Dam An artificial water-retaining structure or a natural (natural) obstacle in the path of a watercourse, creating a difference in levels along the river bed Artificial Natural Pool - a section of a river between two adjacent dams on a river or a section of a canal between two locks Upper Lower
By location: - Terrestrial (pond, river, lake, sea) - Underground (pipelines, tunnels) By nature and purpose of use: - Water-energy - For water supply - Reclamation - Sewage - Water transport - Decorative - Timber rafting - Sports - Fishery By functional purpose: - Water retaining (dams, dams) - Water supply (canals, pipelines, sluices) - Regulatory (boards, dams, bank protection) - Spillway (gate valves) - Special
Causes of GDA -D-D-D-Actions of natural forces (earthquake, hurricane, erosion of dams) -I-I-I-Wear and aging of equipment -K-K-K-Structural defects -O-O-O-Design errors - B-B-B-Human impact (strikes with nuclear and conventional weapons) A dam breach is the initial phase of the GDA, i.e., the process of formation of a hole and the uncontrolled flow of reservoir water from the upper pool, rushing through the hole into the lower pool. A hole is a narrow channel in the embankment of a dam, resulting from erosion. Catastrophic flooding is a hydrodynamic disaster, the result of the destruction of a dam, which consists in the rapid flooding of underlying areas and the occurrence of flooding
Consequences of hydraulic structures - Damage and destruction of hydraulic structures and termination of their functions; - Destruction of buildings and structures; - Defeat, loss of life; - Flooding of vast territories. Damaging factors of flooding - R- Destructive wave of breakthrough; - Water flow and free waters flooding the territory; Impact assessment Population losses
Material damage Material damage Direct Direct Damage to hydraulic structures, buildings, cars and railways, power and communication lines; Damage to hydraulic structures, buildings, roads and railways, power lines and communications; Death of livestock and crops; Death of livestock and crops; Destruction of raw materials, fuel, food; Destruction of raw materials, fuel, food; Costs of evacuation and transportation material assets; Costs of evacuating people and transporting material assets; Washing away the fertile soil layer and introducing sand, clay, and stones into the soil. Washing away the fertile soil layer and introducing sand, clay, and stones into the soil. Indirect Indirect Costs for the purchase and delivery of food, clothing, medicines, etc. Costs for the purchase and delivery of food, clothing, medicines, etc. Reduction in production of industrial and agricultural products; Reduction in production of industrial and agricultural products; Deterioration of living conditions of the local population; Deterioration of living conditions of the local population; Impossibility of rational use of territories located in a zone of possible flooding Impossibility of rational use of territories located in a zone of possible flooding
Measures to protect against GDA Early: --U--Reducing the maximum water flow by redistributing wastewater; --R--Regulation of flood flows using reservoirs; --U-- Strengthening and timely repair of hydraulic structures; --P--Carrying out bank protection and dredging work, filling up low places. Operational measures: - Notifying the population about the threat of an accident; - Early evacuation of the population, animals, material assets; - Partial restriction or cessation of the functioning of enterprises, protection of material assets
Rules of conduct and actions of the population in the event of a threat from gas and gas - Immediate evacuation of people and animals; --B-- Take with you documents, valuables, necessary things, food, water; --Ts-- Move valuables to the upper floors, attic; --B--Turn everything off, close; --S--Hide behind any obstacle, hold on to a tree, stone; --N-- While in the water, when a wave approaches, dive into the depths; --And--Use available floating devices; --P--On your return, remember to take precautions
"Dome" - Domes. The expressive power of the internal spaces covered with domes. Early 20th century. Scheme of proportions. Domes and arches. Domes of the 20th century. Pseudo-Byzantine style. The Romans learned to build arches, simple vaults and domes from stone. Influence. Arch. Byzantine domed church with a Greek cross. Domes 19th century.
“Mathematics in Architecture” - Symmetry is the queen of architectural perfection. Geometric shapes in different architectural styles. Strength of the structure. Architecture. Right parallelepiped. Mathematics helps to achieve the strength of structures. Golden ratio in architecture. Post-beam system. Egyptian geometry. Hyperbolic paraboloid.
“Fountains” - We attach thin tubes to the figurine. Fountain. Jets. Hole for installation. The beauty of water. World of fountains. Geography. What types of fountains are there? Tubes of the required diameter. We decorate the bottom of the fountain. Heart. The base for the fountain is already ready. The original purpose of the fountain. We fix it in a permanent place.
“The Art of Architecture” - Equipment and materials: Public buildings. Architecture. "Introduction to the art of architecture. Housing construction(house). Types of architecture: Industrial construction (factory, plant, store, station, hydroelectric power station). Decorative architecture (gazebos, fountains, pavilions). Public buildings (palace, temple, stadium, theater).
“Harmony” - As time passed, the mathematical problems of architecture became more complicated. Specialists are required to ensure that temples and pyramids are located exactly in line with the Sun. Harmony, strength, benefit and beauty. Pyramids. The shells of many snails and mollusks are coiled in a golden spiral. A spider spins along a golden spiral, weaving a web.
"Fountains of the World" - The most beautiful fountains in the world. A huge fountain. 10 most beautiful fountains in the world. Light and musical fountain. Fountains. Water release rate. The fountains amaze with their grandeur and luxury. Kyiv. Dancing fountain. Glass pyramid. The most beautiful fountains. Peterhof.
Swimming pools are artificial reservoirs with a special bath for filling with water. In parks and gardens, mostly outdoor swimming pools are installed, varying in size and shape. Purpose: swimming, training, sports, therapeutic and recreational, splashing and decorative. They are completely or partially buried in the ground and must be provided with water, electricity and sewerage. The surrounding areas are covered with dense turf, paths and areas must have hard surfaces. Water is supplied to b. through a tap in the side wall and discharged through special bottom drains into the storm sewer network. Decorative pools are gardening elements that add elegance to the park landscape, creating the effect of reflection of structures, etc. The size of them, as well as the streams connecting them, is determined by the location of their location, their shape is laconic and simple, decorated with a low concrete or stone side - at the level of the lawn and platform, the areas around them - with tiled paving and flower beds simple shapes. Waterfalls according to several criteria: the number of jets (single-jet, multi-jet, etc.); sign of flow adhesion to the wall of the waterfall (with and without adhesion of the flow); according to the method of coupling the jet with the flow in the downstream (with a water well for energy absorption, filled with water or with a solid rock surface). A waterfall is a special hydraulic structure, which is a stream of water falling from a height of several meters. Rapids are artificial obstacles (piles of large stones) in the path of a moving stream of water. Cascades are artificial waterfalls with a low drop height, with a stepwise overflow of water over ledges, combined with other water devices: fountains, fountains, water cannons, etc. Canals are open artificial watercourses that serve certain sporting purposes or are the connection of reservoirs along the shortest distance, with a clear geometric shape. Streams or channels are open artificial conduits that serve as a connecting link between reservoirs and are intended for boating and pedalos. The bottom of streams and cascades is made of durable polymer (or rubber) material. For additional protection, non-woven geotextiles are used. Fountains are artificial hydraulic structures that eject jets of water through special nozzles onto pipes (nozzles). The maximum height of the water jet should not exceed half the diameter of the fountain bowl. Fountains can be supplied with water from a city water supply or a local source using a pump, and sometimes recycled water from the reservoir in which the fountain is located using a pump. Water discharge is organized into an open tray, storm sewer network, as well as into a tank for circulating water supply during water recycling. Sources, or springs, are the simplest fountain structures, built on the site of natural springs and used both as decorative elements and for economic purposes - as a means of water supply to the garden area. Sprinkler installations are structures with blades and holes for supplying and spraying water. Sprinkler installations are used on the fittings of watering taps or hoses or paddle turntables. Under the influence of water pressure, they begin to move, spraying water evenly around them at a distance of 1.5... 2.5 m.
Such structures include swimming pools, decorative pools, waterfalls, rapids, cascades (multi-stage drops), canals (connecting and sports), streams and ducts, fire-fighting reservoirs, fountains, sources (springs), drinking fountains and other hydroplastic structures.
Swimming pools. Swimming pools- These are artificial reservoirs with a special bath for filling with water. In parks and gardens, mostly outdoor swimming pools are installed, varying in size and shape.
According to their purpose, pools are divided into swimming, educational, sports, medical and recreational, splashing and decorative.
Swimming pools are built according to a specially designed project. The shape of the pool is mainly rectangular (other shapes are not excluded) with a length that is a multiple of 12.5 m. Depending on the purpose of the pool, the bath usually consists of two parts: shallow - 0.7... 1 m deep, and deep - 2 m deep ,5...4.5 m. Children's splashing pools have only a shallow part.
Outdoor pools are completely or partially buried in the ground. The bottom and walls of the bathtub are made of reinforced concrete. They must be waterproofed and covered finishing material. Swimming pools must be provided with water, electricity and sewerage. The areas around the pool should be covered with dense turf, and paths and areas should have hard surfaces.
In children's parks, splashing pools are arranged for children from 3 to 10 years old to play on water with a water surface area of at least 50 m2, depth - from 10 to 40 cm. The material for making baths is monolithic or prefabricated reinforced concrete or plastic. Inner surface The bathtub should not be slippery, and its corners should be rounded. Water is supplied to the pool through a tap in the side wall and discharged through special bottom drains into the storm sewer network. The water temperature in the pool must be at least 20 “C.
Decorative pools - these are landscape gardening elements that add elegance to the park landscape, as well as creating the effect of reflecting buildings, monuments, crowns ornamental trees and bushes.
The dimensions of such pools, as well as the streams connecting them, are determined by their location. Landscape construction experience shows that for optimal visual perception, decorative pools should be no more than 1/5... 1/8 of the size of the surrounding area. The shape of decorative pools and the configuration of the banks can be different. Pools can be round, oval, rectangular in shape and have natural smooth outlines of their boundaries. The area of such pools, equipped with a spillway and drainage, is usually 10...50 m2 or more.
The building material for constructing swimming pools is monolithic and prefabricated reinforced concrete. To decorate the banks of pools, stones, ceramic and concrete vases, sculptures, bridges, and passages are used. The bottom of the pool is decorated with ceramic tiles different colors or treated with backlit mosaics in the evening. Pools should be laconic and simple in shape, decorated with a low concrete or stone side - at the level of the lawn and platform, and the areas around them - with tiled paving and flower vases of simple shapes.
The selection of plants is necessary to give the decorative pool and the surrounding space artistic unity and expressiveness. Plants with a clear silhouette of branches, leaves and flowers are arranged near decorative pools - these are shrubs (junipers, thujas, Thunberg barberry, etc.); perennial flowering plants (irises, bergenia, funkia, daylily, bellflower, delphinium, aquilegia, astilbe, etc.). Low decorative pools are decorated along the edge with flowering mixborders, plantings of perennial flowering plants or low coniferous and deciduous shrubs.
To grow aquatic plants, a depression is made in the bottom of the pool into which a metal basket or concrete bowl is placed, which is removed for inspection and winter storage of plants. Simple stones can also be used, laid along the bottom with a small layer of rich soil between them.
Waterfalls. In nature, waterfalls are one of the most spectacular phenomena associated with water, so it is quite natural to want to transfer this phenomenon from the natural to the anthropogenic landscape. Waterfalls in nature (and landscape) are classified according to several criteria: by the number of jets (single-jet, multi-jet, etc.); but the sign of flow adhesion to the wall of the waterfall (with and without adhesion of the flow); according to the method of coupling the jet with the flow in the downstream (with a water well to extinguish energy, filled with water or with a hard rocky surface, breaking the falling flow into small splashes, especially spectacular and pleasant on a hot sunny day).
Waterfall- this is a special hydraulic structure, which is a stream of water falling from a height of several meters.
An indispensable condition for creating a waterfall is a large width in relation to the height of the stream. This ratio can give the desired visual effect. Waterfalls are arranged at differences in relief at two levels. This is achieved by spillway dams, dams made of stones, provided that water moves from the upper pool to the lower one through the spillway.
With the regular planning of the park territory, the waterfall is the dominant element of the composition, subordinating the design of the surrounding space. When planning a landscape design, the waterfall should be natural and fit into the landscape. The banks and bed of the spillway are formed with stones or boulders, woody and herbaceous plants, with naturally laid paths. With regular planning, the waterfall is equipped with a MAF using high-quality processed materials: granite, marble, flagstone, tuff of different colors, etc.
They also use such a technique as artificially created rapids, which in natural conditions are piles of stones or rocks that prevent fast current flow of water and often breaking this flow into separate jets. From the point of view of hydraulic calculation of the channel, the thresholds represent a very large roughness, which greatly reduces the flow velocity and at the same time significantly increases the noise effect and entertainment.
Thresholds. Thresholds from the point of view of hydroplastics, these are artificial obstacles in the path of a moving flow of water. Rapids are created by piling up large stones in the channel of a watercourse in the path of the main flow of water, which breaks against an obstacle, bypasses it with noise and foam, and rolls further along the channel.
Cascades. Cascades - These are artificial waterfalls with a low height of water fall (0.5...0.8 m), with a stepped overflow of water along the ledges. Between the ledges, the upper platforms of the cascade can have a horizontal or inclined position, which reduces or increases the speed of water movement.
Parallel to the cascade, it is possible to construct a staircase with viewing platforms on which decorative sculptures and flower modules with beautifully flowering plants are installed. The cascade is combined with other water devices: fountains, fountains, water cannons, etc.
From the point of view of hydraulic calculation of hydraulic structures, cascades can be considered as multi-stage drops with their inherent calculation scheme. At the same time, the word “cascades” can mean cascades of reservoirs, especially dams, located on the same watercourse with a large volume of flow. In this case, dam reservoirs are calculated using the previously described method, and sections of watercourses (streams, rivers, etc.) are calculated according to the channel diagram with a uniform steady movement of water. This scheme was also discussed earlier.
Channels. Channels- these are open artificial watercourses that serve certain sporting purposes or are a connection of reservoirs over the shortest distance. The purpose of the channels determines their clear geometric shape, enriching the landscape with linear perspective. The depth of the channels and their width depend on the rules established by the lanes for competitions in rowing, water skiing and water-motor sports. The width of water supply channels is determined based on the flow rate of transported water. The banks of the canals are reinforced with piles (banquet rows), the slopes are reinforced with turf, and an embankment with equipment for spectators of sports competitions and for vacationers near the water is built along its entire length.
Streams or channels. Streams, or ducts- These are open artificial conduits that serve as a connecting link between reservoirs and are intended for boating and pedalos. The channels vary in width, which depends on the presence of turns, branches in the form of branches, creeks, islands and rapids. The bottom and the flooded part of the bank must have a natural or artificial waterproof layer with sand and gravel loading. The banks of the channel, due to the weak flow of water, are secured in the flooded part with stone masonry or riprap, and in the non-flooded part - with “herbaceous clothing”, low shrubs and perennial herbaceous plants. Because of this, they are a favorite place for waterfowl.
Streams and cascades. The bottom of small streams and cascades is made of durable polymer (or rubber) material. For additional protection, non-woven geotextiles are used. The edge of the stream is decorated with stone or decorative film, which is based on epoxy resin, covered with small river pebbles. The OASE company (Germany) produces special parts of the stream for constructing a stream with cascades: “source”, “waterfall”, “straight watercourse”, “bend”, “filter”, “mouth”, “confluence with the reservoir”. The stream elements are made by hand from plastic covered with natural sandstone. Special pumps are used to move water.
Fountains. One of the most advanced hydroplastic landscape devices are fountains, which provide perhaps the greatest dynamism (as well as change) of compositions, sound and color diversity (due to lighting). Fountains - These are artificial hydraulic structures that ensure the ejection of jets of water through special nozzles on pipes (nozzles). The water jets of fountains fall from different heights, have different inclinations, lengths, diameters, and relative positions, which is ensured by different spraying methods. The maximum height of the water jet should not exceed half the diameter of the fountain bowl, since with a higher height of the water jet and strong wind, the water enters the surrounding area, which prevents visitors from accessing the fountain. If the bowl diameter b= Yum, then the height of the jet h= 4...5 m.
The water consumption in the fountains of a landscape gardening facility should not exceed
50...60 l/s. Fountains can be supplied with water from a city water supply or a local source using a pump, and sometimes recycled water- from the reservoir in which the fountain is located, using a pump (Fig. 6.12). Water discharge is organized into an open tray, storm sewer network, as well as into a tank for circulating water supply during water recycling. To free the fountain bowl from water during the winter, its bottom is made with a slope of less than 5% to the outlet point. Fountains with powerful jets of water and a large bowl are installed on the central alleys and compositional axes of the landscape garden as the centers of the composition. To decorate fountains, colored asphalt and concrete are used, ceramic tiles, minting.
A type of fountains are fountains without catchment bowls, when water is used in the form of curtains or a thin film. The designs of such fountains consist of a metal plate with a pipe through which water rises. Water gushes weakly over the surface of the slab or plate, covering it with a thin film and flowing along the perimeter, forming a water curtain with water discharge into the drainage layer of pebbles. One of the forms of landscaping is a fountain without a bowl, arranged directly on the lawn in the form of separate jets with special lighting and music (light music).
Springs, or springs. Sources, or springs, are the simplest fountain structures, built on the site of natural springs and used both as decorative elements and for economic purposes - as a means of supplying water to the park. The spring is a low-
Rice. 6.12.
A- one-way from the water supply; b- with the discharge of water into a reservoir; V- with the creation of pressure by a pump; G- with water circulation; d - underwater ((yuntan; e - with water supply from an upstream reservoir; / - main water supply; 2- tray: 3 - water intake tank; 4 - pump
forge a bowl, a log house or a stone structure, an abyss from which spring water pours out or into which it flows. In the second case, a retaining stone or decorative wall is installed with a drainage pipe built into it. When there is no natural source of groundwater for the spring, the pipe is connected to the water supply system. In terms of its compositional design and design, the main thing is the structure itself - the “clothing” of the spring. The stream of water is an important addition to its architectural appearance.
Drinking fountains. They are widely used at sites and serve to quench the thirst of visitors. Such fountains consist of a foundation, a water supply system with a drain tap and a fountain device, a cabinet with a drain bowl and a waste sewer system. The height of the cabinet for adults is 85...90 cm, for children - 65...70 cm.
Sprinkler installations. Sprinkler installations- these are structures with blades and holes for supplying and spraying water. Sprinkler installations are used on the fittings of watering taps or hoses or paddle turntables. Under the influence of water pressure, they begin to move, spraying water evenly around them at a distance of 1.5...2.5 m. The installations are brightly colored. They create a halo of light and the slightest mist, which attracts the attention of visitors. They are installed on a permanent watering network of the water supply system or secured to the fitting of a watering hose and, as the plantings are irrigated, they are transferred to another place, covering the irrigation area.
Design of reservoirs. To design natural and artificial reservoirs, as well as to improve the composition of water, aquatic plants are used, which, according to their growing conditions, are divided into:
- for floating plants (main): yellow water lily, white water rose, fragrant water rose, water nut, etc.;
- shallow-water plants (main): marsh calamus, callus, golden iris, bitter trefoil, plum, etc.;
- coastal plants (main): forget-me-nots, canary grass, common reed, primrose, etc.
In artificial reservoirs, aquatic plants are grown in containers lowered to the bottom in specially designated areas. The containers are filled with a mixture of leaf soil, clay and medium-grained sand in equal proportions.
222. Engineering structures, which serve to use the existing water resources of the facility:
A) hydraulic engineering B) hydrotechnological C) water technological
D) hydrogenous
223. As part of hydraulic structures general purpose includes:
A) Pits, streams, dams B) retaining structures, retaining walls on watercourses, water intake structures
B) River canals,
224. Natural bodies of water include:
A) lakes, ponds, rivers B) pools C) canals D) reservoirs
225. Artificial reservoirs include:
A) ponds, rivers B) pools, reservoirs C) lakes
226. Artificially created deep closed water hydraulic structure:
A) pond B) river C) lake D) swimming pool
227. The pond includes a mandatory component:
A) river bed B) slope C) source D) drain pipes
228. The depth of the pond in the middle is:
A) 1-2cm B) 4.5cm C) 0.5-1cm D) 2-3cm
229. An element that gives the park landscape splendor, creating the effect of reflection of structures, crown shapes:
A) Decorative pool B) Pond C) Pool D) Lake
230. The flow rate in the water fountain of a landscape gardening facility should not exceed:
A) 10-30l/s B) 20-40l/s C) 50-60l/s D) 15-25l/s
231. Design for supplying and spraying water:
A) fountain installation B) sprinkler installations C) drinking fountains
232. Floating plants are used to decorate natural and artificial reservoirs:
A) water chestnut B) azalea C) calligraphy D) forget-me-nots
233. Coastal plants for decorating natural and artificial reservoirs include:
A) yellow water lily B) water nut C) astilbe
234. Artificial watercourses used for sport fishing:
A) channel, stream B) canals C) waterfalls D) lake
235. The height of the jet in fountains with a cup diameter of 10 m is equal to:
A) 1-2m B) 2-4m C) 4-5m D) 0.2-1m
236. The water temperature in the pool must be at least:
A) 5-10 C B) 10-15 C C) 15-20 C D) 20-22 C
237. The main types of improvement of natural reservoirs are:
A) landscaping B) strengthening slopes and cleaning the bottom C) concreting the bottom
238. A water device with small differences in water at several levels is called:
A) cascade B) fountain C) source
239. Artificial waterfalls with low water fall height:
A) cascade B) waterfall C) decorative pool
240. Artificial obstacles in the path of a moving flow of water:
A) cascades B) waterfalls C) rapids
241. Open artificial water conduits, which are the connection of reservoirs over the shortest distance:
A) canals B) streams C) lakes
Section 5. Agrotechnical work on landscaping objects.
242. How long does planting work during landscaping of landscape gardening objects take place:
A) once a year B) 2 times a year C) throughout the year
243. The depth of a dry well depends on the height of the embankment and is ...
A) 30-50 cm B) 30-80 cm C) 50-100 cm
244. Special devices designed to protect the root system of trees when raising the surface elevation according to the project vertical layout:
A) planting pit B) dry well C) decorative well
245. When carrying out planting work, the following should not be taken into account:
A) external environmental factors B) characteristics of the state of plants C) age of plants
246. At what period does the process of awakening begin in plants:
A) spring B) winter C) autumn
247. The thickness of the top fertile layer for lawns and flower beds must be no less than:
A) 0.2-0.3 m B) 0.5-0.6 m C) 0.1-0.2 m
248. The thickness of the top fertile layer for shrubs must be at least:
A) 0.2-0.3 m B) 0.5-0.6 mC) 0.1-0.2 m
249. In which summer months are favorable times for planting:
A) June B) July C) third ten days of August
250. What plants of deciduous species are transplanted from nurseries to summer period:
A) mountain ash B) Siberian spruce C) small-leaved linden
251. What coniferous plants are transferred from nurseries in the summer:
A) spruce B) larch C) that's right
252. When planting seedlings, the roots are treated:
A) sand B) peat C) clay
253. Activities carried out in the autumn when preparing plants for wintering:
A) watering B) digging C) insulation
Winter plantings woody plants are maintained at a temperature
A) not lower than -15C B) not lower than -18C C) not lower than -20C
At what time do plants enter a period of deep dormancy?
A) March B) April C) December, January
257. Winter plantings are successful for the following species:
A) Siberian apple tree B) silver birch C) that’s right
258. The main sources for obtaining healthy planting material for woody plants are:
A) specialized nurseries B) forest C) field
259. Based on design and estimate documentation, it is established:
A) assortment of plants B) need for planting material for the facility C) that’s right
When planting trees, is it possible to fill the root collar with soil?
A) no B) yes
261. A reference point can be:
A) tree B) barrier C) that's right
A)2.0m B)1.8m C)1.3m
266. Seedlings of deciduous trees with an exposed root system are planted in planting holes with a diameter of:
A) 0.8m B) 1 m C) 0.6m
267. Shrub seedlings with exposed root systems are planted in planting areas with a diameter of:
A)0.7m B)0.6m C)0.5m
268. At the extreme points of the seats and in the center of the landing line, the following are installed:
A) sighting rods B) pegs C) branches
269. The dimensions of the seats are set depending on:
A) type of tree B) trunk height C) size of the root system
Any replacement of plant species composition must be consistent with