What is folk art in brief? Folk art of Russia: types, genres, examples. the most beautiful types of folk art in Russia

ARTS EATING

© L.A. Kuznetsova

L.A. KUZNETSOVA, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Decorative and Applied Arts and Technical Graphics Orlovsky state university

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FOLK ART

The article reveals the history of the study of folk decorative art, its role in the development and formation of artistic and aesthetic inclinations of students. The article discusses folk crafts and their role in the education of younger generations. The question of the role of the collective in the process of creating decorative products by masters of folk applied art is raised, and the role of the heritage of decorative and applied art for modern artists is revealed.

Key words: folk art, decorative and applied arts, craft, folk craftsman, folk culture.

“...Folk art is the past living in the present, looking towards the future with its dream of the unprecedented. It creates its own world of Beauty, lives by its ideal of Goodness and Justice, and develops according to its own laws. This is the cultural memory of the people, inseparable from the deepest aspirations of our time.”1

The study of folk art began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The works of art critics A.V. have received universal recognition. Bakushinsky, V.S. Voronova. Significant contributions were made by the work of A.B. Saltykova, V.M. Vasilenko (50s, 70s of the 20th century). AND I. Boguslavskaya, T.M. Razina, A.K. Chekalov in their works revealed various aspects of folk art. A special place is occupied by the research of M.A. Nekrasova, in her works the role of folk art in culture is defined at the methodological level, the laws of its development are revealed, and a system of concepts related to the specifics of folk art as a special type of artistic creativity is identified.

Scientific research, dedicated to folk art, today have become part of the theory of art. The science of folk art was formed, gradually emerging from the context of issues of culture, ethnography, material life, art history. The work that folk art researchers have done and are doing is important not only as a method for solving scientific problems. The study of folk culture in the 18th century was closely related to the strengthening of the state. Ethnographic materials obtained as a result of expeditions at the end of the 18th century became the basis for subsequent methods of studying folk art. The beginning of the 19th century was marked by the confrontation between “Westerners” and “Slavophiles”, the discussion between which contributed to the formation of diverse ideas about folk culture. By the middle of the 19th century, ethnography was established as a science. It receives official recognition, and the newly formed Russian Geographical Society (1845) clearly proclaims its main provisions for the first time. In the pre-reform 50s and post-reform 60-70s of the 19th century, government changes occurred that caused great changes in Russian society. Issues of folk art

The “Society of Ancient Art” and the “Archaeological Society” begin to work in Moscow and St. Petersburg. During this period, issues of the development of folk art were dealt with by such scientists as V.I. Dahl, P.A. Bessonov, P.I. Yakushkin and others.

The mid-19th - early 20th centuries are characterized by the emergence of ideas about the content and high value of folk culture. Economic interest in the craft is becoming of great importance. The problem of representation appears along with an understanding of the social heterogeneity of Russian art. The first experience of systematic study of peasant crafts dates back to the early 50s of the 20th century. On behalf of the Ministry of State Property, special commissions were created, which were entrusted with the most complete collection of information about peasant crafts and handicraft industries. During this period, an invaluable contribution was made by V.S. Voronov, A.I. Nekrasov, A.V. Bakushinsky, N. Shcheko-tov. Of particular importance for understanding the specifics artistic image in folk art have the research of V.S. Gorodtsov (1926), which were continued by L.A. Dintses (1951), V.Ya. Propp (1963). The research of these scientists revealed the importance of semantics for art criticism. When the semantic basis, the ritual and rhythmic basis, the meaning of the ornamental compositions of an artistic image are clear, then it is revealed more clearly and fully.

Folk art is of interest not only from artistic, but also from historical, ethnographic, sociological and scientific points of view. Knowledge of the origins of folk art, its artistic nature and spiritual values ​​should become an integral part of the spiritual culture of a student studying in an artistic field. Folk art makes it possible to cultivate in them a certain culture of perception of the material world, to develop the creative qualities of the individual, ensuring readiness to inherit the spiritual values ​​of folk art, to be ready to conduct a dialogue between cultures of different eras and peoples of the world.

Folk art and culture, constantly creating, giving experience and wisdom to the culture of professional artists, help them demonstrate the ability to settle in and feel the world. The synthesis of natural and folk can be identified as the main source of aesthetic experiences in Russian art. The world of folk art is the world of a holistic person. It grows and develops in the natural environment. Man, using the benefits of nature obtained by labor

on earth, feels inside nature. Thus, a folk artist especially feels involved in the culture of his native land, maintaining a universal scale in his work. An artist who turns to folk art understands the world through knowledge of himself. Participation in the whole creates in each culture its own national image of the world, its own images, types. The essence of the people's ideal has always been the opposition of good - evil, beauty and order - world chaos, the transformative forces of creativity - decay, death, the eternal - the finite, the temporary.

Folk most often means its decorative, visual and applied form, which is associated with household items and folk architecture. Other types of folk art have their own names, for example: folklore, folk dance, oral creativity, fairy tales and other folk art as a social phenomenon goes back to the worldview of the pre-Christian or even pre-pagan period of social development. After the adoption of Christianity by Russia, folk art adopted a lot from Greek-Byzantine culture.

As a historical and artistic form of experience, folk art ends in the 20-30s of the 20th century. Now Russian folk art remains only the source of our ideas about the history of the worldview. The change in popular consciousness in the first third of the 20th century was associated with social reconstruction, when the values ​​of the peasantry and handicrafts were pushed into the background by the development of industrial society. But folk art still carries great significance, this is due to its diverse functions. One of the most important is the experience of aesthetic experience, which remains in demand today, despite new realities. It closely intertwines the features of the artistic form and the concept of a national ideological basis. All this is convenient material for educational programs in which the figurative nature of knowledge is connected with technological experience, techniques and methods of sensory and sensitive experience inherent in the fine and decorative arts. In the matter of humanizing education, turning to folk art will provide an opportunity to form the general cultural intelligence of the individual, bringing him closer to nature as the beginning of the human soul.

Folk art expressed a holistic worldview, the worldview of the Russian people. The main thing in it was not momentary, it was based on the eternal, the general, which determined the connection of time.

Myon and at each segment of its development created something of its own, new. Despite the diversity of its manifestations, Russian folk art is distinguished by its great love for natural forms. Folk art, like any folk craft, is the result of the creativity of a team that is constantly honing and improving the culture of craftsmanship and artistic language. Fishing not only brings people together common cause, but also directs the creative activity of different individuals towards one goal. The deep spirit of collectivity of village life had a great influence on the entire folk culture. In folk art, it imparts a universal scale to the image and forms the very essence of creativity, its spiritual and moral basis, those principles of collectivity on which art in folk craft is born and developed.

Pedagogical value knowledge of folk and decorative arts lies in the fact that works of these types of art allow us to cultivate a certain culture of perception of the material world, contribute to the formation of an aesthetic attitude to reality, and help to better understand the artistic and expressive aspects of the environment. Based on knowledge about folk art, national regional programs for the revival of the crafts of the peoples of Russia are being developed. Educational programs in which folk art materials were introduced were given the opportunity to address the roots of the historical and artistic heritage that determine the broad social context of folk art.

The objective world around us is changing very quickly. It is necessary to practically guide the artistic inclinations of students so that it helps them in organizing their housing, choosing clothes, and revealing the aesthetic significance of works of decorative and applied art of past eras and the present. Introducing students to decorative imagery, especially in the works of folk artists, contributes to the development of their aesthetic attitude to reality. The origins of decorative expressiveness and decorative art lie in the ability of masters to aesthetically comprehend nature. The importance of works of decorative and applied art for the formation of artistic taste is also determined by the fact that they specifically refract the expressive means of other types of fine art.

arts - painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture. For example, in Russian artistic varnishes such painting techniques as underpainting and glazing are preserved, giving a special sonority and expressiveness to the color scheme. In other types of decorative and applied art - ceramics, artistic processing of wood, stone, bone, horn - sculptural qualities predominate. In the works of folk artists one can see a deep understanding of the organic connection between the aesthetic perception of the form of an object and its functional purpose. The process of generalization in decorative creativity, the creation of form, is inseparable from identifying the properties of the material. The material dictates its conditions. Consider the folk toy whistle. The basis of the toy is a decorative image of a bird, but it is interpreted differently in clay and in wood. Making clay whistles requires softness, pliability of clay, the ability to reveal texture differently, shiny under glaze and matte, rough when simply painted. The shape of a wooden turned toy has strict lines, the volume of the toy is created on the basis of rotation with the surface of the wood, smooth to a shine. Different shapes bird-whistles are not only due to the difference in material, all clay toys are different in shape, character and expressiveness. The same material behaves differently in the hands of different masters of Dymkovo, Filimonov, Kargopol, and Pleshkov toys. Using the example of old masters, modern craftsmen learn to understand the decorative nature of the material: texture, color, texture.

It is difficult to imagine objects of decorative and applied art without a pattern. Over time, an amazing harmony of content and form, ornament and means of its implementation was born, which even today delights us in any product of folk art. Examples of ornamental compositions made by folk craftsmen in different materials, using various technologies for processing the shape of an object, make it possible to simply and clearly acquaint students with the unity of the aesthetic and functional in the creation of an artistic object, highlight the techniques of decorative generalization, and show that each thing is created for a person and lives in close relationship with the surrounding things.

Folk art shows us an example of the true greatness of artistic power, created by a folk collective, it is brilliant, it continues to live and develop.

PEDAGOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY

Bibliography

1. Boguslavskaya I.Ya. Problems of tradition in the art of modern folk artistic crafts // Creative problems of modern folk artistic crafts. - L., 1981.

2. Vasilenko V.M. Russian applied art. - M., 1977.

3. Kaplan N., Mitlyavskaya T. Folk arts and crafts. - M., 1980.

4. Koshaev V.B. Issues of concept formation in the science of folk art. - Izhevsk, 1998.

5. Nekrasova M.A. Folk art of Russia // Folk art as a world of integrity. - M., 1983.

6. Popova O., Kaplan, N. Russian artistic crafts. - M., 1984.

7. Rondeli L. Folk arts and crafts. - M., 1984.

This article exposes the history of folk decorative art research, its role in the development and formation of artistic and aesthetic bents of students. In this article folk crafts and their role in education of rising generations are considered. The role of the collective in the process of decorative products creation by masters of a folk applied art is mentioned. The role of arts crafts heritage for modern artists is revealed in the article.

Key words: folk art, arts and crafts, craft, folk master, folk culture.

The origins of art go back to ancient times. The problem of the origin of art has worried the best philosophical minds for many centuries, but the artistic activity of mankind remains unclear. early stages Not much is known about its development. Numerous works of fine art (cave paintings, sculptures made of stone and bone) appeared much earlier than a person’s conscious idea of ​​artistic creativity was formed. The origin of art dates back to the primitive era, when man first tried to reflect his ideas about the world around him in art, which contributed to the consolidation and transfer of knowledge and skills, and the emergence of another form of communication between people. According to archaeologists, already in the Paleolithic era (Old Stone Age) around 35-10 thousand BC. The main types of fine art (sculpture, painting, graphics) appeared.

It should be noted that in primitive society, human artistic activity was inextricably linked with all existing forms of spiritual and material culture: mythology, religion, way of life. Artistic and spiritual culture exists in close unity with material culture, forming a primitive syncretic, i.e. a single cultural complex, which only centuries later will disintegrate into independent spheres of culture: religion, art (in all its diversity of forms), sports, science. Images reproduced by the hand of primitive man are a link in a single chain of artistic, religious and theatrical magic performance, reflecting the synthesis of the material and spiritual culture of man of that distant era. Early drawings are primitive; this is a contour image of animal heads, imprints of a human hand, wavy lines squeezed into damp clay with the fingers of the hand (the so-called “pasta”). Later images of the Paleolithic era are drawings of animals of that time (deer, horses, bison, mammoths) made on the walls and ceilings of caves. The oldest figurines of animals are distinguished by their accurate depiction; life forced the human hunter to study in detail the character of the animal and its habits. This knowledge was of practical value. Man has not yet known himself, therefore sculptural images of man are very schematic and conventional.

The Neolithic (New Stone Age), 6-2 thousand BC, enriched the fine arts with the creation of works of monumental anthropomorphic (humanoid) sculpture (for example, the so-called “stone women” of the Northern Black Sea region).

During the Bronze Age, about 2 thousand years BC. architecture called megalithic (that is, the architecture of large stones: from the Greek roots “meg” - large and “lit” - stone) receives predominant importance. Megalithic structures include: menhirs, dolmens, cromlechs. Their emergence is associated with the development of religious ideas. Stone pillars - menhirs - up to 20 m high (located in Brittany, France; Transcaucasia, Armenia) bear the features of architecture and sculpture by R. Yu. Vipper, "History of the Ancient World", M.: "Res-Publica", 1994. - 169s..

Folk art is a complex and multi-layered art. And if today its samples in many countries are made in factories and local industrial complexes as souvenirs, then once upon a time these were the most necessary and necessary things in everyday life - bowls, shirts, benches, tools. People tried to make them the most convenient according to the concepts of their time and in them they expressed their artistic tastes and desire for beauty. For example, what is a conveniently shaped pot for cooking in the oven? The bottom is small but stable. The convex sides seem to follow the shape of flames. The fire covers the pot from all sides, and the food is cooked in it in the best possible way. At the same time, the pot is also adapted to be removed from the oven using a grip. An excellent example of the same ancient folk design There are also Greek ceramic vases. They were of several types, and each had its own functions, its own purpose: the amphora was used to store wine in the ground, the hydria was used to carry water on the shoulder, the lekythus was used to store oil, the kylix was used to drink from it, etc. History of foreign art; ed. Kuzmina M.T., Maltseva N.L., M.: “Fine Arts”, 2002 - 379 pp. They began to apply ornaments, drawings, and colored stripes to these useful, comfortable things. And thus: from objects simply necessary in everyday life, they turned into works of folk art, and at the same time, applied art. To this day we admire the spiritual beauty of painted ceramics, the lovingly decorated bottoms of spinning wheels, woven and embroidered women's dresses, wooden utensils with red and gold painting, the center of production of which was in the 18th-19th centuries. became the village of Khokhloma, Gorky region. All these are works craftsmen, talented original masters Series "Small History of Art", M.: "Art" 2004 - 63 pp..

Folk art was closely connected with everyday life and architecture. The stoves were covered with intricate multi-colored tiles or painted over whitewash. Wooden huts were decorated with carved roof ridges, porches and window frames with beautiful and complex carvings. The chimneys were equipped with elegant chimneys made of milled iron. You can still see such houses in our villages.

Each locality, each nation is characterized by its own traditional patterns, its own ornaments, its own special objects - its own original artistic creativity. Therefore, by looking at household items and architecture, one can determine which people made them and the time when they were created. Looking at small figures of animals carved from bone, drawings on birch bark or rugs made of fur, we can determine that they were made by the peoples of the North. From the drawings on walrus tusks made by Chukchi folk craftsmen, we learn about the life of the Chukchi people. The peoples of the North of the European part of Russia have always been famous for wood carving - decorations on huts, household items and furniture; residents of the Caucasus - patterned carpets made of sheep wool; Kirghiz, Turkmens, Tajiks - white felt felt with blue or red patterns Alekseeva V.V. "What is art?" , M.: "Soviet Artist", 1991 - 221 p..

With the development of technology and the rise in the standard of living of society, industrial applied art began to gradually displace examples of folk applied art from everyday life. Cheap printed calicoes, earthenware and pressed glassware were all available and easily competed with the works of local artisans. However, folk art has already acquired the force of tradition; it is filled with spiritual content. And this content becomes more pronounced the further we move in time from the origins of folk art. For example, for a person who himself did not walk in bast shoes, but whose grandfather or great-grandfather walked in bast shoes, these bast shoes are full of symbols, associations and spiritual content. He admires their complex weave, edge sealing, and ribbon ties woven from birch bark or bast. He hangs the bast shoes on the wall as decoration and a decorative item. And the local industry begins to produce small wicker shoes as souvenirs. This piece of peasant clothing, comfortable, useful and beautiful for its time and its consumer, has now turned into a decorative item, along with glaciers (krinkas), kumans, wooden spoons, and painted spinning wheels. And these are no longer items of peasant everyday life, but things intended to decorate apartments. Literature and art. Universal encyclopedia for schoolchildren. Comp. Vorotnikov A. A., Minsk: "Valev", 1995 - 441 p.

Understanding reality, expressing thoughts and feelings in symbolic form - these are all descriptions that can be used to characterize art. The origin of art lies behind centuries of mystery. While some activities can be traced through archaeological finds, others simply leave no trace.

Origin theories

For many thousands of years, people have been fascinated by art. The origins of art are taught in various educational institutions. Researchers develop hypotheses and try to confirm them.

Today, there are various theories about the origin of art. The most popular are five options, which we will discuss below.

So, the religious theory will be announced first. According to her, beauty is one of the names and manifestations of the Lord on earth, in our world. Art is the material expression of this idea. Consequently, all the fruits of human creativity owe their appearance to the Creator.

The next hypothesis speaks about the sensory nature of the phenomenon. The origin in particular comes down to the game. Exactly this type activity and rest appeared before labor. We can observe it in representatives of the animal kingdom. Among the supporters of the version are Spencer, Schiller, Fritzsche and Bucher.

The third theory sees art as a manifestation of eroticism. In particular, Freud, Lange and Nardau believe that this phenomenon arose as a consequence of the need of the sexes to attract each other. An example from the animal world would be mating games.

Ancient Greek thinkers believed that art owes its appearance to the human ability to imitate. Aristotle and Democritus say that by imitating nature and developing within society, people were gradually able to symbolically convey sensations.

The youngest is the Marxist theory. She talks about art as a consequence of human production activity.

Theater

Theater as an art form originated quite a long time ago. Researchers believe that this idea arose from shamanic rituals. In the ancient world, people were heavily dependent on nature, worshiped various phenomena, and asked spirits for help with hunting.

For this purpose, various masks and costumes were used, plots were worked out separately for each occasion.

However, those rituals cannot be called theatrical performances. These were just rituals. In order for a certain game to be classified as entertainment art, there must be, in addition to the actor, also a spectator.

Therefore, in fact, the birth of theater begins in the era of antiquity. Before this, different actions were inextricably linked - dance, music, singing, etc. Subsequently, a separation occurred, and three main directions were gradually formed: ballet, drama and opera.

Fans of the game theory of the origin of art argue that it appeared as fun, amusement. Basically, this statement is based on ancient mysteries, where people dressed up in the costumes of satyrs and bacchantes. During this era, masquerades and crowded and cheerful holidays were held several times a year.

Subsequently, they begin to form into a separate direction - theater. Works by playwrights appear, for example, Euripides, Aeschylus, Sophocles. There are two genres: tragedy and comedy.

Afterwards the art of theater was forgotten. In fact, in Western Europe it was born anew - again from folk holidays and festivities.

Painting

The history goes back to ancient times. New drawings are still being found on the walls of caves in different parts of the world. For example, in Spain, Niah Caves in Malaysia and others.

Usually, dyes were mixed with binders, for example, coal or ocher with resin. The plots were not very diverse. These were mainly images of animals, hunting scenes, and handprints. This art dates back to the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods.

Later, petroglyphs appear. In fact, this is the same rock painting, but with a more dynamic plot. An increasing number of hunting scenes are already appearing here.

However, some researchers attribute the origin of fine art to the era Ancient Egypt. This is where strict canons of different genres appear. In particular, fine art here resulted in sculpture and monumental painting.

If we study ancient drawings, we will see that this direction of creative thought emerged from human attempts to copy and record the surrounding reality.

Later painting is represented by monuments of the Cretan-Mycenaean period and ancient Greek vase painting. The development of this art begins to accelerate. Frescoes, icons, first portraits. All this arises during the first centuries BC.

If frescoes were especially popular in antiquity, then in the Middle Ages most artists worked on creating the faces of saints. Only during the Renaissance did modern genres gradually begin to emerge.

This gave impetus to the development of all Western European painting. Caravaggism, for example, significantly influenced Flemish artists. Later Baroque, classicism, sentimentalism and other genres developed.

Music

Music is no less an ancient art. The origin of art is attributed to the first rituals of our ancestors, when dance developed and theater was born. At the same time, music appeared.

Researchers are confident that fifty thousand years ago in Africa, people conveyed their emotions through music. This is confirmed by the flutes that archaeologists find next to the sculptures in the area. The age of the figurines is about forty thousand years.

Hypotheses about the origin of art, among others, do not discount the divine influence on the first creative people. It's hard to imagine that a bored shepherd or hunter creates an elaborate system of holes in the pipe to play a cheerful melody.

Nevertheless, already the first Cro-Magnons used percussion and wind instruments in rituals.

Later comes the era of ancient music. The first recorded melody dates back to 2000 BC. A clay tablet with cuneiform text was found during excavations in Nippur. After decoding, it became known that the music was recorded in thirds.

This type of art is widely known in India, Persia, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. During this period, wind, percussion and plucked instruments are used.

Ancient music is replacing it. This is art dating from the fall of the Roman Empire to the mid-eighteenth century. During this period, the church direction developed especially powerfully. The secular version is represented by the creativity of troubadours, buffoons and minstrels.

Literature

The history of art and culture becomes more understandable and well-reasoned when it comes to written sources. It is literature that allows you to convey information most fully. If other types of art are focused mainly on the sensory-emotional sphere, then the latter also operates with categories of reason.

The most ancient texts have been found in countries such as India, China, Persia, Egypt and Mesopotamia. Mostly they were carved on the walls of temples, stones, and carved on clay tablets.

Among the genres of this period it is worth mentioning hymns, funeral texts, letters, and autobiographies. Later, stories, teachings, and prophecies appear.

However, ancient literature became more extensive and developed. Thinkers and playwrights, poets and prose writers Ancient Greece and Rome left their descendants an inexhaustible treasure of wisdom. The foundations of modern Western European and world literature were laid here. In fact, Aristotle proposed the division into lyric, epic and drama.

Dance

One of the most difficult forms of art to document. No one doubts that the dance originated a very long time ago, but it is unlikely that it will be possible to determine even an approximate framework.

The earliest images were found in caves in India. There are drawn human silhouettes in dancing poses. According to theories, the origin of art, in short, is the need to express emotions and attract the opposite sex. It is dance that most fully confirms this hypothesis.

To this day, dervishes use dancing to enter a trance. We know the name of the most famous dancer in Ancient Egypt. It was Salome, originally from Idoma (an ancient state in the north of the Sinai Peninsula).

Civilizations Far East Dance and theater are still not separated. Both of these art forms have always gone together. Pantomime, Japanese performances by actors, Indian dancers, Chinese carnivals and processions. These are all activities that allow you to express emotions and preserve tradition without using words.

Sculpture

It turns out that the history of fine art is inextricably linked with other manifestations of creativity. For example, the sculpture became a stopped moment of dance. This is confirmed by many statues of ancient Greek and Roman masters.

Researchers reveal the problem of the origin of art ambiguously. Sculpting, for example, on the one hand, arose as an attempt to personify the ancient gods. On the other hand, the masters were able to stop the moments of ordinary life.

It was sculpture that allowed artists to convey feelings, emotions, internal tension or, conversely, peace in plastic. The frozen manifestations of the spiritual world of man actually became an ancient photograph, which preserved for many millennia the ideas and appearance of the people of that time.

Like many other forms of art, sculpture originates from Ancient Egypt. Probably the most famous monument is the Sphinx. At first, craftsmen created jewelry exclusively for royal palaces and temples. Much later, in antiquity, statues reached the popular level. These words mean that from that era, anyone who had enough money to order could decorate their home with sculpture.

Thus, this type of art ceases to be the prerogative of kings and temples.

Like many other manifestations of creativity, sculpture was in decline in the Middle Ages. Revival begins only with the advent of the Renaissance.

Today this type of art is moving into a new orbit. In combination with computer graphics, 3D printers make it possible to simplify the process of creating three-dimensional images.

Architecture

The art of architecture is probably the most practical activity of all. possible ways manifestations of creative thought. After all, it is architecture that combines the organization of space for a person’s comfortable life, the expression of ideas and thoughts, as well as the preservation of certain elements of tradition.

Certain elements of this type of art arose when society was divided into layers and castes. The desire of rulers and priests to decorate their own homes so that they stood out from other buildings subsequently led to the emergence of the profession of architect.

Man-made reality, orderliness environment, walls - all this creates a feeling of security. And the decor allows the artist to convey the mood and atmosphere that he puts into the building.

Circus

The concept of “people of art” is rarely associated with the circus. This type of spectacle is often perceived as entertainment. its main venue was fairs and other festivals.

The word "circus" itself comes from the Latin term for "round". An open building of this shape served as a place for entertainment for the Romans. In fact, it was a hippodrome. Later, after the collapse of the empire, in Western Europe they tried to continue the tradition, but such activities did not gain popularity. In the Middle Ages, the place of the circus was taken by minstrels among the people and mystery plays among the nobility.

At that time, people in the arts focused more on pleasing the rulers. The circus was perceived as a fairground entertainment, that is, it was low-grade.

Only in the Renaissance did the first attempts to create a prototype of the modern circus appear. Unusual skills, people with birth defects, animal trainers, jugglers and clowns entertained audiences at the time.

The situation has not changed much today. This type of art requires remarkable endurance, the ability to improvise and the ability to live a “wandering” life.

Cinema

Scientists say that man comprehends reality through science and art. The origin of art, according to theories, is associated with the need for self-expression and interaction in society.

Traditional types gradually developed creative activity, visual and performing arts. However, with the development of progress, a stage of completely unprecedented ways of transmitting thoughts, emotions, and information began.

New types of art are emerging. One of them was cinema.

For the first time, people managed to project a picture onto a surface using a “magic lantern.” It was based on the principle of the “camera obscura”, which Leonardo da Vinci worked on. Later cameras appear. Only at the end of the nineteenth century was it possible to invent a device that made it possible to project moving images.

At the beginning of the twentieth century they said that theater as an art form had become obsolete. And with the advent of television, this was perceived as an indisputable fact. However, we see that each type of creativity has its admirers; the audience is simply being redistributed.

Thus, we have figured out the theories of the origin of art, and also talked about various types creativity.

Introduction Folk art

NHT is poetry, music, theater, dance, architecture, fine and decorative arts created by the people and existing among the masses. Collective artistic creativity reflects work activity, everyday life, knowledge of life and nature, cults and beliefs, and also embodies folk views, ideals and aspirations, poetic fantasy, thoughts, feelings, experiences, dreams of justice and happiness. Folk art is distinguished by the depth of its artistic exploration of reality, the truthfulness of its images, and the power of creative generalization.

One of the forms of folk art. Includes, among other things, the creation and performance of artistic works by amateur performers individually (singers, readers, musicians, dancers, acrobats) or collectively (circles, studios, folk theaters). In pre-revolutionary Russia, amateur performers united in circles and societies at clubs and meetings. There were also workers' circles and folk theaters, which were under the strict control of the authorities.

Amateur performances-non-professional artistic creativity of the masses in the field of fine and decorative arts, music, theatrical, choreographic and circus arts, cinema, photography, etc. Amateur artistic activity includes the creation and performance of artistic works by amateurs, performing collectively or alone.

Amateur artistic group- a creative association of lovers of one of the art forms, working on a voluntary, public basis at clubs or other cultural institutions. Collective amateur performances have a number of features. This is the presence of a single goal, leaders, self-government bodies, as well as a combination of public and personal aspirations and interests of members of an amateur group.

The essential features of amateur creativity: voluntariness of participation in an amateur group, initiative and activity of participants in amateur performances, spiritual motivation of participants in amateur groups, functioning of amateur performances in the sphere of free time. Specific features of amateur creativity: organization, lack of special preparation for the activity among amateur participants, a lower level of activity than that of professional groups, gratuitousness, etc.

Amateur creativity- a unique socio-cultural phenomenon, with a multi-type and multi-functional structure, which has the properties of leisure and artistic culture. As you know, leisure is a part of free time aimed at personal development, used for communication, consumption of values ​​of spiritual culture, entertainment, various types of unregulated activities that provide relaxation and further personal development.

Amateur artistic activity plays a big role in aesthetic education. By becoming familiar with art, a person develops his ability to perceive and appreciate beauty, increases his cultural level, and develops spiritually. “Choreographic amateur groups, fulfilling the tasks of aesthetic personality formation, serve the cause of mass education and upbringing. These tasks are solved through the art of dance,” “The formation of an active, spiritually rich personality is the goal of amateur theater.” The above can be said to apply to any other type of amateur creativity. Whether it is singing, composing or performing music, participating in circus performances, creating objects of fine and decorative art, all this contributes to the development of the intellectual and general cultural level of the individual.

“Amateur artistic activity ... is not only a school of artistic mastery itself, but - what may be even more important - a school of life, a school of citizenship. In other words, by awakening to active artistic activity and developing one’s abilities, a person not only asserts himself in art, and above all, asserts himself as a member of society, whose activities and whose talent are socially necessary and useful."

Amateur artistic activity can be considered as a socio-pedagogical value that carries out a system of functions: informational and cognitive; communicative; social, containing in the artistic product ethical values, norms, ideals characteristic of different historical periods of cultural development, thereby ensuring continuity and the ability to transmit it from generation to generation; aesthetic, since it carries ideas about beauty in the life of society, in everyday life, in language, plasticity, forms; educational, promoting the development and change of spiritual values ​​and needs of the individual.

Through forms of amateur performances, there is largely an interaction between folklorism and professional art, their performers, aesthetic norms, technical techniques, etc.

Folklore- folk art, most often oral; artistic collective creative activity of the people, reflecting their life, views, ideals; poetry created by the people and existing among the masses (legends, songs, ditties, anecdotes, fairy tales, epics), folk music (songs, instrumental tunes and plays), theater (dramas, satirical plays, puppet theater), dance, architecture, fine and arts and crafts.

Definition

Folk art, which originated in ancient times, is the historical basis of the entire world artistic culture, the source of national artistic traditions, and an exponent of national self-awareness. Some researchers also classify all types of non-professional art (amateur art, including folk theaters) as folk art.

A precise definition of the term “folklore” is difficult, since this form of folk art is not immutable and ossified. Folklore is constantly in the process of development and evolution: ditties can be performed to the accompaniment of modern musical instruments on modern themes, new fairy tales can be dedicated to modern phenomena, folk music can be influenced by rock music, and modern music itself can include elements of folklore, folk visual and applied art may be influenced by computer graphics, etc.

Typology of folklore

Folklore is divided into two groups- ritual and non-ritual. Ritual folklore includes: calendar folklore (carols, Maslenitsa songs, freckles), family folklore (family stories, lullabies, wedding songs, lamentations), occasional folklore (spells, chants, counting rhymes). Non-ritual folklore is divided into four groups: folklore drama, poetry, prose and folklore of speech situations. Folklore drama includes: the Parsley Theater, nativity scene drama, and religious drama.

Folklore poetry includes: epic, historical song, spiritual verse, lyrical song, ballad, cruel romance, ditty, children's poetic songs (poetic parodies), sadistic rhymes. Folklore prose is again divided into two groups: fairy-tale and non-fairytale. Fairy-tale prose includes: a fairy tale (which, in turn, comes in four types: a fairy tale, a fairy tale about animals, an everyday tale, a cumulative fairy tale) and an anecdote. Non-fairy tale prose includes: tradition, legend, tale, mythological story, story about a dream. The folklore of speech situations includes: proverbs, sayings, well wishes, curses, nicknames, teasers, dialogue graffiti, riddles, tongue twisters and some others. There are also written forms of folklore, such as chain letters, graffiti, albums (for example, songbooks).