How to make stove heating in a country house. We do our own heating in the dacha. How to choose the right heating system for your dacha

Construction process country house In addition to erecting walls, installing floors and roofs, it includes many activities that subsequently ensure the comfort of residents. One of the most important stages of work is the installation of a heating system, which ensures the possibility of living in the cold season. The improvement and spread of construction technologies make it possible to make the best choice from a variety of heating options for a country house.

Types of heating - pros and cons of different systems

Despite new types of heating appearing periodically, such as solar heating, the vast majority of owners country houses They use classic heating methods that have been proven for decades. The most common of them:

1. 1. Heating with solid fuel.
2. 2. Gas heating.
3. 3. Electric heating.

In addition, there is currently big choice solutions that use combined fuel, that is, they can heat a building both using electricity and by burning various types of fuel.

Each option has its own advantages and disadvantages. The simplest and cheapest way to heat a country house is to use a gas-fired boiler. Its advantages are obvious - low fuel cost, heating based on the “turn it on and forget it” principle, the ability to adjust the required temperature in the rooms, safe operation thanks to modern equipment. Gas heating has only one drawback - if there is no centralized gas main near the country house, you will have to install a separate pipe at your own expense. The costs of such work are comparable to the cost of building a house.

Boilers running on solid or liquid fuel will cost less, but their feature is an increased fire hazard. It is also necessary to constantly monitor the availability of the fuel necessary to generate heat, so this option cannot be called autonomous. Such solutions are perfect for those cases when a country house is used periodically, upon arrival the boiler is flooded and fuel is added throughout the entire period of stay in the country house to maintain the optimal temperature in the premises. Operating heating systems powered by wood, coal or fuel oil will cost more than using gas equipment, but much cheaper than electricity.

Heating systems using electricity are the most convenient and safe to use. The advantages of this solution are its complete autonomy, no need for fuel storage, and the ability to automatically adjust the temperature in the room without outside intervention. Modern electric heating systems even have the ability to be adjusted remotely from a smartphone, if available cellular communications on a suburban area. The disadvantages include the high cost of electricity and equipment when using individual devices in each room.

Also, for each specific country house, the choice of heating system will depend on the area and duration of operation:

1. 1. A small country house with an area of ​​up to 30 m², used in the summer. It is preferable to use solid fuel convection boilers that do not require connection to coolant lines, or gas boilers, operating independently from a liquefied gas cylinder.
2. 2. Single or two-storey house up to 100 m², used for year-round living. In this case, it is advisable to use a centralized heating system with coolant supplied through pipes to the heating radiators. In this case, you can use a gas, electric, solid fuel or combined type of boiler, depending on the availability of energy resources.
3. 3. Country house with an area of ​​100 m². Buildings of this type are usually built in holiday villages where there are centralized boiler houses, or where a gas main runs throughout the village. It is recommended to use central heating or gas, however, in the absence of such an option, you can also use boilers of any type with a circulation system with a liquid coolant.

Calculation and preparatory work

Modern heating boilers, especially those using natural gas as fuel, require fairly high qualifications during installation. However, with the proper desire, it is quite possible to install heating in a dacha with your own hands.

Regardless of what type of boiler is used as a heat generator, the pipe layout and coolant circulation principles are the same and depend on design features home and materials used.

When calculating the power of the boiler and installed radiators, the following standards should be adhered to per 10 m²:

1. 1. For southern regions – 0.8–1.0 kW/10 m².
2. 2. For middle zone– 1.0–1.5 kW/10 m².
3. 3. For northern and cold regions – 1.6–2.5 kW/10 m².

Before starting work, you must purchase all the necessary equipment and consumables:

Single-circuit heating system

A single-pipe or single-circuit heating system, also called “Leningrad”, involves the following stages of work. First, the cold coolant is heated in the heating device (boiler) to the desired temperature. Then, as a result of the operation of the circulation pump, the heated liquid moves through the pipes and sequentially enters the heating devices, releasing thermal energy to the rooms in turn. Thus, the liquid cools down on each radiator and the coolant reaches the last radiators already cooled down, as a result of which the room farthest from the boiler turns out to be the coldest, and the whole house warms up unevenly.

Work on installing the heating system should begin by installing heating devices (radiators), an expansion tank and a heating boiler at pre-selected locations. In this case, you must adhere to some rules:

1. 8. The distance from the window sill to the radiator must be at least 70 mm. This is necessary to form an optimal flow of heated air.
2. 9. The distance from the heating device to the wall is at least 50 mm, otherwise, due to poor circulation, the radiators will not have time to warm the air flow to the desired temperature.
3. 10. The expansion tank is located near the boiler, usually in the attic.
4. 11. We install the circulation pump at the final stage of the water flow cycle in front of the boiler.
5. 12. If a boiler with an open flame is used, it is necessary to provide metal pipes for it - adapters 0.5–1 m long, to the ends of which metal-plastic or propylene pipes will be connected.

After all the devices are securely fixed in their regular places, we begin the installation of pipes. For greater aesthetics, it is advisable to carry out all work using a building level.

1. 1. At the end of the first adapter pipe, screw in a tee, to one end of which we connect the pipe going to the expansion tank, to the other - the pipe going to the first heating device.
2. 2. We must connect the inlet pipe from the boiler to the upper (inlet) hole of the radiator.
3. 3. We connect the outlet pipe from the first radiator to it from below and connect it to the inlet (upper) hole of the second radiator.
4. 4. Similarly, we connect all remaining heating devices.
5. 5. Connect the outlet pipe of the last radiator to the inlet of the circulation pump.
6. 6. Connect the pump output to the boiler inlet adapter pipe.

Important! When using a circulation pump in a liquid heating system, we strongly recommend using a backup (bypass) path for liquid movement. This will greatly facilitate the replacement of the device in the event of its failure, which is not so rare.

After installing the system, it is necessary to check it for leaks. To do this, fill the coolant through the expansion tank, turn on the circulation pump and carefully monitor the devices and connections for leaks until all elements are completely filled with liquid.

Double-circuit heating system

A two-pipe heating system for a summer residence requires greater material consumption and, accordingly, labor costs. Its main difference from the one described above is the use of two circuits, one of which supplies hot coolant simultaneously to all heating devices, and through the second the liquid moves back to the boiler. Thanks to this scheme, heating of all rooms of the house is carried out evenly. The main features of installing such a system are as follows:

1. 1. We lay pipes of both circuits along the entire perimeter of the house.
2. 2. Using tees, we remove a piece of pipe from the supply (hot) circuit to each heating device and connect it to the upper (inlet) hole of the radiator.
3. 3. We also take a piece of pipe from the outlet of each radiator and connect it with a tee to the return (cold) circuit.

Thus, the cold circuit begins at the first heating device and ends with a connection to the circulation pump, and the hot circuit pipe begins at the tee at the heating boiler and ends with a connection to the inlet of the last radiator.

Electric heating is more expensive, but safer

Heating using electrical energy can be carried out in two ways. The first is the use of a boiler powered by an electrical network, which, similar to a gas or solid fuel one, heats a liquid coolant, which, in turn, heats the premises of the house.

The second method is to use autonomous heating devices in each room of the dacha. This option is more expensive, but has several advantages:

• The absence of liquid circuits simplifies the installation and further operation of the entire heating system.
• Individual temperature control is possible in each individual room.
• Modern electrical devices have built-in protection against overheating and short circuit, which significantly increases the operational safety of the entire system.

The most commonly used electric heating devices in the country include: an infrared emitter installed on the ceiling or wall; convector heater; a mobile system of warm electric floors, which is made in the form of a film and can be easily spread (removed) if necessary.

Many people are accustomed to considering a dacha as a purely summer building. As a last resort, people relax there during more or less warm seasons. Not quite the right opinion. More and more people are leaving for the countryside for the weekend, even in bad weather conditions. The problem of warming up a country house, which is sure to arise, can be solved with the help of various electric heaters.

Why electricity?

Should I install gas or water heating in my dacha? If you use the structure irregularly in cold weather, it is not advisable to install such systems.

In addition, not all holiday villages are connected to the central gas supply line. And although heating with electricity is not the most economical, it is ahead of many other methods in terms of environmental friendliness and efficiency.

Electric heaters

Modern heating devices not only successfully cope with heating a dacha, the degree of comfort in using such equipment is quite high. Setting the thermostat allows you to maintain the set temperature in the room even during your absence.

Some models are equipped with a timer that can be programmed to turn on the device before traveling out of town. Such “smart” devices can be controlled by sending SMS messages. In this way, you can both turn on and off the electrical appliance.

Convectors

The most common devices designed for electric heating today are special convectors. Installation of such devices does not take much time. Most often they are installed on the wall, in rare cases on the floor. The operation of the device is based on the principle of air convection.

The convector provides uniform heating of the entire room. A heating element built into the bottom of the device heats the air passing through it. Warm air currents quickly heat the room. The heater's thermostat maintains a constant temperature in the home.

Oil radiators

Inside the body of such devices there is oil, which is heated by a heating element. The surface of the device heats up and transfers heat into the room. To speed up heat exchange, some models are equipped with fans.

Infrared heaters

Usually installed on the ceiling. The infrared waves emitted by such devices are absorbed by surrounding surfaces and transformed into thermal energy. When heated, the surfaces give off heat to the air in the room.

Using such devices, it is possible to organize heating of a specific area in cases where it is not necessary to heat the entire room. The capabilities of IR heaters can significantly reduce energy costs.

Warm floor

Heating with electricity can be organized using cable heating. Special heating cable laid on the floor, connected to a power source, and a covering is laid on top. It is best to implement such heating at the stage of construction or major renovation.

Autonomous heating system

It is better to heat a large country house or cottage using a boiler. To do this, you will need to install pipes and install radiators. But as a result, you will get a reliable, efficient, environmentally friendly heating system.

Modern electric boilers are compact, easily controllable devices that create a comfortable temperature regime in the room. They have a high efficiency and do not require the purchase, transportation and storage of fuel.

Electric boilers are available in three varieties:

1. induction;
2. heating elements;
3. electrode.

Heating a house with an induction boiler will cost less than with a heating element, but the device itself is more expensive. An electrode heater is considered the most economical, but it cannot be used to heat floors.

Combination boilers

In rural areas, the most practical and cost-effective option is heating with electricity and wood. This method involves minimum costs for equipment and its maintenance.

The advantage of the combined device is that it can be used both solid fuel, and electricity. The design of the device allows you to maintain the set temperature for a long time, even during your absence from the dacha. Moreover, the device will operate at the lowest power.

Possible power outages are also not a big deal; you just need to stock up on firewood for the winter.

A country house must have heating, even if it is a seasonal home. Depending on whether the house will be habitable in winter or not, the type of heating and its arrangement are selected. This could be capital heating of a country house with all safety devices and an automation system, or it could be simple heating of the necessary rooms with electrical appliances - in any case, the premises need to be heated at least to a minimum extent so that the structure does not begin to prematurely collapse from constant exposure to moisture and dampness .

Types of heating systems and units

Which heating system for a country house to choose, which energy carriers will work in the circuit, how to install and use heating, depends on an extensive list of factors. These are existing engineering Communication(supply of gas, electricity, water), and the layout of the premises in the house, and Construction Materials, from which the house was built, and the number of residents, and the frequency of visits to the house in winter. Even the type of foundation affects efficient heating dachas in winter.

There are several options for heating systems that are offered to the consumer depending on the energy resources that can be used in the house:

1. Heating is on gas;
2. Heating by electric appliances with or without water heating connection;
3. Conventional wood (coal) stove, fireplace;
4. Liquid fuel or solid fuel heating units at the dacha in winter;
5. Universal heating boilers.

Gas heating of a country house

Gas heating boilers are the most economical and efficient devices for heating homes, but greater savings are observed with permanent and year-round residence in the country. The combustion of gas and its conversion into thermal energy occurs in a gas boiler, which, using a pump, supplies the heated coolant to heating radiators throughout the house. To operate without constant human supervision, gas equipment is equipped with a control and automation system, so you can safely leave the house unattended for a while if you heat it with gas.

The disadvantage, or rather inconvenience, is that connections to the central gas main need to be registered a large number of permits, install a gas meter, and for all this you will have to contact the appropriate specialists, which also requires certain expenses.

Gas can be not only main-line, but also bottled, which greatly simplifies the connection, but complicates the operation of the equipment: you will have to constantly monitor the fuel level and change cylinders. But if you are far from the gas mains, this is a good solution.

A cylinder, or a group of cylinders, is connected to the boiler through a reducer. This use of gas is more economical, and when it becomes possible to connect to the central gas pipeline, this is very easy to do using minimal re-equipment of the system. But even for such a scheme for connecting gas to a heated dacha, you will need permission from the gas service, connecting a meter and the participation of gas specialists. Connecting any gas source yourself will result in heavy fines for you.

Electrical heating – boilers and heaters

Another way to heat a country house? Any home always has electricity, and this is not the cheapest, but the most accessible way to equip a heating system. Any electrical appliances are small in size, modern electrical equipment will fit perfectly into the interior of the dacha, and installation, care and maintenance of such systems always takes a minimum of time and does not require special skills.

To economically heat your dacha, you can install an electric boiler with water heating, or simply use individual electric heaters for each room, which will undoubtedly be more expensive than a single system. Electric water heating works in the same way as gas heating - the coolant heated in the boiler moves through a radiator system using a circulation pump. There is no need to describe the operating principle of electric air heaters, fan heaters, infrared emitters, convectors and oil heaters - everyone knows perfectly well how it works.

It is not possible to heat a dacha efficiently and in the best possible way with electric heaters - to do this, you need to heat all the rooms at once, which will lead to a large consumption of electricity. It will be more economical to connect an electric boiler and water heating. These can be ordinary water radiators or a “warm floor” system, as with gas equipment. The use of piece electrical appliances will be even more ineffective if the dacha has a basement and/or attic.

The advantage of good electric boilers is silent operation without the emission of smoke, combustion products and odors, as well as simple installation of equipment that does not require permission from government agencies, plus absolute environmental friendliness of operation, an automatic monitoring and control system in the winter season and high level any safety – fire, sanitary, electrical, chemical, etc.

Among the disadvantages, we can note the high energy consumption of any electrical appliances. The average power of an electric boiler is 3.5-7 kW, an electric heater is 1-2.2 kW, and for these devices it will be necessary to equip a separate electrical panel, connect RAM and other automatic response devices in case of accidents and overloads, and also, possibly, connect three- , and not a single-phase electrical network.

Alternative heating technologies using electricity

In addition to gas or electric heating equipment, how can you heat your dacha using other methods and devices? There are quite a lot of alternative options, in some cases more profitable, sometimes easier to install and operate, but most often they are used if it is better to heat the dacha in the cold season, but only when residents come to it, that is, periodically.

Electric infrared emitters are the most advantageous electrical equipment when choosing how to heat your dacha in winter. Infrared radiation does not heat the air in the house, but objects, which then gradually release heat into the room. Such objects also include the walls of rooms, and this is a very large area, so with such a large heat transfer coefficient, electricity consumption will be minimal, and the heating effect will be maximum. Typically, such heaters are installed as high as possible, and often on the ceiling.

Electric fireplaces are characterized by high electricity consumption and serve more as an element of interior design rather than for heating. Although, if you do not save on electricity, such a device will heat the room very quickly.

Convectors are high efficiency, low price, lightweight and convenient design, which can be stationary or mobile, which allows you to place the device anywhere in the room. No special installation is needed - the convector can stand on its own legs, on wheels, or (in a stationary version) hang on brackets on the wall.

Oil-filled electric radiators consume more electricity than others, as they have a high heating inertia. But they also cool very slowly, without consuming electricity. Such devices are also available in stationary or mobile versions.

Thermal electric ventilation devices are what you can use to heat your dacha in winter as an alternative heating method. The devices are quite cheap; they warm up the rooms much faster than other equipment, since warm air is supplied into the room from a spiral using a fan. The disadvantages include noisy operation and drying of the air, which is undesirable when children are in the room.

Stove heating of a dacha

How to heat a dacha if neither electricity nor gas has been supplied yet? The solution is an ordinary wood-burning stove in its classic design. A brick structure takes a long time to heat up, but also retains heat for a long time, and the use of coal makes such a stove an indispensable assistant in heating a dacha. There is energy savings, high inertia of the stove, and with proper equipment of the stove, it is possible to cook food, heat water for domestic needs, and you can even make water radiator heating without a pump - according to the principle of natural circulation of hot water. The only drawback of stoves is the high fire hazard, especially in wooden houses. In addition, a separate room or building must be allocated for firewood or coal, and in order to maintain the fire, you need to have a constant supply of fuel in front of the stove itself, that is, an additionally allocated and fenced small place.

Except brick oven, you can build a regular potbelly stove or fireplace:

A fireplace is equipment that you can not only build yourself, but also buy a ready-made metal product with additional options. Homemade fireplaces offer a wider opportunity to experiment with both area and shape and content. In addition, even a factory-made fireplace can be improved at least externally - for example, by covering it with decorative facing bricks.

Potbelly stoves are not only the usual homemade stove made from an iron barrel or welded steel sheets. Modern factory-made potbelly stoves are quite suitable for installation in the most common premises; they are made in different shapes and can be filled with a wide variety of functionality, for example, cooking or heating water for domestic needs, which would not be a problem at the dacha. Therefore, how to heat a dacha in winter is decided by choosing among the huge variety of proposed solutions. For example, if I heat my dacha with wood, then I have a choice of a regular stove, a Russian stove, a fireplace, a potbelly stove, and a solid fuel boiler.

Liquid fuel boilers

A boiler running on diesel fuel, waste oil, fuel oil or kerosene does not work as an independent unit - it, like other boilers, must be connected to a liquid heating system with radiators, batteries or registers located in all living rooms dachas The disadvantage of such heating is the need for a separate room or building for the boiler room, as well as a place for storing liquid energy. The room must be ventilated and equipped in accordance with fire safety rules.

ZhT boilers can be equipped with one or two circuits. One circuit is only heating the dacha without the possibility of organizing hot water supply, the second circuit is used to heat water for domestic needs. A double-circuit boiler can be with a built-in boiler (to save fuel at low temperatures), or with a flow-through heater, including an electric one. According to their design, HT boilers can be floor-mounted or wall-mounted.

Floor heating equipment is quite large in size, so it is recommended to install it in a separate room. In addition, any liquid fuel equipment produces characteristic loud sounds. Wall-mounted boilers can be installed in the kitchen, and additional functionality is used to suppress noise; they are smaller in size, but such a boiler will not be able to heat a large dacha.

Solid fuel heating devices

Heating equipment that runs on solid fuels (firewood, briquettes, coal, pallets, shavings, sawdust, straw, peat, etc.) is becoming increasingly popular due to the rise in prices of other energy sources and the fairly cheap price of solid fuels of natural origin. Such boilers also work only in tandem with a water system for delivering coolant to heated rooms.

Advantages of TDK - reliable operation, simple maintenance, possibility self-installation equipment, inexpensive price, the ability to use different solid fuels, the main types of which were listed above, autonomy of operation and safety monitoring systems, long burning time of one batch of fuel - from 18 hours to two days.

Negative aspects in the operation of solid fuel boilers are low efficiency, requirements for a constant supply of fuel, the need for a separate room or building for its storage, constant cleaning of the chimney and combustion chamber from soot.

For country houses, one of the most pressing issues is the organization of heating. Although most people spend little time there, this issue is still important. Especially when it’s damp and cool outside. Every person wants to relax in a dry and warm room. So, where to start heating a country house? First of all, you need to collect all the necessary documents. The rules require this. Next, you need to decide which heating system will be installed and what materials are needed. Next, we’ll tell you in more detail about how to make heating in a dacha.

Basic moments

Country houses were built in different time from various materials. Therefore, when selecting heating for a summer house, it is recommended to take into account the following points:

1. Find out what the walls and the base of the building are made of.
2. You also need to clarify whether there are insulating materials in the construction of the house. The fact is that insulated buildings can retain heat inside much longer.
3. It is necessary to determine how fire hazardous the building is. The fact is that there are heating systems in the country that can lead to a fire.
4. In addition, you need to find out which coolants are most convenient for you to purchase. Perhaps there is a point selling firewood, coal or diesel fuel nearby. Obviously, the further you have to travel for fuel, the higher the cost of heating a country house will be.
5. The cost of heating is also affected by the cost of storing coolant.

The heating options available today can be divided into several groups.

So, depending on the coolant used, it can be:

• electric,
• steam,
• air,
• heating hot water.

According to the energy source, heating can be divided as follows: electric, gas, liquid fuel, solid fuel (coal or wood).

Each heating system has its own advantages and disadvantages. The most expensive type is considered to be diesel fuel, and the cheapest is heating the dacha with gas. But it is gas that is most difficult to supply to a suburban area. Therefore, this type of heating is used very rarely in the country.

How to determine the piping layout

When choosing a heating device, you need to start from how the pipes are located in the country house. The calculation of the boiler power also depends on this. Today there are two schemes for heating a dacha:

• single-pipe,
• two-pipe.

Let's take a closer look at each of these types:

1. Single-pipe scheme. This system is the easiest and most economical to install heating. This is due to the fact that no additional pipeline is required for this. This option is most suitable for heating country house with an area of ​​up to 90 sq.m.
2. Two-pipe scheme. It allows you to heat large areas, both in one-story and two-story buildings. In both cases, heat distribution occurs evenly between all heating devices. Circulation in the system can be either natural or forced. In the latter case, a circulation pump is installed. In any case, it is very important to maintain the slope of the heating pipes during their installation.

It is recommended to use systems with vertical risers. To heat an attic with a large roof angle, the use of a horizontal wiring diagram is prohibited. Therefore, it is better to heat country houses with such an attic using a two-pipe scheme with natural circulation, using upper or lower wiring. If the boiler is installed in the basement, then the height of the pipe must be more than 11 m.

Thus, the main criteria for choosing a heating method for a country house are as follows:

• cost of coolant and equipment;
• existing pipe arrangement system in the country house;
• the cost of installing heating at the dacha;
• price of maintenance and repair work of the heating system.

In addition, you need to estimate how long you are going to spend at the dacha during the cold season. After all, it is during this period that heating is required.

Boiler selection

Next, when installing a heating system in a country house, it is necessary to correctly select the boiler power. It is calculated depending on parameters such as the area of ​​the building and the specific power of the installed boiler. To perform the correct calculation, you must know the area of ​​the country house. Next, you will need to divide this value by the specific power. Approximately 25% of the power should be added to the result obtained. It will be a reserve in case of severe frosts.

To determine the power of the unit, you can use the table:

Boilers produced today are usually equipped with “smart” machines that can regulate the temperature, as well as control the circulation pump and the hot water supply circuit. Thanks to temperature control, the units can operate most of the time in the so-called “gentle mode,” while saving fuel.

Depending on the installation location, the boiler can be built-in or floor-standing. The choice of one option or another depends only on you. Next, when installing heating in a dacha with your own hands, you need to prepare the place for installing the heating unit. To do this, the room must be cleared of existing furniture and other items that may interfere with installation work.

Main characteristics of radiators

When you have chosen a boiler, it’s time to select suitable heating devices, which are usually used as radiators or radiators for a summer residence. Let's look at how to choose them correctly.

Basically, these systems differ in the material of manufacture:

• For example, there are commercially available aluminum radiators. They are most suitable for the private sector. Their advantages include fast heating, good heat transfer and good appearance. Disadvantages include high cost and poor tolerance to pressure changes. In addition, they should not be used in rooms where there is already central heating. Bimetallic radiators are less sensitive to pressure changes. Their base is made of steel, capable of withstanding any pressure and its changes, which is typical for central heating. It is through this pipe that heated water (or other coolant) moves.
• Radiators are often made of steel. Due to its quality and reasonable price, this equipment option has become quite popular among consumers. The only disadvantage that can be noted is that upon contact with air, steel oxidizes. This threatens the formation of rust. These radiators are most suitable for use in closed systems from which water is not drained in summer.
• One of the most commonly used options are cast iron radiators. Their advantages include durability. These radiators can withstand almost anything. So, they are not afraid of pressure surges, water Bad quality, unknown chemical composition, frequent entry of air bubbles into the system.

The heating system also requires high-quality pipes. It’s sometimes difficult to choose the right option without the necessary knowledge. Today you can find pipes made of steel, metal-plastic, polypropylene or copper on sale. For private country houses, polypropylene pipes are considered the most suitable option.

"Warm baseboard"

For heating country houses, a panel system is often used, which is called “warm baseboard”. It is mounted around the perimeter of the room. When using it, the generated heat is distributed along the wall, from where it rises. This creates a heat shield that prevents heat from escaping from the room. In addition, it prevents the formation of condensation on the walls. When using such a device, the walls of the room are evenly heated. That is, there are no cold zones or frozen corners. In addition, heated walls begin to radiate heat inward, making the room more comfortable.

What is this system? This is a collapsible aluminum box with a height of 140 mm and a width of 30 mm. It is mounted in place of a regular baseboard. Water or antifreeze is usually used as a coolant in such a device. Inside such a housing there is a heat exchanger consisting of a pair of copper pipes. A warm baseboard is connected in almost the same way as a regular radiator. There are special devices on sale that connect directly to the power grid.

When installing a “warm baseboard”, it must be connected to the supply and return pipelines supplied from the collector. For this you can use PVC or polyethylene pipes. Each “warm baseboard” can be equipped with a thermostat, with which the temperature is regulated, maintained at a minimum level when the owners are absent, and thereby save heat, but maintain comfortable conditions.

Such a heating system, which includes a “warm baseboard” and an electric boiler, allows you to maintain a minimum temperature in the country house when the owners are away. It may seem that such heating requires a lot of costs. But in fact, an electric boiler is very suitable for a well-insulated small dacha. You can install it yourself. It is safe and reliable.

Electric heating for the cottage

Perhaps, an electric boiler, as mentioned above, will be the best option for heating a country house. It has a lot of advantages: it is easy to install, does not require the installation of a chimney (unlike a stove for heating a dacha) and the allocation of a separate room. But, the most important thing is that such equipment is equipped with a gsm unit, which allows you to control the operation of the unit remotely using a regular mobile phone.

This boiler is quite safe; there is no open fire in it. It is capable of operating at almost any coolant temperature. In addition, it can independently restore its operation after a forced stop due to a power outage, which could happen, for example, during a failure. The only disadvantages that can be highlighted are the high costs of operating such equipment - electricity still cannot be called cheap. Therefore, every calorie of heat that is generated by such a unit should not be wasted. To do this, the dacha needs to be properly insulated, which will reduce heat loss. In addition, you should use more efficient heating devices rather than simple radiators.

Heating a cottage: video

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Do-it-yourself heating in the country: stove, water and electric systems

For many modern inhabitants of the concrete jungle, the dacha serves as a refuge from the bustle of the city, both in summer and winter. But in order to relax comfortably in a country house on rainy autumn days and in winter frosts, you need to provide warmth and comfort there. In this article we will describe different kinds heating systems for suburban buildings.

The easier and faster it is to achieve a comfortable temperature in the country from a heating system, the more popular it is

Methods of heating a country house

Of course, in the case of detached housing construction, especially at a considerable distance from large populated areas, exclusively autonomous heating options are used. Each homeowner solves this problem in his own way, but there are, of course, indisputable rules that must be taken into account.

Autonomous country heating with your own hands directly depends on several conventions:

Clearly shown in percentage heat loss through various building elements

• The scale of the building.
• The nature of the materials from which the country house is built.
• Fire safety level of the building.
• Is it possible to connect to a centralized power supply or gas mains?
• Availability of other energy resources.

For your information! During construction work on a summer cottage, where there is still no possibility of connecting to a constant source of electricity, it is advisable to rent a diesel generator for the summer cottage.

Its power will be quite enough to operate construction tools and simple household appliances.

In principle, heating systems, depending on the heat source, can be divided into:

• Stoves.
• Electrical.
• Mermen.

We will describe the above options in more detail in the following sections.

Stove heating

A stove can be a classic option, but not everyone can arrange such heating for their dacha with their own hands; they will need the skills and abilities of a mason, which, unfortunately, most owners of suburban areas cannot boast of.

Attention! Stove heating device in wooden house undesirable from a fire safety point of view.

Electric or water heating is better suited for a wooden log house.

Another thing is installing a steel or cast iron stove at the dacha.

The modern market for these products offers us a huge selection of products, where everyone can choose what they need according to any of the criteria:

• Price.
• Possibility of using various fuels.
• Design solution.
• Unit power.

In the absence of a central gas supply, this is perhaps the most economical way to heat a country house.

In addition, factory-made cast iron and steel stoves have a number of other advantages:

• Such fireplaces are easy and simple to install.
• They are able to heat a small house in 40-50 minutes. until a comfortable temperature is achieved.
• The service life of these units with proper operation, as the instructions say, is practically unlimited.
• You can use locally available raw materials as fuel.

Interesting! Now many people are assembling country houses from block containers.

For these mobile and prefabricated buildings, heating using a cast iron stove for a summer residence, which is both quickly installed and dismantled for moving to another place, is perfect.

Small mobile stoves are convenient for temporary housing, or for installation during renovation work

The only disadvantages of this type of heating include the need to periodically add fuel and clean the ash pan from burnt-out residues. And also control draft for high-quality combustion and timely removal of combustion products.

Water heating

Modern materials and technologies for creating water heating systems make it possible to have almost urban comfort and convenience far beyond its borders. A similar do-it-yourself heating scheme in a dacha, in which a radiator is installed in each room, will allow you to achieve uniform heating of all rooms.

In addition, thinking about how to make the most best option When heating a country house, we should not forget the economic side of the issue. This is especially true for large houses (from 100 m2 and more), where stove heating is not entirely effective, and electric heating is very expensive.

The main disadvantage of a water system is that a separate room is required to install the tank, wiring and pump.

What does a DIY dacha heating scheme look like?

Fundamental components:

• The boiler is the main source of heat. It can run on:
  • Electricity. Such a boiler makes the owner energy dependent, which is impossible in some areas where the electricity supply is summer cottages carried out seasonally.
  • Gaza. The most optimal option for trouble-free and uninterrupted heating.
  • Solid fuel.
• Heating devices - radiators. According to the rules, radiators should be installed under windows and next to the front door, so it’s easy to independently calculate how many products you will need. For cast iron radiators, the number of sections is calculated based on the heated area (one per 1.5-2 m2). The radiator should be positioned in relation to other structures as follows:

The number of pipes depends on the selected heating system (in the photo there is a two-pipe version - separate supply and outlet)

• • No closer than 7 cm from the windowsill.
  • 10 cm from the floor (at least).
  • At a distance of 3-5 cm from the wall.
• A system of pipelines that supplies coolant (hot water) and returns it (in cooled form) back to the boiler.
• Shut-off valves. By not skimping on installing shut-off valves on each heating device, you will be able to repair or replace the radiator without shutting down the entire system.
• The circulation pump is installed directly in front of the boiler.
• Expansion tank.

Important! When the heating is turned off in cold weather, the water-filled system may fail due to rupture of pipes and damage to radiators.

If you need to turn off the boiler in winter, it is better to empty the heating system by draining the water or initially add an anti-freeze agent to the coolant.

The shapes of the radiators make it possible not to hide them behind false walls, but to emphasize a certain design of the room

Electric heating

As for the last type of heating of a living space, it can be called one of the most expensive, since it directly depends on electricity, which, in turn, is considered an expensive fuel. On the other hand, the arrangement of such a system does not require initial planning and design - electric radiators are simply mounted on the wall and connected to the network. (See also the article Convection heater for a summer residence: features.)

Stylish electric “batteries” that only require a connection to the network - affordable heating of a dacha with your own hands

Conclusion

Along with the classic methods of heating a home, there are several options alternative heating, which have proven themselves well and are quite suitable for a summer residence. Do not forget also about energy saving, in our case, this is minimizing heat loss through the structures of a country house that are not sufficiently insulated. In the video presented in this article you will find additional information on this topic.

Underfloor heating system is a good option for heating residential premises

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9dach.ru

Heating options for a summer residence

In cold weather, heating the dacha is required when the owners spend time there not only in summer, but also in winter. It is clear that this means a more or less permanent structure, and not some windswept iron trailer. The organization of heating of a country house has its own characteristics and depends on many conditions. You need to consider heating methods taking these conditions into account; this article will help you choose the best option.

What determines the choice of heating method for a summer house?

As a rule, a summer house is an object of periodic use, especially in winter. People travel outside the city to relax and enjoy clean air, and some even live in their dachas permanently.

The country houses themselves vary greatly - from light and poorly insulated to real cottages with several floors.

When choosing heating options for your dacha, you need to consider a number of important points:

• frequency and duration of stay in winter;
• what energy resources are available and will cost the least;
• distance from populated areas and organization of security of the holiday village;
• need for hot water supply.

In each case there may be additional nuances. For example, a dacha is combined with a bathhouse and it is more correct to provide one heat source for them. Or do you have the large family, then it is necessary to maintain more high temperature. The nuances must be taken into account when choosing a heating method.

Special attention It is worth paying attention to the issue of security, this is one of the features that distinguishes a dacha from an ordinary private house. Unfortunately, security in holiday villages is often poorly organized or non-existent, and burglaries are not uncommon. Imagine that you bought and installed expensive electric convectors, and they were stolen after you left. It turns out that the massiveness of the heat source plays an important role, so that it cannot be dragged away. These include heavy boilers, brick fireplaces, stoves, and so on.

Heating system requirements

Depending on individual conditions, different requirements may be imposed on the heating of a country house, but there are also general ones that will always be relevant:

• quick heating of rooms;
• the heating system must use available energy carriers, possibly several;
• reasonable cost of equipment and installation work;
• efficiency and economy;
• the ability to function in periodic mode and withstand frost during downtime without consequences.

In order to make it easier for you to choose the optimal method of heating your dacha, we will consider real options for heating with different energy sources and how well they meet the listed requirements. Then you can add your wishes to them and determine which method is better.

Electricity

At the moment, most holiday villages are not gasified, but electricity is available almost everywhere. Accordingly, electric autonomous heating without gas is of great interest and deserves consideration as one of the most affordable options. Its advantages are speed and low cost of installation, relatively low cost of equipment and reliability in terms of frequency of operation.

As for economy and efficiency, any electric heaters take first place in this regard. Their efficiency is 98-99%, which is higher than when burning any type of fuel.

In the modern market it is offered wide choose funds to heat the cottage with electricity. For well-guarded dachas or those where residents stay permanently, any of them are suitable:

• convectors and fan heaters;
• oil radiators;
• systems infrared heating;
• cable and film heated floors;
• water heating with electric boiler.

Electric fan heaters and convectors warm up the room the fastest, at least according to human sensations. Oil radiators take a little longer, but they also take longer to cool down. All these devices heat the air in the house and do not require installation, except for wall-mounted convectors. This household appliance can easily withstand the cold, and its maintenance comes down to periodic cleaning.

In an apartment, the light weight and size of an electric heater are an important advantage, while in an unguarded dacha this is a disadvantage; the devices are easy to steal. In addition, such electric heating will not provide the house with hot water, and for a certain part of people it causes discomfort and affects their well-being.

Infrared heating devices have the same disadvantages, only the higher cost of equipment and installation work must be added to them. The exception is portable infrared heaters, but they feel like they warm up rooms too slowly. To feel the heat emanating from them, you need to be in the radiator’s coverage area. On the other hand, infrared heating does not have a negative impact on human well-being.

Stationary heating means with electricity

Electric cable or film floors are perfect for heating a dacha. True, you will have to incur costs for the purchase of heating elements and installation under flooring or in a screed. But such equipment starts easily from subzero temperatures, and it is also impossible to steal.

Disadvantages are long-term heating of the premises and the inability to heat water; this requires an electric boiler or a separate water heater.

The most convenient and functional traditional heating method is a water system with an electric boiler as a heat source. His negative sides– significant financial costs for installing the system and for a long time heating the building. In addition, during your absence, the water system is in danger of defrosting. But by installing a small indirect heating boiler in addition to the boiler, you can get hot water for household needs at your dacha.

To avoid defrosting, you need to purchase antifreeze, and use it to prepare and pour liquid into the heating system.

Important disadvantages of electric heating in general are the high electricity tariff and the limited power consumption limit. Regarding various heaters, you could see for yourself that they all have pros and cons; the appropriate option is selected individually.

Gas

Of course, gas heating is one of the most convenient for a dacha; there will be quick heating and hot water. The efficiency of the installations is high, reaching 92%. But the price of the resource differs greatly in different countries. In the Russian Federation, heating a dacha with gas is realistic, in Belarus or Ukraine it is already problematic, where its price is much higher. And gas mains are not laid in dacha cooperatives, with rare exceptions.

When the house is gasified, heating in the dacha can be done in two ways:

• install a double-circuit boiler and mount pipelines with radiators;
• install gas convectors in the premises, thereby organizing air heating.

The main difficulty when installing gas heating is obtaining permission to connect to the main line. Carrying out the procedure in relation to country house not economically feasible. The solution is to heat with liquefied gas, but this only makes sense in Russia, where the price of fuel is acceptable.

Stove and solid fuel boiler

Heating your dacha with wood is the easiest thing to do if you are not in the desert. There is no need to obtain any permits, and it is impossible to drag away bulky equipment. Both the stove and the boiler feel normal at low temperatures, this is important for periodic use. The exception is boilers equipped with electronic control units; this modern technology may fail when started in cold weather. So it is better to organize heating of a country house with a solid fuel boiler of a simple design, without electronics. The efficiency of such units does not exceed 75%.

The heat generator, as in the case of gas, will have to be connected to a water heating system, filling it with antifreeze. Expect a significant investment initially Money, since equipment, piping elements and heating devices with pipelines will not be cheap. When the house is small, it is irrational; it is better to organize stove heating. The choice of metal stoves is extremely wide; you can choose the right one both for money and for every taste.

Metal and brick stoves with water heating quickly heat up and warm up the room; in addition, they can supply heat to radiators in adjacent rooms, as well as prepare water for hot water supply. But the efficiency of the furnaces is low - about 60%.

Building a brick stove is not always expensive; here you need to choose a successful design, for example, build a Dutch stove or a small Swedish stove. It can include a hob for cooking, an oven and a water tank. For aesthetes, we can advise you to build a fireplace out of brick or purchase a ready-made metal one.

Despite all their advantages, stoves and fireplaces require chimneys and also take up a lot of space. A solid fuel boiler can be taken outside into an extension, but the stove will take up useful space in the house.

Diesel fuel

This case is appropriate if the owner of the dacha has no more energy resources at his disposal. This really happens, diesel heating comes to the rescue when there is no gas, the limit on electricity consumption is too small, and transporting firewood is too far or expensive. The cost of the equipment is comparable to gas, as is the efficiency (92%), only connection permits are not required. This is where the positive aspects end, the reason is the price of diesel fuel, the operation of a diesel boiler cannot be called cheap.

To heat a dacha with diesel fuel, in addition to the boiler, you still need the same water heating system and radiators filled with antifreeze. The water heating function is also available if you purchase a dual-circuit heat generator. A warning is appropriate here: it is better to take the unit with a minimum of electronics, which can fail at subzero temperatures.

For those who like to do the heating installation themselves, there is an alternative: a homemade boiler using waste oil. You can make it yourself, spending a minimum of money. The game is worth the candle, provided that such fuel is available to you.

Conclusion

As a result of the review, we can conclude that for most summer residents it is most convenient to use electricity or burn solid fuel to heat their homes. By the way, you can significantly reduce the cost of purchasing wood-burning boilers and stoves if you make them yourself.

cotlix.com

Heating in the country: simple and interesting options

A person’s desire to take a break from work and the bustle of the city arises not only in summer, but also in winter - it is for this reason that one should think about heating a country house. To do this, it is not even necessary to hire specialists and pay them huge amounts of money to perform installation work - today’s technologies allow you to create such systems yourself. Don't believe me? Then let's figure it out together. In this article, together with the website moyadacha.org, we will look at the simplest ways in which you can make heating in your dacha with your own hands.

Heating installation in a dacha photo

Heating in the country: homemade heaters

By and large, craftsmen have learned to make almost any type of heating systems - solid fuel heaters, liquid heaters, electric heaters, and even gas heaters are no exception in this regard. But, naturally, electric heaters break all records. Do you know why? Because current is the easiest to control - in addition, it is much easier to steal, which in dachas, with their old meters, is not a problem at all. But this is not the point - among all that the “Kulibins” have done over the past half century, there are quite worthy options.

You can see the types of modern heaters for summer cottages in this video.

As an option, you can consider making your own electric heating boiler - using the same old water heating tank, it’s not that difficult to assemble. To do this, you will need welding - take a pipe with a diameter of 100 mm, cut into it a threaded coupling for the heating element and a pair of pipes for connecting the return and supply. The heating element is screwed in and the boiler is ready - all that remains is to assemble the water heating and enjoy your labors. By the way, such a system has one drawback - it takes a very long time to warm up, especially if we are talking about a heating system with natural coolant circulation.

How to make heating in a country house: electric convector

This, one might say, is generally an elementary option that allows you to heat your dacha with electricity very quickly. Moreover, unlike everything written above, modern electric convectors, which you will have to purchase in a store, warm up rooms very quickly. And that’s not all – among the advantages we can highlight the independence of each convector. What does this give? And the fact is that, at your discretion, you can regulate the temperature separately in each room - in addition, if necessary, you can always not heat a particular room at all.

Do-it-yourself heating in the countryside photo

All this, of course, is good, but this simple heating in a dacha has one significant drawback - you will need to completely replace the dacha electrical wiring. The power consumption here is calculated in kilowatts, and old wiring simply may not withstand the load. Alternatively, you can not completely change the wiring, but simply make a new one for the convectors - stretch the cables and install a standard grounded socket at the place of their installation. Again, you should remember about banal protection - circuit breakers, grounding and high-quality equipment.

Do-it-yourself heating in the country: solid fuel stoves

In addition to electric heating in the country, it is not so difficult to make your own heating system that runs on solid fuel - naturally, these are more complex heating systems, but there is nothing unrealistic. A little theory, desire and everything will work out in the best possible way. Options solid fuel heating enough.

In principle, other possibilities can be considered, or rather heating devices that use a different type of fuel. For example, with mastery of welding, you can make a heater that runs on liquid fuel (waste oil or kerosene). Also, you shouldn’t give up on classic heating systems, which perfectly show their advantages when heating large houses. In general, there are quite a lot of options, and, as they say, there is plenty to choose from - the main thing is to make this choice consciously and taking into account local circumstances.

And to conclude the topic about heating in the country, a few words about full-fledged water heating systems - for a small house, assembling them with your own hands is not as difficult as it might seem at first glance. Having in hand a wiring diagram and a boiler piping diagram, which are abundant on the Internet, as well as some theoretical knowledge of working with modern pipes, which can also be gleaned from the Internet, it is not difficult to assemble heating for 2, 3, or even 4 devices. Moreover, as mentioned above, having the skills to work with welding machine It is also easy to assemble a simple electric heating boiler.

Arrangement of a veranda at the dacha with your own hands

Do you think that such work can only be entrusted to professionals?

Of course, installing a wood-burning stove in the house or setting up a fireplace in the countryside seems much easier.
However, spend a few evenings studying the theoretical part, and you will be surprised to notice that making such heating yourself is quite possible.
An additional bonus for you will be that literally every centimeter will be familiar to you inside the water heating system, and if necessary, you can easily replace failed parts with your own hands.
Heating using liquid circulating in the system is recognized as the most beneficial for low-rise buildings.
Let's look at how to make water heating, what materials and equipment will be needed, and how to install it correctly.

What is required for installation?

We will need:

• boiler or oven;
• pipes;
• radiators;
• expansion tank;
• standard set of installation tools.

Before purchasing all this, it is worth understanding how water heating works and developing a plan for heating your home or cottage.
The diagram looks like this: the coolant heated by the boiler (it can be water or a special mixture) enters the radiators, in which it cools, giving off heat to the room.
Schematic diagram of water heating

The cool coolant returns to the boiler, where it heats up again. Due to such continuous cycles, your room is heated.
Water heating systems are divided into natural and forced. By choosing the first option, you will be independent of electricity to operate the pump.
The movement of liquid through the system occurs due to the laws of physics - the hot coolant expands and rushes upward, and, having lowered the temperature, it decreases in volume and falls down.
With natural circulation, it is necessary to maintain a slope of all pipes of at least 2 degrees (ideally 3-5), avoid pipes of small cross-section (40 mm pipes are suitable for the riser, pipes with a cross-section of 22-24 mm can be used for supplying the heating sections).

Natural circulation has serious disadvantages: internal wiring is not allowed - when the water level in the expansion tank decreases, the movement of liquid is difficult.
It is also applicable only in cases where the distance along the pipes between the boiler and the farthest radiator does not exceed 20 meters, and the area of ​​the heated room is less than 150 sq.m.

As you can see, natural circulation with its limitations is not always applicable. In a forced system, the flow of coolant is regulated by a circulation pump.
Of course, purchasing a pump is an additional financial expense upon purchase and an addition to monthly electricity bills, but look at the advantages - you are spared the need to clearly check the angle of inclination, there is no need to observe a wide cross-section of risers, it is possible to make internal pipe routing and connect , for example, “warm floor”.

Two-pipe heating system

There are two water heating systems - single-circuit and double-circuit. Installation of the first option involves heating only.
The second option, in addition to heating, provides the room with hot water and is very convenient in the country, in cases where it is not planned to install a separate source of warm water.

Selecting a heating device

Water heating can be carried out using a gas, electric or solid fuel boiler.
If gas is supplied in your area, heating with a gas boiler will be convenient and least expensive.
In the absence of gas, electricity and traditional fuels - wood, coal, pellets - can be considered as a heating source.
The advantage of a solid fuel stove over an electric boiler is obvious - the cost of operation.
The use of electric heating in a dacha is completely justified if you are not there every day in cold weather and, accordingly, do not have the opportunity to control daily fuel or gas loads.

Water heating is not practical for a small private house, since it is more practical to simply hang electric radiators.

And for a large house, using electricity to heat the coolant may be incompatible with the simultaneous operation of other electrical appliances.

Therefore, your choice for water heating of a private house or heating supply in a country house will almost certainly be between a gas and solid fuel boiler (stove).
If connecting and operating a gas boiler requires calling a specialist, then you can actually handle the installation of the stove on your own.
Some stoves come with a cooking range, so when choosing a stove, consider whether it will be convenient for you to heat and cook at the same time.

When calculating the power of a heating device, you can be guided by the following rule - per 10 sq.m. the premises account for 1 kW of boiler power.
It is worth considering even those rooms that do not have a radiator (for example, storage rooms). The power of the heating device is equal to or slightly less than the sum of the powers of all sections.

Installing heating: diagram and procedure

Do-it-yourself water heating is carried out according to a clear action plan.
So, you have drawn a diagram of a private house, future batteries are marked on it, the length of the pipes has been calculated, you have already decided on the heating system of the house, you have studied the video and are ready to start construction work with your own hands.
If possible, the system of sections should be wider than the window unit.
However, in practice this is not always followed. If the windows of a private house do not allow cold air into the room, then the total length of all sections may be less than the window.
Installation of radiators is carried out precisely at the level and always below the window opening. Beauty is, of course, important, but not paramount.
An accidental slope, even a small one, will create the effect of an underground river - the murmur of liquid will be heard from the side of the raised edge. Therefore, check the installation with a level.
It is important to maintain distances from the floor and from the walls. The ideal distance from the battery to the wall is 3-5 m, and to the floor - no more than 10 cm.
To remove accidentally trapped air, it is worth installing a valve or Mayevsky tap.
A groove is connected to the hung radiators. Calculate so that there is a groove 4-6 mm deep from the fitting to the edge - when heated, the pipe may expand.
Use lengths less than 10 meters or weld in bends to accommodate thermal expansion.
There are options for using copper or stainless steel pipes, but reinforced polypropylene pipes have proven themselves most well in the price-quality combination.
They are relatively inexpensive and easy to install.
There are different models for connecting radiators that conduct water heat supply.
The lower scheme (inlet and outlet are connected to the lower branch pipes of the sections), it is fraught with heat loss of 12-15% and uneven heating of the batteries.
It should be taken into account when there is a risk of sand and suspended matter getting into the system - they will be carried into the mud filter.

With a one-way connection, the inlet is mounted to the top of the section, and the return is mounted to the bottom of the same section. With this connection, all sections are heated evenly.
If the number of sections is significant, then it is optimal to use a diagonal connection. It differs from one-sided in that the outlet is mounted to the bottom of the opposite section.
When the connection diagram for the heating radiator sections is clear, we proceed to installing the pipe system.
Of course, it’s worth watching the installation video and practicing on the scraps left after the installation of the pipe in the groove is completed.
We melt the pipe and fitting with a soldering iron heated to 260 degrees. The alignment must be done by pressing the smaller section into the larger one.

When combining, rotation should be avoided; this will negatively affect the strength of the connection. After completing installation of the system, you can test its performance.
Do not forget that for the first start-up of a gas heating boiler you need a specialist, and it is quite acceptable to start the furnace yourself.
Before closing the internal heating wiring, you should make sure that the drawn diagram is fully implemented, the seams are not leaking, expansion from heating does not create additional pressure on the walls of the groove, and no murmur is heard in the system.

You can try raising and lowering the heating temperature, checking for leaks, bends or noises.

The installation of the heating system is now complete. Now is the time to start decorating the interior of the room.
It is important to remember that heating should be designed at the stage of building a house. During operation, all fire safety standards must be observed.
High-quality heating of the house to comfortable levels is only possible when heat loss through windows and walls is minimized.
The above installation diagram for water heating will allow you to carry out work in the house even without experience. It is quite possible for any owner to create water heating in a house or country house with his own hands.