A water supply system is a set of engineering structures that are designed to supply, withdraw, store and purify water. But the fire-fighting water supply system is necessary to ensure the supply of the required volume under the required pressure within the established time determined by regulatory documents and under conditions of reliability of the entire complex of water supply structures. In every city, as well as in the territories of organizations and settlements, sources of fire-fighting water supply must be equipped, since their availability and parameters are strictly controlled and determined by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation. Such sources can be internal and external water supply systems, as well as natural and artificial reservoirs.

Features of internal and external water supply

Fire-fighting external water supply systems are special water supply networks equipped with fire hydrants, as well as any water bodies that are used for fire extinguishing. In cities and towns, the legislation allows the combination of fire-fighting water supply with household and drinking or industrial water supply.

External fire-fighting water supply from reservoirs or reservoirs is used in the following cases:

• When the population is not more than 5,000 people;
• For separately constructed buildings located within a populated area, the volume of which does not exceed 1000 m3;
• For buildings and structures with stored mineral fertilizers with a volume of up to 5000 m3;
• For storing fruits or vegetables;
• For buildings of radio and television stations;
• For premises that exceed 1000 m3 in volume, only in agreement with the territorial bodies of the State Border Service.

Internal fire water supply is a complex autonomous pipeline system that ensures fire safety inside buildings and structures. This system is considered an alternative fire extinguishing scheme and is especially indispensable until the fire service arrives. The effectiveness of this system has been proven only in cases where it is necessary to eliminate small fires and there is no smoke in the room at all.

The internal fire water supply can only be used by those employees of the enterprise who have undergone appropriate training and have an idea of ​​how to seal the system and connect it to the pumping station. Only volunteer fire brigades, technical personnel or employees responsible for fire safety have the right to conduct such instruction.

According to their functionality and principle of application, internal fire water supply systems are classified into two types:

1. Multifunctional water supply system - its operating principle is identical to that of a conventional household water supply system, which can simultaneously guarantee the supply of water for the fire protection system.
2. Specialized water supply system - it is designed specifically only for localizing a fire. Water supply is carried out through a separate riser under high pressure. In turn, such a water supply system can be dead-end or ring. They differ in that the ring one has multiple locking devices that can cut off damaged areas of the circuit. Thanks to them, the water supply does not stop even in case of emergency. At the dead end the number of fire hydrants does not exceed twelve.

Internal fire water supply systems are mainly installed in such facilities as industrial premises, dormitories, administrative buildings, residential complexes and apartment buildings. Simply put, all buildings in which there is a large gathering of citizens. In small buildings such water supply is not provided.

Fire hydrant and its structure

A fire hydrant is a specialized water intake device whose purpose is to extract water. Its installation is carried out on the water supply network. It can be above ground or underground. They differ in that the underground one is installed in a well, and the above-ground one is mounted on the ground surface or a special hatch. A prerequisite for installing an above-ground hydrant is the presence of a water source in the immediate vicinity. In order to draw water from the hydrant, it is necessary to attach a column, which can be used as a fire hydrant to connect to the hose and supply water to the fire site. It is also used as a water feeder for a fire truck pump. A fire pump is a removable device that is installed on an underground hydrant.

Classification of fire water pipelines

Like all other water pipes, fire water pipes are divided depending on their pressure. They come in low and high pressure. After notification of a fire, high-pressure fire-fighting water supply systems create the necessary pressure to extinguish a fire even in a multi-story building. To create the required pressure, stationary pumps are used, which begin to operate within five minutes after notification of a fire. To create pressure in low-pressure water pipes, pumps are connected directly to fire hydrants through suction hoses.

Fire water supply sourcesand requirements for them

Depending on the category of natural sources, fire-fighting structures can be used to receive water from groundwater and surface sources. First of all, when installing a system, preference is given to underground sources, and only then to surface ones.

Surface sources include lakes, seas and rivers. In order to build water intake structures using surface sources, it is necessary to check that they satisfy the following conditions:

• Taking water from the source should be simple and cheap;
• The possibility of uninterrupted receipt of the required amount of water was ensured;
• The incoming water must be clean and it must be possible to clean it from contaminants;
• Water must be located in close proximity to the supplied facility.

For underground water supply, water located at various depths and various types of rocks is used.

All sources of fire-fighting water supply are subject to increased requirements.

As for fire hydrants, they must be placed along highways. When placing them, the distance from the walls of buildings and the roadway must be taken into account. From the walls of residential buildings, the fire hydrant should be located no closer than five meters to the wall of the building and no more than 2.5 meters from the edge of the roadway. The location of a hydrant on the roadway is also permitted. A mandatory requirement for a hydrant is the presence of a free entrance to it, the width of which is at least 3.5 meters. At the location of the hydrant there must be a corresponding sign at a height of about 2.5 meters from the ground surface. It indicates such data as the type of hydrant, the diameter and nature of the water supply network, the number, the distance from the sign to the hydrant. At night, such signs are illuminated by lamps, unless, of course, they are made using reflective or fluorescent coatings.

There are also certain requirements for fire reservoirs. They must be equipped with a special platform for turning fire trucks. The size of such a site must be at least 12x12 meters. As in the case of a fire hydrant, it is necessary to install a sign near a reservoir with the index symbols, the value of water in cubic meters, as well as how many fire engines can be installed on the site at the same time.

Features of water supply to the fire site in waterless areas

In order to successfully cope with emerging fires, a huge amount of timely supplied water is required. But there are so-called waterless areas in which it is quite difficult to provide the required amount of water. To resolve this issue, it is necessary to individually develop practical and organizational measures for each locality. Thanks to them, it is possible to solve this issue and ensure the organization of timely supply of water in the required quantity. To do this, it is possible to organize transportation from nearby sources using not only fire fighting equipment, but also national transport. In addition, in waterless areas, even those reservoirs with low water levels or unreliable access should be used. To prevent unforeseen situations in this case, motor pumps, water ejectors or hydraulic elevators are used.

Any fire extinguishing is carried out using stations, which come in three categories. The first category supplies water from a centralized source through a unified or fire network. The second category includes those that supply water from equipped reservoirs or reserve tanks. The third fire extinguishing station is engaged in servicing areas in small settlements and in the event of fire in individual buildings. Each of these stations must be equipped with a pump. For a station of the first category, at least two pumps are provided, and for the second and third categories, one is sufficient.

At each station, appropriate checks must be systematically carried out. This allows you to avoid unforeseen situations and ensure full readiness of all units. The check is performed as follows:

• The equipment configuration is checked during a visual inspection;
• The system is automatically and manually started, as well as a test run of the pumps;
• Hydrants are checked and the flow of water is measured;
• Wells are being inspected.

Conclusion

All requirements for fire-fighting water supply are based on technical regulations, which develop a set of rules and certain requirements. These requirements apply not only to water supply systems, electrical equipment, and structures, but also to water sources, the amount of required flow under certain conditions and its required reserves. In addition, the pipelines must be installed properly. All rules in the regulations are spelled out very clearly and specifically. Depending on how accurately the rules are followed, the result and the ability to cope with any even complex fire will completely depend. After all, it is possible to do without a well-equipped water supply system, pond or reservoir only in the most exceptional cases.

Installation of external water supply

The construction of an external fire-fighting water supply is determined by the need to serve as a water source for fire equipment that supplies water for fire extinguishing purposes.
SNiP 2.04.02-84 “Water supply. external networks and structures” regulate the procedure for designing centralized permanent external water supply systems for populated areas and national economic facilities and establish requirements for their parameters.

Water consumption for fire extinguishing

Fire-fighting water supply must be provided in populated areas and at national economic facilities and, as a rule, combined with household and drinking or industrial water supply.

It is allowed to accept external fire-fighting water supply from containers (reservoirs, reservoirs) for:
— settlements with a population of up to 5 thousand people;
- detached public buildings with a volume of up to 1000 m 3 located in settlements that do not have a ring fire water supply;
- buildings with a volume of St. 1000 m 3 - in agreement with the territorial bodies of the State Border Service;
— industrial buildings with production categories B, D and D with a water consumption for external fire extinguishing of 10 l/s; roughage warehouses with a volume of up to 1000 m 3 ;
— storehouses of mineral fertilizers with a building volume of up to 5000 m 3 ;
— buildings of radio and television transmitting stations; buildings for refrigerators and storages of vegetables and fruits.

It is allowed not to provide fire-fighting water supply:
— settlements with a population of up to 50 people.
- when developing buildings up to two floors high;
- detached, located outside populated areas, public catering establishments (canteens, snack bars, cafes, etc.) with a building volume of up to 1000 m 3 and trade enterprises with an area of ​​up to 150 m 3 (with the exception of department store stores), as well as public buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with a volume of up to 250 m3 located in populated areas;
- industrial buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with a volume of up to 1000 m3 (with the exception of buildings with unprotected metal or wooden load-bearing structures, as well as with polymer insulation with a volume of up to 250 m3) with production facilities of category D;
- factories for the production of reinforced concrete products and ready-mixed concrete with buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance, located in populated areas equipped with water supply networks, subject to the placement of hydrants at a distance of no more than 200 m from the most distant building of the plant;
— seasonal universal receiving points for agricultural products with a building volume of up to 1000 m 3 ;
— buildings for warehouses of combustible materials and non-combustible materials in combustible packaging with an area of ​​up to 50 m 3.

Water consumption for external fire extinguishing (per fire) of residential and public buildings for calculating the connecting and distribution lines of the water supply network, as well as the water supply network within a microdistrict or block, should be taken for the building that requires the highest water consumption, according to Table. 6 SNiP 2.04.02-84 (from 10 to 35 l/s depending on the number of floors and volume of buildings).
Water consumption for external fire extinguishing at industrial and agricultural enterprises per fire should be taken for the building that requires the highest water consumption, according to Table. 7 SNiP 2.04.02-84 (from 10 to 40 l/s depending on the degree of fire resistance, category and volume of industrial buildings with or without lanterns up to 60 m wide) or table. 8 SNiP 2.04.02-84 (from 10 to 100 l/s depending on the category and volume of industrial buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance without skylights with a width of 60 m or more).

For one-, two-story industrial and one-story warehouse buildings with a height (from the floor to the bottom of horizontal load-bearing structures on a support) no more than 18 m with load-bearing steel structures (with a fire resistance limit of at least 0.25 hours) and enclosing structures (walls and coverings) made of steel profiled or asbestos-cement sheets with combustible or polymer insulation, in places where external fire escapes are located, risers-dry pipes with a diameter of 80 mm, equipped with fire connection heads at the upper and lower ends of the riser, must be provided.

Note. For buildings with a width of no more than 24 m and a height to the eaves of no more than 10 m, dry pipe risers may not be provided.

Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of open storage areas for containers with cargo up to 5 tons should be taken based on the number of containers:
— from 30 to 50 pcs. - 15 l/s;
— more than 50 to 100 pcs. - 20 l/s;
— more than 100 to 300 pcs. - 25 l/s;
— more than 300 to 1000 pcs. - 40 l/s.

Water consumption for external fire extinguishing with foam installations, installations with fire monitors or by supplying sprayed water must be determined in accordance with fire safety requirements provided for by the building design standards of enterprises, buildings and structures of relevant industries, taking into account additional water consumption of 25% from hydrants. In this case, the total water consumption must be no less than the consumption determined according to the table. 7 or 8 SNiP 2.04.02-84.
For fire extinguishing buildings equipped with internal fire hydrants, additional water consumption must be taken into account in addition to the costs indicated in table. 5-8, which should be adopted for buildings that require the highest water consumption in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.02-84.
The duration of fire extinguishing should be 3 hours; for buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with fireproof load-bearing structures and insulation with production of categories G and D - 2 hours.
The minimum free pressure in the water supply network of a populated area with maximum domestic and drinking water consumption at the entrance to the building above the ground surface should be taken for a one-story building of at least 10 m; for a higher number of floors, 4 m should be added to each floor.
The free pressure in the low-pressure fire-fighting water supply network (at ground level) during fire extinguishing must be at least 10 m. The free pressure in the high-pressure fire-fighting water supply network must ensure a compact jet height of at least 10 m with full water consumption for fire extinguishing and the location of the fire nozzle on level with the highest point of the tallest building.

The maximum free pressure in the combined water supply network should not exceed 60 m.

In pumping stations with internal combustion engines, it is allowed to place consumable containers with liquid fuel (gasoline up to 250 l, diesel fuel up to 500 l) in rooms separated from the machine room by fireproof structures with a fire resistance limit of at least 2 hours.
Fire water supply pumping stations may be located in industrial buildings, but they must be separated by fire partitions.

Fire hydrants (FH)

Fire hydrants should be provided along highways at a distance of no more than 2.5 m from the edge of the roadway, but no closer than 5 m from the walls of buildings; It is allowed to place hydrants on the roadway. In this case, the installation of hydrants on a branch from the water supply line is not allowed.
The placement of GHGs on the water supply network must ensure fire extinguishing of any building, structure or part thereof served by this network from at least two hydrants with a water flow rate for external fire extinguishing of 15 l/s or more, and one - with a water flow rate of less than 15 l/s.

Installation of internal water supply

SNiP 2.04.01-85 “Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings” applies to the design of internal water supply, sewerage and drainage systems under construction and reconstruction.

Fire water systems

For residential and public buildings, as well as administrative buildings of industrial enterprises, the need to install an internal fire-fighting water supply system, as well as the minimum water consumption for fire extinguishing, should be determined in accordance with Table. 1 *, and for industrial and warehouse buildings - in accordance with table. 2.
The water consumption for fire extinguishing, depending on the height of the compact part of the jet and the diameter of the spray, should be clarified according to the table. 3.
Water consumption and number of jets for internal fire extinguishing in public and industrial buildings (regardless of category) with a height of over 50 m and a volume of up to 50,000 m 3 should be 4 jets of 5 l/s each; for larger buildings - 8 jets of 5 l/s each.

Table 1 SNiP 2.04.01-85

Notes:
1. The minimum water flow rate for residential buildings can be taken equal to 1.5 l/s in the presence of fire nozzles, hoses and other equipment with a diameter of 38 mm.
2. The volume of the building is taken to be the construction volume determined in accordance with SNiP 2.08.02-89.

In production and warehouse buildings, for which, in accordance with table. 2, the need to install an internal fire-fighting water supply system has been established, the minimum water consumption for internal fire extinguishing, determined from Table. 2, should be increased:
- when using frame elements made of unprotected steel structures in buildings of IIIa and IVa degrees of fire resistance, as well as from solid or laminated wood (including those subjected to fire-retardant treatment) - by 5 l/s (one jet);
- when using insulating materials made of combustible materials in the enclosing structures of buildings with IVa degree of fire resistance - by 5 l/s (one jet) for buildings with a volume of up to 10 thousand m 3; with a volume of more than 10 thousand m 3 an additional 5 l/s (one jet) for every subsequent full or incomplete 100 thousand m 3.

Table 2 SNiP 2.04.01-85

Notes:
1. For laundry factories, fire extinguishing should be provided in the dry laundry processing and storage areas.
2.Water consumption for internal fire extinguishing in buildings or premises with a volume exceeding the values ​​indicated in the table. 2, should be agreed upon in each specific case with the territorial fire authorities.
3. Number of jets and water consumption of one jet for buildings with fire resistance class Shb,IIIa,IVa are accepted according to the specified table depending on the placement of production categories in them as for buildingsII andIV degree of fire resistance, taking into account the requirements of paragraph 6.3* (equating fire resistance degree IIIa toII, Shb andIVa toIV).

The minimum water flow rate for residential buildings can be taken equal to 1.5 l/s in the presence of fire nozzles, hoses and other equipment with a diameter of 38 mm (note 1 to Table 1*). In halls with a large presence of people and in the presence of combustible finishing, the number of jets for internal fire extinguishing should be taken one more than indicated in the table. 1*.

Internal fire water supply is not required to be provided:
a) in buildings and premises with a volume or height less than those indicated in the table. 1* and 2;
b) in the buildings of secondary schools, except for boarding schools, including schools with assembly halls equipped with stationary film equipment, as well as in bathhouses;
c) in seasonal cinema buildings for any number of seats;
d) in industrial buildings in which the use of water can cause an explosion, fire, or spread of fire;
e) in industrial buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance of categories G and D, regardless of their volume, and in industrial buildings of III-V degrees of fire resistance with a volume of no more than 5000 m 3 categories G, D;
f) in production and administrative buildings of industrial enterprises, as well as in premises for storing vegetables and fruits and in refrigerators that are not equipped with drinking water or industrial water supply, for which fire extinguishing from containers (reservoirs, reservoirs) is provided;
g) in buildings storing roughage, pesticides and mineral fertilizers.

For parts of buildings of different number of storeys or premises for different purposes, the need to install internal fire water supply and water consumption for fire extinguishing should be taken separately for each part of the building in accordance with paragraphs. 6.1* and 6.2.
In this case, the water consumption for internal fire extinguishing should be taken as follows:
- for buildings that do not have fire walls - according to the total volume of the building;
- for buildings divided into parts by fire walls of types I and II - according to the volume of that part of the building where the greatest water consumption is required.

When connecting buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with transitions made of fireproof materials and installing fire doors, the volume of the building is calculated for each building separately; in the absence of fire doors - according to the total volume of buildings and a more dangerous category.

The hydrostatic pressure in the drinking water or fire-fighting water supply system at the level of the lowest located sanitary fixture should not exceed 45 m.
The hydrostatic head in the separate fire-fighting water supply system at the level of the lowest fire hydrant should not exceed 90 m.
When the design pressure in the fire-fighting water supply network exceeds 0.45 MPa, it is necessary to provide for the installation of a separate fire-fighting water supply network.

Note. When pressures at fire hydrants are more than 40 m, diaphragms should be installed between the fire hydrant and the connecting head to reduce excess pressure. It is allowed to install diaphragms with the same hole diameter on 3-4 floors of a building (nomogram 5 of Appendix 4).

Free pressures at internal fire hydrants must provide compact fire jets with the height necessary to extinguish a fire at any time of the day in the highest and most remote part of the building. The minimum height and radius of action of the compact part of the fire jet should be taken equal to the height of the room, counting from the floor to the highest point of the ceiling (covering), but not less than:
6 m - in residential, public, industrial and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises up to 50 m high;
8 m - in residential buildings over 50 m high;
16m - in public, production and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises with a height of over 50 m.

Notes:
1. The pressure at fire hydrants should be determined taking into account the pressure losses in fire hoses 10.15 or 20 m long.
2. To obtain fire jets with a water flow rate of up to 4 l/s, fire hydrants and hoses with a diameter of 50 mm should be used; to obtain fire jets of greater productivity - with a diameter of 65 mm. During the feasibility study, it is allowed to use fire hydrants with a diameter of 50 mm with a capacity of over 4 l/s.

The location and capacity of the building's water tanks must ensure that at any time of the day a compact stream with a height of at least 4 m is obtained on the top floor or the floor located directly below the tank, and at least 6 m on the remaining floors; in this case, the number of jets should be taken: two with a productivity of 2.5 l/s each for 10 minutes with a total estimated number of jets of two or more, one - in other cases.
When installing fire hydrant position sensors on fire hydrants for automatic starting of fire pumps, water tanks may not be provided.
The operating time of fire hydrants should be taken as 3 hours. When installing fire hydrants on automatic fire extinguishing systems, their operating time should be taken equal to the operating time of automatic fire extinguishing systems.
In buildings with a height of 6 floors or more with a combined system of utility and fire water supply, fire risers should be looped at the top. At the same time, to ensure the replacement of water in buildings, it is necessary to provide for the ringing of fire-fighting risers with one or several water risers with the installation of shut-off valves.
It is recommended to connect the risers of a separate fire-fighting water supply system with jumpers to other water supply systems if it is possible to connect the systems.
On fire protection systems with dry pipes located in unheated buildings, shut-off valves should be located in heated rooms.
When determining the location and number of fire risers and fire hydrants in buildings, the following must be taken into account:
- in industrial and public buildings with an estimated number of jets of at least three, and in residential buildings - at least two, paired fire hydrants can be installed on risers;
- in residential buildings with corridors up to 10 m long, with an estimated number of jets of two, each point in the room can be irrigated with two jets supplied from one fire riser;
- in residential buildings with corridors over 10 m in length, as well as in industrial and public buildings with an estimated number of jets of two or more, each point in the room should be irrigated with two jets - one jet from two adjacent risers (different fire cabinets).

Notes:
1. The installation of fire hydrants in technical floors, attics and technical undergrounds should be provided if they contain combustible materials and structures.
2. The number of jets supplied from each riser should be no more than two.
3. If there are four or more jets, it is allowed to use fire hydrants on adjacent floors to obtain the total required water flow.

Fire hydrants should be installed at a height of 1.35 m above the floor of the room and placed in cabinets with openings for ventilation, adapted for their sealing and visual inspection without opening.
Twin fire hydrants may be installed one above the other, with the second hydrant installed at a height of at least 1 m from the floor.
In fire cabinets of industrial, auxiliary and public buildings, it should be possible to place two manual fire extinguishers.
Each fire hydrant must be equipped with a fire hose of the same diameter, 10.15 or 20 m long, and a fire nozzle.
In a building or parts of a building separated by fire walls, sprinklers, nozzles and fire hydrants of the same diameter and fire hoses of the same length should be used.
The internal fire-fighting water supply networks of each zone of a building with a height of 17 floors or more must have two fire pipes leading outside with a connecting head with a diameter of 80 mm for connecting the hoses of fire trucks with the installation of a check valve and an externally controlled gate valve in the building.
Internal fire hydrants should be installed primarily at entrances, on the landings of heated (except for smoke-free) staircases, in lobbies, corridors, passages and other most accessible places, and their location should not interfere with the evacuation of people.
In rooms equipped with automatic fire extinguishing installations, internal fire hydrants may be placed on the water sprinkler network after the control units.

Pumping units

Pumping units supplying water for domestic drinking, fire-fighting and circulation needs should, as a rule, be located in the premises of heating points, boiler rooms and boiler rooms.
It is not allowed to locate pumping units (except for fire departments) directly under residential apartments, children's or group rooms of kindergartens and nurseries, classrooms of secondary schools, hospital premises, workrooms of administrative buildings, auditoriums of educational institutions and other similar premises.
Pumping units with fire-fighting pumps and hydropneumatic tanks for internal fire extinguishing are allowed to be located in the first and basement floors of buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance made of fireproof materials. In this case, the premises of pumping units and hydropneumatic tanks must be heated, fenced off with fire walls (partitions) and ceilings and have a separate exit to the outside or to the staircase.

Note 3. It is not allowed to locate fire pumping installations in buildings in which the power supply is interrupted during the absence of maintenance personnel.

Pumping installations for fire-fighting purposes should be designed with manual or remote control, and for buildings with a height of over 50 m, cultural centers, conference rooms, assembly halls and for buildings equipped with sprinkler and deluge installations - with manual, automatic and remote control.
When remotely starting fire pumping systems, start buttons should be installed in cabinets near fire hydrants. When turning on fire pumps remotely and automatically, it is necessary to simultaneously send a signal (light and sound) to the fire station room or another room with 24-hour presence of service personnel.
For pumping units supplying water for domestic, drinking, industrial and fire-fighting needs, it is necessary to accept the following category of power supply reliability:
I - when the water consumption for internal fire extinguishing is more than 2.5 l/s, as well as for pumping units, interruption in operation of which is not allowed;
II - with water consumption for internal fire extinguishing 2.5 l/s; for residential buildings with a height of 10-16 floors with a total water flow of 5 l/s, as well as for pumping units that allow a short break in operation for the time required to manually turn on the backup power.

Construction of fire cabinets

NPB 151-2000 applies to fire cabinets (FC). Fire cabinets are placed in buildings and structures that have internal fire water supply.

General provisions

Fire cabinets are divided into: wall-mounted; built-in; attached.
Mounted Shp installed (hung) on ​​walls inside buildings or structures.
Built-in Silencers installed in wall niches.
Attached ShP can be installed both against walls and in wall niches, while they rest on the floor surface.

Installation of shut-off valves on the internal water supply of buildings (structures) must be carried out in compliance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.01-85 and ensure:
— ease of grasping the valve handwheel and its rotation;
— convenience of attaching the hose and preventing its sharp bend when laying in any direction.

Fire safety technical requirements

Fire cabinets must be manufactured according to design documentation approved in the prescribed manner.
When supplying a fire suppressor with components (PC and fire extinguisher), the latter must comply with the requirements of the RD:
— pressure fire hoses - GOST R 50969-96, NPB 152-2000;
— connecting heads - GOST 28352-89, NPB 153-96;
— fire shut-off valves - NPB 154-2000;
— manual fire nozzles - NPB 177-99;
— portable fire extinguishers - GOST R 51057-2001, NPB 155-2002.

Fire cabinets are equipped with PCs with equipment having nominal bores of 40, 50 or 70 mm (valves DN 40, 50 and 65), and hoses with a diameter of 38.51 and 66 mm, respectively. Sleeve lengths are 10, 15 or 20 m.
As fire shut-off valves, it is allowed to use shut-off valves for general industrial use that meet the requirements of NPB 154-2000. Valves made of cast iron must be painted red.
Hoses tied to GR type heads and valves assembled with GM or GC type heads must withstand a test pressure of at least 1.25 MPa.
The standard size range of fire extinguishers is determined depending on the number and sizes of valves, hoses, barrels, and portable fire extinguishers placed in them.
The fire cabinet must be made of sheet steel of any grade with a thickness of 1.0 ... 1.5 mm.
The design of the shutter must provide for the possibility of rotating the cassette in the horizontal plane at an angle of at least 60° in both directions from its position perpendicular to the rear wall of the shutter.
ShP doors must have a transparent insert that allows visual inspection of the presence of components. It is permissible to manufacture a firebox without transparent inserts; in this case, information about the composition of the components must be printed on the door of the firebox. ShP doors must have structural elements for sealing and locking.
The design of the shutter should ensure its natural ventilation. Ventilation holes should be located in the upper and lower parts of the doors or on the side surfaces of the walls of the door.
Letter designations, inscriptions and pictograms on the outer sides of the walls of the ShP must be red signal color in accordance with GOST 12.4.026. On the outside of the door there must be a letter index, including the abbreviation “PK” and (or) the symbol of the PC and portable fire extinguishers in accordance with NPB 160-97, and there must be a place for putting the serial number of the fire department and the telephone number of the nearest fire department in accordance with GOST 12.4.009-83.
The fire safety sign according to NPB 160-97 must be displayed on the fire safety doors where portable fire extinguishers are located.

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One of the functions of locality administrations is to organize fire fighting. Every year many people and organizations become victims of fire. The state has provided organizational and technical measures to prevent fires and facilitate the fight against them when they occur. Fire services have been created in every village and district. Codes of rules, SNiP, have been developed, which outline the requirements for structures under construction. Fire plumbing is one such condition. To put a facility into operation, it must comply with fire safety regulations.

Types of fire water supply

Water remains the main means of extinguishing fires, and the device that provides access to it is a fire water supply.

According to the types and scope of application, fire-fighting water supply systems are divided into several categories. According to the origin of the water used, it comes from natural and artificial sources.

Natural ones include rivers, reservoirs, ponds, lakes and seas. The sampling point must have the required depth and bottom cleanliness so that water can be collected at any time of the year.

Artificial ones are reservoirs with sufficient cubic capacity, a special pipe system and shut-off valves. The artificial source is a water tower. It has a height of 10 to 45 m, and the volume of stored water reaches tens of thousands of cubic meters. Fire tanks, like a type of water tower, must provide a pressure and quantity of water sufficient to extinguish a fire within two and a half hours.

Depending on access to the source, there are two types of fire-fighting water supply: internal, external. For small objects one is enough. Buildings with a large number of floors and volume require two types. The water pipeline can be ring or dead-end. The first option is more reliable. Valves installed around the ring allow you to turn off emergency areas. A dead-end over 200 m long has additional capacity.

Internal plumbing can be done with or with fire hydrants.

The outer one is laid below the freezing depth of the soil. Located 2.5 m from the roadside, access to hydrants is free.

In terms of pressure, it can be low or high pressure. The first, when using a fire hose, provides a free pressure of 10 meters at ground level. The second is a jet height of 10 m at full flow at the highest point of the tallest building.

The capacity of the low pressure system must exceed 150 liters per minute. The high-pressure water supply system must reach the required modes within five minutes from the moment the alarm signal is received. This is achieved through pumps that create the required pressure in the pipes.

The type of fire-fighting water supply system and its water consumption depend on the method of maintenance; according to this parameter, it is divided into village and city.

Purpose of the system

Fire water supply provides access to a source of water and prompt delivery to the site of a fire using fire nozzles or engines if it is external, and with the help of fire hoses, deluges or sprinklers if it is internal. Fire water supply is a system of pipes running throughout the structure and connecting to fire hydrants or deluges. Taps are installed in corridors, deluges and sprinklers are mounted under the ceiling. The pipes used must be non-flammable and withstand pressures of more than 9 atmospheres.

It was allowed to use fire-fighting water supply systems made of polypropylene pipes if their characteristics meet the requirements of SNiP. To ensure the required pressure, it can be equipped with pumps of the required capacity. In this case, they and all shut-off valves must be located in a separate room or annex.

To operate the fire-fighting water supply system without the participation of people, a fire alarm with actuators is provided, which in the event of a fire, based on a signal from the fire sensors, opens the valves, and water under pressure through the irrigation heads enters the fire zone.

Rules and regulations

Fire water supply system SNiP 2.04.01/85 defines the fire safety requirements for buildings and structures under construction.

Establishes the fire resistance of materials that can be used in a particular part of the building.

Fire water supply system SP 10.13130.2009 defines the technical requirements for fire water supply systems depending on the number of floors, volume and purpose of the building.

In accordance with them, it is clear that the internal fire water supply consists of:

• water tank;
• hydropneumatic tank;
• pumping station;
• riser;
• omission;
• fire hydrant (FH);
• fire cabinet.

A water tank is a reservoir with a volume of water sufficient to ensure the operation of fire hydrants in a building with the calculated flow rate and jet height before the pumping unit starts operating.

A hydropneumatic tank is a sealed vessel under excess pressure. The volume of water and air pressure must be such that it can provide the calculated jet height and water flow before the pumping station starts operating. The water in the tank is usually 30-70% of the volume.

A fire hydrant (FV) consists of a valve, a fire head and a hose with a fire nozzle.

According to SP 10.13130.2009, for example, in residential buildings with 12-16 storeys, the number of fire nozzles is one, with a corridor length of more than 10 m - two, with a minimum flow rate of 2.5 l/s per 1 jet. Requirements for other buildings are also defined.

Water consumption

External fire-fighting water supply is used in villages with a population of up to 5 thousand people. Water consumption is provided at 10 l/s for buildings up to 1000 m3. When calculating networks within a microdistrict or group of buildings, it is necessary to focus on the building that requires the highest flow rate from 10 to 35 l/s, depending on the cubic capacity and number of floors. For industrial and agricultural enterprises, consumption ranges from 10 to 40 l/s, depending on fire resistance. The volume of water should ensure fire extinguishing within 2-3 hours, depending on the category of premises. For single-story buildings, the free head must be at least 10 m, for multi-story buildings plus 4 m for each floor. The maximum head is 60 m.

If there is an internal water supply in public buildings with a height of more than 50 m and a volume of up to 50 thousand cubic meters, a water flow rate of 5 l/s per 4 jets is provided, and for larger parameters, 5 l/s per 8 jets. In buildings up to 5000 m3 2.5 l/s.

Plumbing testing

The effectiveness of the fire-fighting system directly depends on the condition of the fire-fighting water supply system. Every year, usually in spring and autumn, at temperatures above +5 degrees Celsius, all systems are checked. It is carried out by special organizations that have certificates. The main parameter being checked is the pressure at the main fire valve. The results of all tests are recorded, and a report is drawn up based on the inspection results.

The regulatory document regulating the inspection is the test methodology approved by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. The effectiveness of fire-fighting water supply systems is ensured, in addition to the good condition of the system, by constant monitoring of the qualifications of operating personnel, who must periodically undergo special training.

Conclusion

Fires can be prevented by following technical and organizational measures. State fire services maintain the condition of technical equipment and operating personnel at a high level through regular inspections. But to minimize damage from fires, additional protective equipment is required. To prevent fires from electrical wiring, residual current devices can be used. In some cases, the use of water is unacceptable, therefore, to protect your property, it is necessary to provide other fire extinguishing means.

SubjectFire water supply. Purpose and design of a fire hydrant and fire pump

Type of activity: class-group

Allotted time: 2 teaching hours.

Literature: textbook “Fire fighting equipment”

Detailed lesson plan.

Water supply in the system of measures ensuring fire safety

Water supply system is a complex of engineering structures designed to collect water from a water source, purify it, store it and supply it to places of consumption.

Purpose of fire water supply is to ensure the supply of the required volumes of water under the required pressure during the standard fire extinguishing time, provided that the operation of the entire complex of water supply structures is sufficiently reliable. The main regulatory requirements for water supply are set out in building codes and regulations SNiP 2.04.02-84 “Water supply. External networks and structures."

Water supply systems (pipelines) are classified according to a number of criteria:

Reliability of water supply– they are divided into three categories:

1st reliability category– enterprises of the metallurgical, oil refining, petrochemical and chemical industries, power plants; utility and drinking water supply systems of settlements with a population of more than 50,000 people - a reduction in water supply by no more than 30% of the calculated standards is allowed for up to 3 days.

2nd reliability category – enterprises of coal, mining, oil production, engineering and other types of industries; utility and drinking water supply systems in populated areas with a population of up to 50,000 people and group agricultural water supply systems - it is allowed to reduce the water supply by no more than 30% of the calculated standards for up to 1 month or interruptions in the water supply for up to 5 hours.

3-th category of reliability– small industrial enterprises; agricultural irrigation systems; utility and drinking water supply systems in populated areas with a population of up to 500 people – an interruption in water supply is allowed for up to 1 day or a reduction in water supply by no more than 30% of the calculated standards for a period of up to 1 month.

By type of serviced object Water supply systems are divided into urban, settlement, as well as industrial, agricultural, railway and others.

By type of natural sources used There are water pipelines that take water from surface sources (rivers, reservoirs, lakes, seas) and underground (artesian, spring). There are also mixed supply water pipes.

According to the method of water supply There are pressure water pipes with mechanical water supply by pumps and gravity (gravity) water pipes, which are installed in mountainous areas when the water source is located at a height that provides a natural supply of water to consumers.

By purpose water supply systems are divided into household and drinking systems that satisfy the needs of the population; production processes supplying water; fire and combined. The latter are usually located in populated areas. From these same water pipelines, water is supplied to industrial enterprises if, according to the conditions of the technological production process, they require water of drinking quality. If water consumption is high, enterprises can have independent water supply systems to meet their drinking, industrial and fire-fighting needs. In this case, fire-fighting and industrial water pipelines are usually constructed. The combination of a fire water supply system with a household one, rather than an industrial one, is explained by the fact that the industrial water supply network is usually less extensive and does not cover all the volumes of the enterprise. In addition, for some production processes, water must be supplied under a strictly defined pressure, which will change when extinguishing a fire. Independent fire-fighting water supply systems are usually installed at the most fire-hazardous facilities - petrochemical and oil refining industry enterprises, oil and petroleum product warehouses, timber exchanges, liquefied gas storage facilities, etc. Fire-fighting water supply systems are of low and high pressure. In low-pressure water pipelines, the necessary pressure at the trunks is created using mobile fire pumps installed on hydrants. In high-pressure water supply systems, water is supplied to the fire site through hose lines directly from hydrants under pressure from stationary fire pumps installed in the pumping station.

Plumbed and non-plumbed. water supply, classification of external water pipelines

In accordance with the two categories of natural water sources, water intake structures are also divided into two groups: structures for receiving water from surface sources and structures for receiving groundwater. The choice of a particular source of water supply is determined by local natural conditions, sanatorium and hygienic requirements for water quality and technical and economic considerations. Where possible, preference should be given to underground water supply sources.

Surface sources include: rivers, lakes and in some cases seas. The location of the water intake is determined in such a way that the following conditions are satisfied:

the possibility of using the simplest and cheapest method of collecting water from a source;

uninterrupted receipt of the required amount of water;

ensuring the supply of the purest possible water (purification from pollution);

the closest location to the supplied facility (to reduce the cost of water pipelines and water supply).

Groundwater occurs at different depths and in different rocks.

For water supply use:

water from confined aquifers covered on top by waterproof rocks that protect groundwater from pollution;

free-surface groundwater contained in layers that do not have a waterproof roof;

spring water (spring water, i.e. underground water that independently rises to the surface of the earth);

mine and mine waters (usually for industrial water supply), i.e. groundwater entering drainage structures during mining.

Types of fire hydrants:

Moscow

Leningradsky

Rostov (Nakhichevan)

The figure shows a general diagram of the city's water supply.

1- water intake; 2 – gravity pipe; 3 – coastal well; 4 – pumps of the first lift; 5 – settling tanks; 6 – filters; 7 – spare clean water tanks; 5 – pumps of the second lift 9 – water pipelines; 10- pressure control structure; 11 – main pipes; 12 – distribution pipes; 13 – house inputs; 14 – consumers.

Construction of a water tower or other pressure control structures It is often necessary if there is significant unevenness in the city’s water consumption by hour of the day and its supply by lift pumps II.

Pressure control structures are intended to store a supply of water for fire extinguishing.

The task of the water supply system industrial enterprise is to provide it with water for production, drinking and fire-fighting needs.

1 – water intake structure; 2 – pumping station; 3.8 - treatment facilities; 4 – independent network; 5 – network; 6 – sewer network; 7 – workshops; 9 – village

Pumping station 2 , located near the water intake structure 1 , supplies water for production purposes to workshops 7 over the network 5 . Waste water flows through the sewer network 6 into the same body of water without treatment (if it is not polluted) or, if necessary, after cleaning it in a treatment facility 8 . If it is necessary to supply water for industrial needs at different pressures, several groups of pumps are installed at the pumping station, feeding separate networks. Day of economic and fire safety needs of the village 9 and workshops of the enterprise 7 water is supplied to a separate network 4 special pumps. The water is pre-purified in treatment facilities 3 .

With circulating water supply

1 – water intake; 2.5 – pumps; 3 – water conduits; 4 – cooling structures; 6.8- pipelines; 7 – production units.

Pumps 5 supply water after cooling in structure 4 through pipelines 6 to production units 7. Heated water enters pipelines 8 and is discharged to cooling structures 4 (cooling towers, spray pools, cooling ponds). The addition of fresh water from the source through the water intake 1 is carried out by pumps 2 through water pipelines 3. The amount of fresh water in such systems is usually a small part (3-6%) of the total amount of water.

Tap and non-pipe water supply, classification of external water supply systems

Water supply is distinguished:

• waterless
• plumbing

Based on water intake from natural or artificial fire reservoirs. For this purpose, platforms are set up on the shore to place fire pumps, and sometimes water intake devices.

By type of object served By method of water supply

Pressure water pipelines are those in which water is supplied from the source to the consumer by pumps.

They are called gravity flow systems, in which water from a high-lying source flows to the consumer by gravity. Such water pipelines are sometimes installed in mountainous regions of the country.

Rice. 3.5. Scheme of gravity water supply: 1 – water intake; 2 – gravity-flow structures; 3 – coastal well and treatment facilities; 4 – unloading well; 5 – unloading tank; 6 – water supply; 7 – water supply network

Requirements of technical regulations on fire safety requirements for fire-fighting water supply sources.

SOURCES OF FIRE-FIGHTING WATER SUPPLY

Buildings, structures and structures, as well as the territories of organizations and populated areas, must have sources of fire-fighting water supply for extinguishing fires.

Natural and artificial reservoirs, as well as internal and external water supply systems (including drinking, domestic, utility and fire-fighting) can be used as sources of fire-fighting water supply.

The need for the construction of artificial reservoirs, the use of natural reservoirs and the installation of fire-fighting water supply systems, as well as their parameters, are determined by this Federal Law.

ARTICLE 68. FIRE-FIGHTING WATER SUPPLY TO SETTLEMENTS AND CITY DISTRICTS

In the territories of settlements and urban districts there must be sources of external or internal fire-fighting water supply.

Sources of external fire-fighting water supply include:

• external water supply networks with fire hydrants;
• water bodies used for fire extinguishing purposes in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation

Settlements and urban districts must be equipped with fire-fighting water supply. In this case, the fire-fighting water supply system may be combined with a household, drinking or industrial water supply system.

In settlements and urban districts with a population of up to 5,000 people, detached public buildings with a volume of up to 1,000 cubic meters located in settlements and urban districts that do not have a ring fire water supply, industrial buildings with production categories B, D and D for fire and explosion hazards and fire hazards when the water consumption for external fire extinguishing is 10 liters per second, in roughage warehouses with a volume of up to 1000 cubic meters, mineral fertilizer warehouses with a volume of up to 5000 cubic meters, in buildings of radio and television transmitting stations, buildings of refrigerators and storages of vegetables and fruits, it is allowed to provide external fire extinguishing sources as sources water supply from natural or artificial reservoirs.

Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of one- and two-story production facilities and one-story warehouse buildings with a height of no more than 18 meters with load-bearing steel structures and enclosing structures made of profiled steel or asbestos-cement sheets with combustible or polymer insulation should be taken at 10 liters per second.

In high-pressure water supply systems, stationary fire pumps must be equipped with devices that ensure the pumps start no later than 5 minutes after a signal about a fire is given.

The minimum free pressure in the fire-fighting low-pressure water supply network during fire fighting must be at least 10 meters.

The minimum free pressure in the high-pressure fire-fighting water supply network must ensure a compact jet height of at least 20 meters at full water consumption for fire extinguishing and the fire nozzle is located at the highest point of the tallest building.

The installation of fire hydrants should be provided along highways at a distance of no more than 2.5 meters from the edge of the roadway, but not less than 5 meters from the walls of buildings; fire hydrants may be located on the roadway. In this case, the installation of fire hydrants on a branch from the water supply line is not allowed.

The placement of fire hydrants on the water supply network must ensure fire extinguishing of any building, structure, structure or part thereof served by this network from at least 2 hydrants with a water flow rate for external fire extinguishing of 15 or more liters per second, with a water flow rate of less than 15 liters per second - 1 hydrant.

REQUIREMENTS FOR SOURCES OF FIRE-FIGHTING WATER SUPPLY FOR A PRODUCTION FACILITY

Production facilities must be provided with external lighting. The placement of fire hydrants on the water supply network must ensure fire extinguishing of any building, structure, structure or part of a building, structure, structure served by this network.

The supply of water for fire extinguishing purposes in artificial reservoirs should be determined based on the estimated water consumption for external fire extinguishing and the duration of fire extinguishing.

Fire hydrant and fire pump. Their purpose, structure, operation, procedure for use and operation.

A hydrant with a fire column is a water intake device installed on a water supply network and designed to draw water when extinguishing a fire.

Hydrant with column when extinguishing a fire the following can be used:

• as an external fire hydrant in case of connecting a fire hose to supply water to the place of fire extinguishing
• as a fire truck pump water feeder

Depending on the design features and fire protection conditions of protected objects, hydrants are divided into:

• underground
• aboveground

Fire underground hydrant, shown in the figure, consists of three parts cast from gray cast iron: valve box 9, riser 5 and installation head 4.

Cast Iron Hollow Valve 12 drop-shaped, assembled from two parts, between which a rubber o-ring 11 is installed. There are clamps in the upper part of the valve 8, which move in the longitudinal grooves of the valve box.

Spindle 7, passed through the hole in the riser crosspiece, is screwed into a threaded bushing in the upper part of the valve. A coupling is attached to the other end of the spindle 6, into which the square end of the rod 3 enters. The upper end of the rod also ends with a square for the socket wrench of the fire column.

By rotating the rod and spindle (using a fire pump socket wrench), the hydrant valve, thanks to the presence of clamps, can only make translational movement, ensuring its opening or closing.

When opening and lowering the valve, one of its clamps closes the bleed hole 2, located at the bottom of the valve box, preventing water from entering the hydrant well. To stop the withdrawal of water from the water supply network, by rotating the rod and spindle, the hydrant valve rises upward, ensuring that the drain hole is opened by the latch. The remaining water in the riser after operation of the hydrant flows through the drain hole and drain pipe 1 into the hydrant well, from where it is removed by force.

To prevent water from entering V The hydrant body has a check valve installed on the drain pipe.

The column consists of a body 8, a head 1, cast from aluminum alloy AL-6, and a socket wrench 3. At the bottom of the column body there is a bronze ring 10 with a thread for installation on a hydrant. The column head has two pipes with coupling connecting heads for connecting fire hoses.

The opening and closing of the pipe is carried out by valves, which consist of a cover 5, a spindle 6, a poppet valve 7, a handwheel 4 and a stuffing box seal.

The socket wrench is a tubular rod, in the lower part of which a square coupling 9 is fixed for rotating the hydrant rod. The socket wrench is rotated by handle 2 attached to its upper end. The sealing of the rod exit point in the column head is ensured by a stuffing gland.

The head is installed on the hydrant by rotating it clockwise, and the hydrant and column valves are opened by rotating the socket wrench and the handwheel, respectively.

FEATURES OF OPERATING FIRE HYDRANTS IN WINTER.

If the air temperature is negative (not lower than -15° C), then the hydrants are inspected only externally, and at lower temperatures it is forbidden to open the well covers. Hydrants with water supply are checked only with the help of a fire pump, since the use of socket wrenches or other devices can lead to an accident.

Literature:

2. “On approval of the Rules for labor protection in units of the federal fire service of the State Fire Service” dated December 23, 2014;

3. Dmitriev V.D. History of the development of water supply and sanitation in St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg, 2002;

4. Fire water supply: Textbook. – M.: Academy of State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2008;