Trial options for Unified State Exam biology

1) What allowed doctors to successfully transfuse blood from a donor to a recipient?

2) In what case do they resort to autohemotransfusion?

3) The deficiency of which blood elements will be replenished first in a victim with anemia caused by large loss of blood?

MODERN BLOOD TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES

Blood transfusions treat many diseases. In case of wounds, burns, or life-threatening injuries, blood transfusion is the only means of salvation.

Blood groups were discovered at the beginning of the twentieth century. Since that time, it has become possible to correctly select a donor for a recipient. As a result, it was practically possible to reduce mortality during this procedure to zero.

Currently, the following methods of blood transfusion are used in medical practice: indirect, direct, exchange, autohemotransfusion.

The most common method is indirect transfusion of whole blood and its components. Blood and its components are usually administered intravenously. Direct transfusion is carried out using special equipment directly from the donor to the patient intravenously. Direct blood transfusions are resorted to in case of sudden massive blood loss in the absence of fresh frozen plasma or red blood cells. In this case, only whole blood without a preservative is transfused.

Autohemotransfusion is the transfusion of one’s own blood, prepared in advance using a preservative solution. This method ensures better functional activity and survival of red blood cells in the recipient's vascular bed; complications associated with blood incompatibility, transmission of infectious and viral diseases. Indications for autohemotransfusion are the presence of a rare blood group and the impossibility of selecting donors, surgery in patients with impaired liver and kidney function.

Whole blood transfusion poses a certain danger, since in addition to the blood components it needs - red blood cells - the recipient receives destroyed white blood cells, platelets, plasma proteins, and antibodies that are unnecessary for his body, which can cause complications.

In addition, by the end of the storage period, 70–80% of red blood cells remain viable in canned blood, and platelets and leukocytes lose their properties on the first day after blood collection. Currently, whole blood transfusion is limited to the introduction of component hemotherapy, that is, transfusion of individual cellular or protein fractions of blood, depending on the deficiency.

Training options for the Unified State Exam in biology

After the thematic assignments in biology, start practicing. Since for demonstration high level knowledge, you need to confidently work with diagrams, tables and graphs. Explain biological processes using graphical information.

First of all, download FIPI, which is a sample and gives an idea of ​​the structure and form of complexity of future tasks on the Unified State Exam.

Based on a new demo version developed 10 training options, register and track your knowledge level in personal account.

Identify, analyze mistakes and practice again. Your success is constantly solving options during preparation!

The Unified State Exam test in biology 2019 includes 28 tasks.

• Part 1 contains 21 tasks with a short answer (sequence of numbers, number, word or phrase)
• Part 2 contains 7 tasks with a detailed answer (give a full answer: explanation, description or justification; express and argue your own opinion).

The option is grouped thematically.

1. The first part contains 21 tasks, which are grouped into content blocks presented in:
   • Multiple choice;
   • To establish correspondences;
   • To establish the sequence of processes or phenomena;
   • Problems in cytology and genetics;
   • To complement the drawings;
   • Analysis of a diagram or table.
2. The second part contains 7 tasks. To successfully solve them, the student is required to thoroughly master the conceptual apparatus and competently operate with biological terms.

A short analysis of the conditions of some tasks

Tasks from the block of the first ticket:

• – a biological fragment is presented that requires establishing connections between concepts;
• – count the number of chromosomes and determine the number of cells formed during various processes;
• – find examples in the text that correspond to the concepts;
• – to test knowledge of species properties – select criteria from the test that correspond to the species.

Evaluation of tests in biology of the Unified State Examination

Behind first part maximum ticket – 38 points.
For solving problems second part - 20 points.

The points received for correctly completed tasks are summed up.

Converting points to grades

• 0-35 points - 2,
• 36-54 points - 3,
• 55-71 points - 4,
• 72 and above points - 5;

To be admitted to a budget place at a prestigious university, you must score more than 84 points.

Decide! Go for it! Strive for the best!

Option No. 2004478

Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2018 in biology.

When completing tasks with a short answer, enter in the answer field the number that corresponds to the number of the correct answer, or a number, a word, a sequence of letters (words) or numbers. The answer should be written without spaces or any additional characters. There is no need to write units of measurement.

If the option is specified by the teacher, you can enter or upload answers to tasks with a detailed answer into the system. The teacher will see the results of completing tasks with a short answer and will be able to evaluate the downloaded answers to tasks with a long answer. The scores assigned by the teacher will appear in your statistics.

Consider the proposed classification scheme for types of variability. Write down the missing term in your answer, indicated by a question mark in the diagram.

Answer:

Choose two correct answers out of five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The cytogenetic method is used to determine

1) the degree of influence of the environment on the formation of the phenotype

2) inheritance of sex-linked characteristics

3) karyotype of the organism

4) chromosomal abnormalities

5) the possibility of manifestation of traits in descendants

Answer:

IN somatic cell fish body has 56 chromosomes. What set of chromosomes does a fish sperm have? Write down only the number of chromosomes in your answer.

In DNA, the share of nucleotides with adenine accounts for 18%. Determine the percentage of nucleotides containing cytosine that make up the molecule. Write down only the corresponding number in your answer.

Answer:

All of the characteristics listed below, except two, are used to describe the cell shown in the figure. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) the presence of chloroplasts

2) presence of glycocalyx

3) ability to photosynthesize

4) ability to phagocytose

5) ability for protein biosynthesis

All but two of the features listed below can be used to describe a DNA molecule. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) consists of two polynucleotide chains twisted into a spiral

2) transfers information to the site of protein synthesis

3) in combination with proteins, builds the body of the ribosome

4) capable of self-doubling

5) in combination with proteins forms chromosomes

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between the processes and stages of energy metabolism: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Answer:

Determine the ratio of phenotypes in the offspring of a monohybrid crossing of two heterozygous organisms with complete dominance. Write your answer as a sequence of numbers showing the ratio of the resulting phenotypes, in descending order.

Answer:

All but two of the terms below are used to describe the sexual reproduction of organisms. Identify two terms that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

3) fertilization

4) ovogenesis

5) budding

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between an example of a biological phenomenon and the form of variability that it illustrates: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Establish correspondence between structures and germ layers, indicated in the figure by numbers 1, 2, from which these structures are formed: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Answer:

If, in the process of evolution, an animal has formed the brain shown in the figure, then this animal is characterized by

1) four-chambered heart

2) external fertilization

3) skin with scales or scutes

4) constant body temperature

5) cellular lungs

6) development of the embryo in the uterus

It is known that the bacterium tuberculosis bacillus aerobic, microscopic, pathogenic organism. Select three statements from the text below that describe the characteristics of bacteria listed above.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between the functions and plant organs that perform these functions: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Answer:

Establish the sequence of systematic plant taxa, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1) Meadow bluegrass

3) Angiosperms

4) Monocots

5) Plants

6) Cereals

Answer:

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

While running in the human body

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) bile synthesis by liver cells increases

2) the process of protein biosynthesis in skeletal muscles is accelerated

3) the number of leukocytes in plasma decreases

4) blood flow to the skin increases

5) sweating increases

6) the excitability of the nervous system increases

Select three correctly labeled captions for the drawing “Structure of the Ear.” Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) external auditory canal

2) eardrum

3) auditory nerve

5) semicircular canal

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of human tissue: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Answer:

Establish the sequence of processes occurring in digestive system humans when digesting food. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1) intensive water absorption

2) swelling and partial breakdown of proteins

3) the beginning of starch breakdown

4) absorption of amino acids and glucose into the blood

5) breakdown of all food biopolymers into monomers

Answer:

Read the text. Select three sentences that describe the morphological criterion of the Scots pine species. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

(1) Scots pine is a light-loving plant. (2) It has a tall slender trunk, the crown is formed only near the top. (3) Pine grows on sandy soils and chalk mountains. (4) It has well-developed main and lateral roots, needle-shaped leaves, two needles per node on the shoot. (5) Greenish-yellow male cones and reddish female cones develop on young shoots. (6) Pollen is carried by the wind and lands on the female cones, where fertilization occurs.

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between examples of objects and methods for studying evolution in which these examples are used: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Answer:

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. The sustainability of the equatorial rainforest ecosystem is determined. Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) great species diversity

2) absence of decomposers

3) a large number of predators

4) branched food networks

5) fluctuations in population numbers

6) closed cycle of substances

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between the examples and the environmental factors that these examples illustrate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Answer:

Establish the sequence of evolutionary processes that took place on Earth in chronological order. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1) the emergence of organisms onto land

2) the emergence of photosynthesis

3) formation of an ozone screen

4) abiogenic synthesis of organic substances

5) the emergence of cellular life forms

Answer:

Look at the picture of a birch moth butterfly and determine the type of adaptation, the form of natural selection and the direction of evolution that led to the formation of two forms of butterflies. Fill in the blank cells of the table using the terms given in the list. For each lettered cell, select the appropriate term from the list provided.

List of terms:

1) idioadaptation

2) mimicry

3) convergence

4) driving

5) aromorphosis

6) disguise

7) stabilizing

Analyze the table “Cell Structures”. Fill in the blank cells of the table using the terms given in the list. For each cell indicated by a letter, select the corresponding term from the list provided.

Cell structures

List of terms:

1) glycolysis

2) chloroplast

3) protein biosynthesis

4) mitochondria

5) transcription

7) cytoplasm

8) cell center

Answer:

Analyze the table “Survival of starling chicks depending on the number of eggs in the clutch.”

Survival of starling chicks depending on the number of eggs in the clutch

1) The optimal number of eggs in a clutch to maintain the number of starlings is 5.

2) The death of chicks is explained by random factors.

3) The fewer eggs in the clutch, the more effective the care of the offspring.

4) The more chicks in the nest, the more often the parents feed each of the chicks.

5) The number of eggs in a clutch depends on climatic factors and the availability of food.

Analyze the graph of the reproduction rate of lactic acid bacteria.

Select statements that can be formulated based on the analysis of the results obtained.

Bacterial reproduction rate

1) is always directly proportional to the change in ambient temperature.

2) depends on the resources of the environment in which the bacteria are located.

3) depends on the genetic program of the organism.

4) in the range from 20 to 36 °C it increases.

5) decreases at temperatures above 36 °C due to the denaturation of some proteins in the bacterial cell.

Analyze the histogram of the diet composition of animal Z.

Along the x-axis are the taxa of vertebrate animals that animal Z eats, and along the y-axis is their number in the diet. Select statements that can be formulated based on the analysis of the histogram.

Animal Z is classified as

1) omnivore

2) consumers of the second order

3) producers of organic substances

4) semi-aquatic animals

5) inhabitants of the tundra

Answer:

It is known that in blood plasma the concentration of salt solution is normally 0.9%. In a glass beaker filled with a solution table salt, placed red blood cells. Compare the image of a normal red blood cell in plasma (Figure A) and a red blood cell in solution (Figure B). Explain the observed phenomenon. Determine the concentration of salt in the glass with the solution (more than 0.9%, less than 0.9%, equal to 0.9%).

It is known that two types of chlorophyll are present in plant cells: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. To study their structure, a scientist needs to separate these two pigments. What method should he use to separate them? What is this method based on?

Analysis of the results of a violation of linked inheritance of genes allows us to determine the sequence of gene location in the chromosome and draw up genetic maps. The results of numerous crosses of Drosophila flies showed that the frequency of linkage disruption between genes A And IN makes up 5%, between genes A And WITH- 11%, between genes WITH And IN- 6%. Redraw the proposed diagram of a chromosome fragment onto the answer sheet, mark the relative positions of the genes on it A, IN, WITH and indicate the distance between them. What value is taken as a unit of distance between genes? What is it called?

The Unified State Exam in biology is taken at the choice of a student who plans to enter a higher education institution with a certain specialization. In terms of popularity, this subject ranks 5th-6th every yearplaces, about 18% of schoolchildren pass it. Which universities require biology? This subject is taken in educational institutions in the following areas: medicine, biology, pedagogy with the specialty “Biology teacher”, Agriculture, veterinary medicine, physical education, psychology, garden design, ecology, technical specialties where biology borders on physics. Professions: psychologist, ecologist, athlete, engineer, doctor.

The work consists of tasks that are conventionally divided into two parts. In 2018, there were 28 tasks: 21 - tests, you need to choose an option from the proposed ones, 7 - of increased complexity, you need to give a detailed answer.

The work is given 210 minutes - the student decides independently how to allocate time for answers.

The threshold score for admission to various universities depends on the requirements of a particular educational institution - this information must be clarified with the university.

• The first part contains tasks on knowledge of theory and the ability to use this knowledge. Types of tasks in the first part: multiple choice (can be accompanied by a picture), establishing a logical sequence, solving problems, adding data to a table, analyzing data.
• The second part aims to identify the characteristics and depth of knowledge of the subject. The purpose of such tasks is to test the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships, draw conclusions, use theory in practice, justify one’s position, and think logically. It is this part of the test that is key in the selection process of potential university students.

The first part is checked automatically using a computer. The second is analyzed by specialists.

How difficult is the biology exam?

• The main difficulty is the significant amount of information that needs to be repeated. The school course begins in grades 5-6, so when preparing you will have to “dig deep.”
• Difficulties are also associated with the structure of the exam. High-quality theoretical knowledge does not necessarily guarantee successful passing of the Unified State Exam - you need to learn how to perform certain types of tasks. This can be learned with the help of a professional tutor or by taking a test at online mode. Every year, tasks of a new type are introduced into the structure - you need to be prepared for this.
• The most difficult topics are: photosynthesis, DNA, energy metabolism. It is better to contact a tutor for these sections and assignments on this topic.

How to effectively prepare for the exam?

• The main thing is to listen carefully in class and study textbooks. This will provide a solid basis for successfully passing the exam.
• Planning: systematic preparation requires a stable and thorough study of the material of the Unified State Examination program.
• Self-education: read reference books, on one's own.
• Take the online test.

The main advantage of online testing is the opportunity to practice the ability to solve tasks until it becomes automatic. different types and level of difficulty, correctly allocate time during the exam. It is recommended to prepare for the second part with a teacher or tutor.

For all students who plan to take part in the fight for budget places in the most popular universities in Russia in the 2017-2018 academic year, one of the most difficult periods in life begins - the stage of preparation for passing the Unified State Exam. This year, the Russian language and mathematics will remain mandatory, and the choice of specialized subjects such as biology, chemistry, physics, computer science, foreign languages etc. depends on the specialty that the future applicant chooses for himself. In this article we will talk about what awaits all those who plan to apply for the Unified State Exam in Biology in 2018.

We suggest discussing the following topics:

So, for those who, over the course of many years of studying at school or lyceum, showed good results in biology, the following directions open:

1. Biological faculties of various Russian universities, graduating biologists and biotechnologists, zoologists and biophysicists, ecologists and paleontologists
2. Medical universities of Russia.
3. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.
4. Psychology faculties that provide the opportunity to become a certified psychologist, defectologist, psychoanalyst or psychotherapist.
5. Faculties physical culture, whose graduates can receive a diploma as a coach, sports instructor or physical education teacher.

All of the above areas require successful passing of the Unified State Exam in biology. But, in many universities, in addition to basic subjects, physics or social studies may also be required.

Dates for the Unified State Examination in Biology in 2018

In the 2017-2018 academic year, the Unified State Exam will be held in three stages:

1. Preliminary(April 4, 2018 - main day and April 11, 2018 reserve day) - for graduates of previous years and those who provide documents entitling them to take the Unified State Exam early.
2. Basic(June 18, 2018 - main, as well as June 26 and 29, 2018 reserve days) – for graduates of 2017-2018.
3. Additional(in September) - for those who, for a valid (documented) reason, were unable to take part in the main stage of the Unified State Exam.

Follow the news in the official groups of our website! As soon as specific dates are confirmed for all Unified State Exam subjects, we will be the first to tell you about it!

Innovations expected in the Unified State Examination in Biology

Reform of the education system continues, certain changes in the Unified State Exam occur annually. Because one of critical issues, which worries future applicants of 2018, their parents and teachers, who are responsible for preparing graduates for the Unified State Examination - what changes can be made to the Unified State Examination in biology.

In 2017, KIMs in biology were finalized.

• Test questions with the choice of one correct answer from several proposed answer options are excluded.
• The number of questions has been changed. Now there are only 28 of them instead of 40.
• 210 minutes are now allotted to complete the work (5 minutes for each question of block 1 and 10-20 minutes for each task of block 2).
• In block No. 1, new types of tasks have appeared that require the ability to work with graphic diagrams and tables, as well as analyze and synthesize the information provided.
• The tasks are not arranged by difficulty level, but are grouped into blocks.
• The minimum passing threshold is 36 points.

Taking into account the changes made, the structure of the KIM suggests that when completing the tasks of block 1, the graduate must cope with such types of work as:

1. multiple choice;
2. establishing compliance;
3. establishing the correct sequence;
4. addition of diagrams, tables;
5. analysis of information presented in graphical or tabular form.

In block 2, each of the tasks will require a full, detailed answer.

For graduates of previous years, these changes came as an unpleasant surprise. The fact that this year it is already possible to focus on the structure of the exam paper is a significant advantage. The current minister does not welcome sudden and radical changes, which gives hope that last year’s standard, recognized as optimal, will not be significantly changed in the new Unified State Examination season.

Most likely, based on the results of discussions of last year's tickets, some changes will be made to KIMs in biology. Most likely, they will touch upon questions that have caused a number of negative reviews from examinees.

Is it possible to pass this exam with the highest score? Certainly! This was proven by graduates who scored the maximum 100 points and successfully entered budget places at the best universities in the country. The main thing is to properly organize the preparation process and focus on achieving your goal.

Preparing for the Unified State Exam in Biology

Although at first glance biology seems to be an interesting and not complicated science, there are some pitfalls here, as well as a number of difficulties that students of schools where the subject is not specialized may encounter.

According to the current KIMs, the unified state exam in biology is designed to test knowledge on the following topics:

• Biology as a science.
• Cell as a biological system.
• Organism as a biological system.
• System and diversity of the organic world.
• Ecosystems and their patterns.
• Evolution of living nature.
• The human body and health.

The material in these seven points is quite voluminous, so don’t put off preparation until the last months! It is optimal to start reviewing everything you have learned at school in July-August, if you have not started studying earlier.

The preparation plan is quite simple:

1. Introduction to the theory.
2. Solving the practical part and consolidating skills.
3. Testing knowledge by solving Unified State Exam test tasks.

Any textbook recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science is suitable for working with theory. But just reading and trying to remember is not enough. This format will not provide high efficiency when preparing for the exam in Unified State Exam format. Teachers with extensive experience recommend:

1. Learn terminology. Biology has its own language, without knowledge of which, when passing the Unified State Exam 2018, difficulties will arise with tasks of a high level of complexity, and therefore preparation should be based on the ability to operate with biological concepts.
2. Visualize Concepts. If there are no photographs in the textbook, look for necessary information in the Internet. This will help make difficult moments more understandable and connect them to life.
3. Use different memorization methods. Choose a technique that will help you. Perhaps this is the presentation of information in the form of diagrams, tables, sketches, or a method of association.
4. Keep your studies systematic.
5. Ask questions. If something causes difficulties, contact your school teacher, ask a question on the forum dedicated to the Unified State Exam in Biology, or use the help of a tutor.

The main rule of preparing for the Unified State Exam in Biology 2018 and successfully passing the exam is to start preparing not a few weeks before the “hour X”, but from the very beginning of the school year.