in some cases can apply for financial assistance for mortgage lending. A corresponding certificate must be provided to the bank. The implementation of this type of social mortgage is carried out in several steps.

Matcapital is accepted by the following creditors: URALSIB, VTB, Raiffeisenbank, Gazprombank, Sberbank, BZHF, Otkritie, RSHB, Alfa-Bank and a number of others.

Mortgage for a young family

Also, the state has developed another program for families in which in the period from 01.01.2018 to 31.12.2022 the second / third child is born... Its conditions allow you to purchase housing at a reduced rate (from 6%) in the amount of 3-8 million rubles. Usually, this type of mortgage provides the couple with an object in the primary / secondary market.

The contribution can be 5-10% higher than the average value. The borrower must be a citizen / citizen of the Russian Federation not older than 35 years old, married and with children, receiving enough salary to service the loan. Mortgages for a young family in 2019 are encouraged by those who, according to the decision of the executive authorities, are recognized as needing housing and are on the waiting list.

The subsidy covers 40% of the cost of the loan. Lending under this program is carried out by: Sberbank, DeltaCredit Bank, Raiffeisenbank, Otkritie, Severgazbank, Vozrozhdenie, Promsvyazbank, VTB, Absolut Bank, SKB Bank, etc.

Commercial mortgage

Commercial mortgage- This is lending for the purchase of non-residential real estate for subsequent profit. Money is provided for the purchase of: warehouses, industrial buildings, offices, shopping and entertainment facilities, etc. At the same time, both the purchased object and the existing one of the borrower are pledged. The Mortgage Law regulates commercial mortgage lending.

According to him, a loan is possible in the event of redemption not only of the structure itself, but also of the land plot located on it. More often, the borrowers are legal entities, individual entrepreneurs. If they arrange a mortgage on an enterprise-property complex, the acquired real estate, land, and its other assets, including equipment, finished goods, become pledge.

As part of this type of mortgage, most banks offer their clients 10-20 million rubles. But there are financial institutions that finance larger amounts. The same SMP Bank can borrow up to 50 million rubles. The rate on commercial mortgages is higher (from 12-13% per annum), the deposit is also (20-30%). Subsidies and capital capital cannot be used on it.

But some programs provide additional opportunities. The Rosselkhozbank can, for example, additionally finance the borrower to repair the facility, provide a deferred payment for the principal debt. Sometimes there are proposals for different forms of issuing borrowed funds:

• one-time loan;
• credit line.

Types of mortgages depending on the purposes of mortgage lending

If you divide the mortgage by purpose, then 2 types are formed - target and non-target... The first includes all of the above home loans. Those. they are issued specifically for the purchase of an object. And in the second case, we are talking about an inappropriate loan secured by real estate. This is an alternative to a mortgage, but without a down payment. It is also characterized by a short term and amount - up to 10 million rubles. for 15-20 years, at a relatively high rate - from 13-15% per annum.

The collateral is the housing owned by the person. Because the loan is inappropriate, it is not necessary to confirm the purpose of using the money. This means that you can direct funds for repairs, purchase of equipment, furniture, and more. An inappropriate type of mortgage is in the range of loan products of almost every bank specializing in mortgage lending.

Non-standard mortgage programs

A separate group is worth highlighting non-standard mortgage programs... These include a mortgage: 2 documents, no down payment, a loan for a parking space / garage. Most often, borrowing money to solve the housing issue is accompanied by the submission of a large package of documents. But individual programs, such as "Easy mortgage", "Mortgage on 2 documents" simplify the process of lending.

This type of home loan is suitable for those who work unofficially, and therefore cannot provide 2-NDFL, because banks will only ask for a passport and a second identity paper (license / SNILS / international passport, etc.). And it seems possible to get money for: new building, refinancing, secondary market. True, to minimize risks, lenders increase the cost of the mortgage, the amount of the deposit.