Exotic animals are often the focus of attention for pet lovers. Over time, many simply get bored with dogs, cats, fish and parrots. I want to diversify my life with the presence of an unusual animal. A small monkey will be a great solution in a similar situation. In addition, a cute capuchin, the price of which is quite acceptable, will become a true friend and comrade. Buying such a pet in Russia has become quite simple with the advent of our store. Specialists will offer you an inexpensive purchase of a live brown capuchin or any other animal. At the same time, they will tell you all the subtleties of care and its content.
Features of buying capuchins
To acquire such an animal in Moscow or St. Petersburg, you need to understand the intricacies of caring for it. The fact is that dealing with exotic animals is always much more difficult. At least they are not used to living in the climate of our country, and at first they will be as uncomfortable as possible. In addition, it is worth remembering that the Steller's Capuchin or another variety of the breed may not get used to a new home well. Because of this, the animal will begin to develop anxiety and the future owner should prepare in advance for the arrangement of a new home. We have small capuchin monkeys in a large assortment and, if you wish, you can choose a pet according to the following criteria:
- color of color;
- wool density;
- dimensions;
- age.
Do not forget to find out in advance how much the monkey you like costs. Each representative of this breed has its own characteristics, and depending on them, a price tag is formed. For how much you can buy this or that monkey, our employees will tell you. With their help, buying exotic animals has become much easier.
You will always be helped to choose
The pet store will always help you choose the right animal. You can make a selection using the site or come in person. Since there are not so many outlets for buying exotic animals in our country, you definitely should contact us.
Acceptable cost of the capuchin breed
Very often on the market there are expensive animals that are brought from other countries. In our store you will get capuchin at the best price. Among the mass of options, each of our clients will definitely find a pet that will become a full-fledged member of the family for him. Study the catalog right now and choose the cutest monkey that you like.
One of the few species of small monkeys that can be kept at home is the Capuchin Faun Monkey (Cebus apella), the Forelock or Black-headed Capuchin Apella. This brownish-gray monkey is about the size of an average cat and has exceptional intelligence and the ability to use various objects as tools. Instead of cracking open a hard nut, the capuchin monkey breaks it with a stone or other object found nearby. She does the same with any hard fruit, egg or apple. Although it has fairly long claws on its arms and legs, shaped like human nails. Already at the age of 1 year, the capuchin monkey knows how to hunt small birds: it deftly lures them, scattering food, and then quickly grabs them.
Distribution area of capuchin monkeys
Capuchin monkeys are native to tropical forests. South America where they are still quite numerous. Capuchin monkeys live in herds that occupy a certain territory and are formed from several dozen (up to 40) individuals of different ages and sexes. These primates lead an arboreal lifestyle, but often descend to the ground to look for fruits, seeds and insects on the ground. Capuchin monkeys are quite courageous and can approach human dwellings, while devastating plantations of cultivated plants and even buildings for pets.
Interesting to know. The capuchin is one of the most numerous species of monkeys in South America. Its body length is 30-60 cm, plus a 30-55 cm tail. Weight - up to 3.5 kg. Life expectancy in captivity is up to 40 years.
Features of the physique and character of capuchins
Capuchin monkeys are distinguished by expressive facial expressions and a wide variety of sounds made. Rich facial expressions allow them to express the whole gamut of moods - they laugh, cry, show concern, and this ability appears in cubs from 6 months. The long tail, characteristically curled and darker in color than the body, is a grasping organ in young individuals. As they grow older, this feature gradually disappears.
Interesting to know. Distinctive feature capuchin monkeys - late puberty. The female is ready to bring offspring only by 7 years, and the male reaches reproductive age only by 10 years.
Capuchin monkeys live in family groups in which not only mothers, but also other adult females are engaged in raising cubs. Combining into a close community helps capuchins keep warm and provide security. They meet individuals from other groups unfriendly, sometimes in battles for the territory of a stranger they bite to death.
Reproduction and cubs of capuchins
Female capuchins are much smaller than males. Pregnancy lasts about 24 weeks, after which one, less often two cubs are born. The first days of the little capuchin monkeys spend clinging their paws and tail to the mother's fur below the abdomen. But already in the second week of life, babies climb onto their mother's back and willingly remain there even when they grow to her size. At the age of 1 year, the capuchin monkey becomes completely independent.
Types of Capuchin Monkeys:
- Ordinary. It belongs to the chain-tailed monkeys, has a hairless tail tip, adapted for grasping tree branches. It is distinguished by a black coat color with light yellow spots on the neck, chest, and shoulders.
- White-fronted. One of the smallest monkeys of this genus with a small head, lean body and long limbs. They are covered with brown hair: dark on the back and light on the abdomen, there are black stripes on the head and along the back. The muzzle is edged with white wool.
- Mourning. A primate of the chain-tailed monkey family with brown hair and a black triangle on its head. In flocks of these capuchins, the killing of cubs and the upbringing of babies by other females is common.
- Kaapori. Belongs to the family of chain-tailed monkeys, is listed as a species that is threatened with extinction. Long and slender body, more graceful than other capuchin monkeys. Color - gray-brown with lighter shoulders and black spots on the head.
Capuchin monkeys are practically omnivorous - the basis of their diet is insects (ants, caterpillars, beetle larvae) and plant foods (about 70% of the diet): fruits, flowers, shoots and young foliage, seeds. Often, capuchins prey on small vertebrates: lizards, birds, frogs, squirrels.
In contact with
On South.
They are called "broad-nosed monkeys" because of the wide septum between the nostrils, in contrast to the great primates of the Old World (Africa and Asia), which are called "narrow-nosed monkeys." A person is also characterized by a narrow nasal septum between the nostrils. According to this and a number of other not so obvious signs, the primates of the New World are well separated from other higher primates, as a result of their long and independent development.
Capuchins live in the crowns of giant tropical trees, where they seek out food for themselves, consisting of various fruits, nuts, seeds, succulent shoots, diversifying it with insects, tree frogs, and the contents of discovered bird nests. These monkeys keep in groups of 10-30 individuals in a certain territory, within which they never come into conflict with howler monkeys. Capuchins are very mobile monkeys, they run and walk on all limbs, rarely on two legs, sometimes they jump. Their voices are full of various sounds. Capuchins enjoy a well-deserved reputation as one of America's smartest primate species. In nature, nuts are often broken with stones or too hard fruits are beaten off on hard branches of trees, and the caught tree frogs are wiped on the bark of trees, removing mucus from them; in captivity they lend themselves well to training. They are well known for their habit of rubbing scented substances on their fur. While climbing trees, the capuchin often uses the tenacious end of the tail, which clings well to the branches, but it cannot hang on the tail. Contrary to popular belief, without exception, the apes of the Old World and the vast majority of the New World cannot and do not hang by their tail. The exceptions in this regard are howler monkeys, woolly and spider monkeys.
Four types of capuchins are known. Common capuchin - Cebus capucinus(also called white-throated, black-and-white) - the body, hands and feet are black, a cap of black hair on the head. Face color is white or pink. White hair grows around the circumference of the face, as well as a white chest and forelimbs. Cinnamon-colored capuchin (white in front) - the same size and the same coloration of the face, however, the hair around the face has a sandy tint. The color of the skin of the hands and feet is dark red, the coat color of the body is from the color of real cinnamon to brown. Most animals have reddish fur on their front legs. Capuchin with a wedge on a cap (plakuna) has a greenish-gray coat, long hair around the head. A wedge descends from the back of the head to the forehead contrasting color. The face is light-colored, the nose and upper lip are dark gray. The fourth species - capuchin-faun - Cebus apella.
Females give birth to a cub every two years after pregnancy, which lasts about 160 days. Usually one cub is born, its body weight is 8.5% of the mother's weight. Sometimes twins are born, but not often. The first three months of life, the cub spends behind the mother, moving to her chest to get milk. Then they begin to show interest in the world around them and begin to eat adult food. By the age of six months, they are quite able to serve themselves, but still do not leave their mother, who protects them and feeds them with milk. At the age of 9-12 months, they begin an independent life. Sexual maturity occurs at the age of 4-5 years in females and males, but physical maturity in males occurs no earlier than 6-7 years.
Capuchins live in colonies or herds. All day long they feed, play or groom each other. All members of the herd take care of the cubs, in case of danger they rush to the rescue. The leader of the herd is a high-ranking male, but he does not claim all the females, who are free to choose any male in their herd. The larger the group, the more successfully it can resist natural enemies (eagles and other birds of prey).
Kinds
Names are given in accordance with AI
- White-fronted capuchin ( Cebus albifrons)
- Capuchin Faun ( Cebus apella)
- common capuchin ( Cebus capucinus)
- Capuchin-caapori ( Cebus kaapori)
- Black-striped capuchin ( Cebus libidosus)
- Brown capuchin ( Cebus nigritus)
- Mourning capuchin ( Cebus olivaceus)
- Cebus queirozi
- Yellow-bellied capuchin ( Cebus xanthosternos)
Notes
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
See what "Capuchins (genus of monkeys)" is in other dictionaries:
Capuchins (Cebus), a genus of American chain-tailed monkeys of the capuchin family. The skull of K. is relatively large, rounded, with a shortened facial region. limbs of medium length, thumb the brushes are well developed. The tail is long, covered with hair, ... ...
A genus of monkeys of the chain-tailed family. Body length approx. 50 cm, tail equal to body length. At the top of the head, the hair forms a semblance of a monastic hood (hence the name). 4 species, in tropical forests Central. and Yuzh. America (from Honduras to Brazil) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Capuchin: Wiktionary has the entry "capuchin" Capuchin (monastic order). Capuchins (genus of monkeys) (lat. Cebus) a genus of chain-tailed monkeys. Capuchin (lat. Tropae ... Wikipedia
CAPUCINS (Cebus Erxleben), a genus of chain-tailed monkeys (see. Chain-tailed MONKEYS). Body length 30 38 cm, tail 38 50 cm, the tail is poorly adapted to grasping. Limbs of equal length. The fangs are large. The face is naked. Some monkeys have hair... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
I (from Italian cappuccio hood), members of the Catholic monastic order, founded in 1525 in Italy (as a branch of the Franciscan order), independent since 1619. II genus of monkeys of the chain-tailed family. Body length about 50 cm, tail equal to body length ... encyclopedic Dictionary
A genus of monkeys. chain-tailed. Length body ok. 50 cm, tail equal to body length. At the top of the head, the hair forms a kind of monastic klobuk (hence the name). 4 species, tropical. forests Center. and Yuzh. America (from Honduras to Brazil) ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Cebus), a genus of chain-tailed monkeys. Length body 32 57 cm. Solid build, limbs of equal length. Hair color brown or grey. At the top of the head, the hair grows, forming a kind of monastic hood (hence the name, meaning "monk with a hood") ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
- (German Kapuziner, from the Middle Ages. Latin capa monastic dress). 1) a genus of South American herbaceous plants. 2) monks of the Order of St. Francis, so named from the word for the hood with which they covered their heads. Dictionary of foreign words included in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
I Capuchins (Italian cappuccino, from cappuccio hood) is a Catholic monastic order founded as an offshoot of the Franciscan order (See Franciscans) in 1525 in Italy. It got its name from the pointed hood sewn to the cassock from ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Capuchin: Wiktionary has an entry for "Capuchin"
Recently, lovers of exotic animals are most actively interested in cute capuchin monkeys. Such popular little animals enjoy universal love for a reason - this phenomenon is explained by a number of certain features that form the unique character of primates. Monkeys, in addition to intelligence and reason, have a peculiar disposition and habits, which should be familiarized first of all with those who intend to acquire a special pet in the near future.
Description of Capuchin Monkeys
Representatives of the exotic fauna owe their name to an ancient monastic order founded in the first half of the 16th century. Representatives of the Franciscan branch dressed in a dark brown cassock, equipped with an unusual pointed hood. The visual similarity of the color of the coat on the top of the primates with this detail of the monastic vestments was the reason for assigning the corresponding name to the monkeys.
Monkeys of the genus Capuchin are also called broad-nosed, since their nasal septum between the nostrils is characterized by a considerable width. The body, like the tail, reaches a length of 60-65 cm. Contrary to popular belief, the capuchin cannot hang on a branch, holding on to it only with its tail.
The body of broad-nosed monkeys is covered with thick brown, gray, black or light brown hair. The muzzle is usually painted in light colors. The weight of capuchins varies from 1.5 to 6 kg, sometimes larger individuals are found. Males are often larger than females.
In the wild, the life expectancy of monkeys can be equal to 50 years, in captivity - 25-32 years, with proper care, pets are able to live half a century shoulder to shoulder with a person.
Habitat
Where do capuchin monkeys live? The main habitat of higher primates is Northern part South America: mountainous Argentina, southern Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela.
Despite the fact that most individuals live in the subtropics and tropics, adaptation to any other weather conditions is likely.
Lifestyle
Capuchin monkeys are usually diurnal, actively jumping from one tree to another with the help of a prehensile tail. Higher primates are recognized as social animals, grouped in communities, in which there can be up to 50 individuals peacefully coexisting with each other. In larger communities, the likelihood of more productive survival increases significantly. Monkeys protect their habitat from potential enemies: birds of prey, poisonous snakes, coyotes, crocodiles and wild cats.
It should be noted that reproduction is not characterized by seasonality. Pregnancy of the female lasts 6 months, one newborn is born, less often twins or even triplets. For 3-4 months, the cub clings to the back of its mother and, moving to the chest, feeds on her milk. Upon reaching the age of one year, young individuals leave custody and take their lives under their own control. Physiological maturity occurs at 4 years for females and at 6 years for males. Capuchins are very caring and loving parents who always come to the aid of their cubs in case of danger.
Nutrition
The basis of the diet of capuchin monkeys is plant elements: mainly nuts, various fruits, shoots, seeds and leaves. In addition to the above, primates can eat arachnids, insects and the contents of bird eggs.
Monkeys are endowed with intelligence, which they use very successfully in finding food and processing food before consumption. So, individuals break the shells of mollusks and nut shells with the help of stones, wipe the mucus from the body of the caught tree frogs on the tree bark. Due to their resourcefulness, capuchins are recognized as one of the most intelligent primates.
The nature of capuchins
By their behavior, broad-nosed monkeys often resemble small children: they learn about the world around them with interest, actively move around the house, play with various rattles, balls and other objects of attractive color. In addition to shyness, capuchins are characterized by excessive emotionality: violent outbursts of joy and fervor in the blink of an eye can be replaced by longing and fear, accompanied by the appearance of tears.
If a person took a monkey into care, he needs to carefully monitor her psychological state, since frequent stressful situations can cause the death of an exotic pet.
By the way, capuchins are quite easy to train and get used to life in an unusual home environment. But as far as possible, it is worth allowing the monkey to walk in the fresh air under close attention, as the pet can unintentionally harm both itself and others. In some cases, capuchins cleverly steal jewelry, phones, food and other items from strangers. In order to avoid such misunderstandings, you should keep the animal on a leash, equipped with a soft collar.
The upbringing of primates must be approached wisely: an indifferent attitude to the behavior and character of a monkey can cause increased aggressiveness against humans. Sometimes such situations go to extremes: the pet attacks its owner and bites him with sharp teeth, which often leads to mechanical damage to the skin.
Health Features
In addition to increased emotionality, capuchin monkeys living in captivity may experience other ailments that pose a considerable danger to their health. It is believed that higher primates are characterized by diseases that are primarily characteristic of humans.
Since broad-nosed monkeys are prone to diabetes, it is worthwhile to control the sugar content in their diet with the utmost care. Capuchin food should be varied, rich essential vitamins: this will save the pet from beriberi. Also, monkeys often recognize signs of disruption of the gastrointestinal tract and colds.
It is worth noting that the treatment of a primate must be trusted not by a veterinarian, but by a qualified narrow-profile doctor. Before acquiring an exotic guest, you need to make sure that the specialist is located in the immediate vicinity of the monkey's place of residence. This important factor can play a decisive role in the event of an unexpectedly aggravated condition of the animal.
If you look at the taxonomic scheme, the numerous subfamilies in this family are striking. There are only five of them, more than in any other family of primates. This is no coincidence. Some genera in the family differ very sharply from others, so they have to be grouped at a relatively high level. Others are closer, and therefore it is proposed, for example, to combine two subfamilies - howler monkeys and arachnids - into one. Classification at these levels until recently was very ambiguous by different authors. However, the latest data in this area allow (at least for most taxonomists) to consider the above scheme acceptable, although reservations are possible.
The capuchin family includes another group of higher primates - medium-sized broad-nosed monkeys. Most of them have long prehensile tails. The lower surface of the terminal part of such a tail is not hairy and is equipped with tactile scallops - sensitive skin structures. The tails of many monkeys of the family are capable of grasping movements and therefore are, as it were, an additional limb.
On the fingers of the hands and feet - flattened nails, often pointed. The first finger of the forelimbs is small, reduced, and in some species (arachnids) it is completely absent. But the big toe is well developed and can be opposed to the rest. The head is rounded, the front part is mostly shortened. The nostrils in most species are widely spaced and directed to the sides (but not in all). The eyes are large, with well developed eyelids. The hairline is colored differently. One pair of mammary glands. Usually one cub is born. The dental formula is the same as that of the callimico - a total of 36 teeth.
Broad-nosed monkeys live in the forests of Central and South America. They are able to move well through the trees. They lead a diurnal lifestyle (with the exception of one kind), uniting in family (herd) groups. There seems to be no seasonality of reproduction in most species.
In the subfamily of capuchins (Cebinae) - two genera: actually capuchins (Cebus) and saimiri (Saimiri). Even 20 years ago, it was impossible to find two authors who would classify capuchins (the outdated name "sapage") in the same way. The reason was not only a poor knowledge of primates in general, but also a huge variety of forms of capuchins, differing mainly in color. Currently, these forms are combined into four species with 33 subspecies.
Capuchins, so named for the resemblance of a dark crest on their head to a monk's hood, live in large areas from Honduras to Paraguay and southern Brazil, including many areas of the South American mainland and the island of Trinidad.
These are medium-sized monkeys: head-torso 32–57 cm long; grasping tail - 34–56 cm, can curl in a spiral around a branch. The head is rounded, with somewhat protruding wide jaws with powerful fangs. The brain is well developed, which is noticeably reflected in the behavior of these primates: they are quick-witted, able to imitate human actions and learn complex skills. The first finger of the hand is well developed. Monkeys move on all four limbs, run well on the ground. They jump well on trees, they can hang on a branch. They rest on the branches, lying on their stomach and hanging their limbs, but clinging to their tail.
The shape and length of the almost black hair on the head is a convenient taxonomic feature for identifying capuchin species. For example, an ordinary capuchin (C. capucinus), rightly called still white-faced, white-shouldered, white-breasted, with a black body color with a brown tint, has a noticeable black hair on the head, but not protruding on the forehead. In others, the crest stands out moderately or does not stand out at all, but a noticeable black wedge, goes from the crown with a point to the bridge of the nose, like a crybaby capuchin (C. nigrivittatus), or a whining capuchin, which has brown hair on the rest of the body, but black on limbs. In still others, the wedge is not so sharp: in the white-fronted capuchin (C. albifrons), or cinnamon, it has white hair on the upper edge of the forehead. Finally, the brown capuchin (C. apella), or fawn, has two combs on its head, protruding along the sides of the hair, completely black. The tuft falls low and evenly onto the forehead. In different subspecies, the long soft fur of the body is predominantly brown in color, varies in color. In addition, the intensity and area of the light color of the forehead is, in particular in the common capuchin, an age and gender sign.
Capuchins are diurnal gregarious primates, forest dwellers. live large groups up to 30–40 individuals. In Venezuela, in one group of crybaby capuchins, there were 33 individuals: half were cubs, the ratio of adult males and females was the same. Adult males dominated the females, both of them - over the cubs. Sound signals, facial expressions, gestures are used for communication. At least 10 acoustic signals have been described in capuchins: greeting cries when recognizing members of their group (high-pitched trill in an ordinary capuchin), food signals, defensive, threatening, etc. Searching is also used for contacts. The crybaby capuchin in its behavior is similar to the common capuchin, but differs significantly from the brown one, in which the dominance of adult males (or one male) is more pronounced. Sexually mature males of one group may migrate to another.
A curious phenomenon is known among capuchins: monkeys rub fragrant plants into the skin all over the body. Once in captivity, they are rubbed with oranges, onions, lavender oil and even crushed insects. Such behavior is presumably caused by the need to stimulate some nerve endings (it is known that in birds such irritation is performed by ants). By analogy with the term that follows from here, and taking into account the independence of this action in capuchins, such a phenomenon is called “self-anting” (selfanointing).
In the common capuchin living in the Panama Canal zone, it was noted, in particular, that adult males rub urine into the bare parts of the limbs - into the skin of the palm, foot, and tail.
It should be noted that capuchins, like other primates, are a very important component of the biological cycle in their habitats: they spread the seeds of the vegetation that they feed on. Capuchins feed mainly on fruits (65% of the diet), leaves (15%), and also animal food(20%), which primarily includes insects. It has also been established that they can also eat baby squirrels, as well as other animals.
Capuchins associate in the forest with other monkeys, especially with saimiris (for example, in Colombia), as well as with spider monkeys, which they are friends with in captivity, and other primates. In these associations, both friendly relations (joint games, sniffing, searches) and negative ones (threats, persecution) were observed. There were cases when birds of prey also cooperated with capuchins in search of food.
The gestation period of the brown capuchin is 180 days. Sexual maturity of the female comes to three years, males - a little later. As a rule, one cub is born. In the wild, females become pregnant about once every two years. The male takes a great part in nursing the baby. There is no breeding season. Capuchins breed well in captivity, cubs in some centers are raised artificially - in isolation from their mother, in incubators. The double number of chromosomes for all species is 54. Man has long kept capuchins as pets, in zoos and primate colonies. These monkeys amuse the observer, as they are able to master the everyday actions of a person, imitate them. In the Sukhumi nursery, capuchins “wash clothes”, “nail in nails”, “wash the floor”, etc. They are of great value to physiologists, possessing intelligence that is uncommon even among monkeys. Various diseases have also been studied on them.
On April 12, 1976 at the Mesker Zoo (USA), the common capuchin Jerry died of cancer. He was 47 years and 11 months old. The capuchin Bobo, who is now 42 years old, lives in the same zoo.
Capuchin, this wonderful animal, is a source of human food in areas of natural habitat. Although capuchins seem to be not numerous at present, their capture and deforestation is detrimental to the existence of this kind of primates.
Another genus of the capuchin subfamily is saimiri (Saimiri), Very common until recently (from Costa Rica to Paraguay and from the Atlantic to the Cordillera) monkeys, which make up two species (sometimes combined into one): squirrel saimiri (S. sciureus), or ordinary, with six subspecies and the rufous-backed saimiri (S. oerstedii) with two subspecies. Saimiri is also called a dead head: the black circle of the muzzle of these smallest monkeys in the family stands out so brightly against the white color around the eyes, outside the nose and mouth and on the ears, which really gives the impression of a dead man's mask. They are about the size of a squirrel, body length 25–27 cm, tail -37–47 cm, weight about 1 kg.
These monkeys over the past 15 years have become often used as experimental animals. They were, as it were, rediscovered in connection with their great suitability for experiments, as a result of which the biology of these primates has now been studied much better than many others (at least among broad-nosed primates).
In saimiri, the eyes are close together, the ears are large, the tail, although long, is not capable of grasping. The top of the head is dark (black, olive-gray), the back is greenish-gray or red (in another species), the limbs are reddish-yellow, the abdomen is light, the tip of the tail is black. Although the brain in the oblong skull is small (only 24 g) and does not have a furrowed surface, its relative weight is nevertheless significant. This is the brain of a real primate, and it is precisely because of these features that it is convenient for electrophysiological studies.
Saimiri are forest dwellers. It is curious that depending on the density and denseness of the forest, its area is also the size of the groups of these herd monkeys. So, in Panama and Colombia, the number of animals in the herd ranged from 10 to 35, and in the dense rainforests of the Amazon, in Brazil, from 120 to 300 or more individuals. It was found that the behavior in large and small associations is different. Saimiri herds often break up and re-create. Communities of same-sex and heterosexual composition were noted.
One group in Panama, consisting of 23 red saimiris, included two adult males (one in puberty), six adult females, five juveniles, seven juveniles, two immature males. The group moved about 2.5–4.2 km daily. For the night during 10 weeks of observations was located in the same place. Monkeys usually moved through trees at a height of 3-12 m, but sometimes they descended to the ground, while occasionally moving on two legs. Adult animals dominated the rest. The herd hierarchy is dominated by adult males; females occupy the middle ranks. No individual leaders were found in squirrel saimiris (in a group of 100 monkeys), but the relationship between animals of different positions is quite stable.
Saimiri are distinguished by a number of specific behavioral features. It is known that the demonstration of the genitals is used in them when establishing or manifesting dominance. The elder, to confirm his position, is also able to ride on his back on the floor. More often this is due to rank - privileged males ride more, perhaps contributing to the concentration of the group in such an unusual way. Rubbing urine on the backs of the hands and feet, which seems to be related to thermoregulation in saimiris, is somehow connected with social relations. During rest, the tail is peculiarly thrown over the back across the body.
Like some other monkeys, such as monkeys, saimiri touch their mouths when they meet. They are also characterized by grooming. In free conditions in Florida, they often searched other kinds of monkeys (uakari).
Saimiri also communicate with the help of sound signals. Various authors classify the sounds made by saimiri in different ways and count either 52 signals, or 26, etc., but it is well known that these nimble bustlers are capable of squealing, squeaking, trilling and even cackling in different situations.
It has been experimentally established that squirrel saimiris have a very subtle and precise sense of time - 12 and 24-hour rhythm and dayase 30-day cycle (lunar hours), which gives them important advantages in adapting to environmental conditions.
Under natural conditions, saimiris feed on fruits, flowers, nuts, plant buds, and berries. Their usual food is insects, sometimes small animals.
Saimiris have a clearly defined breeding seasonality, which can shift in captivity: in a laboratory located in the habitat (Paramaribo, Suriname), they gave birth in late July - early October, in the Primate Delta Center (Louisiana, USA) - most often in June - September, and at the University of Texas (USA) - from February to September with a maximum of births in May - August. For saimiri males, the phenomenon of obesity is characteristic - by the time of puberty, more precisely during the breeding season, the weight of the male increases markedly, changes in the hairline are observed. Male obesity syndrome is regulated by the male sex hormone (testosterone). In females, neither sexual swelling nor menstrual bleeding was noted.
The female becomes sexually mature at three years, the male later - at four to six years. The gestation period lasts 152–182 days (there is evidence that it is less - 146 days). One cub is born, twins are an exception. From the first minutes after birth, the cub cuddles and clings to the mother's stomach. From three weeks, the baby becomes a coveted object of attention and other members of the herd. It is during this period (three to eight weeks) that "aunt's behavior" manifests itself: females who do not have their cubs actively look after the little one, adult males take care of him. From five to six weeks, the cub begins to acquire relative independence, and at 8-10 weeks it participates in group games. By this time, his breastfeeding is over. But the complete cessation of communication with the mother occurs only after a few years. During puberty of a young animal, the attitude towards him changes dramatically, becomes more aggressive. The diploid set of chromosomes is 44.
Saimiri adapt well to the conditions of captivity, they breed well. However, it must be remembered that these monkeys are particularly susceptible to vitamin D deficiency. Since their body does not absorb vitamin D2 well, vitamin D3 is absolutely required for them in captivity.
In laboratories, saimiri is used to study neurophysiology, behavior, oncovirology and other studies. Until recently, the number of saimiri in habitats was very large (the most common monkey in Peru), Now the situation has changed for the worse. As for the second species - saimiri with a red back, which is sometimes considered a subspecies, it disappears altogether, it needs human protection. The known maximum age to live in captivity is 21 years.
Let's move on to the next subfamily of New World monkeys - Aotinae, which got its name from the Latin designation of the genus - Aotus, which means "earless". It is not difficult to guess that we are talking about an animal whose ears are not visible or barely visible. But there are still a lot of features of the structure, lifestyle and names of these monkeys ...
In many areas of Central and South America, especially in the Amazon and Orinoco river basins, in dense tropical, often humid forests, the only nocturnal primate of the New World and the only nocturnal monkey on Earth live. They also call it durukuli (local - night monkeys), and mirikins, and (in the western hemisphere) owl monkeys.
The first thing that attracts attention in this small (body length 24–47 cm) thick-haired monkey with a tail almost the same length as the body is the huge eyes of the durukuli: the eye sockets make up most of the facial region, “enter” the cheeks, the muzzle is short and conical. Around the eyes and especially above them - arched white spots. The fluffy tail is semi-grasping (capable of grasping only in young animals).
The classification of night monkeys is difficult. It was accepted in the genus of 15 species, now many experts believe that there is only one species. Three species are distinguished on the diagram: according to coat color, differences in the chromosome set in animals from different regions, and according to a number of laboratory features, R. Brambek (1974) considers them to be exactly three species (nine subspecies).
The common night monkey (A. trivirgatus) is called the three-striped durukuli. This is explained by the fact that on the head of these monkeys there are three longitudinal stripes, which, descending to the eye sockets in the middle of the forehead and on the sides, frame the mentioned white spots. The nasal septum of the Durukuli is not wide. The ears are almost hidden in thick brown, gray or gray-brown fur. Another feature of the Durukuli structure: there is a throat sac, which, with an expanded trachea, allows these small primates to make loud and menacing sounds. The thumb of the short hand is well developed, the foot is long.
A cautious nocturnal primate, durukuli silently and deftly moves through trees and shrubs, getting food with the help of hands and teeth: insects, bats, small birds, eggs from nests, frogs and snails, as well as fruits and leaves of plants. During daylight hours, durukuli rests in the hollows of trees. And, although she sleeps very sensitively, it is during the day that she is caught by hunters.
Night monkeys live in small herd groups. They communicate using a diverse set of sound signals (about 50), squeal and bark, like a dog, cat, jaguar. They mark the territory, rub the hands and feet with urine.
Seasonality of reproduction was not observed. The gestation period is 140–180 days; the female brings one cub. Approximately on the tenth day of the cub's life, the father takes the main custody of him. Diploid set of chromosomes of different species: 52–54.
Night monkeys are quite difficult to keep in captivity. They treat a person with fear close to horror, react painfully to unusual sounds, and get sick very easily. However, man was attracted to this monkey due to extraordinary circumstances, and had to overcome the difficulties of acclimatizing durukuli in captivity. The fact is that night monkeys turned out to be the only animals on Earth on which it was possible to reproduce malignant malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. From this disease in the 60s of the XX century. hundreds of people died. It was necessary to urgently find means of treatment. It was then that the uniqueness of Durukuli came to light. They have tested thousands of drugs, developed treatment regimens and other aspects of falciparum malaria. It turned out that night monkeys are also valuable for studying blood cancer, atheroma, and various viral infections.
One of the WHO symposia adopted a special resolution on the maintenance and breeding of these primates. Currently, durukuli not only live in laboratory conditions, but also give offspring. The record of life in captivity is 23 years (during the publication of this information, the monkey continued to live).
Another genus of the same subfamily is callicebuses (Callicebus), or jumpers, titi. Fluffy, even shaggy monkeys of small size (body 29–39 cm) with a long tail - 33–50 cm. The head is round, the front part is flattened, the nasal septum is wide, the ears are almost hidden in long and thick silky fur. The color of the coat is very diverse: reddish-gray, dark brown, completely white, brown, etc. The tail is not grasping.
There are three species in our diagram: collared jumper (C. torquatus), or titi widow; black jumper (C. personalis); jumper-moloch (C. moloch). These species include 14 subspecies.
Callicebuses are inhabitants of the forests of Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay. They live in family groups: male, female, several cubs. They occupy small territories that are actively protected from other groups. They are quite mobile, climb branches well and jump, using their tail as a balancer. Sound signals are piercing. In communication, they often resort to grooming. Animals of the same group or pair are very attached to each other. A specific feature of the behavior of these monkeys is that pairs often sit side by side, twisting their lowered tails. Very skittish. The forelimbs are widely used when taking food and hunting.
It is believed that jumpers are omnivores: they eat food of both animal (especially insects) and plant origin. In captivity, they eat raw eggs and vegetables. They need large doses of vitamin D3.
There is no breeding season. The female brings one cub, which is mainly taken care of by the male. The duration of the gestation period is not described. The double number of chromosomes in different species and subspecies varies: 20.46, 50.
The record lifespan in captivity is 4 years and 2 months.
We proceed to describe the subfamily of monkeys, the unusual appearance of which and the mystical fear they cause gave rise to names that can today make people smile without prejudice. One of their descriptions in 1976 is titled: "Imps of the humid forest." By generic name one of the three groups, the subfamily is called Pithecinae (Pithecinae), or saki.
The subfamily includes three genera, which are distinguished from other cebids by a wide chest, upper and lower incisors protruding somewhat forward, separated from the canines by a wide diastema (gap). They are broad-nosed more than all other New World monkeys.
So, the genus Pithecia, or ordinary saki (you can also find such a name: “ordinary damn monkeys”). Monkeys are small and medium in size, there are also quite large specimens (body length - 30–48 cm). The tail is of the same length, unusually thick and fluffy, but without grasping ability. The coat is long, thick, bizarre in color. In the male white-headed saki (P. pithecia), the entire front part is covered with white or cream hair, diverging to the sides from the middle of the forehead. Dark color only on the convex part of the broad-nosed muzzle. The dark, almost black, thick mantle and hair of the rest of the body contrasts with the white facial region. The female can be mistaken for a monkey of another species - the sexual dimorphism in the color of these primates is so pronounced. Her face is less hairy and not at all light, except for two stripes extending from both nostrils down and to the sides along the lines of the crease of the mouth. Its coat is somewhat lighter than that of the male. It is very funny to see how a cub, if it is a male, with its light muzzle clings to a dark-faced mother (females have the same color as an adult female, but without stripes on the face).
Saki monk (P. monachus) has almost no hair on his face, but his thick long-haired crest not only falls on his forehead, but also covers his ears and shoulders (it looks like a monk's hood). The upper part of the body is grayish, the lower is pale yellow or red. They have a mournful, melancholic expression. Sexual dimorphism is not expressed. There are two subspecies of these primates.
The homeland of ordinary saki is the Amazon basin north to the southern bank of the Orinoco River, from Guiana in the east to the foothills of the Andes in the west. Saks live in rain, humid forests, along rivers. Very mobile in trees and very awkward on the ground. Five-fingered hands and feet have nails. Able to stand and move on two hind limbs. They live in small family groups from 3–5 to 10–12 individuals. They are considered omnivorous, but feed mainly on plant foods: fruits, leaves, flowers, berries. They love honey. It happens that they eat small animals. There is evidence that before eating their victim, they tear it apart with their hands. Sound signals are loud, shrill. But usually they are rather silent monkeys, especially in captivity.
Few zoos in the world can boast of keeping and breeding common saki. With great difficulty they endure captivity. Hysterical, easily excitable, although they can be calm and silent for hours. As a great achievement, the magazine of the Cologne Zoo (Germany) reported that on May 7, 1972, a white-headed saki cub was born here. The gestation period for these monkeys was 101 days. One baby is born. The double number of chromosomes is 46.
In the San Diego Zoo (USA), the white-headed saki lived for 13 years, 8 months.
The genus Chiropotes, also called red-backed saki and hairy saki, also includes two species. This is a black chiropot (C. satanas), or "Satan", with two subspecies and a white-nosed chiropot (C. albinasus). Sometimes in this genus, not two, but three species are distinguished.
The body of chiropotes is dense, 40–46 cm in size; the tail is somewhat shorter - 35–38 cm. The tail is fluffier than that of ordinary saki, but not. pointed at the end, but on the contrary, it seems somewhat expanded - a kind of thick panicle. If the monkey throws its tail over its back, you can mistake it for a horse rider.
The black chiropot is distinguished by a large, full-bodied and thick beard (for this it is also called bearded saki). In general, the face is almost naked, but black. The nostrils are widely spaced. In front of the head and on the forehead, two tufts of black hair stand out symmetrically, separated by a parting. The hair on the back and limbs is lighter, with a brown or brown tint.
A white-nosed chiropot is peculiar. Approximately from the line of the eyes to the upper lip, inclusive, the short hairline is white or pinkish. There are no protruding forelocks; the hair, especially on the head, is rather long and black in colour. The cry of a chiropot is like a whistle that changes from one key to another, which (given the outlandish appearance of the primate) gives even more reason to attribute it to "evil spirits."
White-nosed chiropots live in approximately the same areas as ordinary saki: in Brazil, in the south of Veyezuela, in Guiana. They live in dense forests in small groups.
They drink water in handfuls. Food - fruits, leaves, small animals.
These monkeys do not tolerate captivity very well. In 1966, the Cologne Zoo was the only place where a pair of white-nosed chiropotas was kept. In the same zoo, on April 20, 1968, for the first time in the world, chiropotes gave birth in captivity when two subspecies mated. One baby was born. The gestation period lasted about four months. After 60 days of development, the baby's grasping reflex began to weaken, the baby began to join the common table - vegetables, peanuts, etc.
The black chiropot has a double set of chromosomes - 54. Rare and little-studied primates. The white-nosed chiropot is dying out and is listed in the Red Book.
No less bizarre is the third kind of saki - uakari (Cacajao). If you take a picture of the head of a representative of one of these shaggy primates - the bald uakari (C. calvus), it is difficult to get rid of the impression that you have a strange bald man in front of you.
The wakari are the only short-tailed monkeys in America (the tail is one third of the body length). Body length with head 45–48 cm; large head, large hairless ears (similar to human). The face and upper part of the head are also almost devoid of hair in most forms. The skin of the face is pinkish, red or black - in the black-headed uakari (C. melanocephalus). With a long absence sunlight the skin turns pale. On the cheeks, some forms have long-haired whiskers. As a rule, the face of a uakari expresses sadness. It should be noted that the complexion becomes brighter with the onset of puberty; with age, the hairline darkens, and thins on the head. In addition, the uakari's face reddens even more in a state of excitement. The hands and feet of the uakari are disproportionately large.
The black-headed wakari is very beautiful. It was opened in 1811 as the first among three species. An adult male develops a black mantle. Black hands and feet stand out against chestnut-brown long hair on the back, sides and legs. Uakari are rather gloomy, but they are very funny and inexhaustible for tricks in the zoo (for example, at the San Diego Zoo).
The bald uakari, with its bare face and head covered in bright red skin, has very long, silvery-grey fur on its back and around its head. When the monkey rises on one lower limb, the slightest breeze or movement of the monkey flutters this lovely mantle. There are also completely white specimens of this species, which some experts consider a form of red uakari (C. rubicundus).
The red uakari is just as impressive as the previous ones. But the long hair of his robes is dyed a reddish-brown, in perfect harmony with the crimson complexion.
Uakari live in the forests of the Amazon basin in the region of Western Brazil - Eastern Peru. They lead an arboreal lifestyle. They unite in small family groups. They feed on fruits, leaves, as well as insects and small vertebrates. One baby is born. The double set of chromosomes of the red uakari is 46. They lived in captivity for about 9 years.
Very rare primates - all three species are listed in the Red Book. They do not tolerate captivity well, although they have bred (in San Diego). Apparently, the first red uakari was born outside the natural habitat on June 23, 1963 in the "monkey jungle" in Florida.
The composition of the next subfamily - the howler monkeys (Alouattinae) - includes only one genus - the actual howler monkeys (Alouatta) with five species (sometimes they are considered six species). Howler monkeys have been known for a very long time. There is evidence that they were mentioned as early as 1578. Perhaps this is due to the unusual vocalization of these monkeys, which gave them their name: adult male howler monkeys emit a loud, intimidating roar. Different authors compare this sound either with the roar of a lion, or with the howl of a jaguar, or even with the loud grunt of a pig.
This group of monkeys has many interesting features. The boundaries of habitat - from the city of Veracruz in Mexico to Argentina in the south. These are the largest primates of the New World and, perhaps, the most narrow-nosed among them. The weight of howler monkeys reaches 9 kg, the body length, according to some authors, is 37–72 cm, and others - 56–91 cm. The tail is almost the same length or even more - 49–75 cm (58–91 cm). Howler's tail, bare in last third, where sensitive skin scallops are located, has a strong grasping ability. It is not difficult for this monkey, clinging to a branch with its tail, hanging and freely operating with all four limbs. The latter are approximately the same size, with five fingers, very long, with the exception of the first finger, with nails.
The upper part of the body is exorbitantly large - a large head with a bare face and bare noticeable ears, a thick and long beard. From the short-haired head goes something like a mane-mantle back to the lower part of the body, also covered with short fur, especially on the fore and hind limbs. The jaws protrude forward, large fangs - all this enhances the impression of the formidable appearance of the howler. Immediately behind the beard, near the throat, swelling. This is the main mechanism, the resonator of a loud roar - the laryngeal sac. It is especially developed in males. In connection with this anatomical feature, there is also a hyoid bone - very swollen, in fact, being a kind of bone bladder-chamber.
The coat color is varied: yellow-brown, red, red, black, black-brown - depending on the type of howler monkey, the age of the animal, and also on the sex. Sexual dimorphism is very pronounced: females are much smaller than males.
Howler monkeys are relatively well studied. Back in 1934, a book about their behavior was published by the famous American primatologist Carpenter. In the summer of 1964, a special expedition of the Oregon Primate Center (USA) studied the complex biology of howler monkeys in connection with studies on spontaneous atherosclerosis in primates. As a result, in 1968, a collection of papers "The Biology of Howler Monkeys" was published in English. There are now many other works on howler monkeys, although some of their species are still insufficiently described.
Howler monkeys are inhabitants of a humid, mostly deciduous forest. They live in trees along the banks of the rivers of the continent, on islands, including the island of Trinidad. There is evidence that howler monkeys, such as black howler (A. sagaua), are exclusively vegetarians: they feed mainly on leaves (about 50% of the feed), fruits, flowers, and buds. In this species, studied in the Panama Canal zone, only the adult male has a dense black coat color (the tail is sometimes yellowish-brown), while the immature male is much lighter, yellower (on the sides, lower body), and the young female is completely straw colors.
A black and blackish-brown color with a golden tint on the back and yellowish sides also has a howler with a mantle (A. villosa), or a Guatemalan howler, which has eight subspecies, including the Colombian howler (A. palliata), which is often distinguished as a separate species .
Red, or red howler (A. siniculus) has the same color of males and females and has five subspecies. Distributed in Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil. There is a red-handed howler (A. belzebul) with five subspecies, which has a predominantly black and brown body color. Brown, or brown howler (A. fusca) lives in Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina. It should not be thought that coat color is the only criterion for classifying howler species. They differ in size, and the shape of the skull, and the structure of the hyoid bone, and the size and proportions of the body, and even behavioral features.
Leaf-eating (mostly) howler monkeys naturally need trees. Hence the way of life of tree monkeys, rarely descending to the ground. They prefer crowns of tall trees. Of course, these are herd monkeys - there are 7-10, 18-20 and 40 individuals in groups.
The main type of movement of howler monkeys is walking along branches, less often jumping. They rest more often sitting (they sleep with their tail wrapped around a branch), sometimes lying down. During feeding, they hold the trunk or branch with their hind limbs or tail - they are adapted to feeding in a head-down position.
Herds of howler monkeys strictly observe territoriality. It is believed that it is the commitment to their territory and the warning about their readiness to defend it that explains the morning and evening concerts that these monkeys roll up. Usually adult males begin to roar, but gradually the whole community joins the chorus. During the day in the heat and in cold weather, the activity of howler monkeys decreases. In the group there are several sexually mature males, as many or more adult females, as well as cubs of unequal age.
For communication, howler monkeys use, of course, not only a roar designed for the enemy, but also a variety of grimaces, many sound signals, including a squeak that resembles a creaking door. Howler monkeys quite often search each other ( different types with different activities). They are characterized by rhythmic smacking of the tongue. The attitude towards the cub in the group is interesting. Adult childless females or young animals try to pay attention to the baby ("aunt's behavior"): they can lift the creeped one and bring it to the mother, who usually does not interfere with this (for example, in red and other howler monkeys), they try to touch him with his hand. Having become older (milk feeding lasts one and a half to two years), the cub is combined into a subgroup of young animals. Males sometimes leave the group, developing new territories, but the cubs are also treated with care.
Sharp dominance in groups of howler monkeys was not found. However, in fights with neighbors in cases of boundary violations, strong sexually mature males are involved first of all, which can give some shade to relations within the group.
There is no clear data on the seasonality of howler monkey breeding, however, it was noted that in Venezuela and Trinidad, red howler monkeys had the largest number of newborns during the dry season (December - May). The gestation period for the red howler was 139 days. One cub is born, but there have been rare cases of twins. Maturity occurs at 3.5–4 years. The double number of chromosomes: the red howler -44, the black -52.
Captivity is endured with great difficulty, but examples of keeping and breeding them in some zoos are described. In the Bronx Zoo (New York), the red howler lived 3 years and 9 months.
In habitats, howler monkeys are caught for meat, although it is not very valuable. As a result, they disappeared from the vicinity of all settlements and moved deep into the forests. Despite the constant concern for the protection of their territory, howler monkeys nevertheless cooperate with primates of another subfamily of cebids - with spider monkeys, which is found, in particular, in Colombia and Guatemala. Guatemalan and Colombian howler monkeys - endangered forms, taken under protection.
The subfamily of the koat, or spider, monkeys (Atelinae) in anatomical features stands between the capuchin and howler monkeys. They are sometimes classified with howler monkeys. However, they have a number of specific features. In turn, including three genera, they count two genera of extreme forms in the subfamily (the genera Ateles, or actually arachnids, and Lagothrix, or woolly), and one, standing, as it were, between them, the genus of the spider-like woolly monkey (Bgashyteles).
The genus of arachnids proper, or coats, has four species with 16 subspecies. Coats live in large areas from southern Mexico to southern Brazil and Bolivia. They got their name justifiably for the resemblance to a spider, which is given to them by thin long limbs and a particularly long, exceptionally tenacious tail (the length is one and a half times the body - 60–90 cm, the body does not exceed 65 cm, but it can also be half as short).
The prehensile tail is bare on the lower part of the terminal section, where sensitive combs are located. Their forelimbs, in contrast to the limbs of the primates discussed above, are longer than the hind limbs. The hand is longer than the foot; as a rule, there is no thumb on it or it is greatly reduced. This creates a tenacity of the hands, a kind of strong hook, on which it is easy to hang. On the foot, the big toe is opposed. The head is small, with protruding jaws. The nostrils are widely spaced. Most koats have a black face with white or pinkish rings around their eyes. The hairline is coarse, sparse. The coloration is predominantly dark - black, dark gray, yellowish gray, somewhat lighter on the ventral side. Females are often larger than males.
These extraordinary appearance creatures can indeed alert an ignorant person: with a small head, a thin nondescript body, they are able to cling to five supports located at five different ends with their long spider limbs (including the tail, which sometimes brings food to the mouth). The long-haired coat in Latin is also "associated" with the devil (Ateles belzebuth). Probably, this association is strengthened by the light color of the nose and sideburns on a dark face (as well as the long-haired belly). In reality, in dealing with humans, these graceful monkeys are very pleasant, they are well tamed, but they need a large living area.
Geoffroy's coat (A. geoffroyi), or black-handed spider monkey, is well studied, the body of which, with the exception of the limbs, is golden or brown in color with lighter areas on the ventral side.
This is a forest primate that lives in Central America and in the northern regions of South. Walks, runs, jumps, hangs on branches, but can also move on the same hind limbs. An excellent brachiator - when moving quickly and dexterously through tall trees, the body is more often in an upright position. Rarely descends to the ground.
These monkeys are united in family groups and extensive herds, where there are often more females than males. Dominance is not clearly defined. The male often retires in search of food, behaves independently. Females are grouped with other females and with cubs of different ages. Weak hierarchy is observed in such subgroups. The young sometimes form their own subgroup.
The means of communication are very diverse. Mimicry is not rich: an open mouth and a raised upper lip, like some other monkeys, are a threat signal. Lips elongated in the form of a purse - the desire for contact with another individual. About 20 sound signals were noted. “Ti-i-i, ti-i-i” is a greeting, “oak-ouk” is a signal of aggression, etc. Grooming is actively used. These monkeys are obvious vegetarians: they eat palm fruits, fruits, leaves, young shoots of plants. They have a rare altruism among primates: they share food even in captivity and are generally very attached to each other.
Coats are known to mate all year round, but in captivity, the brown-headed coat (A. fusciceps) and Geoffroy's coat have two peak births - in spring and autumn. The gestation period is 215–230 days, while the black coat (A. paniscus) is 139 days. Sexual maturity of females occurs at four years, male - about five years. The cub is born black, begins to brighten from six months. The diploid set of chromosomes is 34 (brown-headed coat and Geoffroy's coat). The cub clings to the mother's wool from the day of birth, becoming older, intertwines with her tails.
In captivity, these monkeys breed well. Known case artificial feeding coats. The record lifespan in captivity (black coata) is 20 years. Used in medical experiments. Under natural conditions, they are eaten by the local population. The number of these monkeys is drastically decreasing. Several subspecies of Geoffroy's coat are protected.
The genus of spider-like woolly monkeys is sometimes also called myriki, or brachiteles. They are represented by one species - brown brachiteles (B, arachnoides). The dimensions of the tola are approximately the same as those of the coats (head - body - 46-63 cm), but the tail is shorter, although, according to Napier, it exceeds the body length - 65-80 cm. The double number of chromosomes is 62.
According to other features, this species is also close to coats. The tail is grasping, with a bare sensitive area at the end. Long hands and feet, absent or greatly shortened thumb and well opposed to the rest of the foot. Fingernails on fingers. The front part is usually bare, red. The coat is thick - yellowish-gray, brown, brown. Lives in the forests of Brazil. There is little information about this monkey, but many characteristics of their ecology are similar to those of coats. An exceptionally rare primate - listed in the Red Book.
The third genus of the subfamily and the last genus of the broad-nosed primates is the woolly monkey, which includes two species with four subspecies. Very interesting, very peaceful and intelligent creatures, living, as a rule, in the Upper Amazon basin (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil).
The body of the monkey is dense (weight up to 10 kg). The forelimbs are somewhat shorter than the hind ones, the tail is longer than the body (55–73 and 40–58 cm, respectively), grasping, with a bare area at the end. The head is relatively large, massive, round; the front part is hairless, almost black. The fingers are shortish, thick, the thumb on the hand is well developed. Nails are pointed. The fangs are quite large. The coat is short, but thick, soft, thin, with developed down, on the belly is somewhat longer than on other parts of the body. The color of the coat is gray, bluish-gray, dark brown, blackish. The head is darker, the belly is lighter. The yellow-tailed woolly monkey (L. flavicauda) from Peru is named after the color of the tail.
The Humboldt woolly monkey (L. lagothricha) is the most well studied. An inhabitant of various forests, but often descends from trees to the ground. Lives in herds, the size of which varies from 20 to 70 individuals, more often within 30–40. There are usually more males in the group compared to other broad-nosed ones. They move on four limbs, but are capable of two. Relations in the group are peaceful. As with other primates, mutual searches and games are characteristic of communication. In captivity, the male is usually the leader.
The food of woolly monkeys is fruits, leaves, flowers, stems, tree bark. These primates breed all year round. Information about the duration of pregnancy in the literature is contradictory, but the most plausible is about 230 days. One cub is born, which is almost inseparable from its mother for about two months, usually sitting on its back. Then he begins to gradually get used to an independent life. At six months, the baby goes to the female only for breastfeeding. The lactation period lasts more than a year. In the maternal period of the cub's life, the male seems to be indifferent to him, but sensitively protects the mother from other monkeys and humans. In the future, the father treats the cub kindly, like other young males.
In habitats, woolly monkeys can often be seen in community with other species. These relatively slow and large primates are quite easy to hunt, especially since their meat is consumed by the Indians. Therefore, their number in the wild is rapidly decreasing, with the exception of territories where they are specially protected.
In captivity, these monkeys rarely breed. A remarkable example of the semi-free keeping of Humboldt woolly monkeys was demonstrated in England by the writer, musician and livestock specialist L. Williams, who has his own colony of these primates in Cornwall. Several books have been written about the colony. According to Williams, each of these monkeys represents a peculiar individuality; smart, contact with a person, friendly.
However, it must be remembered that these primates are very susceptible to various diseases, especially sensitive to vitamin D3 deficiency. They are very useful in experimental research, in particular in cancer virology.
The diploid number of chromosomes is 62 (Humboldt's monkey). Yellow-tailed woolly monkey is taken under protection