The surface of the Perm region is heterogeneous.
In the west and in the central part there is the hilly Russian Plain: in places it is cut by ravines and crossed by river valleys. In the northeast and east there are ancient Ural Mountains.
The highest mountain is Tulym stone, whose height is 1469 m above sea level.
Rocks in the Urals are called rocks that rise sharply above the rest of the area.
The mountains of the Middle Urals are quite destroyed. Their tops are rounded, dome-shaped, and their height is insignificant.
Between the Russian Plain and the Ural Mountains there is a low-lying plain. It is composed mainly of gypsum and limestone. These rocks are easily eroded and dissolved by groundwater and river waters. As a result of their destructive joint action, caves, underground rivers, lakes, sinkholes, and underground voids were formed here. So, to the southeast of Perm there are many caves.
The largest of them is Kungur Ice Cave, known not only in our region, but also far beyond its borders. The length of the Kungur Ice Cave is more than five kilometers.
This is an underground palace! Doesn't penetrate here sun rays, so even in summer the temperature remains below zero. Drops of water, seeping through cracks, form icicles that grow from top to bottom (they are called stalactites) and from bottom to top (they are called stalagmites). In the rays of colored lanterns, all this sparkles, creating an amazingly bright picture.
The cave consists of many grottoes and passages. Cave grottoes have different names: “Polar” (here is the kingdom of ice). "Meteor", "Coral", "Ethereal".
The most beautiful of them is " Diamond Grotto", ice crystals that shine and sparkle even in the light of lit fires.
There are also dark places in the cave, such as a grotto " Dante“- a stone monster seemed to be lurking in its depths.
And in the grotto" Friendship of peoples"There is a large underground lake, it is located at a depth of about 1300 m and three meters deep, which is possible to see, since the water is crystal clear, and has a natural greenish tint, but is very cold.
Every year curious tourists come here to see this amazing underground palace, and even meet New Year with a live Christmas tree. Amazing fact- in the grotto " Giant" christmas tree can stand without crumbling without water all year round or more.
There is such an amazing cave in the Perm region. Its fabulous beauty remains in the memory for a long time.
100 km south-east of the city of Perm is Orda Cave.
What is its peculiarity?
This is the longest underwater cave in Russia, the second longest in Eurasia and the longest underwater cave in the world in gypsum.
Orda Cave is a unique underwater city. There are a huge number of underground galleries that can be seen thanks to the clear water.
Explorers, geologists, geographers, biologists, studying
karst phenomena of the Urals, carry out constant observations in caves and their environs.According to scientists, four-fifths of the territory of our region is rolling plains and one fifth - mountains.
A flat surface is more convenient for agriculture and forestry, construction of industrial enterprises, roads and residential complexes. Mountains, ravines, and karst formations create difficulties in human economic activity. They interfere with road construction and industrial facilities, agriculture and mining. However, many of them are amazingly beautiful and majestic objects, such as Chuvalsky stone.
If you saw a ravine during the excursion, tell us about it. Are there many ravines in your area? Are there beams in your area? Tell us about the one you saw on the excursion.
Answer. There are quite a lot of ravines in our region. A ravine is a landform in the form of relatively deep and steeply sloped hollows formed by temporary watercourses. Gullies occur on elevated plains or hills composed of loose, easily eroded rocks, as well as on the slopes of gullies. The length of the ravines ranges from several meters to several kilometers. There are young (intensively developing) and mature ravines. The ravines are most common within the forest-steppe and steppe zones. Gullies cause great harm to agriculture, dismembering and destroying fields. To combat ravines, dams, retaining walls, etc. are used, and vegetation is also planted, which retards soil erosion. There are also many beams in our region. Balka is a valley with gentle overgrown slopes. During snowmelt and heavy rainfall, a temporary watercourse may move along the bottom of the gully. Especially many in the steppe zone.
Think about where it is easier to build cities, villages, lay roads, cultivate the land - on the plain or in the mountains. How do people use the surface in your area?
Answer. There is little land suitable for farming in the mountains, which means that mining, hunting and cattle breeding will predominate in the mountains. In the vast plains, if there are good soils and sufficient moisture, there is agriculture; in arid climates, there is cattle breeding.
The settlement of people and their way of life are greatly influenced by the terrain and the wealth of mineral resources. Most of humanity lives on the plains, where it is easier to build cities, lay roads, and farm. In the mountains there is a danger of earthquakes and other natural phenomena that do not occur on the plains.
However, in the mountains the natural conditions are more diverse and the resource base is richer than on the plains.
In our region, most of the population lives on the plain, where cities are built, industrial enterprises, mines. In villages, people are engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. In the mountains there are small industrial cities associated with the extraction and processing of minerals. There is no agriculture in them. But tourism is well developed.
What cases do you know of people’s irresponsible attitude towards the surface of their region? Is it possible to compensate for the damage caused to nature in these cases? How to do this?
Answer. There is a problem with abandoned mines in our region. For example, in the city of Kopeisk Chelyabinsk region in the center of the city there is the most dangerous mine in the Chelyabinsk region. It receives 250 cubic meters of water every hour, which can reach the surface of the earth at any moment. When the water fills the abandoned mine to the brim, part of the engineering plant and hundreds of residential buildings will slide into the quarry. The problem is very serious, since there are more than one such mines around the city. The problem can be solved by reclaiming the mines, although this costs a lot of money.
Test yourself
1. Tell us about the surface of your edge.
Answer. The relief of the Southern Urals is very diverse. It was formed over millions of years. Within the Chelyabinsk region there are various shapes relief - from lowlands and hilly plains to ridges whose peaks exceed 1000 m.
A mountainous section of the conventional “Europe-Asia” border passes through the territory of the region: along the Ural-Tau and the Ural ridge. The longest ridge in the Chelyabinsk region is Urenga, its length is about 65 km. The ridge is decorated with ten peaks over 1000 m high.
2. How is the surface used in your area?
Answer. In our region, most of the population lives on the plain, where cities, industrial enterprises, and mines are built. In villages, people are engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. In the mountains there are small industrial cities associated with the extraction and processing of minerals. There is no agriculture in them. But tourism is well developed.
3. What does it mean to protect the surface?
Answer. This means we need to minimize the harm that causes environment mining, it is necessary to more fully extract everything useful from already extracted raw materials. This will ensure you receive more necessary substances and reduce waste dumps.
To restore lands disturbed by quarries and waste rock dumps, special work is carried out - reclamation. To do this, the dumps are leveled, soil is poured on top and trees and bushes are planted. Quarries are turned into stakes, on the banks of which recreation areas are created.
To reduce the negative impact of farming on the surface, it is necessary to carefully cultivate it. The growth of ravines is stopped by planting plants on their slopes.
4. How can schoolchildren take part in protecting the surface of their region?
Answer. Protecting the surface means fighting ravines, planting their slopes with vegetation, and informing the settlement administration about discovered abandoned quarries and landfills. Take part in environmental cleanups.
Homework assignments
1. Write in the dictionary: ravine, beam.
A ravine is a landform in the form of relatively deep and steeply sloped hollows formed by temporary watercourses.
A beam is a depression with gentle slopes overgrown with plants.
2. Draw what the surface of your edge looks like. You can sculpt a model of some part of it (hill, ravine, mountain range) from plasticine, clay or raw sand.
3. If there is a ravine in your area, ask adults how long it has existed, how it has changed during this time, what people are doing to stop its growth. Think about how you can help adults.
Answer. We have several ravines. They have been around for a long time. Gullies cause great harm mainly to agriculture, dismembering and destroying fields. To prevent the growth of ravines, obstacles are made that delay the flow of water into the ravine, perennial plants are sown on the slopes, and if necessary, some slopes are covered with earth. In our region, ravines are constantly monitored. Thanks to this, the growth of ravines almost does not occur.
Remember what seas, lakes, and rivers there are in Russia. What do you know about the water resources of your region?
There are a lot of seas, lakes and rivers in Russia. Seas: Black, White, Baltic, Okhotsk, Laptev, Azov and others. Lakes: Caspian Sea, Baikal, Ladoga, Onega. Rivers: Volga, Yenisei, Lena, Oka, Irtysh, Amur.
Our region has significant reserves of water resources, most of which are lakes and ponds. We also have rivers. And reservoirs.
Most of the names of the lakes come from the Tatar and Bashkir languages. In the names of reservoirs, the word “kul” is often found, which means “lake”. These are, for example, the names of lakes Abatkul, Big Kremenkul, Tabankul, Big Terenkul, Zyuratkul. The largest lakes in the region: Uvildy, Turgoyak, Bolshoi Kisegach, Itkul, Irtyash.
Lake Uvildy is the largest lake located at the foot of the Ural Mountains. The water in it is slightly mineralized, very clean and transparent. For the unusual shade of the water, the lake is called the blue pearl of the Urals.
Another beautiful lake in the Southern Urals is located near the village of Turgoyak, north of the Miass station. This one is large and deep lake Turgoyak, surrounded by mountains and coniferous forests, has an area of 25 square kilometers. Lake Big Kisegach is located 8 kilometers northeast of the city of Kasli, and is of tectonic origin. The source of the lake is considered to be the Chartonyshka River.
Many lakes are recreational places and are used as fishing grounds.
Lesson summary of the surrounding world in 4th grade
Subject:
The surface of our region.(textbook by Pleshakov A.A. “ The world around us»)
Lesson objectives:
To form in students an idea of the surface of their native land. Learn to work with a map.
Introduce students to the concepts: ravine, beam, quarry, waste heaps, landfill. Talk about the reasons for their appearance and measures to combat them.
To develop children’s cognitive activity, observation, ability to analyze and draw conclusions.
Foster a caring attitude towards nature.
Equipment:
Textbook by Pleshakov A.A. "The world around us";
Presentation “The surface of our region”;
Handout material.
Lesson progress
Good afternoon, guys. Close all your eyes and listen to me:
Everything is beautiful in the sky,
Beautiful on earth
Everything is wonderful around
Everything about me is wonderful!
They opened their eyes, looked at each other, smiled, and sat down quietly.
The sun is shining over Russia,
And the rains rustle over it.
In the whole world, in the whole world
There is no country closer to her!
Why are there no native countries in the whole world? (
Russia is our Motherland, the country in which we live. This is our home, which is impossible not to love )2. Updating knowledge
I suggest you go on an expedition today. Are you against this proposal? What should you take with you on an expedition?
(Children's answers.)Now you are ready. You will try to determine the purpose of our expedition yourself. First, remember what you already know in order to apply this knowledge during the expedition. Think about what expedition members should carefully study before setting off?
(Your route.)Slide 2
Guys, look carefully at the physical map of Russia. What kind of terrain do you see here?
(On the territory of Russia there are mountains and plains. Among the plains there are lowlands, hills, or hills, and plateaus.)How can all this be determined from the map?
(By convention - by color.)What color are these objects indicated on the map?
(Plains are green, hills are yellow, plateaus are light brown.)Our expedition members will now split into three groups to explore the plains of Russia. Each of you takes a card that indicates the geographical feature being explored and joins your group.
(The names of the plains are indicated on the cards:
Eastern European, Western Siberian, Central Siberian Plateau .)Discuss in groups where your property is located and what you can tell about it using a physical map.
And now a representative from each group shows his object on the map, names it and reports the prepared information.
(The names of the plains appear on the map, the correctness of the answers is checked.)
Where is the territory of our region located?
(The territory of the Moscow region is located on the East European Plain.)Slide 3
-
Expedition membersWell done, they gave us accurate information. This means that each of you will be able to help one unlucky foreign tourist who, while traveling around Russia, took a lot of interesting photographs, but now cannot figure them out. What kind of photographs do you think a tourist could take in our region?(1, 3, 5.)
Why did you decide this?
(These photos show a rolling plain. This is the topography of our area.)Slide 4
Let's continue our research. Discuss in groups the answer to the question on the slide: “What are the similarities and differences between these geographical objects?” Prepare to make a message.
(Hills and mountains have a base, a slope, and a peak. A mountain and a hill differ in height.)Slide 5
To be more precise, the height of the lowlands is up to 200 m, the heights are 200-500 m, the plateaus are 500-800 m, and the height of the mountains is over 800 m.
Slide 6
Which symbol Will it help you find mountains on the map?
(Mountains are indicated on the map in brown. The higher the mountains, the darker the color.)Remember and discuss in groups which mountains are located in Russia.
Expedition groups set off along their route and prepare reports about their objects: 1 group goes on an expedition to the Caucasus Mountains, 2 group to the Ural Mountains, 3 group to the Sayan and Altai Mountains.
Discuss in groups where your property is located and what you can tell about it using a physical map.
(Click on the map to show the names of the mountains, and check the correctness of the answers.)
Slide 7
How did you feel looking at these photographs?
(How beautiful our country is.)3. Goal setting
Slide 8
Discuss in groups the answer to the question on the slide: how do people use the territory of our region?
Who's ready to speak up?
(Cities, towns, villages are being built on the territory of our region; roads are being laid; lands are being cultivated.)Slide 9
Look carefully at these photographs. What do you see on them? (An abandoned quarry, a garbage dump, a ravine, some ugly mountains).
How do you feel when looking at these photographs?
(Disappointment, sadness, indignation at what people have done on earth.)Guys, such places on Earth are the pain of the planet, these are its wounds. We often talk about the importance of protecting rare plants and animals, water and air. Is it necessary to protect the surface of the earth?
Why is this so important to us?
(Children's answers)What will be the main goal of our expedition?
What interested you when you studied the photographs on this slide? What questions would you like answered?
(How do such wounds appear on the surface of the earth? Is it possible to fix all this?)4. Discovery of new knowledge
Slide 10
Our next study will be carried out on a hilly plain. Here, in addition to the hills, we can find a ravine and a ravine
. I propose to explore these objects using a slide and compare them.(
A ravine and a ravine are similar in that they have slopes. But the slopes of the ravine are steep and crumbling. And the slopes of the beam are gentle, overgrown with grass, trees, and shrubs . )Try to explain how they appear on the surface of the earth.
(Education
ravine begins with a small pothole, a groove on the surface of the soil. Streams of melt and rainwater erode it, and therefore the ravine gradually increases in size. At the same time, it destroys large areas of fertile soil.Over time (after many years), the slopes of the ravine become gentle and overgrown with grass, shrubs, and trees. The ravine stops growing. So he turns into
beam.)I suggest checking the correctness of your versions.
Slide 11
In the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve there is Golosov Ravine. Look at the photo.
Slide 12
Why do you think it is called that?
(Children's answers.)-
The name “Voices” is derived from Volos. That is, named after Bolos (Beleca) - the pagan Slavic god of the underworld and the other world. The stones in Kolomenskoye, lying at the bottom, served as a place of sacrifice to this deity.Slide 13
Look at these illustrations and try to determine what else is one of the reasons for the formation of a ravine?
Which group is ready to tell us about this?
Who wants to complement the answer of their comrades or express a different point of view?
(
Another reason for the appearance of a ravine is improper plowing of the land.)Think about why improper plowing can lead to the appearance of a ravine?
(Rain and melt water flows down the furrows from the top of the hill and erodes the soil.)What advice would you give to a tractor driver who is plowing land on a hilly plain?
(
Plowing land on a hilly plain can only be done across the slope; in this case, the furrows will retain water and the water will not erode the soil. )Slide 14
Discuss in groups what is a quarry and how is it formed?
Which group is ready to tell us about this?
Who wants to complement the answer of their comrades or express a different point of view?
(Career
- This is a huge wound on the surface of the earth. Once upon a time, sand, clay, limestone, coal and other minerals were mined in the quarry. After the end of development, the quarry remained abandoned.)Slide 15
Discuss in groups what a landfill is and how it is formed?
Which group is ready to tell us about this?
Who wants to express a different point of view or complement the answer of their comrades?
(Landfill is a place on the ground occupied by construction waste: broken bricks, glass fragments, slabs, and many others. Landfills appear near construction sites. Builders dump the remains of building materials there.)
You have explored objects that become earth wounds. Who will remind us of the main goal of our expedition?
(Carefully study the problems that have arisen on the surface of our region and discuss measures to protect it.)I propose to discuss measures to protect the surface of our region in groups. You will see tasks for groups on the slide.
Slide 16
(After the discussion, students speak out and check the information with
slides 17, 18, 19 .)Slide 20
Look at the unusual mountains that appeared on our planet due to the fault of man. Such mountains are called
waste heaps . How do you think they were formed?(Children's answers.)
What source is available to you to check the correctness of your assumptions?
(In the textbook.)Use this source to check.
(Children's answers.)
Waste heaps actually formed from waste (waste rock) during mining. Unfortunately, they do not decorate our planet at all, but on the contrary, they disfigure it. In addition, they harm the environment. Think about how?
(The teacher asks leading questions: what will happen if a strong wind blows, if the waste heap catches fire, if it rains heavily?)
Do you think it is possible to fight this? What would you suggest to solve this problem?
Slide 21
5. Primary consolidation
Slide 22
Game “Get to know me” (in groups). Each correct answer is worth one point.
I have a sole and a slope, and my top rose so high into the sky that I even had to wear a white hat. (Mountain)
I also have a bottom, a gentle slope and a top. (Hill)
Man created me, I spread clouds of dust and can burn. (Storage waste heaps)
I am a depression in the earth's surface, I have a gentle slope, I am covered with grass and bushes. (Beam)
I am on the edge of a field, and I was formed from improper plowing of the land. (Ravine)
6. Reflection
Which important issues Did we discuss this today?
Were you able to get answers to them?
And now I invite you to evaluate your work.
Slide 23
There are smiley faces on your desk. Please show me
green emoticons for those who succeeded in the lesson,yellow – there were mistakes, but I corrected everything,red – I didn’t do well.Guys, I am sure that when you grow up, you will try to do everything to make our native land even more beautiful, and there will be no such places that cause pain and resentment in the soul.
Grading.
6. Homework.
I also suggest you complete a creative task
: write an appeal to residents about how they should use the surface of our region to preserve it for future generations.Workbook "The world around us" for the second grade, part two, educational complex "Perspective", authors of the notebook - Pleshakov, Novitskaya. If the first part was entirely devoted to autumn, it is logical that the second should cover winter, spring and summer. Yes, there are a lot of pages about winter and spring, but the topics exactly repeat part 1 of the workbook.
It’s a little unclear why the constellations of the starry sky or the same birds should be taught 3 times during the school year, but the authors of the textbook ordered it this way. There are only a couple of pages about summer, although, you see, this time of year is almost one of the most wonderful and remarkable.
Our workbook contains all the gdz, answers to tasks for the second part of the workbook on the world around us for grade 2 on Perspective. All answers are checked by the teacher primary classes. For many tasks you can find an extended answer, report or presentation on the pages of our website.
Answers to the 2nd part of the workbook for grade 2
Click on the page numbers to view the answers to the assignments.
Winter
Page 3-5. Winter months
Task 1. In the first column, read aloud the names of the winter months and the ancient Roman calendar. Compare their sound with the sound of modern Russian names for the winter months. Write Russian names in the second column. Orally make a conclusion about their origin.
1st column: december, januarius, februarius.
Column 2: December, January, February. The names sound similar to Roman ones.
Column 3: jelly, section, snow.
2. Write down the names of the winter months in the language of the peoples of your region that are associated with
2) with natural phenomena;
3) with the difficulty of people.
You can select options on the page Names of winter months associated with phenomena of living and inanimate nature, with the difficulty of people >>
Task 3. Great Russia. That's why winter comes to different parts of the world in different times. And her reign lasts different terms. Write down the dates when winter comes to your region and when it leaves.
Winter in the Urals and Siberia is the longest season of the year. It usually begins at the end of October, when constant snow cover and negative air temperatures set in. Winter ends in these parts on the 20th of March. The snow cover lasts for about 5 months and reaches an average thickness of 30-40 cm.
Winter in the European part of Russia approximately coincides with the calendar: from the beginning of December to the end of February.
Winter in the Krasnodar Territory is short; temperatures can still be above zero in November. Winter begins in mid-December, and by early February it already gives way to spring natural phenomena.
Task 4. Look at the photo. Write a poem for it, a saying, a riddle (of your choice) about the winter beauty. Write it down.
White cotton wool warmed the entire forest. (Snow).
Blanket white
Not made by hand.
It was not woven or cut,
It fell from the sky to the ground. (Snow).
It was snowing, it was stormy.
All the trees are covered in lace!
Snow on the pines, on the bushes,
They ate in white fur coats.
And got tangled in the branches
Violent snowstorms.
Task 5. Place photos or drawings hometown(villages) made in winter. Come up with and write captions for them.
City garden in winter
Lenin Square in winter
St. Basil's Cathedral in winter
Cathedral of Christ the Savior in winter
Page 6-7. Winter is a time of science and fairy tales
Task 2. Write down folk signs about the harvest in your region.
Answer: If there is snow along the road on Candlemas (February 15), expect a good harvest.
When there is a lot of snow, there will be a lot of bread, and when there is little snow, there will be little bread.
A clear New Year's Day means a rich harvest of bread, followed by severe frost and snowfall on New Year's Day.
If the ice on the river is flat, then there will be little bread, and if the ice becomes piles, there will be a lot of bread.
You can choose more signs from the page Folk signs for the harvest >>
Task 3. Remember the fairy tale of the peoples of your region about animals. Draw a picture for it.
Let's remember the fairy tale "Winter Quarters of Animals". Drawing:
Task 4. Choose and write down a proverb that expresses the meaning of the fairy tale to which your drawing is drawn.
Proverb: Prepare a sleigh in summer and a cart in winter.
Page 8-9. Winter in inanimate nature
Task 1. Mark the picture that shows the position of the sun in winter. Explain your choice.
Answer: the most extreme picture on the right, because in it the sun is lowest and signs of winter are visible: snow, trees without leaves.
Task 2. Make a list of winter phenomena in inanimate nature using the textbook text.
The sun rises low in the sky. Short day. Freezing. Snowfall, blizzard. Ice on reservoirs. Thaw and ice. Frost on the trees.
Task 3. Write down the dates:
Task 4. Watch the weather in winter. Make observations every month for one week (around the middle of the month). Enter the results into tables using symbols.
If you were unable to observe the weather, then the weather archive site of the gismeteo website (gismeteo.ru) will help you; it has a weather diary for schoolchildren. We write out the weather for the required days and redraw the same symbols.
Page 10-11. Starry sky in winter
Task 1. Find the North Star in the picture and label it. Explain (orally) how you managed to find this star among the others.
Polaris is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor (Little Dipper), located at the end of the dipper.
Task 2. Come up with a fairy tale about the constellation Ursa Minor and the North Star. Write it down on a separate sheet of paper and arrange it beautifully.
Far far from the earth lived the North Star, who wanted to learn a lot about the Earth. And lost in thought, she could not stay in the sky and fell into the forest, and not just into the forest, but right onto the tail of a bear cub - a little bear who was walking through the forest. The bear was surprised and asked:
- Who are you?
- I am the North Star! “I fell from the sky,” the guest answered.
- Why did you come here?
The star answered without hesitation:
- To see what the earth is like.
Then the little bear enthusiastically offered to show her everything, and they went for a walk in the forest. They admired the wonderful beautiful plants and no less beautiful animals. The little star liked everything and invited the bear to visit her in heaven. They instantly found themselves in heaven, and the guest liked it there so much that she decided to stay in heaven. Now they are inseparable friends and are called Ursa Minor and Polar Star.
Task 3. Write down the names of the sides of the horizon.
If you stand facing the North Star, then north will be in front, south behind, west on the left, east on the right.
Task 4. Using the textbook illustration, connect the stars in the figure (p. 11) so that you get a fragment of the Orion constellation. Find the star Sirius in the picture and label it. Explain (verbally) what helped you find this star.
If you draw a straight line along Orion's belt from right to left, then the first bright star on this straight line will be Sirius.
Task 5. Write down the names of the constellations and stars that you were able to see in the winter sky.
Constellations: Orion, Canis Major and Minor, Taurus, Gemini, Unicorn, Cancer.
Stars: Polaris, Sirius, Capella, Betelgeuse.
Page 12-13. Winter in the world of plants
Task 1.
Answer from left to right: linden, ash, maple, rowan, elm.
Task 2.
Answer from left to right: spruce, larch, pine.
Task 3. Guess which plant is shown in the photo.
Answer: juniper.
Task 4. During your walk, try to identify several trees and shrubs in winter attire (by silhouettes, fruits, cones and other features). Write down the names of the plants and draw the signs by which you identified these plants.
Examples of drawings:
Rowan can be identified by the fruits collected in clusters.
We can identify rose hips by their red, elongated fruits.
We identify a birch tree by its white trunk.
We can identify ash by elongated seeds collected in panicles.
Page 14-15. Winter holidays
Task 1. Congratulate your classmate with a Christmas carol.
Kolyada, Kolyada!
A carol came out from Nova Gorod.
How the carol looked for Mashenka's yard.
I found a carol in the Car yard.
The car yard is not small, not big....
Happiness and joy to you, Mashenka!
Task 3.
Answer: paint over the circle of the angel, swan and lemon. You can mark the bump at your discretion.
Page 16-17. Plants in the home medicine cabinet
Task 2. Practical work "Medicinal plants".
Name of plants - What parts are used
rose hips - fruits
St. John's wort - flowers, leaves, stem
cyclamen - tubers
chamomile - flowers
juniper - fruits
calendula - flowers
Task 2. Solve the crossword puzzle using the textbook text.
1. Valerian
3. Calendula
4. Linden
5. Plantain
6. Yarrow
Task 3. Write down the names medicinal plants home first aid kit.
Answer: rosehip, St. John's wort, mint, chamomile, yarrow, sage, calendula.
Page 18-19. Winter life of birds and animals
1. Identify birds by their beaks. Connect the pictures and names with lines.
Task 2. Recognize the animals by their descriptions. Write the names.
Task 3. What changed in the behavior of the birds you observed in the fall?
Birds increasingly began to fly to human habitation. Tits can even fly onto the balcony if the window is open. They are looking for food.
What other birds did you see?
Tits, bullfinches.
Watch the birds at the feeder.
Write a story based on your observations. Illustrate it with a drawing.
We made a feeder out of planks. Dad hung it on a tree in the park. Mom poured seeds and grains into it. But the birds did not arrive for a long time. Finally, one day we discovered that the food had disappeared! This meant that the birds had found our gift! We began to come more often and bring fresh food.
Page 20-21. Invisible threads in the winter forest
Task 1. How are spruce and forest animals related to each other?
Crossbill, woodpecker, squirrel, mouse, and hare feed on spruce seeds and spread them. In the spring, the seeds that these animals dropped will germinate and new spruce trees will grow from them.
Task 2. Read the story “How Animals Help Each Other” in the textbook. Connect the pictures with arrows to show the connections in the winter forest.
Page 22-23. In February, winter meets spring for the first time
1. Write a short oral story about February, using the words “boundary”, “border”, “border” in it.
A story about February.
February is the last month of winter, the boundary between winter and spring. Between February and March there is a border or boundary between cold and heat. They say that winter meets spring in February. This means that it is getting warmer and the first signs of spring are being felt. The snow has not melted yet, but the sun is warming up and thawed patches are forming.
Draw a picture for your story.
Task 2. Guess the riddle.
An ice bag hangs outside the window.
He cries merrily and smells of spring.
Guess: ICICLE.
Task 3. Find out home recipe cooking pancakes, write it down and tell your classmates about it.
2 eggs, 3 tablespoons of sugar, 1 liter of milk, half a teaspoon of salt, as much flour as the dough will absorb (it should be liquid), vegetable oil.
Mix eggs with sugar, add flour, salt, milk. Stir the dough well so that there are no lumps. You can add 3-4 tablespoons of vegetable oil to the dough.
Fry in a hot frying pan greased with vegetable oil.
Task 4. Select and paste a photo winter holiday according to the ancient calendar of the peoples of your region.
Meeting means meeting. This holiday came to us from the Bible pages. One old man named Simeon was promised by God that he would not die until he saw the promised Messiah (Christ). And then one day, while he was in the temple, Mary and Joseph brought the Baby Jesus to fulfill the law. Simeon took the Child Jesus in his arms and, glorifying God, said: “Now, Master, you are sending Your servant away in peace, according to Your word, for my eyes have seen Your salvation, which You have prepared before the face of all nations, a light to enlighten the Gentiles and the glory of the people.” Your Israel." In honor of this event the feast of Candlemas is celebrated.
It is believed that at Candlemas winter meets spring.
Page 24-25. Winter labor
Task 1. Tell (orally) about ancient women's work in winter.
In winter, women did handicrafts, spinning yarn, weaving, sewing and embroidering. They also took care of domestic animals.
Task 2. Fill in the gaps in the text yourself or with the help of a textbook.
People create good conditions for storing grain in granaries - elevators.
Pets are kept indoors in winter. It should be warm, dry, light.
Four-legged friends need to add vitamins to their food in winter.
After the thaw, during icy conditions, roads and sidewalks are sprinkled with sand.
Indoor plants are rarely watered in winter.
Task 3.
Answer from left to right: onion, violet, Decembrist, lemon.
Page 26-27. Be healthy
Task 1.
Task 2. Think and write down what qualities develop in the games you like to play in winter.
Winter games in the snow strengthen my health, develop endurance, agility and strength. And when building figures from snow, use your imagination.
Task 3. Winter game of the peoples of your region.
Prize on the pillar
Many peoples, including Russians, had such winter fun. A large pillar was erected in the middle of the square. He was doused with water. In the cold, the water turned to ice, and the pole became very slippery. A valuable prize, for example, red boots, was hung at the top of the pole. This is where the game began! Any guy or man could try to climb to the very top and take off his boots. But only the strongest and most dexterous managed to climb the slippery pillar.
The qualities that this game develops: dexterity, strength, intelligence, courage.
Page 28-29. Nature conservation in winter
1. Draw a feeder in which you feed the birds. You can paste a photo.
2. Write what other feathered guests have been in your “dining room”.
Answer: Pigeons, magpie, crow.
3. Write what kind of food you feed the birds.
Answer: millet, seeds, crackers.
4. Using a textbook, color the animals from the Red Book of Russia and write their names.
Amur tiger, eagle owl.
5. Write a story about an animal listed in the Red Book of Russia (preferably living in your region). You can supplement the story with a drawing.
Weasel is the smallest predator living in our region. Weasel destroys a huge number of mice. She lives in fields and forests, as well as along the banks of rivers and lakes. This animal is valued for its fur. In summer, the weasel has a brown coat with a white chest, and in winter it is completely white.
Page 30-31. Winter walk
Task 1. Look at the photographs. Think about which regions of Russia in winter people need such warm clothing.
Answer: in the northern regions of Russia.
Task 2.
Spring and summer
Page 32-33. Spring months
1. In the first column, read aloud the names of the spring months in the ancient Roman calendar. Compare their sound with the sound of modern Russian names for the spring months. Write Russian names in the second column...
Find out from your elders and write down in the third column the names of the spring months in the languages of the people of your region.
1 column: Martius, Aprilis, Mayus
Column 2: March, April, May
3rd column (in Ukrainian): zimobor, snowgon, grass.
2. Write down the names of the spring months in the language of the peoples of your region that are connected:
a) with phenomena of inanimate nature -
b) with phenomena of living nature -
c) with the difficulty of people -
3. Place a photograph or drawing of your hometown (village), taken in the spring. Come up with and write a signature.
4. Go back to page 6 and complete the check folk signs for the harvest on the days of St. Nicholas. To do this, track how much grass will grow by May 22. Write down your winter and spring observations:
The popular forecast was justified.
pp. 34-35. Spring in inanimate nature
1. Mark the picture that shows the position of the sun in spring. Explain your choice.
Answer: the picture on the right, because the sun is higher in it, signs of spring are visible in nature: ice drift on the river, the arrival of birds.
Make a list of spring phenomena in inanimate nature using the textbook text.
Answer: warming, melting snow, ice drift, high rivers, flood, first thunderstorm
3. Write down the date.
4. Observe the weather in spring...
Current data for your city can be found on the Gismeteoru website and in the weather diary for schoolchildren.
Page. 36-37. Spring - morning of the year
1. Write down the dates of the arrival of spring according to the ancient calendars of your region.
2. In the tear-off calendar, look how much the day has increased. Write down the length of the day:
Annunciation
Page 38-39. Starry sky in spring
2. ... Write down the names of the constellations and stars that you were able to see in the spring sky. Draw one of the constellations on p. 39.
Constellations: Cassiopeia, Leo, Ursa Major, Ursa Minor.
Stars: Regulus, Polaris, Sirius.
Constellation that we managed to see in the spring sky: Libra
3. Write a story about one of the constellations in the spring sky.
Leo constellation
The lion is the main figure of the night spring sky. The arrangement of bright stars resembles a reclining lion, whose head and chest represent the famous “Sickle” asterism, similar to a mirrored question mark. The constellation Leo is very rich in various interesting objects that are very easy to see with a small telescope and even with the naked eye. It can be seen from February to March in the southern night sky. The brightest stars in the constellation Leo: Regulus, Denebola, Algeiba.
Regulus is the most important object in the constellation Leo. The star is located almost in the center of the constellation and is often associated with the heart. This is a very bright star, the brightness of which is 160 times higher than that of our Sun. This star is located 85 light years away, which explains its high apparent brightness.
Denebola is the second brightest object associated with Leo. This is the outermost star, often called the tail.
Algeiba is a double star, one of the most beautiful in the sky. Denotes a majestic mane. If you look closely, the slightly orange star has a noticeable golden companion. The orbital period of this binary system is approximately 510 years.
4. Come up with a fairy tale about the constellations of the spring sky. Write it down on a separate sheet of paper and arrange it beautifully.
There lived in Africa a mighty king of beasts - a lion. Everyone was afraid of him and ran away in fear when he uttered his menacing lion's roar. But then one night the lion raised his head up and saw many constellations - there were both a hare and bears. He growled loudly at them, but not a single star moved. He growled even louder, but no one in the starry sky ran away from him. Then the lion wanted to teach the stars a lesson. He pressed himself to the ground and jumped so high that he went straight to the sky, but, looking at the Earth from above, he was so scared that he froze and forgot why he climbed here. This is how the mighty lion turned into the constellation Leo.
Page 40-43. Spring awakening of plants
From left to right: anemone, liverwort, coltsfoot, lungwort, guillemot, corydalis, goose onion.
2. Color the flowers. Name them.
From left to right: Corydalis, lungwort, goose onion
3. ... Connect the pictures and names with lines. Do it yourself or use a tutorial.
Underline the names of the trees with a green pencil, and the names of the bushes with a red pencil.
4. Observe and record when they bloomed this year:
Coltsfoot - end of March
Dandelion - in May
Lily of the valley - early May
Bird cherry - early May
Cherry - end of May
Apple tree - late May, early June
Poplar - June
Birch - in April
Alder - in May
5. Observe and write down when the leaves of the hazel, apple, birch, and oak trees began to bloom.
Hazel: early April - May.
Apple tree: late April - mid-May.
Birch: end of April - mid-May.
Oak: mid-April - late May.
7. Write a story about one of the blooming plants. Use the book "Green Pages" or other literature (of your choice) for this.
Bird cherry
This plant is popularly affectionately called the beautiful bride. This is due to the fact that in the spring the bird cherry puts on a festive white robe and turns into a real miracle.
Bird cherry is a shrub from the Rosaceae family. Its trunk is completely covered with dark gray bark, on which there are rusty-brown spots. Bird cherry leaves are obovate in shape. The flowers, although small, are very fragrant. They are white and collected in a very beautiful brush.
Bird cherry is a forest orderly. Flowers and leaves have a special aroma, and therefore have phytoncidal properties. This is what made the tree special, as it gave it the ability to kill insects and germs. The tree is merciless even for mosquitoes and ticks.
Many poems and songs have been written about bird cherry.
Page 44-45. Wonderful flower beds in spring
1. Cut out photos from the application and paste each one into its own window.
2. Color the flowers. Name them (orally)
From left to right: tulips, pansies, daffodils
3. Identify several spring flower garden plants. Draw 2-3 plants or stick a photo.
Primrose
Lily of the valley
4. Write a story about one of the plants in the spring flower garden, about the beliefs and legends associated with it.
It’s not for nothing that primroses are called primroses – in the spring they bloom the earliest.
In the Scandinavian sagas, primroses were called the keys of the spring goddess Freya. As soon as the snow melts, a beautiful young goddess comes to the earth to decorate it with flowers and herbs. And where the multi-colored necklace touches her - the rainbow of the earth, there the primrose will grow.
Primroses are perennial plants and bloom only once a year - in spring.
Page 46-47. Spring in the world of insects
1. Do you know the names of butterflies? Cut out the pictures from the Appendix and paste them into the windows. Test yourself using the textbook drawing.
3. Find information in the textbook about what insects eat. Write it down. Conclude whether these insects cause harm to humans
Hives caterpillar - nettle leaves.
Mourning caterpillar - birch and aspen leaves.
Dragonflies are mosquito larvae.
Dragonfly larvae are mosquito larvae.
Ant - insects.
These insects do not harm humans.
4. Using information from the textbook, write in the diagrams the names of animals that feed on mosquitoes and their larvae.
Page 48-49. Spring in the world of birds and animals
1. Using the textbook text, number the pictures in the sequence in which these birds return from warmer climes.
2. Observe and write down when you were able to see a rook for the first time this year - the beginning of March, a starling - the end of March, a chaffinch - the end of March, a swallow - the end of May.
3. In the text of the textbook, find information about what different animals eat. Write it down.
Hedgehog - insects, toads.
Bear - berries, insects, plant roots, fish, large animals (elk, deer)
Bat - insects.
Fill in the circle next to the text “bats” - they wake up later than everyone else, because they feed only on flying insects, and they start flying late.
4. Bird watching.
Not far from our house, swallows have built a nest. It was located under the roof of the store. Every spring, swallows return to their nest and hatch their chicks. At the end of summer they leave their home and fly to warmer climes.
I have seen swallows feeding their chicks more than once. When mom or dad flew up to the nest, the chicks stuck out their open beaks and began to squeak and demand food. I really like watching birds.
Page 50-51. Invisible threads in the spring forest
1. Who is willow friends with?
3. Give an example of invisible threads in the spring forest and depict it in the form of a diagram.
4. Find information about the life of the cuckoo in additional literature. In which birds' nests does she lay eggs? Write a short story about a cuckoo.
The cuckoo is a migratory bird. She places her eggs in the nests of other birds, such as wagtail, redstart, robin, finch, and finch. Cuckoos eat hairy caterpillars that other birds don't eat. In cuckoos, it is the male who crows, not the female.
Page 52-53. Spring labor
1. Guess the riddles about men’s spring labor and their ancient tools. Write down the answers.
I cut a black loaf from edge to edge... The matting in the windows covered the entire field.
2. Guess the riddles about women’s spring work. Write down the answers. Test yourself using the Application.
Thunder rumbles, lightning flashes, it melts on one side and freezes on the other (weaving fabric).
A small bird will dive with its nose, wag its tail, and lead a path (embroidery)
3. Riddle.
They were torn into shreds, knitted across the field,
They beat me, they beat me,
They twisted, weaved,
They locked us up and sat us on the table.
The answer: flax.
4. Select and paste a photo of spring work in your family.
Page 54-55. Ancient spring holidays
1. Guess the riddle. Write down the answer. Test yourself using the Application.
The bridge lies
For seven miles,
At the end of the bridge -
Golden Mile.
Guess: GREAT LENT AND EASTER.
2. Read the lyrics of the song used to congratulate the newlyweds. Instead of blanks, write down wishes.
Is the owner still at home?
Is the master in the house?
Congratulations on a great job,
With Alexeyushka!
With a young vine,
With Tatyanushka!
How many stumps are there in the forest -
We wish you so many sons!
How many hummocks are there in the meadow?
We wish so many daughters!
3. Read the text of the Russian song about the birch tree. Underline all the kind words in the lyrics. Write down words with color meanings.
Affectionate words (they must be emphasized): birch tree, breeze, rain.
Words with color meanings: green, turn green, white, light brown.
4. Select and paste a photo of the spring holiday according to the ancient calendar of the peoples of your region.
Happy Easter - Christ is risen!
Page 56-57. Be healthy!
1. Draw what games you like to play in the spring. Instead of drawings, you can place photographs here.
2. Think and write down what qualities are developed in the games you like to play in the spring.
Answer: Creativity, friendliness, patience.
3. Ask the elders in the family to tell you about the rules of one of the games of the peoples of your region.
Gorodki is a Russian folk sports game. In this game, it is necessary to “knock out” by throwing “city” bats from certain distances - figures composed in various ways from five wooden cylinders (chocks), called “towns” or “ryukhi”.
To play towns, 15 pieces are used. The winner is the player or team that spent the least number of bits on knocking out pieces. The pieces begin to knock out from the kon (far line). If you knock out at least one town, the remaining ones are knocked out from the semi-con (near line); The “closed letter” figure is knocked out only from the stake, and first - the town in the center, indicating the “mark”. Each game can consist of 6, 10 or 15 pieces. All figures except the 15th are built on the front line of the city.
A town is considered knocked out when it has completely reached the back or side lines of the city. If a town flies forward to the penalty line or beyond it in the direction of the half-cone, then it is placed in the suburbs, opposite the city center: 20 cm from the penalty line if at least one town is knocked out of the figure or 40 cm if it is not knocked out of the figure not a single town. A town that goes beyond the line and rolls back into a city or suburb is considered knocked out.
Think and write down what qualities this folk game develops.
Answer: Dexterity, strength, eye, ability to concentrate.
Page 58-59. Nature conservation in spring
2. Using a textbook, color these representatives of the Red Book of Russia. Sign their names.
3. Write a story about some mushroom, plant or animal listed in the Red Book of Russia.
Ram mushroom (Grifola curly)
The ram mushroom is a rare and very interesting species. Usually it chooses forests with broad-leaved trees for its habitat. He likes to settle on maples and oaks, less often choosing chestnuts and beech trees as his host. These mushrooms are collected only in August and September, and the weight of one mushroom can sometimes reach ten kilograms.
Page 60-61. Spring walk
Photos from the walk:
The rooks have arrived
Willow blossoms
Primrose
Page 62-65. Summer is red
1. Names of the summer months.
1 column: Junius, Julius, Augustus
Column 2: June, July, August
Column 3 (in Ukrainian): cherven, lipen, serpen
2. Write down the names of the summer months in the language of the peoples of your region that are associated with
1) with phenomena of inanimate nature;
2) with natural phenomena;
3) with the difficulty of people.
You can select from the page: Names of months associated with phenomena of living and inanimate nature, with the labor of people
3. In different parts of our great Motherland, summer has its own term. Write down the dates when summer comes to your area and when it leaves.
Hint: here you don’t need to look for holiday dates in ancient calendars, because the question doesn’t require it. Just write when it gets warm in your area. For example, in the Krasnodar Territory, summer often begins in mid-May and ends in early October. In the Urals and Siberia, summer comes in June and leaves in August.
4. Place a photograph or drawing of your hometown (village), taken in the summer. Come up with and write a signature.
Park in summer
5. Using a tear-off calendar, find out how long the daylight hours last on the days of the summer solstice, summer solstice and on Peter's Day. Write down your observations.
Note: Day length is recorded for Moscow.
6. Mark the picture that shows the position of the sun in summer.
Answer: in the extreme picture on the right. The sun is located highest on it, the trees are dressed in foliage.
7. Write down the dates:
8. Watch the weather in summer. Make observations and record the results in a table.
* If you were unable to observe the weather, then the Gismeteo website will help you - a weather diary for schoolchildren, where you need to select a city and date and see weather data.
Page 66-67. Summer holidays and work
Bent in an arc, In the summer in the meadow, In the winter on a hook - SCYTHE
Toothed, but not biting - RAKE.
3. Cut out the drawings of the gifts of summer from the application. Paste them in the windows from left to right in the same way as the holidays of the three Saviors come one after another in August.
HONEY APPLES NUTS
Holiday dates:
4. Draw a symbol for the expression “all year round.”
Page 68. Summer walk
Post any of your photos in the summer.
If something is not clear, ask in the comments.
Slide 1
The surface of our region
4th grade
Slide 2
Relief
Convex image on a plane. The structure of the earth's surface.
Slide 3
The surface is flat
When you are outside a city or village, you see the area around you. The terrain surface varies. In some places there are neither large elevations nor deep depressions. Such a surface is called flat or plain. In some plains, increases can be observed. These are hills. A plain that has hills on it is called a hilly plain.
Slide 4
flat plain
Slide 5
Slide 6
Ravine
There are ravines on both hilly and flat plains. Often ravines have steep, sheer slopes, stretch for several kilometers in length, reaching a width and depth of several tens of meters. Streams often flow along the bottom of ravines. After heavy rainfalls and melting snow, the streams become turbulent, fast and erode the ravine even more. So the ravine grows in breadth and depth.
Slide 7
Image of the plain on the map
Plains are depicted on maps in green and yellow. On the territory of Russia there are two plains: East European and West Siberian.
Slide 8
The surface is mountainous
The tops of high mountains are often covered with sparkling in the sun eternal ice– glaciers. Often glaciers have a bizarre shape: sometimes like a hat with earflaps placed on the head of a giant rock; then like a spreading tree, stretching its icy branches to the side from the trunk. The slopes of such mountains can be steep and precipitous, and individual rocks seem about to break off and fly down, carrying everything with them. But often the slopes of such mountains are covered with lush forests.
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Variety of mountains
There are low mountains with almost no glaciers. Usually different plants grow on their slopes and tops. Often in the mountains there are only bare rocks or rocky places. Mountain rivers and streams are stormy and swift. Beautiful lakes in the mountains. They are small in size, but often very deep, with crystal clear water.
Slide 12
Slide 13
Image on the map
Mountains on maps depict brown colors. The higher the mountains, the darker their color on the map. On the territory of Russia there are the Caucasus Mountains, the Ural Mountains, and Altai.
Slide 14
Plains and mountains in human life
Humans use different surface forms in different ways. On the plains, people plow the land, sow grain, plant vegetables, and plant gardens. Part of the plains is occupied by meadows and pastures. Cattle are grazed on pastures and hay is harvested in meadows. Vast areas of the plains are covered with forests. Timber is harvested in the forests. It is convenient to build roads, cities, and towns on the plains.