Sectional residential buildings consist of residential sections, each of which has a common vertical communications unit (staircase and elevator) for a group of apartments united by floors. A section is a part of a residential building with apartments served by a single staircase.
Sections within a floor are designed with two, three, four, six and eight apartments or more. A large number of apartments in a section ensure the most economical use of vertical communications, however, three- and four-apartment sections have greater construction flexibility.
There are ordinary (middle) sections and end ones with or without windows at the end, corner ones with different numbers and composition of apartments, limited (meridional), partially limited and unlimited (latitudinal and meridional) orientation, which provides different urban planning maneuverability of residential buildings. The location and composition of apartment sections in projects have a digital designation (the number of living rooms in the apartments) and a letter designation (the location of the section in the house plan - row, end, corner). For example, the designation T.2-3-3 characterizes a three-apartment end section with two and three room apartments incl.
Multi-apartment sectional buildings are the main type of residential buildings in the development of cities and large towns. A group of apartments connected by one staircase is called a residential section.
Construction of residential buildings in last years is carried out on the basis of standard block sections, i.e. autonomous compartments from one or more residential sections. Based on their location in the building, block sections are called: ordinary, end, corner, trefoil-shaped, cross-shaped, etc. Such sections are used to build houses of various lengths and configurations. The use of standard block sections adds variety to residential development.
Multi-storey urban buildings according to their planning decisions are divided into:
Multi-sectional (Fig. 1.4, a) - in such houses, on each floor around the staircase there are 2-8 apartments, which, repeating floor by floor, form sections;
Single-section, or point (Fig. 1.4, b) - with one staircase around which the apartments are located. The configuration of such buildings is very diverse (rectangular, pair-block, three-beam, cruciform). Sectional houses are suitable for all climatic regions and are therefore widely used in construction practice ;
3. External walls of residential buildings. Force and non-force influences on walls. Types of walls according to load-bearing capacity
Structural elements are divided into load-bearing and enclosing. Such a division is associated with the purpose of these elements, with the conditions of their operation in the structure of the building when accepting certain combinations of loads and impacts to which the building and its elements are exposed both during construction and during operation.
Impacts by their nature are divided into two groups: force and non-force. Power (or mechanical) include: loads from the own weight of parts of the building, from people, furniture, equipment, snow deposits, from wind pressure, seismic, shock, etc.
Non-force impacts: precipitation; flows of heat and moisture, impacts caused by temperature differences or differences in humidity potentials of external and internal air; noise and vibration coming from outside or from neighboring premises or caused by the operation of engineering equipment; air infiltration through leaks, etc.
Purpose of carriers structural elements buildings (or, as they say, load-bearing structures) - to perceive all types of loads and impacts of a force nature that may arise in the building, and transmit them through the foundations to the ground.
The purpose of the enclosing structural elements of a building (or enclosing structures) is to isolate the space of the building from the external environment, divide this space into separate rooms and protect (fence) these rooms and the space of the building as a whole from all types of non-force impacts.
Load-bearing walls are structures for carrying vertical loads or for transmitting horizontal loads. Vertical loads are, for example, dead weight and payload on floors, horizontal load is, for example, wind load. Load-bearing walls must meet static requirements. The load-bearing capacity is determined mainly by the thickness of the wall and its “slenderness”. In this case, the minimum wall thicknesses according to DIN 1045 must be maintained.
Load-bearing external walls, along with their load-bearing capacity, must meet the requirements of heat, moisture, noise and fire protection.
Walls can be reinforced or unreinforced. They must be reinforced under tensile loads, when there is a risk of buckling, under eccentric loads and if they are not braced by shear walls or other structures.
The location of the reinforcement depends on the nature of the load. In this case, a distinction is made between walls working in compression, walls working in bending, and walls working in compression with bending. Compression walls, e.g. interior walls, are reinforced like columns. Flexural walls, such as retaining walls, are reinforced like slabs. In the case of walls subject to compression and bending, such as the outer walls of basements, reinforcement corresponding to the prevailing load is used.
Compression walls have reinforcement located on both sides. It consists of main reinforcement (longitudinal reinforcement), which is also called compression reinforcement, and transverse reinforcement. The main reinforcement is located vertically in the direction of the load, the transverse reinforcement is located at right angles to it. It serves mainly to distribute the load and to prevent the formation of shrinkage cracks. External reinforcing bars are anchored into the body of the wall using S-hooks or embedded clamps. Additional reinforcement is required at corners and free ends .
Types of multi-storey residential houses . Multi-storey apartment buildings occupy an increasing share in the practice of housing construction. Their use makes it possible to significantly increase the number of apartments in a house, increase the building density of cities and towns, which helps reduce the built-up area. The latter is of great importance, since the expansion of urban areas aggravates the transport problem and leads to higher prices. utility networks, increases the distance between housing and places of work and leisure, which, in turn, reduces a person’s free time.
In the practice of construction and design of small and medium-sized cities and towns, 4- and 5-story multi-apartment residential buildings are common, for large and largest cities Typical buildings are 9- and 12-story, as well as high-rise buildings (17...25 floors) and high-rise buildings (over 25 floors). The term “high-rise building” defines the concept of a building that exceeds the height available for extinguishing a fire from mechanical ladders, which allow a mass version to reach a height of 28 m, and a special version - 50 m. The efficiency, structure and shape of multi-story buildings are determined by the type of space-planning building solutions and rational choice of load-bearing structural scheme.
Multi-storey residential buildings are designed and built with sections, corridors and galleries.
A common design scheme for multi-storey 9- and 17-storey buildings are multi-storey large-panel buildings. In high-rise buildings, a frame-and-stem design is used. The shaft shaft contains staircase-elevator units and vertical engineering communications. A volumetric shaft-shaft is usually erected from monolithic reinforced concrete in sliding formwork. The best layout is achieved in cases where the shapes of the trunk and the building plan are similar. If the building plan is round, the shaft is cylindrical; if it is triangular, it is a triangular prism. With an elongated plan, two shafts are built.
For multi-storey buildings, the organization of fire safety measures is of great importance. In houses of corridor and gallery types with a height of ten or more floors, common corridors or galleries must have exits to two smoke-free staircases with a living floor area of more than 300 m 2. In houses up to ten floors with a living area of more than 300 m2, one staircase is allowed; At the same time, at the ends of corridor buildings, for fire safety purposes, common balconies should be provided for all apartments, connected by external evacuation stairs to the floor level of the fifth floor.
Multi-storey buildings of corridor and gallery type must have at least two evacuation stairs. With an increase in the number of storeys, the role of wind loads increases, which, during calculation and design, determine the corresponding volumetric-spatial solution of the building and its architectural and planning structure; the solution of vertical transport, staircase-elevator units and utility systems becomes more complicated; the degree of fire safety requirements is increasing, affecting the layout of internal communications, the choice of types of stairs and elevators, and the standardization of the distance to them from each room; noise from pipelines, garbage chutes, and elevators increases. Therefore, when designing buildings, this entire range of issues should be addressed.
In multi-storey buildings, the organization of evacuation routes becomes important. In buildings up to five floors high, one escape route is provided through a staircase located in a fireproof staircase with natural light.
In 9-story residential buildings (sectional), all apartments have one exit to the emergency staircase. In apartments located above the fifth floor, there are also transitions along loggias and balconies to the adjacent section or exits to an external evacuation staircase. In 9-storey corridor and gallery buildings with a living floor area of over 300 m2, the installation of outlets from the corridors and galleries to at least two evacuation staircases is organized. In buildings over ten floors, a smoke-free staircase is required.
Smoke-free staircases are organized by introducing an air zone on the way to the evacuation staircase (to eliminate smoke in the stairwell) or by installing an open or semi-open staircase located outside the contour of the external fences (walls) of a residential building. When the staircases are closed, the smoke-free staircases are ensured by air pressure with the incentive to extract smoke from the staircases, airlocks and halls through ventilation ducts and shafts with valves and self-closing doors on each floor. The valves are opened and the fans are turned on automatically by special smoke detection sensors.
Space-planning solutions sectional houses
Sectional residential buildings consist of residential sections, each of which has a common vertical communications unit (staircase and elevator) for a group of apartments united by floors. A section is a part of a residential building with apartments served by a single staircase.
Sections within a floor are designed with two, three, four, six and eight apartments or more. A large number of apartments in a section ensures the most economical use of vertical communications, however, three- and four-apartment sections have greater urban planning flexibility.
IN III and IV climatic regions, in order to ensure cross-ventilation, it is permissible to use sections with two apartments per floor with a total area of 150... 200 m 2.
There are ordinary (middle) sections and end sections with or without windows at the end, corner ones with different numbers and composition of apartments, limited (meridional), partially limited and unlimited (latitudinal and meridional) orientation, which provides different urban planning maneuverability of residential buildings. The location and composition of apartment sections in projects have a digital designation (number living rooms apartments) and letter (location of the section in the house plan - row, end, corner). For example, the designation T.2-3-3 characterizes a three-apartment end section with two- and three-room apartments, etc.
Fig. 1 Composition diagrams of plans multi-storey buildings.
necessary based on fire safety requirements, then for 12-story and higher buildings they are mandatory. The structure of the facade is in many cases determined by these requirements.
Solutions for entrances, windows, grouping of loggias and the nature of the spot they form, framing of loggias and the walls on which their slabs rest, material, texture and color of the fence, methods of arranging the crowning part are among the main compositional elements of the facades of residential buildings.
The requirements for insolation of premises in the I and II building-climatic regions determine the use of latitudinal sections, located with the longitudinal axis in the general east-west direction, and meridional sections, located with the longitudinal axis in the general north-south direction. Currently, wide four-apartment apartments are common in design practice. sections with a set of apartments 2-2-3-3 or 1-2-3-3
For meridional houses, the orientation of which is allowed only on two sides of the horizon (east and west), such a restriction does not exist and the apartments in them usually have a one-way orientation. Therefore, meridional sections are used to accommodate six-room apartments (with a total area of 250...400 m2) or more, if the section has at least two elevators.
In climatic regions III and IV, one-sided orientation of apartments is not allowed, except for apartments ventilated through a staircase in climatic region III, therefore meridional sections are usually excluded for use.
The structural and rhythmic layout of sectional buildings as a whole is predetermined by their functional purpose and depend on the types of sections.
Multi-section residential buildings are formed on the basis of blocking a number of sections of different composition and configuration in accordance with and on the basis of the requirements for the resettlement of families of the existing numerical and demographic composition, as well as the compositional design of buildings and development in general. The choice of the length of houses depends on economic and urban planning requirements.
It is advisable to use multi-section houses with a length of more than 90 m, as evidenced by the development practice of recent years.
The rhythmic construction of extended facades is determined by the parameters of the typological elements - apartments and sections, the cutting of the wall and the location of balconies and loggias. For houses above 16 floors, it is advisable to have no more than two or three sections in length due to the large shading of the area. The width of residential buildings, ensuring compactness of solutions, is appropriate within the range of 13... 15 m for climatic region I, 11... 13 m for II and III and 9...10 m for IV.
Single-section tower-type residential buildings are a structure of floor-to-floor apartments grouped around a single node of vertical communications - a staircase-elevator block. Multi-storey dotted houses are designed to be multi-storey (9, 12, 16, 17 or more floors). This type of residential building makes it possible to increase the density and compositionally enrich the development, improve the hygienic qualities of apartments due to the perimeter of the external walls per unit area compared to multi-section ones. The desire to find economical and expressive solutions leads to a variety of volumetric-spatial solutions for dotted houses with a variety of complicated plan forms.
In domestic and foreign practice, the following planning solutions are used: three-beam, tee, cross, paired block, etc. Complicating the plan form makes it possible to make a more expedient space-planning solution for a residential building, making it possible to provide a larger number of apartments on the floor while ensuring the requirements for insolation and compact layout for any orientation of the house, as well as achieving an expressive volumetric composition of the building. However, such a space-planning solution for panel houses requires more complex structures. The cost-effectiveness of a building is largely determined by the rational organization of the staircase-elevator unit. In dotted houses of dissected shape, ventilation of part of the apartments is organized using floor-by-floor corridors through window openings in the end walls.
In conditions of complex development, with a combination of buildings of different heights, extended buildings are mostly assigned the functions of a background.
High-rise dotted houses are either combined with background ones as rhythmically defined, regularly placed elements of a residential formation (usually streets), or they play the role of accents.
Typically, projects of multi-storey multi-section residential buildings are developed as part of a group of residential buildings, a residential complex or a district. At the same time, the space-planning solution of the house is formed on the basis of those adopted for a given climatic region standard series block sections.
Multi-storey multi-section houses become objects of individual design relatively rarely: in cases where they play the role of urban planning accents, they havea larger number of storeys compared to standard buildings, and sometimes an excellent design solution.
A series of standard projects usually contains a limited number of sectional house projects with the most common types of apartments, a set of block sections, blocking inserts and one or two single-section house projects. Along with this basic (supporting) composition of block sections, the series can, according to demographic requirements, include profiled block sections with apartments for singles, for small families, for families of representatives of three generations. The entire series is based on common construction and structural systems, common design and planning parameters.
PR O The design of a multi-sectional building consists of assembling it from standard block sections, selected in accordance with urban planning requirements for the number of storeys of the building and the orientation of apartments, demographic requirements for the composition of apartments, artistic and urban planning requirements for the shape of the building, the color and texture of external walls and functional and decorative elements . And all this takes into account the features of the general composition of the building, which may necessitate the construction of open, closed or semi-enclosed courtyard spaces. Thus, we can distinguish the following types of sections for multi-section houses:
T-sections along with rotary and corner ones, they make it possible to form closed and semi-enclosed courtyard spaces in the building, which is often necessary in the layout of residential complexes. In addition, long buildings with variable number of storeys are assembled from T-shaped sections, which not only gives the volume of the building an expressive shape, but also improves the insolation of buildings and territories.
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| a), b) - T-shaped sections; c) - rotating section |
Cross sections when blocked, they give more fractional divisions of the building space, which are more commensurate with the scale of low and medium-rise buildings than rotary or T-shaped ones. Therefore, cross-shaped row sections are widely used in projects of 2... 4-story buildings for densely low-rise buildings.
End sectionsunlike ordinary ones, they have one external transverse wall. Thanks to this, the layout of the section and apartments in the area adjacent to the outer end can be changed compared to the layout of the ordinary section. The possibility of installing windows in the end wall sometimes leads to a rotation of the structural and planning axes of the section by 90° at the end (Fig. 5.5). This brings variety to the layout of the apartments, their compactness and the composition of the sections. However, the advantage of end sections is not always used. More often (especially in prefabricated construction) so-called ordinary end sections are used, identical in planning decision ordinary and differ from them only in the design of the blank end wall - insulated.
Rotating sections
are used for the layout of extended houses with a broken outline in plan. Sections are arranged with one or two beveled corners (usually 135°) by deviating the end transverse wall of the section from the orthogonal to form trapezoidal rooms in the plan at the blocking plane. In prefabricated construction, to reduce the range of low-volume products, instead of rotating sections, oblique blocking inserts are used, forming loggias in adjacent apartments. The transverse walls of the end sections adjacent to the blocking insert are designed to be insulated.
The corner sections are arranged in limited or unlimited orientation. In the first case, the section contains 4...5 apartments (Fig. 5.7), in the second - no more than three. The vertical transport unit is usually placed in the dark space of the inner corner of the section. Sections are blocked along the entire width of the end walls or half the width of the building. A common technique is to place it at the ends of the blocking sanitary facilities apartments, which simplifies the installation of engineering equipment of buildings.
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| Rotating sections |
One of the main economic requirements for the space-planning solution of sections of multi-storey buildings is the expedient use of expensive vertical communications (elevators and smoke-free stairs) by serving the largest number of apartments . It has been established that even in 9-storey sectional buildings with an increase in the number of apartments in the sections, the cost of 1 m 2 of total area decreases by 2% in a 6-apartment section and by 5% in an 8-apartment section compared to a 4-apartment section (for apartments of 1-3 rooms). In buildings above 9 floors, sections of which are equipped with two to three elevators, the relative reduction in the cost of the total area in an 8-apartment section compared to a 4-apartment section reaches 8-10%
The possibilities for increasing the number of apartments in the meridional sections are also not unlimited: the regulatory limitation of the total area of apartments on the floor of a section of 500 m2 does not allow increasing the length of the dimly lit dead-end corridors leading from the staircase-elevator unit to the apartments by more than 12 m. In practice, this makes it possible to develop sections with no more than 6-7 1-, 2- and 3-room apartments or 8-10 apartments for small families.
To increase apartment space and increase the compactness of horizontal communications, light pockets are introduced for natural illumination of dead-end corridors, the section configuration is complicated, and the diagonal-radial arrangement of apartments is used.
Complicating the shape of a section plan is not always effective, since, while contributing to a reduction in cost due to the larger size of the section and the compactness of horizontal communications, it can simultaneously lead to an increase in cost due to an increase in the perimeter of the external walls. Therefore, the feasibility of using a non-rectangular section shape should be checked by economic calculation. A non-rectilinear section shape is often allowed in cases where this provides additional functional advantages. For example, the non-rectilinear shape of the section, designed for use in climatic region III, provides the through (or corner) ventilation of five apartments required in this climate, while the rectangular section allows for through ventilation of only two apartments.
The complication of the shape of the sections proposed for climatic region IV is also justified. . Thanks to this complication, four apartments receive the cross-ventilation necessary in this area, and the building is self-shading.
With the increase in the number of floors in buildings, along with horizontal communication elements (corridors and galleries), the necessary vertical communication elements (elevators, stairs, etc.) appear.
Depending on the predominance of communication elements, types of houses are distinguished:
sectional type - multi- and single-section,
corridor type
gallery type
corridor-sectional type
gallery-sectional type.
Sectional houses .
Sectional houses are the most common planning solution.
Multi-section houses are formed from several residential sections. The appearance of a multi-section house is characterized by length and/or a complex compositional planning solution. The length of high-rise buildings is limited by urban planning requirements - for example, the possibility of creating long-term shading of the territory.
Fig... An example of a planning solution for a rotary end section
Fig... example of a planning solution for a multi-section house with apartments on two levels
Single-section houses consist of one residential section. The dominant component in the appearance of such a house is the vertical component. Compact (point or tower) hence the terms - point type or tower house.
According to their space-planning structure, single-section houses can be:
Compact with a floor-by-floor grouping of apartments directly around the staircase-elevator unit. Such houses are often called “point” or “tower” type;
Complicated configuration;
Dismembered configuration;
Using floor corridors.
With a compact grouping of apartments (4-6 apartments are possible), in all other cases up to 12.
A 
b
V 
rice... one-section house
a - using floor corridors, b - a complicated configuration using floor corridors, c - dissected configuration
Planning solutions for sectional houses are extremely diverse. However, the hygienic qualities of the apartment and the urban planning features of the building depend on the number of apartments in the section. Depending on the number of apartments and the number of rooms in them, buildings of unlimited and limited orientation are distinguished (if there are one-room apartments).
Corridor type
In corridor houses, horizontal communication elements are most developed in the form of floor-to-floor corridors located in the middle of the building. Because Since the windows of the apartments in these houses face only one side, according to insolation requirements they can only be meridional and only for climatic regions I and II. This is due to the lack of cross ventilation in the apartments.
The advantages of corridor houses are the ability to design a wide building (up to 15m), efficient use vertical communications, reducing the number of entrances to the building. Such features make it possible to use houses of this type in extreme areas (for example, where snowstorms are possible). The effective use of communications is determined by the large number (since mainly 1 and 2 room apartments are designed) on the floor.
Gallery type
Gallery-type houses are typical for “warm” (III and IV) areas, because The entrance to the apartment is from floor-by-floor open galleries and all apartments have two-way orientation and cross-ventilation. Multi-storey (more than 10 floors or 30 m) sectional houses must have at least 2 evacuation stairs.
rice…. An example of a dismembered planning solution for a gallery-type house
Corridor-sectional and gallery-sectional
These types of houses have corridors or galleries across the floor. The floors are divided into corridors and galleries. In such houses, apartments (3-7 rooms) are placed on 2 levels with cross ventilation and the necessary insolation conditions.
example
Public buildings
The main factor of the space-planning solution public buildings is the functional purpose, i.e. that social human activity for which the building is being built. However, it should be remembered that new social programs and technical solutions lead to the emergence of new types of public buildings (for example, cryptoclimatic complexes).
The totality of all elements characterizing functional and technological processes determines the spatial organization, size and shape of public buildings and structures. Every public building has a main functional and technological process and secondary ones. For example, in schools, the main process is educational activities, and secondary processes are public catering, administrative and economic activities, etc. Some public buildings may combine several processes. For example, in canteens, cafes, and restaurants, two independent processes take place: the process of preparing food and the process of feeding people.
The development of connections between parts while maintaining their clear delineation is carried out by grouping rooms.
When the core of the composition is located along the axis of symmetry, and the secondary rooms are grouped around it, a symmetrical scheme is formed.
When the core of the composition is located eccentrically, and subordinate elements are freely grouped in relation to it, an asymmetric composition scheme is created.
Rice…. Symmetrical diagram (a) and asymmetrical (b) diagram of the composition of the building plan
a - theater in Rostov-on-Don, architect. V. A. Shchuko and V. G. Gelfreich, 1933-1936, b - M. F. Kshesinskaya’s mansion in St. Petersburg, architect. A. I. Gauguin, 1904-1906
Grouping of rooms
Depending on the nature of the functional processes, the grouping of premises should take into account:
Interconnections of premises that require direct connection of premises (for example, hall and stage, lobby and wardrobe, etc.)
Interconnections of premises using horizontal and vertical communications (corridors, stairs, etc.).
One and the same functional process may have several rational schemes for organizing internal space or space-planning schemes.
Known possible combinations of spaces inside a building come down to five basic schemes:
cellular,
corridor,
enfilade,
hall, including:
corridor-free (centric),
corridor - ring,
enfilade - circular,
cell-hall
pavilion
and mixed (in height) or combined (on the plane).
rice…. dialectical approach to creating the composition of public buildings. Bubble method
Cellular circuit (sectional) consists of parts in which functional processes take place in small equal-sized spatial cells (for example, children's and school buildings, medical and administrative institutions). Independently functioning cells can have a common communication linking them with the external environment.
Corridor diagram used in the vast majority of public buildings. It consists of relatively small cells containing parts of a single process and connected by a common linear communication - a corridor. For example, higher education institutions, office buildings. Cells can be located on one or both sides of the communication corridor connecting them.
Corridors are the main communication rooms. Depending on the space-planning solutions of buildings, they are divided into the following types: corridors with one-sided development, with two-sided development, with mixed development. One-way corridors are not economical, but provide better sanitary qualities and, as a result, are used mainly in medical institutions. Two-way corridors are more economical because the length of the corridor and the perimeter of the building are significantly reduced. However, such a layout requires special space-planning and design solutions to provide the necessary lighting (end lighting, arrangement of recreational premises - “light breaks”, alternating one- and two-sided arrangement of premises, second-light lighting through transoms and glazed doors, translucent partition materials). A layout with two corridors is recommended for large buildings or for redevelopment of buildings.
Corridors can be designed rectilinear, curvilinear, with ledges, rectangular, cross- and “U”-shaped, and also, depending on the lighting, through (with two-way lighting from the ends), dead-end and with light pockets (with lighting from one side ).
Enfilade scheme It is a series of rooms located one after another and connected by a through passage. This scheme is used when there is a unity of a functional process that requires only a small degree of subdivision of its parts, opening into one another. The enfilade scheme is used in buildings of museums, exhibitions, some types of shops and public service enterprises (salon type). This scheme is quite economical.
Hall scheme is based on the creation of a single space for functions that require large undivided areas that can accommodate masses of visitors. The hall layout is typical for entertainment, sports buildings, indoor markets, etc.
The hall layout is usually complemented by groups of secondary rooms that have a corridor or enfilade layout. In such cases, combined schemes are created by combining and sharing the above schemes (corridorless, corridor-circular, enfilade-circular, cell-hall). These are, for example, clubs and libraries. Palaces of culture in which a mixed scheme is caused by the complexity of functional processes.
Depending on the functional requirements, halls can have internal supports (shops, libraries) or without them (cinemas, sports complexes).
Pavilion scheme is built on the distribution of premises or their groups in separate pavilion volumes, interconnected by a single compositional solution ( master plan), for example, a pavilion market consisting of pavilions “vegetables and fruits”, “meat”, “milk”; holiday homes with pavilions of sleeping buildings, etc.
The above-listed schemes for grouping spaces inside buildings are the basis for the formation of various compositional schemes of public buildings and complexes: compact, extended and dissected.
Compact compositional scheme includes hall and combined schemes for grouping rooms.
Extended (linear) scheme The composition is based on a corridor and enfilade grouping of rooms.
Dissected compositional scheme is formed according to the principle of a pavilion system.
Methods for forming the internal space of buildings
The shaping of premises and their combination is based on the harmonization and psychophysiological patterns of the internal space. In the architectural design of public buildings, two main methods have emerged for constructing the architectural and planning composition of buildings, depending on different approaches to the formation of the internal space of buildings.
The first method, the most traditional, is based on a clear division of all rooms into homogeneous functional groups, identifying the core of the composition and elements of functional connections. The system of organizing life in the building in this case corresponds to the internal spaces.
The second method, which meets the requirements of modern architecture, is based on the versatility and diverse use of internal space by creating a single enlarged flexible internal space with a simple volume outline. In any case, functional groups are formed on the basis of dividing the internal space with special structures - movable partitions.
In general, the choice of one or another method for constructing an architectural and planning composition depends on the specific functional urban planning and artistic tasks and conditions of designing a public building.