Architectural styles in order. Styles and directions in world architecture

Architectural style reflects common features In the design of facades of buildings, plans, shapes, structures. Architectural styles Formed under certain conditions of the economic and social development of society under the influence of religion, state structure, ideology, traditions of architecture and national characteristics, climatic conditions, landscape. The emergence of a new type of architectural style has always been associated with technical progress, changes in the ideology and geopolitical structures of society. Consider some types of architectural styles that served as the basis for various directions in architecture at different periods of time.

Archaic architecture

Constructions, built up to 5 V to AD, are customary to the archaic architecture. Stylistically facilities of Mesopotamia and Assyria (state of anterior Asia) are related to buildings of ancient Egypt. Their relatives are simplicity, monumentality, geometry of forms, striving for large sizes. There were differences: for Egyptian buildings, symmetry is characterized, in the architecture of Mesopotamia there is an asymmetry. The Egyptian temple consisted of anflades of the rooms and was pulled down horizontally, in the Mesopotamian temple, the premises seem to be attached randomly. In addition, one of the parts of the temple had a vertical orientation (zikkurat (Sigguratu - Top) - the Temple Tower, the characteristic feature of the temples of the Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations).

Antique style

Antiquity, as a type of architectural style, refers to ancient Greece. Greek structures were built on the likeness of the residential house of Megaron Creoto-Mycena. In the Greek temple, the walls were made with thick, massive, without windows, a hole was made in the roof. The construction of the construction was a modular system, rhythmic and symmetry.

Megaron - means "Big Hall" - a rectangular house house with a hearth in the middle (beginning of 4 thousand BC)

Antique architectural style has become the basis for the development of the order system. In the order system, there were directions: Doric, Ionian, Corinthian. Doric order appeared in the 6th century BC, he was distinguished by rigor, massiveness. The ionic order is easier and elegant appeared later, and was popular in the territory of Malaya Asia. Corinthian order appeared in the 5th century. BC. The sign of this type of architectural style was colonnades. The architectural style, the photo of which is located below, is defined as an antique, doric order.

The Romans who won Greece took over the architectural style, enriched it with a decor and brought the warrant system to the construction of not only temples, but also palaces.

Roman style

View of architectural style 10-12 centuries. - got his name "Romanesque" only at 19 V. Thanks to art historians. The structures were created as a design of simple geometric shapes: cylinders, parallelepipeds, cubes. In this style, castles, temples and monasteries with powerful stone walls with teeth. At 12 in. Castle-fortresses appeared towers with braces, gallery.

The main buildings of that era - the temple - the fortress and the castle. The buildings of this era were simple geometric shapes: Cuba, prisms, cylinders, with their construction, vaulted structures were created, the vaults themselves were made with cylindrical, cross-rib, crosses. In the early Romanesque architectural style of the walls painted, and by the end of the 11th century. The facades appeared volumetric stone reliefs.

Classification of architectural styles

style name

style Characteristics

plan

picture

Canonical

4 thousand. BC.

332 G.N.E.

Over human dimensions, stability, strict symmetry, "patrolliness", forms geometrism, gradation. The architecture perpetuated the deified power of Pharaoh and faith in the afterlife.

(Pyramids in Giza, temple ensemble in Karnak)

Classical

8 V to N.E.-

5th century AD

This style has developed in antiquity: Greece, Rome. Light slim architecture dr. Greece carries in his artistic strict spirit of the heroic and the significance of man. The main achievement of the Greek architects is the creation of a warrant. Harmony, ease, simplicity, commensurate human practication, rationalism, solemnity.

(Athens Acropolis, Roman Colosseum)

Romanesque

11-12 V.V.

Massive, heavyness, load, serfdom, the main expressive agent is a stele with narrow processes - a cross-bubble system. Thick walls, narrow windows - boosters in monasteries and castles. The main element of the composition -dONZHON. Around it was located the remaining buildings made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders.

(Cathedral ensemble in Pisa,Cathedral in Worms)

Gothic

13 - 14 V.V.

The framework of the framework becomes a framework, huge pastes filled with stained-glass windows appear. Pulltit and take the archer shape and portals. Easiness, openness, weightlessness, aspiration up to the sky, to God.

(Cathedral of the Paris Our Lady,cathedral in Reims, in Cologne )

Ancient - Russian

9 - 17 V.V.

Glittering simplicity, festivity, elegacity, decorativeness, multidimal.

(Church of St. Sophia in Kiev, Church of the Intercession on Nerlie,

Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir)

Renaissance

13 - 17 V.V.

Symmetry, harmony, equilibrium, geometoric correctness of forms. An important achievement is the creation of a new architectural form - floor.The windows are interpreted as the eyes of the building, the facade - as the face of the building; those. Outside, an internal architectural space is expressed.

(santa Temple - Maria Del Fiore, Palazzo Hrachela, Michelangelo Buonaroti. Dome of the Cathedral of St. Peter. Rome )

Baroque

17th century

Fancy, dynamic, dried, richly decorated, sculptural, the creation of parks, ensembles, the buildings are rich in stucco, painting, sculpture.

(The ensemble of the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome, Tsarskostsky Palace, Hermitage, )

Classicism

17 - 19 V.V.

"Classified" is a sample. The style of absolute monarchies, calm greatness and noble simplicity, rigorous rhythm, symmetry, elegacity, solemnity.the rigor of the shape, clarity of the spatial solution, the geometrism of the interiors, the softness of colors and laconicize the external and interior decoration Constructions

(palace ensemble Versalya , arrows of Vasilyevsky Island, Kazan Cathedral)

Rococo

18 century

Rocail - Sink. Sophistication, manners, luxury, whimpering decorative, ornament in the form of a sink.it is characteristic of the asymmetry of compositions, small detail form, saturated and balanced structure of the decor in the interiors, the combination of bright and clean color tones with white and gold, the contrast between the severity of the appearance of the buildings and the delicacy of their inner decoration.( Oval Hall of the Hotel Subiz , bodian interiors of the Winter Palace, Smolny Cathedral)

Ampir

18 century

Napoleon's Empire Empire style, dryness, academism, rigor, clarity of lines, cold greatness.the combination of massive simple geometric forms with the subjects of military emblems. Fasting the construction of various triumphal arches, commemorative columns, obelisk. Important elements Decorative decoration of buildings are portico. In the interior decoration, bronze casting, painting of plafones, alcoves

(Shalgren. Arch Stars in Paris , Main Staff Building in St. Petersburg, Laper and Hondan. Vandom Column in Paris.)

Modern

19th century

Asmetry, softened streamlined forms, bending ornament lines, external decorativeness.use of new technologies (metal, glass).Staircase railing, lamps hanging from the ceiling, even door handles- everything was carefully designed in a single style

( (1906, Arch. ), Victor Orta Tassel House (1983),sytin House, Mansion S. Ryabushinsky. F. Sheher. Moscow.1902.

Modern - to. XIX - early XX in; Characterized by various decorations of houses, roundings, departure from the right geometric forms. The use of large, glazing spaces. Facing surfaces are performed from decorative brick, porcelain stoneware, as well as in some cases - painting. (In the architecture of Moscow -Yaroslavl railway station, Central Committee, Hotel Metropol)

Modern

(Contactness,

organic

retro)
20th century

Using new building structures, new building materials, abstraction of geometric shapes, aesthetization of structures.

Constructivism design ambient, opportunities for new techniques, its logical, expedient designs, aesthetic capabilities of such materials such as metal, glass, wood. Showful luxury Constructivists sought to oppose the simplicity and underlined utilitarianism of new subject forms, in which they saw the development of democraticness and new relations between people. (Moscow planetarium, arch. M. Barbst, M. Sinyavsky; Eiffel Tower

G. Eifel

France)

"Organic Architecture" - approve the need and pleasantness for the human eye of flexible natural forms, compounds of architectural structures with a natural environment. (Opera House, Yorn Ustzon,

Australia, Sydney )

Retro style -Force forms, verandas. Outdoor finish Houses are performed from modern materialsbut stylized under ancient. Here there is a contrast of dark flowers and bright, roofs, roofs, underades, mansard windows, spacious stairs.

"High-tech" ("Haitete") - maximum functionality. No decorative excesses. Active introduction of the latest technologies in human habitat. Sometimes the demonstrative use of technical forms - brightly painted open pipes, air ducts, elements of engineering equipment, metal structures and other entourage "Century of Technology"

Designs are inherent: rigor and simplicity, straight lines, simple geometric shapes. Decor calm. In the color scheme prevailing monotony. Many metal and glass. Popular Metal-raised multi-tier galleries (Rainbow Central in Niagara Falls, USA, 1978 )

Educational visual benefits and presentations at the rate

"Architecture History" (disk, posters, slides)

Architectural styles: Baroque

IN

Victorian style: prestige and elegance

Architecture, popular in the XIX century on a foggy Albion and in colonies, does not give positions today. Victorian houses are 2-3 floors, asymmetry, complex, multifaceted roof, attic, often round turrets, spacious porch, finishing with carved wood or metal, white or beige color. However, the Victorian style has many variations, depending on the time and place of its penetration into a specific cultural environment.

Victorian style

G.

Gothic in architecture: chased mysteriousness

Dutch style: Unassuming peace

Dutch architectural style

D.

Deconstructivism: Not like that

Deconstructivism's stylistics leaves no chance of one of the architectural absolutes. It is introduced into any environment with screaming broken forms and structures, complex for visual perception.
Deconstructivism is called not the direction of architecture, but its denial, however, deconstructivists still have a support point - constructivism and postmodernism.
Architects deliberately distort the principles and composite motives of these styles and at the exit get a dynamic and individual construction object.
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Deconstructivism architecture

E.

European Style: Popular Universality

European style in the exterior

AND

Italian architectural style: sophisticated drama

Italian style in the exterior

TO

Country style house: Heat and soulfulness

This style is a multipath and relies on local order: let's say, in France "Rural" houses from stone, and in Canada from logs. In any case, Country Style involves traditional and natural raw materials. Distinctive strokes of such an exterior - rusticity (cladding of outer walls by faceted stones), enclosure of handles (it can be forged door handles or horseshoe at the entrance), the color of the facade, resembling the shades of clay, wood, sand. The courtyard is wrapped with relevant archaic: bird nests on the poles, flower beds on carts, model mill.

Classic style in the exterior: imitation of the best

The architecture of such a structure is based on the standards of the classics - on the ancient canons, on best samples Italian Renaissance, English Georgianism or Russian architecture. The classic in the exterior is the symmetry of the building (the main entrance is the axis around which extensions are located), the presence of columns, triangular frontones, porticors, balustrades, balusters and other accessories of a particular architectural era. Classic type houses are ennobled by pilasters and moldings. The preferred material, of course, the stone, however, in our time items for the decor are not bad made of plaster or polyurethane. Classic mansions - more often two-storey, light color.

Classic architectural style

Colonial style in architecture: modest charm

Secured immigrants and planters built their home ownership, combining "imported" overlap and comfort with local exotic. That is what the colonial exterior arose.

Houses in this style are monumental, in two floors. The planning is straightforward, the entrance supports the colonnade. Earb them from stone, plaster neutral color. The door is massive, wooden. Almost always in stock terrace. Buildings are distinguished by large, panoramic windows, which are opening up the garden or wildlife.

Perhaps the most famous subspecies of the colonial exterior - bungalow, one-story or mansard mansion, with a split veranda on the entire width of the fronton. Its color is traditionally white, reflective, because bungalows were built in the tropics, combining the features of the traditional English cottage, army tents and oriental tents.

Colonial style in exterior

L.

Loft Exterior: Fashionable Fundamentality

The newest, trend style. His idea is in the alteration of technological premises, factory workshops, garages or hangars in bohemian, elite apartments.

The loft style house is very spacious, high, an emphasized geometric building with a minimum number of internal partitions. The undoubted plus of such a project is inexpensive building materials: concrete, cement, brick. Loft-facade alien any finish, it does not require siding. The roof can be flat or double, with a metal roof. Necessarily a large, high window. The loft dwelling should resemble an industrial structure, even if it is built from scratch.

M.

Modern House: Delightful chic

Minimalism in architecture: freedom and light

N.

Houses in German style: fabulous identity

The houses of these were "jumped out" from the fairy tales of Hoffman and Brothers Grimm. They are compact and very tidy in appearance. German style is inherent economy, productivity, lack of intricate finish and natural color facade. Such a dwelling has a square or rectangular shape, the base is coated with a stone, and the duplex roof of the tiles of red shades. The German house is decorated with a balcony or attic, and still tinted boards - the elements of the head. Original detail - windows separated by jumpers and shutters protected. The door is painted in color, which stands out on the background of the house.

German style in exterior

Norwegian style: compactness and environmental friendliness

P

Provence Style Architecture: Rustic Romanticism

Why does this style know no boundaries? Because Provence is an embodiment and brilliance, and naivety, and another symbol of family values. It is believed to be the name of the style of the french region, but "Provence" means "province": the pastoralism, simpleness, slowness and dimension is its main "trumps."

In the south of France at home, mainly build from wild stones, widely using pebbles and slate. In other places, they resort to imitation, gypsum panels and plates. But the roofs are always tiled, often multi-layered, different levels. Northern Wall necessarily deaf. The windows of the lower floor may differ in size from the rest, they are often complemented by sash. The advantage is natural colors: milky white, herbal, straw. Extended extensions - verandas, terraces, kitchens, barns. The door is wooden, weighty, with forged loops and an observation window. The yard ripped a paving.

Architectural styles: Provence

R

Ranch style: business and foundation

Such an exterior, one of the most popular in one-story America. Having absorbed the nuances of other styles, the features of the bungalow and the "buildings of the prairie", he finally developed at the beginning of the last century. The lowest house-ranch of the "mlanchers" is stitched, complicated by extensions, plastered and painted with light paints. Fishka - sliding glass doors. The external appearance of the Rancho style is reminded that farmers began to build such housing: people are harsh, unpretentious, valuable labor, but also a full-fledged vacation.

Ranch style in exterior

Rococo in architecture: unrestrained luxury

Such houses prefer French aristocrats. The classic rational system, on the basis of which they erected, almost invisible due to the abundant, ornate decor. The walls of the house-rococo are literally drown in through patterns and lace details - curls, rociles, cartouches. Playful arches, slender colonnades, elegant eaves and railing give the premises of the idleness, and the being of pleasant ease. Artistry and manneriness permeate the Rococo building, like the sun crystal shard. Traditional color - gentle pastel tones.

Romanesque style architecture: my house - my fortress

The origins of the exterior lie in the Middle Ages, when locks-citadel arose everywhere. Them specific traits - Primitiveness of silhouette, massiveness and brutality, because protection and shelter were the main task of such abode.

Reign, clear case, stone. Diversified the construction of apse, towers with domes and arched arches. The windows of the windows were narrow, like loopholes.

Of course, in the modern version, the Romanesque mansion looks not so trivial and rudely, as on antique engravings. Windows have become significantly more wild stone Replaced elegant stylization. But the principle remains unshakable: mansions in the Romanesque style should be large, handy and impregnable in appearance.

Russian Architectural Style: House-toy

The design of the exterior in the Russian style is not so monotonous as it may seem. It is at home typical of Slavic wooden architecture, and mansions in the style of Russian merchants, and the noble estates.

Ball, of course, rules wood. The dwelling in the Russian genre rarely exceeds two floors, the roof is duplex, the windows are small, cakedpapers, very desirable and covered porch. Balconies, ladies, turrets will give a mansion similarity with a fabulous hut, and a wisdom carved finish, an open veranda on curly supports - with boyars sorries.

Russian style

FROM

Scandinavian style in the exterior: Nordic character

Clear contours, natural building materials, minimum decor, but a maximum of amenities - the name of Scandinavian was obtained with such properties.

Among the features of this dwelling are glass doors, huge windows (or a whole transparent wall), which is dictated by the shortage of sunlight. Covers the Scandinavian houses either with white plaster, or a wooden clapboard, which performs and aesthetic mission: dark wood edged the door and windows, lightly cut the walls or on the contrary. The roof can be both flat and duplex. Scandinavian mansions are "unfars" with energy-saving technologies and are often equipped with solar panels.

Mediterranean-style house: Glamor and Nega

Residences to admire which it was possible only on the warm coast, also entered the encyclopedia of the design.

Their feature is bright and joyful color (white, cream, pink); flat, tiled roof; semi-open, seized by greens of verandas; Spacious balconies and rotunda; The presence of the pool and, of course, the patio. The construction can consist of several parts flowing into each other. Windows and doorways are often horseshoe. Preference is given natural stone, ceramics, wood.

Modern style in architecture: freedom of choice

His value is in democratism. This design accepts any building materials, up to the newest. The house is characterized by simplicity - both external and in its operation. It does not need decorate, in certain stylistic tricks. A row roof, sufficient space and panoramic glazing - perhaps everything that is required.

Modern style

T.

Tyudor style: noble heritage

The Tudor house is the material embodiment of a truly English character. He is impressive and a bit old-fashioned, like a hundred percent gentleman.

Formed in the XVI century, which united touches of Gothic and Renaissance, Flemish and Italian motifs, the Tudor style still remains in demand.

His attributes are thick walls, high chimneys, turrets, fittings. Well, the limb, the half-timber is an outdoor frame. In the old days, such houses were erected from stone and wood, and today they use aerated concrete, panels and blocks. Beams, cornices and shutters, as before, stand out dark color. The main facade almost always contains the Erker, sometimes in the form of a turret. It is impossible not to mention the roof: Tudor roofs are complex, with long hips and high frontones, with small auditory windows. Entrance - in the form of arches, laid out by stone and decorated with family coat of arms. The territory at the house is designed by stone sidewalks, cobbled paths, forged fences and, of course, English lawn.

F.

Houses in the style of Fakhverk: Vintage Coloring

The glimpses of this style appeared in the XV century in Germany. A few centuries later, the Fakhverk "captured" all Western Europe. Turn to it today.

In essence, the technique of Facrokrock is a framework method of construction. Its foundation - fastenings of wooden beams, racks, riglels, dilations. Once they were made of oak, jewelry connecting between "secret" wrinkles and wooden studs. The voids between the beams were sealed with clay, pebbles, straw. Walls were plastered, whiten, and the frame painted in brown, cherry or black colors. He served as the ornament of the facade, sharing it on clear segments. Houses drawn by wooden patterns are still called the half-timber.

Farm style: air maximum

Farm houses are more often one-story, light color, with unobtrusive decor. The notable trait is a large porch or an open veranda, which, if the area allows, can reach around the perimeter of the house. For decoration, they choose either wood or materials that imitate her. The windows are large, with a good overview, the door is often glass too.

Finnish style: tree fragrance

Another kind of wooden exterior. For the cover of the facade, the Finns use a bar, lining or plaquene. Walls during construction are paved with insulation, for example, mineral wool. The height is one and a half - two floors, the roof is double, Keramo-tiled, in front of the house there is often a terrace, and above it is a glazed balcony. The color of the facade - from white to wooden shades. The raisin of the Finnish house, of course, the sauna.

Finnish style

Fusion style: harmony contradictions

Amazing this style marks the laws and rules. The architect and designer are free to use any materials, forms, textures ... and even principles. Unlike the eclectic, which interstates into the whole details of similar exteriors, fusion is a bold attempt to combine diametrically opposite. For example, industrial design (loft) and baroque fragments. Or gothic with ethno. In addition, the style involves the use of complex color Gamma., variety of decorations ... Well, of course, a subtle artistic flair that will not give to ride the architectural cavosophony and designer heresy.

Architectural styles: Fusion

H.

High-tech in architecture: on the verge of fiction

These houses - challenge traditions and demonstration scientific achievements. High-tech real estate was noticeable thanks to wind generators and solar batteries. Layout involves significant dwellings and cubic forms. The walls are absolutely smooth, the structure is smooth, materials - concrete, glass, metal and plastic. Color solution - White, black, silver, shades of various metals. The houses also differ in the maximum glazing area: one of the facades is often glazed. The terrace can be open, but the central door is also glass, sliding. Roofs are flat, in the form of flat sites that are easy to accommodate. Facades are equipped with backlight. Outdoor engineering communications perform the function of decor items.

C.

Czech style: secluded place

Czech cottage design echoes German and pan-European architectural traditions. Czech mansions are distinguished by proper geometry, squatness, high and multifaceted tiled roofs, stone foundation. However, instead of the tiles, they can be covered with straw, which is harmonized with a rural landscape. Window and doors of a streamlined, rounded form.

Czech architectural style

Sh

House in Style Chalet: Reliable Protection

It is difficult to believe that in the past, chalets is just a house of the shepherd at the foot of the mountains. Sliced \u200b\u200bfrom civilization, this shelter was obliged to be distinguished by persistence, invulnerability, to have the necessary level of comfort. The foundation and the first floor were built of stone, the attic was erected from logs. The roof of the alpine houses is duplex, common, with significant protrusions, moving in a canopy. The main facade is addressed to the east, residential Rooms to the south. Chalet assumes at least one roomy balcony. Decoration serves wooden carving.

Chalet in modern form is not only stone and wood, but also brick and concrete, and also panoramic windows and a large veranda. Logical addition to such a dwelling will be an alpine slide, coniferous trees, a brazier or a brazier-barbecue.

Chateau style house: noble nest

Actually, the suburban estates of French venels, consisting of a castle, a park and, often, winery. Planned Versailles - in fact, Chateau.

The stylistics of such an exterior determines the classic proportions, a large number of silicon windows decorated with bindings, a multicate roof, elegant frontones, wide terraces, spacious balconies with adhesive, filigree railings and erkers. Walls can be decorated with rustic stone, brick, decumbed with stucco. The base is usually because natural stone, And the roof of the tiles. The facade in the style of Chateau is a proud sign of the family nobility.

Swedish style: Cute naturalness

As part scandinavian style, Swedish "homemade" architecture continues the tradition of spectacular simplicity. Swedish cottage feature - contrast color: The walls are painted red, and the corners, window frames and doors are embossed white. Buildings more often wooden, the windows are large, because sunlight In the local areas is valued especially.

Swedish style

E.

ENOSTING: from Tereme to Wigwam

National handwriting is the shower of ENOSALE. This may be a house resembling a Russian log house, built using wood and topped with a skate on the roof. Or mansion with an eastern "accent" in the form of Arabic ornament, Persian lattices and tiles. In other words, how many cultures, construction traditions - so many sources that eat a varied ethno-exterior.

I

Japanese style in architecture: laconium and ease

Country houses of Japanese can be seen not only in the country of the rising sun. This is explained by the fact that the Japanese style is incredibly organic. His strengths are clarity, impeccability, impaired lines. Materials - stone, glass and wood, discreet palette. Sliding doors In such a house there are on each side; The central entrance is often complemented by a stepped flooring resembling a porch and bridge. The house may have an indoor, with a wide observation of the veranda, and an open terrace. The continuation of the Japanese dwelling is an authentic landscape: a mini-pond, a few picturesque blocks and a pair of dwarf pines, even ordinary housing will turn into a refuge of philosopher.
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Architectural styles.