§ 2. Human life is the greatest value.
Nude! Why is human life is the highest value in the modern world?
Lee wondered over such issues:
What is life?
Why do we live?
What should be human life?
Each person thinks over these issues.
Life is given once. Life is the process of existence, gaining experience, expansion of the horizon. Each person chooses his own life path.
The meaning (meaning) of life is to honestly work, give people happiness, to do good, develop intellectually and spiritually, to be a decent and fair person. You need to constantly set a goal, reach it and go to the new horizons. You need to be self-sufficient, comfortably feel in the present and positively look into the future.
What will your life be depends on you.
That is why human life is the most valuable thing that could be in the world. After all, there are people who daily have to deal with the consequences of severe diseases, injuries or congenital vices. But they continue to love their lives and appreciate every moment.
For example, in sports the power of the Spirit and the courage of the athletes-Paralympians can be examples for ordinary athletes.
Every four years, immediately after the Olympic Games host Paralympic games, where the disabled athletes compete among themselves in various sports. Ukrainian athletes achieve great success in such competitions. In August 2014, the Paralympic national football team became European champion. At the same time, Ukrainian swimmers at the European Championship won the most medals and ranked first.
Paralympic national football team
Read proverbs. Explain how you understand their meaning.
Life live - not the field go.
Nobody was born, but learned.
Where there is life, there is hope there.
What people, such and life will be.
Read.
Victory over the dragon
Soon the pivani decided to go deep into the island and explore it. It turned out that in the very center of the island there is a high mountain with a deep and dark cave, in which the real dragon lives. He was very angry, seeing uninvited guests, so he immediately chased after them. The pivans were barely ran away. In the evening they sat down to discuss what to do next.
We must collect the army and defeat the dragon! - Grozny exclaimed the bravery.
No! It is better to wait until the dragon falls, and at night to get into the cave and tie it, "he satisted the sly.
So they were printed until the morning. Only the bow did not participate in the dispute. It was not interested. He just sat on the porch and played on the violin. Magic melody rushed over the island and woke up the dragon. He has never heard such strange sounds. Dragon really liked the music, so he changed his mind to drive out the pivykiv. So the friendship was born between them. The dragon helped the pivines to collect firewood, steal the earth and water the plants. And sometimes I just drove them on my back. The pivani for this was treated by its fruits of a beach tree. But most of all the dragon loved to listen to how the scamp plays on the violin.
Who threatened the life of the pivanikіv on the island?
Why did the pivani offered various ways to combat the dragon?
Pick up adjectives for the word "life."
Think! What does the statement of an outstanding Italian scientist, artist and thinker Leonardo da Vinci: "Remember, life is a gift; And the one who does not appreciate him, does not deserve this gift. "
Read the poem
Mamino Word
I came to the world from my mother's word,
pose, as if from the egg Ptasha.
And I need a new shell -
and now my soul lives in it.
That is the cosmos egg. I see it
fire cracks when the thunder will play.
And I will never come to break,
what could be my way out.
Returning to the native threshold,
i am built on myself the shelter ...
From mother to mother road -
it's just called - Life!
Dmitry Pavlychko
Can a person live without a soul, which is not visible, but feel in your heart?
Why is the native language, in your opinion, is it important for every person?
What does the poet of the birth of a person compare?
Count your knowledge
Human life is the highest value. In the life of every person is unique and unique. Life must be preserved and respect.
check yourself
1. Why is human life is the highest value?
2. How should a person treat his life? Life of other people?
3. What value for Ukraine is each of you?
4. How to live life?
Assume with parents and arranged the words and phrases in order of their importance in your life. Justify your opinion.
Love, big house, hard work, money, friends, self-confidence, education, health, beautiful appearance, friendly family.
Letters to young readers
For your conversations with the reader, I chose the form of letters. This is, of course, the conditional form. In my letters, I imagine friends. Letters to friends let me write simply.
Why did I arrange my letters so? At first I write in my letters about the purpose and sense of life, about the beauty of behavior, and then turn to the beauty of the world around us, to the beauty, which opens in works of art. I do it because to perceive the beauty of the surrounding person himself should be mentally beautiful, deep, stand on the right life positions. Try to keep binoculars in trembling hands - you will not see anything.
The letter first
Large in Malom
In the material world, you will not fit big in small. In the sphere of spiritual values, it is not so: in small, it can fit much more, and if you try to fit small in great, I will simply stop exist.
If a great target has a man, then it should manifest itself in everything - in the most seemingly insignificant. It is necessary to be honest in imperceptible and random: then only you will be honest and in fulfilling your big debt. The big goal covers the whole person, affects each of his act, and it is impossible to think that the bad means can be achieved.
The saying "The goal justifies the funds" is destructive and immoral. It showed Dostoevsky well in "Crime and Punishment". The main acting face of this work is Rodion Raskolnikov thought that by killing a disgusting old-side-uplovmer, he would add money to which he could then achieve great goals and exercise humanity, but tolerates inner wreck. The goal is far and unable, and the crime is real; It is terribly and nothing can be justified. To strive for a high target low tools. It is necessary to be equally honest both in large and small.
The general rule: the shoes are large in small - it is necessary, in particular, in science. Scientific truth is more expensive, and she must be followed in all parts of scientific research and in the life of a scientist. If you strive in science to "small" targets - to the proof of "force", contrary to the facts, to the "Interest" conclusions, to their effectiveness or any forms of self-confidence, then the scientist will inevitably tolerate the collapse. Maybe not immediately, but ultimately! When the exaggerations of the results of the study are beginning to exaggerate, or even small facts of facts and scientific truth is pushed back into the background, science ceases to exist, and the scientist himself ceases to be scientists sooner or later.
It is necessary to comply large in everything decisively. Then everything is easy and simple.
The second letter
Youth - all life
Therefore, take care of youth to deep old age. Appreciate everything good that you purchased in young years, do not waste youthful wealth. Nothing from the acquired in youth passes without a trace. Habits brought up in youth, are stored for life. Skills in work - too. Accustomed to work - and work will forever deliver joy. And how important is it for human happiness! There is no unhappy man lazy, eternally avoiding labor, effort ...
Both in youth and in old age. Good youthful skills will make life easier, bad - complicate it and make it difficult.
And further. There is a Russian proverb: "Take care of the honor of the Smoloda." All actions performed in the youth remain in memory. Good will delight, bad not to go to sleep!
Letter third
THE BIGGEST
And what is the biggest purpose of life? I think: increase the good in the surrounding us. And good is, first of all, the happiness of all people. It is composed of a lot, and every time life puts the task that is important to be able to solve. You can also do good things in the little things, you can think about a large, but a trifle and large cannot be divided. Much, as I said, begins with trifles, it is born in childhood and in close.
The child loves his mother and her father, brothers and sisters, their family, their home. Gradually expanding, his attachment applies to school, village, city, all his country. And this is already quite a big and deep feeling, although it is impossible to stop and need to love in a person.
It is necessary to be a patriot, not a nationalist. There is no need to hate each other family, because you love yours. There is no need to hate other nations because you are a patriot. Between patriotism and nationalism. Deep difference. In the first - love for his country, in the second - hatred to all others.
The big goal of good begins with a small one - with the desire of good in your loved ones, but, expanding, it captures an increasing range of issues.
It is like circles on the water. But the circles on the water, expanding, are becoming weaker. Love and friendship, growling and spreading on a lot, gain new forces, are becoming more and higher, and man, their center, wiser.
Love should not be scoreless, it should be smart. This means that it must be connected to the ability to notice the shortcomings, fighting flaws - both in the beloved person and in the surrounding people. It must be connected to wisdom, with the ability to separate the necessary from empty and false. It should not be blind. Blind delight (I will not even call it) can lead to terrible consequences. Mother, admiring everyone and encouraging their child, can bring up a moral uroda. The blind delight in front of Germany ("Germany above all" - the words of a chauvinistic German song) led to Nazis, blind delight to Italy - to fascism.
Wisdom is the mind connected to kindness. The mind without kindness is a trick. The cunning will gradually get and definition sooner or later turns around against the siestrian himself. Therefore, the trick is forced to hide. Wisdom is open and reliable. She does not deceive others, and above all the wise man. Wisdom brings wisdom a good name and durable happiness, brings happiness reliable, long-term and that calm conscience, which is most valuable in old age.
How to express the general that there is between my three provisions: "big in small", "youth - always" and "the biggest"? It can be expressed in one word that can become a motto: "loyalty". The loyalty to the greatest principles that the person should be guided in the big and small, the loyalty of his flawless youth, its homeland in a wide and narrow sense of this concept, loyalty to the family, friends, city, country, the people. Ultimately, loyalty is faithful to truth - truth and truth and truth.
Fourth letter
Fifty letter
WHAT IS THE SENSE OF LIFE
It is possible to determine the purpose of its existence differently, but the goal should be - otherwise there will be no life, but stagnation.
We must have principles in life. Well, even put them in the diary, but so that the diary was "hereby", it cannot be shown to anyone - write for himself only.
One rule in life should be every person in his goal of life, in his principles of life, in his behavior: it is necessary to live life with dignity so that it was not ashamed to remember.
Dignity requires kindness, generosity, the ability to not be a narrow egoist, to be a truthful, good friend, find joy in helping others.
For the dignity of life, you need to be able to give up small pleasures and considerable too ... Be able to apologize, admit to other mistake - it is better than to eat and lie.
Cheating, the person is primarily deceiving himself, for he thinks he has successfully selected, and people understood and delicacy were silent.
Sixth letter
Purpose and self-esteem
When a person deliberately or intuitively chooses some purpose in life, a vital task, he at the same time unwittingly gives himself an assessment. By the fact that the person lives, it can be judged about his self-esteem - low or high.
If a person puts himself a task to purchase all the elementary material goods, he also appreciates himself at the level of these material goods: as the owner of the last brand machine, as the owner of a luxury cottage, as part of his furniture headset ...
If a person lives to bring people good, facilitate their suffering in diseases, to give people joy, he appreciates himself at the level of this man. He puts himself a goal worthy of man.
Only a vital purpose allows a person to live his life with dignity and get real joy. Yes, joy! Think: if a person puts himself a challenge to increase in the life of good, bring people happiness, what fails can comprehend him?
Not to help who should? But many people do not need help? If you are a doctor, then maybe put the patient the wrong diagnosis? This happens at the best doctors. But in the amount you still helped more than it did not help. Nobody is insured against errors. But the most important error, an eye error - incorrectly selected main task in life. Did not increase in office - chagrin. I did not have time to buy a brand for my collection - chagrin. Someone is the best than you, the furniture or the best car - again chagrin, and what else!
By putting a task of a career or acquiring, a person is experiencing much more chagrins than joys, and risks to lose everything. And what could lose a person who rejoiced to every kind of kind? It is only important that good, which man does, would be his internal need, went from a smart heart, and not only from the head, there would be no "principle" alone.
Therefore, the main life task should be a task wider than just a personal one, it should not be closed only on their own luck and failures. It should dictate to the kindness of people, love for the family, to its city, to their people, country to the whole universe.
Does this mean that a person should live as ascetic, do not take care of herself, do not acquire anything and not rejoice in a simple increase in office? No one! A man who does not think at all about herself - the phenomenon is abnormal and I personally unpleasant: there is some kind of dormant, some kind of outstanding exaggeration in my kindness, selflessness, significance, there is some kind of peculiar contempt for the rest of people , the desire to stand out.
Therefore, I speak only about the main life task. And this main life task is not necessary to emphasize in the eyes of the rest of the people. And it is necessary to dress well (this is respect for others), but not necessarily "better than others." And the library should be made up, but not necessarily greater than the neighbor. And the car is well acquired for yourself and the family is convenient. Just do not turn the secondary first and not necessary, so that the main goal of life has exhausted you where it is not necessary. When it takes - another thing. We'll see who is capable of.
Letter seventh
What unites people
Floors of care. Caring is bonding relations between people. Bashes the family, fastens friendship, fastens a fellow villagers, inhabitants of one city, one country.
Trace a person's life.
A person is born, and the first concern for him - Mother; Gradually (after a few days), the father's care is entitled to a direct connection with the child (before the birth of a child, the care of him was already, but it was up to a certain extent "abstract" - for the emergence of the child, parents were preparing, dreamed of him).
A sense of care about a friend appears very early, especially in girls. The girl still does not say, but already trying to take care of the doll, nursing her. Boys, very small, love to collect mushrooms, catch fish. Berries, mushrooms love to collect and girls. And after all they collect not only for themselves, but for the whole family. Carry home, harvest for the winter.
Gradually, children become objects of more and more care and they themselves begin to take care true and widespread - not only about the family, but also about the school, where to make their parental care, about their village, city and country ...
Caring is growing and becomes more altruistic. For your care, children pay concern about the old men, when they can no longer pay for the care of children. And this concern for old men, and then about the memory of the died parents, as it were, it is merged with care about the historical memory of the family and the Motherland as a whole.
If concern is only aimed at himself, he grows an egoist.
Caring - unites people, crept the memory of the past and is directed entirely to the future. This is not a feeling itself - this is a specific manifestation of a feeling of love, friendship, patriotism. A person must be caring. An unloading or carefree person is most likely an unkind man and not loving anyone.
Morality is extremely characteristic of the feeling of compassion. In compassion there is a consciousness of its unity with humanity and the world (not only by people, nations, but also with animals, plants, nature, etc.). The feeling of compassion (or something close to him) makes us fight for cultural monuments, for their preservation, for nature, separate landscapes, for respect for memory. In compassion there is a consciousness of its unity with other people, with a nation, the people, the country, the Universe. That is why the forgotten concept of compassion requires its complete revival and development.
Surprisingly the right idea: "A small step for a person, a big step for humanity."
You can give thousands of examples: to be a kind one person is worthless, but it is incredibly difficult to become good mankind. It is impossible to fix humanity, it is easy. To feed the child, spend across the street an old man, to give way to the tram, work well, to be polite and consistent ... etc., and so on, all this is just for a person, but incredibly difficult for everyone at once. That is why you need to start with yourself.
Good can not be stupid. Good deed is never stupid, for he is intenseless and does not pursue the goal of the benefit and "smart result". You can call a kind act "stupid" only when he clearly could not reach the goal or was a "false", mistakenly kind, that is, not good. I repeat, a truly good act can not be stupid, he is out of assessments from the point of view of the mind or not mind. That good and good.
Letter eighth
Ninth letter
When should it be offended?
It should be offended only when they want to offend you. If they do not want, and the reason for the resentment is an accident, then why take offense?
Not angry, find out the misunderstanding - and that's it.
Well, if they want to offend? Before answering offense, it is worth thinking: should it be descended before the insult? After all, the insult usually lies somewhere low and before it should be leaning to raise it.
If they decided to be offended, then first make a kind of mathematical action - subtraction, division, etc. Suppose you were insulted for what you are only partly to blame. Remove from your feeling offense all that does not apply to you. Suppose you were offended from the motivations of noble, - make the division of your feeling on the impulse noble, who caused an offensive remark, etc. Arranged in the mind of a certain necessary mathematical operation, you can respond with great dignity that will be no longer Less value you give offense. Until known limits, of course.
In general, excessive syradiability - a sign of a lack of a mind or some kind of commissionality. Be smart.
There is good english rule: offended only when you want offend intention offend. On simple inattention, forgetfulness (sometimes inherent in this person by age, for any psychological flaws) is not necessary to be offended. On the contrary, they will show special care to such a "forgetful" person - it will be beautiful and noble.
This is if they "offend" you, but what about when you yourself can offend another? With regard to touchy people, it is necessary to be especially attentive. Sensibility After all, a very painful character trait.
Letter tenth
Honor True and False
I do not like definitions and is often not ready for them. But I can point out some differences between conscience and honor.
There is one significant difference between conscience and honor. Conscience always comes from the depths of the soul, and conscience in one way or another is cleaned. Conscience "gnawing." Conscience is not false. It happens muffled or too exaggerated (extremely rare). But ideas about honor are perfectly false, and these false ideas cause enormous damage to society. I mean what is called "Honor Mundir". We disappeared such an unusual phenomenon, as the concept of noble honor, but the "honor of the Mundir" remains a heavy cargo. Similarly, a person died, but only a uniform with which the Order was removed. And within which a conscientious heart is no longer beating.
"Honor of Mundir" makes the managers to defend false or vicious projects, insist on the continuation of obviously unsuccessful buildings, fighting protecting monuments with societies ("Our construction is more important"), etc. An examples of such settling "Honor of Mundir" can be given a lot.
The honor of True is always in accordance with conscience. The honor is false - the mirage in the desert, in the moral desert of human (or rather, the "official") soul.
Eleventh letter
About careerism
Man from the first day of his birth is developing. He is directed to the future. He learns, learns to put new challenges, not even understanding. And how quickly he mastering his position in life. Already a spoon can hold, and the first words to say.
Then he learns to the tails and young men.
And the time comes to apply your knowledge, to achieve what it strives. Maturity. We must live real ...
But overclocking is preserved, and this instead of exercise comes for many times of mastering position in life. Movement goes on inertia. Man all the time aspiring to the future, and the future is no longer in real knowledge, not in mastering skill, but in the device itself in a profitable position. Content, genuine content is lost. Currently does not occur, an empty aspiration in the future remains. This is a careerism. Inner anxiety making man unhappy personally and unbearable to others.
Twelfth letter
Letter thirteenth
About pupil
You can get good upbringing not only in your family or at school, but also ... at yourself.
It is only necessary to know what real pupil is.
I am convinced, for example, that the real pupil is manifested primarily at home, in his family, in relations with his relatives.
If a man on the street misses his unfamiliar woman ahead (even in the bus!) And even opens the door to her, and at home will not help the tired wife to wash the dishes, - he is an unbridled man.
If he is polite with his friends, and his homely annoyed for each occasion - he is an unbridled person.
If it is not considered with the character, psychology, habits and desires of his loved ones, is a non-love man. If he is already in adulthood, he as tributary accepts the help of parents and does not notice that they themselves need help, - he is an unborn person.
If he turns out the radio and the TV or simply talks loudly when someone is preparing lessons or reads (let it be even his little children), - he is an unborn person and will never make his children brought up.
If he loves to work (joke) over his wife or children, without sparing their pride, especially with outsiders, then he is already (excuse me!) Just stupid.
A brought up man is the one who wants and knows how to reckon with others, this is the one who own politeness is not only familiar and easy, but also pleasant. This is the one who is equally polite and with the elders and with younger years and on the situation.
A brought up man in all respects does not behave "loudly", saves the other time ("Accuracy - the politeness of kings" says the saying), it strictly performs the data of another promise, does not matter, does not "digest the nose" and always the same - at home, At school, at the institute, at work, in the store and bus.
The reader noticed, it is likely that I appeal mainly to a man, to the chapter of the family. This is because a woman really needs to give way to the road ... not only in the doorway.
But clever woman It will be easy to understand what exactly it is necessary to do that, always and with appreciation taking from a man to her nature right, as little as possible to force a man to give her championship. And it is much harder! Therefore, Nature took care to make women in their mass (I am not talking about exceptions) were endowed with a great sense of tact and greater natural politeness than men ...
There are many books about "good manners." These books explain how to keep themselves in society, visiting and at home, in the theater, at work, with older and younger, how to talk, not offending hearing, and dress, not insulting the vision of others. But people, unfortunately, draw little from these books. It happens, I think, because in the books about good manners it is rarely explained why good manners are needed. It seems: have good manners fake, boring, unnecessary. Man with good manners and can indeed cover the bad acts.
Yes, good manners can be very external, but in general, good manners are created by the experience of many generations and marvel a centuries-old desire of people to be better, live more comfortable and more beautiful.
What is the matter? What is the basis of the manual for the acquisition of good manners? Is this a meeting of rules, "recipes" of behavior, instructions that are hard to remember everything? At the heart of all the good manners lies care and care that a person does not interfere with a person to feel all together well. We must be able to not interfere with each other. Therefore, no need to noise. From noise, you will not shut up your ears - it is hardly in all cases and possibly. For example, at the table during the meal. Therefore, it is not necessary to the chakup, you do not need to ring the plug on the plate, with the noise to draw into myself the soup, talk loudly at dinner or talking to the mouth stuffed so that the neighbors had no fear. And you do not need to put the elbows on the table - again so as not to interfere with your neighbor. It is necessary to be talked to be dressed because there is a respect for the other - to guests, to the owners or just to passersby: you should not be disgusting. Do not tire the neighbors with continuous jokes, sharpness and jokes, especially those that have already been told by your listeners. By this you put the listeners in an awkward position. Try not only to entertain others yourself, but let others tell others. Manners, clothes, gait, all behavior should be restrained and ... beautiful. For any beauty does not tire. She is "social." And in so-called good manners there is always a deep meaning. Do not think that good manners are only manners, that is, something superficial. Your behavior you reveal your essence. It is not so many manners to educate in yourself, which is expressed in manners, careful attitude towards the world: to society, to nature, to animals and birds, to plants, to the beauty of the area, to the past of those places where you live, and t. D. We must not remember hundreds of rules, but to remember one thing - the need for a valid attitude to others. And if you have it and some more resourcefulness, then the manners will come to you or, it is better to say, memory will come to the rules of good behavior, the desire and ability to apply them.
Fourteenth letter
About bad and good influences
In the life of each person there is a curious age phenomenon: third-party influences. These third-party influences are usually extremely strong when a young man or a girl start becoming adults - on a fracture. Then the power of these influences passes. But about the influences, their "pathologies", and sometimes normality should be remembered by the young men and girls.
Maybe there is no special pathology: just to the younger person, a boy or a girl, I want to seek an adult, independent. But, becoming independent, they seek to free themselves primarily from the influence of their family. With his family, the ideas about their "childishness" are associated. In part, the family itself is to blame for this, which does not notice that their "child" if he did not, then wants to be adults. But the habit of obeying has not passed, and here he "listens" to the one who recognized him with adults is sometimes a man who has not yet become adults and truly independent.
Influences are both good and bad. Remember this. But bad effects should be feared. Because a person with the will is not a bad effect, he himself chooses his way. The man is bullless to be bad influences. Fearlessly influences: especially if you still do not know how to accurately, clearly distinguish good from the bad if you like the praise and approval of our comrades, whatever these praise and approval approval: if only praised.
Fifteenth letter
About envy
If heavyweight puts a new world record in lifting weights, do you envy him? And if a gymnast? And if the record holder on jumping from tower into the water?
Start listing all you know and what you can envy: You will notice that the closer to your work, specialty, life, the stronger the proximity of the envy. It's like in the game - cold, warm, still warmer, hot, died!
On the latter, you found blindfolded by other players with tied eyes. Here is the same with envy. The closer to the achievement of another to your specialty, your interests, the more increasing the roaring danger of envy.
A terrible feeling, which suffers first of all, who envy.
Now you will understand how to get rid of the extremely painful feeling of envy: develop your own individual inclinations in yourself, your own uniqueness in the world around you, be yourself, and you
you will never envy. Envy develops primarily where you yourself
yourself someone else's. Envy develops primarily where you are not
distinguish yourself from others. Envy - it means they did not find yourself.
Sixteenth letter
About greed
I do not satisfy the vocabulary definitions of the word "greed." "The desire to satisfy excessive, insatiable desire of something" or "stale, korestoloby" (this is one of the best dictionaries of the Russian language - four thousand, the first Tom came out in 1957). In principle, this definition of a four-volume "dictionary" is true, but it does not convey that feeling of disgust, which covers me when I observe the manifestation of greed in man. Greed is the oblivion of our own dignity, it is an attempt to put your material interests above yourself, this is a spiritual detergent, the terrible orientation of the mind, it is extremely limiting, the buzzing mental, sickness, a yellow look at the world, the bile to itself and others, the oblivion of the partnership. Greed in man is not even funny, it is humiliating. She is hostile to himself and others. Other business - reasonable thrift; Greed is its distortion, her illness. Greatness owns the mind, greed sends the mind.
Seventeenth letter
Letter eighteenth
Art is wrong
I do not like to watch television programs. But there were programs that I always looked: Dancing ice. Then I was tired of them and stopped watching - I stopped systematically, I watch only episodically. Most I like, when those who consider weak or who have not yet entered the closure "recognized", perform successfully. Good luck beginners or luck unfortunate brings much more satisfaction than the goodness of good luck.
But it's not that. Most of all, I admire me like "Skaterzhezhez" (so in the old days called athletes on ice) straightens their mistakes during the dance. Fell and gets up, quickly entering the dance again, and it leads this dance, exactly falling and there was no. This is art, huge art.
But after all, in the life of mistakes, it happens much more than on an ice field. And you need to be able to leave errors: correct them immediately and ... beautifully. Yes, it is beautiful.
When a person persists in his mistake or is too worried, thinks that life is over, "everything died," it is annoying for him and for others. The surroundings are awkward not from the error itself, but from what inconsistency shows a misunderstanding in its correction.
To confess to your mistake in front of yourself (it is not necessary to do it publicly: then it is either ashamed, or a rice) is not always easy, you need experience. You need experience that after the perfect error as soon as possible and how easy it is possible to turn into work, continue it. And the surrounding does not need to file a person to recognize the mistakes, it is necessary to encourage her correction; Responding to the way the audience react in competitions, sometimes even awarding the fallen applause that fallen and easily corrected their error at the first time.
Letter nineteenth
HOW TO SAY?
Jumping in clothing is primarily disrespect for people around you, and disrespect for yourself. The point is not to be dressed shoegolski. There is a lifelong idea of \u200b\u200bits own elegance, and for the most part, it stands on the edge of funny. It is necessary to be dressed clean and tidy, in that style that most of all goes and depending on age. Sportswear will not make an old man athlete if he does not play sports. "Professorial" hat and black rigorous suit are impossible on the beach or in the forest for collecting mushrooms.
And how to regard the attitude towards the language we say? The language of things is more like clothing, testifies to the taste of a person, about his attitude towards the world around the world, to itself.
There are various kinds of slope in the human language.
If a person was born and lives away from the city and speaks his dialect, there is no inclusiveness. I do not know how others, but me these local dialects, if they are strictly withstanding, like. Like their association, like local words, local expressions. Dialects are often an inexhaustible source of enrichment of the Russian literary language. Somehow in a conversation with me, the writer Fedor Aleksandrovich Abramov said: From the Russian north, granite was exported to the construction of St. Petersburg and exported a word-word in the stone blocks of epics, babysitting, lyrical songs ... "Fix" the language of the epic - translate it to the norms of the Russian literary language - This is simply spoiling epics.
Otherwise, if a person lives for a long time in the city, knows the norms of the literary language, and retains the shapes and words of their village. It may be because he considers them beautiful and proud of them. It does not cord me. Let him be and retaining his familiar community. In this I see the pride of my homeland - his village. It is not bad, and the person does not humiliate. It is also beautiful as the mosmotor's forgotten now, but only on a person who wore her since childhood, got used to her. If he put her to paint in her, show that he is "truly rustic", then it is funny and cynical: "Look, what am I: I wanted to do something that I live in the city. I want to be unlike all of you! "
Bragrading rudeness in the language, as well as grieving in manners, rusty in clothes, is a common phenomenon, and it basically testifies to human psychological insecurity, its weakness, and not at all. The speaker seeks a gross joke, a sharp expression, irony, cynicity to inhibit the feeling of fear, fear, sometimes just fears. Running nicknames of teachers, it is weak will of the disciples want to show that they are not afraid of them. This happens half a cattle. I'm not talking about the fact that it is a sign of uncompatory, non-attlicity, and sometimes cruelty. But the same poverty underlies any coarse, cynical, recklessness of ironic expressions in relation to the phenomena of everyday life, which in any way is injured by the speaker. These are roughly speaking people, as it were, want to show that they are higher than those phenomena that they are actually afraid. The basis of any jargon, cynical expressions and swearing is weakness. "People sprinkled" people therefore demonstrate their contempt for the injuring their phenomena in the life that they are bothering them, they are worried that they feel weak, not protected against them.
A truly strong and healthy, balanced person will not speak loudly without need, will not swear and consume jargon words. After all, he is sure that his word and so weighing 1.
Our language is the most important part of our common behavior in life. And on how a person says, we immediately and can easily judge what we are dealing with: we can determine the degree of human intelligence, the degree of its psychological balance, the degree of its possible "commissionality" (there is such a sad phenomenon in the psychology of some weak People, but I have no opportunity to explain it now - this is a big and special question).
Learn good, calm, intelligent speech should be long and carefully - listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. But although it is difficult - it is necessary. Our speech is the most important part of not only our behavior (as I said), but also our personality, our souls, mind, our ability is not to succumb to the influence of the environment if it "delays."
Twentieth letter
How to perform?
Public oral speeches are common now in our lives. Everyone needs to be able to perform at meetings, and maybe lectures and reports.
Thousands of books are written in all centuries about the art of speakers and lecturers. It is not necessary to repeat everything here is known about oratorical art. I will say only one thing, the simplest thing: that the speech was interesting, who speaks himself should be interesting to speak. He should be interested to set out his point of view, convince in it, the material of the lecture should be attractive for him, to some extent amazing. The speaker himself should be interested in the subject of his speech and can be able to give this interest to students - to make them feel the interest of the speaker. Only then will be interesting to listen.
And yet: the speech should not have several equal thoughts, ideas. In any performance, there must be one dominant idea, one thought, which is obeyed by others. Then the performance will not only interest, but will also remember.
Solntov Dar.
To your attention is a review of research work on the quotation of Academician Likhachev.
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REVIEW
on creative work
Solneva Dara Andreevich,
utzya 10-1 class of international gymnasium "Olgino".
Topic: " The greatest value in the world is life."
D.S.Likhachev
In the work of the student, relying on the quote D.S. Likhacheva, examines his work, which, in his opinion, has a special place in Russian literature.
It is given the substantiation of the relevance of the topic under study, goals and tasks are set. The material in the work is set out in compliance with internal logic.
The student showed erudition, readiness in the area under consideration and its own relation to the problem. When performing work, it has shown independence, the ability to select and systematize the material.
Work deserves a good assessment.
The teacher of biology and chemistry of the international gymnasium "Olgino"
T.V.
Autobiography.
My name is Solntov Dar Andreevich, born in 1999. I was born in the city of Miass Chelyabinsk region. At the age of 7, he moved to St. Petersburg and began to study at CCH "diplomat." There I studied from the 2nd 7th grade. In the 8th grade I switched to mg "Olgino", and I am learning there to this day. At the moment I am a 10-class student and plan to finish in this institution of grade 11. Throughout my life, I had many interests, but the majority of them went out to the 16th anniversary of them, and the other part is not so strong as before. The remaining interests are games (all kinds, i.e. table, computer, catch-ups, hide and seek, etc., logical ... This list can be continued endlessly. The exception is sports games. Exception is excluded - Sports card games Stay in my interests), cards (as you could already understand, playing. In addition to the games, I have the same collection of all kinds of decksalmost all over the world), as well as technology. Unfortunately, I did not choose what I was going to tie my life, because I can work almost in any area. But in December came to me the idea I was going to implement in life. I have already purchased almost all the necessary equipment. I'm going to create a game. What is she? Learn when it comes out.
International Gymnasium "Olgino"
Introduction
"Inhale - exhale, exhale!" I hear the voice of the gymnastics instructor: "To inhale full breasts, you need to breathe well. Learn primarily to exhale, get rid of "exhaust air".
Life is primarily breathing. "Soul", "Spirit"! And died - first of all - "stopped breathing." So thought Izstari. "Spirit Won!" - It means "died."
"Stuffy" happens in the house, "stuffy" and in moral life. Well breathe all the petty concerns, all the bustle of everyday life, get rid of, shake everything that heins the movement of thought, which gives the soul, does not allow a person to take life, its values, her beauty.
A person should always think about the most important for himself and for others, throwing out all empty care.
It is necessary to be open to people, tolerant to people, look for them first of all the best. The ability to look for and find the best, just "good", "obscured beauty" enriches a person spiritually.
Notice the beauty in nature, in the village, the city, the street, not to mention the person, through all the barriers of the little things - it means to expand the sphere of life, the sphere of the life spanner in which a person lives.
I was looking for this word for a long time - sphere. First I said to myself: "We must expand the borders of life," but life has no boundaries! This is not a land plot fenced by the fence - borders. Expand the limits of life is not suitable for expressing my thought for the same reason. Expand the horizons of life is already better, but still something is wrong. At Maximilian Voloshin there is a well-invented word - "Okoy". It's all that he holds his eyes that he can embrace. But here it interferes with the limitations of our domestic knowledge. Life can not be reduced to everyday impressions. It is necessary to be able to feel and even notice that outside of our perception, to have as it were, the "premonition" of the opening or can open up new. The greatest value in the world - Life: Alien, its own, life of the animal world and plants, the life of culture, life at all of its length - and in the past, and in the present, and in the future ... And life is infinitely deep. We always meet with what they did not notice earlier, which strikes us with their beauty, unexpected wisdom, uniqueness. "
Before you "Letters of good and beautiful"-
The book of one of the prominent scientists of modernity, Academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhacheva. These "letters" are not addressed to anyone specifically, but to all readers. First of all, the young people who have yet to learn their lives, to go sophisticated ways.
The fact that the author of the letters Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev is a person whose name is known on all continents, makes this book especially valuable.
After all, only a respected person can give advice. Otherwise, such advice will not listen.
And the advice that can be obtained by reading this book relate to almost all aspects of life.
For the first time, the book was published in 1985 and has already become a bibliographic rarity.
This book is transferred to many languages.
This is what D. S. Likhachev himself writes in the preface to the Japanese publication, in which he explains why this book is written:
"In my deep conviction of good and beauty is one for all nations. One - in two meanings: True, beauty is eternal satellites, they are one among themselves and the same for all nations.
False - evil for everyone. Sincerity and truthfulness, honesty and selflessness always welcome.
In his book, "letters of good and beautiful", intended for children, I am trying to explain the simplest arguments that following goodness is the path is the most acceptable and only one for a person. He is tested, he is faithful, he is useful - and a person alone and the whole society as a whole.
In my letters I am not trying to explain what kind of good and why a good man is internally handsome, lives in harmony with himself, with society and with nature. Explanations, definitions and approaches can be a lot. I strive to another - to specific examples, based on the properties of the general human nature.
I do not subordinate the concept of good and the concomitant concept of the beauty of a person whatever the world's worldview. My examples are not ideological, for I want to express them to children before when they will subjugate themselves in any particular ideological principles.
Children love traditions very much, are proud of their home, their family, as well as their village. But they willingly understand not only their own, but also other people's traditions, someone else's worldview, capture the general that all people have.
I will be happy if the reader, to whatever age he believed (because it happens that adults read children's books), will find in my letters at least as he can agree with.
The consent between people, different peoples is the most precious and now the most necessary for humanity. "
Chapter I.
What is life?
For many centuries, philosophers and scientists of all countries of the world were guessing about the meaning of life, but did not come to the general opinion. Even the concept of the word "life" differed. And what value "life" has these days?
There is a large number of definitions of the concept of "life" reflecting various approaches. Of all the accumulation of approaches to the identification of the word "life", three mains can be distinguished. According to the first approach, life is determined by the carrier of its properties (for example, protein). According to the second, life is considered as a combination of specific physicochemical processes. And finally, the third approach is to determine the minimum possible set of mandatory properties, without which no life is possible.Life can be defined as active, expecting from the expenseenergy, maintenance and self-reproduction of molecularstructures.
Russian scientist M. V. Volkenstein came up with a new definition of the concept of the word life: "Living bodies that exist on Earth are open, self-regulating and self-reproducing systems constructed from biopolymers - proteins and nucleic acids." According to the views of one of the founders of Tanatology M. Bisha, life is a set of phenomena resisting death.
From the point of view of the second start of thermodynamics, life is a process, or a system, the vector of development of which is opposite to the other, "non-living" objects of the universe, and aims to reduce its own entropy. V.N. Parmon gave the following definition: "Life is a phase-separated form of the existence of functioning autocatalysts capable of chemical mutations and have undergone enough long-term evolution due to natural selection". According to Ozanger and Morovitsi: "Life is a property of matter, leading to conjugate circulation of bioelers in aquatic environment, moving, ultimately, solar radiation energy along the path of increasing complexity." There are also cybernetic definitions of life. By definition, A. A. Lyapunov, life is "a high-stable state of a substance that uses information encoded by the states of individual molecules to produce reactions. There is a physiological determination of life given in 1929 by A.F. Samoilov, which, unfortunately, was not a great scientist to the end investigated. So we give it completely.
"Life is a vicious circle of reflex activity." The gap of this circle in any place (the state of "coma") means a sharp limitation of the parameters of life or even the absence of life. Now you can slightly expand this concept and specify the reasons for which this "closed circle" depends. Namely: the state of the external environment, the "power of the will" of the individual, the inner vegetative principles of the body, the non-influx "authorities".
Chapter II.
Life in the Earth.
Now that we have at least the slightest idea of \u200b\u200bthe concept of the word "life" let's see how it originated. There are many theories on this issue, among which you can allocate the most famous:
- The theory of spontaneous (spontaneous) nucleation;
- Creation Theory (or Creation);
- The theory of stationary state;
- Parasmiermia theory;
- The theory of biochemical evolution (theory of A.I. Oparin).
Let's look more in more detail with each of their theories. So, the theory of spontaneous originlife was very common in the ancient world - in Babylon, in China, ancient Egypt and ancient Greece.Scientists of the ancient world and medieval Europe believed that living beings constantly arise from inanimate matter: from dirt - worms, from Tina - frogs, from morning dew - fireflies, etc.For the first time the theory decided to expire the Italian scientist Francesco Radi experimental verification. He shoved several pieces of meat into the cans, while sticking some of the cans with a cloth. In meat, not covered with a cloth, the larvae of flies appeared, while the larvae did not appear in the charged banks. Thus, F. has managed to prove that the larvae of the flies appear from eggs pending with flies on its surface, and not from rotting meat. After some time withpores about the possibility of self-timing of life were intensified again due to the opening of microorganisms. If complex living beings can not selfish, maybe this may be microorganisms?In this regard, in 1859, the French academy announced awarding award to the one who finally decides the issue of the possibility or impossibility of self-religion of life. This premium was received in 1862 the famous French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur. It boils the broth in a glass flask with a neck in the form of an S-shaped tube. The air, and, consequently, the "life force" could penetrate the flask, but dust, and together with her and microorganisms present in the air, settled in the lower knee of the S-shaped tube, and the broth in the flask remained sterile. However, it was worth breaking the throat of the flasks or rinse the sterile broth the lower knee of the S-shaped tube, as the broth began to grow quickly - microorganisms appeared in it.Thus, thanks to the works of Louis Pasteur, the theory of self-reliance was recognized as insolvent and the theory of biogenesis was established in the scientific world, the brief formulation of which -« all alive - from living».
The theory of creationism is pretty simple - it assumes that all living organisms were created by a kind of supernatural being (by God, super-free, etc.).The theory of creationism and is currently widespread, and not only in religious, but also in scientific circles. It is usually used to explain the most difficult, not currently solving issues of biochemical and biological evolution. Acts of the periodic "Creation" explains the lack of clear transitional links from one type of animals
to another. It is necessary to emphasize that the philosophical dispute about the primaryness of consciousness (superphan, deities) or matter will not contribute fundamentally, however, since an attempt to explain any difficulties of modern biochemistry and an evolutionary theory of fundamentally incomprehensible supernatural acts of creation withdraws these issues beyond scientific research, the theory of creationism cannot be attributed to The discharge of scientific theories of the origin of life on Earth.
The theories of inpatient state and pincers are the complementary elements of a single picture of the world, the essence of which is as follows: the Universe exists forever and in it there is always life (inpatient state). Life is transferred from the planet on the planet traveling in the space space "seeds of life", which can be part of comets and meteorites (Panxermia). However, the theory of the stationary state, imposing an infinitely long existence of the universe, is not consistent with the data of modern astrophysics, according to which the Universe arose relatively recently (about 16 billion years of the so-called) by primary explosion.
It is obvious that both theories (parsermia and inpatient state) do not suggest explanations of the mechanism of primary occurrence of life, transferring it to other planets or pushing it in time in infinity.
The most common and recognized in the scientific world is the theory of biochemical evolution proposed in 1924 by the Soviet biochemist Academician A.I. Oparin (in 1936 he outlined it in his book "The emergence of life").
The essence of this theory is that biological evolution - i.e. The emergence, development and complication of various forms of living organisms was preceded by a chemical evolution - a long period in the history of the Earth, related to the emergence, complication and improvement of interaction between elementary units, "bricks", of which is all living - organic molecules.
Chapter III.
The meaning of being.
Each of us has repeatedly thought, as he found himself on this planet. On the one hand, everything is simple and understandable - the man was born. And so with each of us. We were born, that's the answer to the question as we appeared here. But on the other hand, the question remained not responded, and the question is how it turns into question why - "Why did I find myself on this planet?" "Why did I get here?" "What is my goal of staying here?" "What did I want to do?"
On the last question, we turn to another topic, which everyone argues - the meaning of life. "What is my meaning of life?" Keyword - "mine." After all, each of us in its own way determines the meaning of life. For someone, the meaning of life will be good to eat. For another - to fulfill the dream. Is it possible to call the dream of a dream?
Another question for which it is difficult to answer is the next - "Is there a meaning of life of humanity?". One, big and fat meaning, one for everyone. The reason why a person arose as a view. The reason why the universe creates us. It is necessary for him from us, and we did not understand what it was.
Summarize. Meaning of life- this is the problem relating to the definition of the ultimate goal of existence, the purpose of humanity, a person as a biological species, as well as a person as a separate creation, one of the main ideological concepts, which is of great importance for the formation of a spiritual and moral appearance of the individual.
The question of the meaning of life can also be understood as a subjective assessment of the lived life and the compliance of the results achieved by initial intentions, as an understanding of the content and director of his life, its place in the world, as the problem of the impact of a person on the surrounding reality and production of the human goals going beyond his life . In this case, it is implied to find an answer to questions:
- "What are the values \u200b\u200bof life?"
- "What is the purpose of life?"
- "Why (for what) live?".
The question of the meaning of life is one of the most common problems in philosophy, theology and fiction, where it is considered mainly from the point of view of the definition, which consists of the most decent meaning of life.
The ideas about the meaning of life develop in the process of people's life, sorry for taftology, and depend on the results of their activities. In favorable terms, a person can see the meaning of his life in achieving happiness and well-being; In a hostile medium of existence, life can lose its value for him and meaning.
Questions about the meaning of life, people were asked, continue to ask and will ask. They come up with new hypotheses, philosophical, theological and religious explanations, which are forever in disagreement. Science is able to answer with a certain probability share of specific questions like "How exactly ...?", "Under what conditions ...?", "What will happen if ...?", While questions like "What is (what is) goal (meaning of life?" Stay under philosophy and theology.
Chapter IV.
Consciousness.
When a person is born, he is a helpless lump. In infancy, he relies on instincts, then the creatures of him teach him to communicate adopted by behavior. The little man grows, and begins to think about the meaning of life. The little man appears in consciousness. By simple, consciousness can be called a combination of chemical processes occurring in our brain. And if it deepels to break into this question, then we note that for some reason there is consciousness only in humans. And, most interesting if the little man grow some other kind of living beings, he will remain living on instincts. Consciousness will not. Only the physical shell looks like us, but leading themselves as an animal.
The term "consciousness", almost like all the themes we talked, is difficult to determine, but it is possible to allocate the following wording - "Consciousness isthe state of the mental life of the individual, expressed in the experience of the events of the external world and the life of the individual himself, as well as in the report about these events. "Consciousness may include thoughts, perception, imagination and self-consciousness and so on. At different times it can act as a type of mental state at different times, As a way of perception, as a way of relationships with others. It can be described as a point of view as "I". Many philosophers consider consciousness as the most important thing in the world. On the other hand, many scientists tend to consider this word as too vague value for In order to use it.
It will be more correct to say that now we are talking about self-awareness. About how a person will know himself. Why, when we look in the mirror, we understand that this is we? And what if it is not us, and they? No, it's still we. And thanks to which we understand this? Self-consciousness. Just as for consciousness, there are no clear fully formed scientific theories in the world about exactly how to determine the presence of self-consciousness. In particular, there is still no way to prove that it has a self-awareness.
Self-consciousness is not the original data inherent in man, but a development product. However, the descendant of the consciousness of identity appears already at the infant when he begins to distinguish the sensations caused by external objects, and the sensations caused by their own body, the consciousness "I" - about three years, when the child begins to properly use personal pronouns.
Stages of development of self-consciousness:
- The opening "I" occurs at the age of 1 year.
- For two to three years, a person begins to separate the result of his actions from the actions of others and clearly aware of himself as a leader.
- To seven years, the ability to evaluate itself (self-esteem).
- Teenage and youth age - the stage of active self-knowledge, finding yourself, its style. The period of the formation of socio-moral estimates is completed.
The formation of self-consciousness affects:
- Estimates of surrounding and status in the group of peers.
- The ratio "I am real" and "I am perfect".
- Evaluation of the results of its activities.
At the same time, consciousness makes it clear that we are unique.
Chapter V.
Uniqueness.
Uniqueness can be called unique. That is, if something is called unique, it means that something exists only in a single copy. He has no copies. And this term is treated both to inanimate creations and living beings. As an example, animals can be caused. Like species and resembling themselves, but each individual is something different from each other. And this difference can be both congenital (color) and acquired (scar). Moreover, examples of what is different from another different, the infinite set. And all due to the fact that the universe does not create two identical instances. Therefore, we must strive to preserve life safe and preservation, both human life and an animal. Of course, even though a person is an omnivorous creature, he should think about what he should restrict his diet in order to avoid the extinction of certain types of animals.
As well as animals, people also have their differences from each other.Uniqueness is not, of course, a certain absolute, it does not have a complete and final completion, which is the condition of its constant movement, changes, development, but at the same time it is the most stable basis, but as a special case - an invariant and one of the foundations (Another basis is a society) of a person's personal structure, changing and at the same time constant throughout his life, hiding under many shells is the gentle, the most mysterious part of it is the soul.
To understand what the significance of the unique features of the person in the life of society will answer the question: what would the society be, it suddenly happens that, due to some reasons, all people would be on one face, with stamped brains, thoughts, feelings, abilities? Imagine mentally that all people of this society turned out to be somehow artificially mixed into a homogeneous mass of bodily and spiritual, from which the hand of the Oswanish Experimentator, dividing this mass to in half to the female and male parts, made all the same way and in all equal to each other. Would this double the same form to form a normal society? Only external differences this is not limited. All thanks to consciousness.
Consciousness allows us to be different not only external signs, but also behavior. In the same situations different people Will behave differently, sorry for tautology. But even despite the strong differences in our psyche, several types of aggregate can be distinguished.mental properties of a person. I'm talking about temperament.
Chapter VI.
Temperament.
Temperament oM is the connectionindividual features of the identity associated with dynamic, and not meaningful aspects of activity. Temperament is also one of the firmware of developmentcharacter . From a physiological point of view, it is due totype of higher nervous activityman. From human temperament depend:
- the rate of occurrence of mental processes (for example, perception speed, speed of thinking);
- the plasticity and stability of mental phenomena, the ease of their shift and switch;
- pace and rhythm activities;
- the intensity of mental processes (for example, the activity of the will);
- the focus of mental activities on certain objects (extroversion or introversion).
People with pronounced traits of a certain temperament are quite rare, usually people have a mixed temperament in various combinations. But the predominance of any type of temperament makes it possible to attribute the temperament of a person to one or another type. Here is one of the classifications of temperament types:
Phlegmatic is not unhappy, it is impossible, it has sustainable aspirations and mood, externally stingy on the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He is persistent and perseverance in the work, remaining calm and balanced. It is produced in operation, compensating for its slowness to adjacent.
Choleric is a fast, impregnated, but completely unbalanced, with a sharply changing mood with emotional flashes, quickly depleting. He has no equilibrium of nerve processes, it is sharply distinguished from the Sanguinik. The choleric has a huge performance, however, captivating, disassembled his strength and quickly depleted.
Sanguine - live, hot, mobile person, with frequent change of impressions, with a rapid response to all events occurring around it, is quite easily reconciled with its failures and troubles. Usually the Sanguine has expressive facial expressions. It is very productive in work when he is wondering if the work is not interesting, he relates to her indifferently, it becomes boring.
Melancholic is inclined to the constant experience of various events, it acutely reacts to external factors. Theirasthenic experience it often cannot contain the effort of the will, it is imprinted, emotionally too.
Chapter VII.
The price of life.
Each of us is unique. - Someone is good, someone's bad; Someone beautiful, someone's curve; Someone is smart, and someone is stupid ... This list of differences can continue infinitely, but the whole essence is due to the infinite number of components, we can get an infinite number of combinations. And, as stated earlier, each combination is created only once.Human life is priceless. Is it so? Attempts to determine the cost of human life in the money at first glance seem inhuman. However, the absence of such assessments leads to even greater social and moral issues. How much do you need to pay relatives of those killed in combat actions or as a result of terrorist acts? How much do not mind spend to reduce mortality in road traffic accidents, in fires and as a result of accidents? The idea of \u200b\u200bthe pricelessness of human life often turns into its free free: relatives of the dead do not receive almost nothing, but projects that could reduce the mortality rate, are considered too expensive. The state and society prefer to spend money on other important goals. But what ultimately is more important than our own life?
How to evaluate how much life is? It can be assumed that the cost of living is equal to the magnitude of the "human capital", equal, in turn, the value added, which a person produces in his entire life. Using this approach, it can be concluded that the cost of living of the Middle Russian is just about $ 100,000. In addition, this theory follows that the life of one billionaire costs as much as the life of all the inhabitants of a small town, combined.
However, this approach may seem not only offensive, but also superficial from the point of view of economic science. Man is not only what it produces. We do not live in order to work, but work in order to live. Professional activity is only a small component of life, therefore the cost of living should be much higher than "human capital".
To find out how much we appreciate your life, another, more substantiated methodology has been developed. In the past 20-30 years, economists from different countries held dozens of research, trying to evaluate the so-called "value of average life". The basis of this methodology is the analysis of real decisions, when adopting which people weigh the cost of their lives. The price of life can be calculated, knowing, for example, how much more secure cars cost in comparison with the usual or as much higher wage For those who work in dangerous production.
To estimate the value of average life, very good microeconomic data is needed, so it is not surprising that the overwhelming majority of work was carried out in the United States. The results of studies of the American labor market show a relatively small scatter of assessments: from $ 4 million to $ 9 million (prices2000) for one life . Similar estimates are obtained and when analyzing solutions to buy cars, installation of fire equipment, buying real estate, taking into account the environmental situation, etc. The reliability of these estimates is so high that the US government uses a methodology for determining the cost of living when making decisions on investment projects in important areas - ambient, health care, safety on transport.
Conducting such studies in Russia is not real yet. However, you can try to evaluate the cost of the life of the Russian, using American data. Analysis of the value of average life for various samples of Americans (see the above-mentioned job Kipa Viskuzi and Joseph Aldi) shows that the elasticity of the cost of life for income is only ѕ, and not a unit (as it would be expected according to the theory of "human capital"). Translated to the daily language it means that the price of the life of those who earn 1% more is higher than 0.5%, and with an increase in income 4 times the cost of life is only doubled (it is necessary to build 4 to the degree of 0.5, that is, take Square root of 4). It turns out, the cost of the Russian life is about 3 times lower than the same indicator for the American (3 square root from the ratio of GDP per capita in Russia and the United States in2004 .). That is, ranges from $ 1.3 million to $ 3 million.. Consequently, the demands of relatives of people who died in the theater center on Dubrovka, no way be considered excessive. And the amount of insurance payments by native military personnel involved in hostilities is an order of magnitude or two below the fair amount.
You can, of course, argue that Russia is not the United States and the extrapolation of American data is not quite legitimate. Then try to compare the evaluations obtained with research related to less developed countries? For obvious reasons, calculate the cost of average life for developing countries is very difficult. Certificate estimates are obtained only for India. The lowest assessment of the value of the life of the Indian is $ 1 million. If we consider that India lags behind Russia on the per capita GDP four times, then the extrapolation of Indian data allows us to evaluate the life of Russian at $ 2 million and higher. This figure, as we see, stacked in the previously obtained range of $ 1.3-3 million.
Why is it so difficult to compare Russia with developed countries? Take for example the statistics of road accidents (accident). In Russia, more than 30,000 people die annually on the roads, and less than 600 people in Sweden. At the same time, cars in Sweden are only three times less than in Russia. To reduce mortality in an accident, not such great costs are needed. Even in a very well-safe, from the point of view of Britain's road safety, there is still an opportunity to reduce the mortality rate by spending about $ 1500,000 for each saved life. In Russia, the reduction in mortality would cost much cheaper.
The main thing, however, is not the fact that our life is extremely low the state, but the fact that we often do not appreciate your life. This is evidenced by the everyday habits of our drivers: they do not like to fasten the seat belts, they get drunk behind the wheel, go to the oncoming lane. When you do not appreciate your life, you also treat someone else's: the Middle Russian driver does not consider his duty to give way to pedestrians and hurrying to challenge ambulances.
The list of evidence that we do not appreciate your life can continue to infinity: smoking, excessive use of alcohol, neglect of fire safety rules.
Chapter VIII.
Saving life.
Life on Earth is a great miracle. So far, humanity does not know places in the Universe, where life could exist besides the Earth. Now it becomes quite clear that the functioning of the biosphere, the concept of which was developed at one time V.I. Vernadsky, is based on the situation that the biosphere on Earth exists due to the enormous diversity of living beings, from the simplest to difficult to organized, including - man. The impact of a person on nature, on the environment, the biosphere will increase all the time, and our main task is to understand the meaning of this phenomenon and make it so as to reduce this negative impact. WITH overweight biosphere has several degrees of protection:
The 1st degree of protection is its stepped, hierarchical organization, from simple to complex. If you look at the organization of the biosphere from the point of view of modern science, it can be represented in the form of a pyramid, at the base of which are the simplest, easily adapting to the environmental change of organisms; And completes this vertex a person who has the strongest influence on the biosphere, or turning it into the scope of the mind - in the nosphere, or finally leading it to degradation.
The 2nd degree of protection of the biosphere is an extraordinary diversity of living organisms and their ability to adapt, adapt to the most different environmental conditions.
The lower floors of this "biosphere pyramid" are folded by millions and millions of different types. The higher the pyramid, the amount of species is less and less. And this decrease in biodiversity and simplifying the hierarchy of the biosphere leads to the most vulnerable and most easily-old are its top parts, especially a person.To save lives, a clear balance of temperature, oxygen and other factors is needed. If the land was only on a couple of grains closer to the sun, all the water would evaporate on Earth, the oxygen would have disappeared and the desert would be. If the Earth was a little further from the sun, it would turn into a lifeless block of ice. In addition, the earth's atmosphere constantly protects us from various cosmic emissions and gases. Yes, yes, radiation! In the open space, many different emissions capable of killing all living things. Solar radiation, alpha, beta, gamma particles. All this is killing a person in large doses. Therefore, cosmonauts when entering outdoor space, special protective suits are put on. And all the inhabitants of the Earth from these radiation protect the earth's atmosphere.But the earthly atmosphere is not eternal. Every year she gets thinner and thinner. Various magnetic storms reach the land increasingly and more often. You probably have heard about such meteoprognosis.And runs out the atmosphere in our fault. Cars, plants, pollution of ecology, cutting down forests. All this affects our atmosphere negatively.
Output.
Claiming that " The greatest value in the world - Life: Alien, its own, life of the animal world and plants, the life of culture, life at all of its length - and in the past, and in the present, and in the future "D.S. Likhachev was absolutely right. Combinations of living The creatures are infinite many, but they only meet once. A person must try to do everything in his power to keep this diversity of life and not destroy our planet.
List of used literature.
DI. Likhachev "Letters of good and beautiful"
- A.I. Oparin "The emergence of life"
Magazines, diaries and records Francesco Radi
Magazines, diaries and records Louis Pasteur
V.N. Bolshakov " Preserving the biodiversity of the Earth as the most important problem of the XXI century»
The monocler decided to post "letters about the eternal and kind" D. S. Likhacheva and publish the best of them.
"To inhale full breasts, you need to breathe well.
Learn primarily to exhale, get rid of "exhaust air".
When it comes to Dmitry Sergeyevich Likhachev, a brilliant philologist, an academician with a world name and an ideal representative of the Russian intelligentsia, becomes somehow warmer. And it's not about his fundamental studies, without which it is impossible to present a story or Russian literature now, but in the love and attention to the person who permeated all his work and speeches.
I have been many years old, and I think, of course, that soon you will have to go. We come from the mystery and return to the mystery. Is it terrible to me? I do not know. No, I'm not afraid, but I'm very fat, and I think, did I do everything? Always could it go on conscience? Does not often offended people? Did you try to apologize in time? I want to remind the thought, perhaps a banal, but for me very serious: a small step for a person is a big step for humanity. It is impossible to correct humanity - you can fix it yourself. Feed the child, not to say a rude word, translate across the old man, to console crying, not answer the evil, go to his vocation, you can easily look into the eyes to another person. All this is much simpler for one person, but it is very difficult for everyone. That is why you should always begin to ask yourself. This is also a sign of culture - to live, not too much for yourself. My favorite saying - be sure to put a tree - even if tomorrow is the end of the world. "
From the last interview on the channel "Culture"
We decided to post "letters of good and beautiful" D. S. Likhacheva - this legacy of future generations, in which the scientist talks about the greatest spiritual values \u200b\u200bof a person - and publish the best of them. And beginning, perhaps with this.
The greatest value is life
Fourth letter
Life is primarily breathing. "Soul", "Spirit"! And died - first of all - "stopped breathing." So thought Izstari. "Spirit Won!" - It means "died."
"Stuffy" happens in the house, "stuffy" and in moral life. Well breathe all the petty concerns, all the bustle of everyday life, get rid of, shake everything that heins the movement of thought, which gives the soul, does not allow a person to take life, its values, her beauty.
A person should always think about the most important for himself and for others, throwing out all empty care.
It is necessary to be open to people, tolerant to people, look for them first of all the best. The ability to look for and find the best, just "good", "obscured beauty" enriches a person spiritually.
Notice the beauty in nature, in the village, the city, the street, not to mention the man, through all the challenges of the little things - it means to expand the sphere of life, the sphere of that life space in which a person lives.
I was looking for this word for a long time - sphere. First I said to myself: "We must expand the borders of life," but life has no boundaries! This is not a land plot fenced by the fence - borders. Expand the limits of life is not suitable for expressing my thought for the same reason. Expand the horizons of life is already better, but still something is wrong. At Maximilian Voloshin there is a well-invented word - "Okoy". It's all that he holds his eyes, that he can embrace. But here it interferes with the limitations of our domestic knowledge. Life can not be reduced to everyday impressions. It is necessary to be able to feel and even notice that outside of our perception, to have as it were, the "premonition" of the opening or can open up new. The greatest value in the world - Life: Alien, its own, life of the animal world and plants, the life of culture, life on the whole length - and in the past, and in the present, and in the future ... And life is infinitely deep. We always meet with something that did not notice earlier, which strikes us with their beauty, unexpected wisdom, uniqueness.
Dmitry Likhachev
Letter thirty second
Understand art
So, life is the greatest value, which man possesses. If you compare life with a precious palace with many rooms, which are drawn by endless enfilads, which are all generously diverse and everyone is not like each other, the largest hall in this palace, a real "Throne Hall", is a hall in which art reigns. This is a hall of amazing magic. And the first magic, which he performs, is not only with the owner of the palace, but also with everyone in him invited to the celebration. This is the hall of the infinite festivities who make a person's life more interesting, solemn, more fun, more considerable ... I don't know what epitheats still express your delight before the art, before its works, before the role that it plays in the life of humanity. And the greatest value that art awards is the value of kindness. Awarded for nothing to understand art, a person becomes morally better, and therefore happier. Yes, happier! For, awarded through the art of the gift of a good understanding of the world, the people around him, the past and distant, the person is easier to friendly with other people, with other cultures, with other nationalities, it is easier for him to live.
E. A. Maimin in his book for students of high schools "Art Thinks by Images" (1977) writes: "The discoveries that we do with the help of art are not only living and impressive, but also good discoveries. The knowledge of reality coming through art is knowledge, warmed by a human feeling, sympathy. This is an art property and makes it a public phenomenon of immeasurable moral importance. Gogol wrote about the theater: "This is such a department with which you can say a lot of good peace." The source of the good is every genuine art. It is at the very basis of its own morally precisely because it causes in the reader, in the auditor - in anyone who perceives him - empathy and sympathy for people, to all mankind. Lion Tolstoy spoke of the "uniting principle" of art and attached to this quality of paramount importance. Due to its figurative form, art is best introduced by a person to humanity: forces with great attention and understanding to treat someone else's pain, to someone else's joy. It makes this someone else's pain and joy to a large extent with its ... Art in the deepest sense of this word is humane. It comes from a person and leads to a person - to the most living, kind, to the best in it. It serves the unity of human souls. " Well, very well said! And a number of thoughts here sound like beautiful aphorisms.
Wealth, which gives a person an understanding of works of art, is impossible to take away from a person, and they everywhere, they only need to see them.
And evil in man is always due to the lack of understanding of another person, with a painful feeling of envy, with an even more painful sense of ill-advantage, with discontent with its position in society, with an eternal, eating angrily, disappointment in life. An evil man execute himself his evil. It immerses in darkness first of all himself.
Art illuminates and at the same time sanctifying the life of a person. And I repeat: it makes it kinder, and therefore happier.
But to understand artwork is far from easy. It is necessary to learn this - learn long, all my life. For the stop in the expansion of their understanding of art can not be. There may be only a retreat back - in the darkness of misunderstanding. After all, art collides us all the time with new and new phenomena, and in this huge generosity of art. We opened in the palace some doors, behind them the opening turn to others.
How to learn to understand art? How to improve this understanding? What qualities do you need to enjoy? I do not take the recipes. I do not want to say anything categorically. But then the quality that I still seems to be the most important thing in the present understanding of art is sincerity, honesty, openness to the perception of art.
Understanding art should be learn primarily at itself - in its sincerity.
Often they speak about someone: he has an innate taste. Not at all! If you look at those people about which we can say that they have a taste, then notice in them one common feature of them: they are honest and sincere in their susceptibility. She has a lot and have learned.
I never noticed that the taste is inherited.
Taste, I think it is not among the properties that are transmitted by genes. Although the family raises the taste and from the family, its intelligence depends a lot.
Do not approach the work of art biased, based on the established "opinion", from fashion, from the views of your friends or pushing out the views of the nonsense. With the work of art, you need to be able to remain "one to one".
If in your understanding of works of art you will follow the fashion, the opinion of others. The desire to seem exquisite and "sophisticated", you will muffle the joy that life gives art, and the art of life gives.
Pretending to understand what you do not understand. You were deceived not from others, but yourself. You are trying to convince yourself that I understood something, and the joy that art gives is immediately like any joy.
Like - so tell yourself and others what you like. Just do not impose your understanding or, even worse, misunderstandings to others. Do not consider that you have an absolute taste, as well as absolute knowledge. The first is impossible in art, the second is impossible in science. Respect in yourself and in others your attitude to art and remember the wise rule: do not argue about tastes.
Does this mean that you need to completely clicter in yourself and satisfy yourself, with your attitude to one or another works of art? "I like it, but I don't like it." And on this point. In no case! In its attitude, art should not be so calmed, should strive to understand what you do not understand and deepen your understanding of what has already partially understood. And the understanding of the work of art is always incomplete. For the real work of art "is not sorry" in their wealth.
Do not, as I have already said, proceed from the opinions of others, but to the opinion of others you need to listen, to reckon with him. If this opinion of others about the work of art is negative, it is mostly not very interesting. More interesting: if many speaks a positive look. If some artist, some art school, people understand thousands, it would be self-challenged to argue that everyone is mistaken, but only you are right.
Of course, the tastes are not arguing, but the taste is developing - in themselves and in others. You can strive to understand what others understand, especially if these other others. Many and many can not be deceivers, if they claim that they like something, if the painter or composer, the poet or sculptor enjoy tremendous and even by international recognition. However, there are mods and there are no justified non-recognition of new or alien, innovation, even hate to "Alien", to too complicated, etc.
The whole question is only that it is impossible to understand immediately difficult, without realizing the more simpler. In any sense - scientific or artistic - you can not leap through the steps. To understanding classical music, you need to be prepared knowledge of the basics of musical art. The same in painting or in poetry. It is impossible to master the highest mathematics, not knowing the elementary.
Sincerity in relation to art is the first condition of his understanding, but the first condition is not all. To understand art, you need more knowledge. The actual information on the history of art, on the history of the monument and biographical information about its creator help the aesthetic perception of art, leaving it free. They do not force the reader, the viewer or the listener to some particular assessment or a certain attitude to the work of art, but, no matter how "commenting" it, facilitate understanding.
The factual information is needed primarily in order for the perception of the work of art in the historical perspective, it was permeated with historicism, for the aesthetic attitude towards the monument is always historical. If we have a modern monument, then modernity is a certain point in history, and we need to know that the monument is created today. If we know that the monument is created in ancient Egypt, it creates a historical attitude towards him, helps his perception. And for the more acute perception of ancient Egyptian art, it will be necessary to know how one or another monument has been created in what epoch of the history of ancient Egypt.
Knowledge reveal the doors to us, but we must enter them yourself. And especially you want to emphasize the value of the details. Sometimes a trifle allows us to penetrate the main thing. How important it is to know what one or another thing was written for or painted!
Somehow in the Hermitage there was an exhibition worked in Russia at the end of XVIII - At first XIX century of the decorator and builder of Pavlovsk Pavlovsk Pietro Gonzago. His drawings - mainly on architectural stories - striking on the beauty of the construction of perspective. He even flaunt his skill, emphasizing all lines, horizontal in kind, but in the drawings converging on the horizon - as it should be assumed when building a perspective. How many of these horizontal in kind of lines! Correspondures, roofs.
And everywhere horizontal lines are made a little more fatter than it should, and some lines go beyond the "need", beyond those in kind.
But here is another amazing thing: the point of view on all these wonderful prospects for Gonzago is always chosen as if from the bottom. Why? After all, the viewer is keeping the drawing right in front of him. Yes, because these are all sketches of the theater decorator, the drawings of the decorator, and in the theater the auditorium (in any case, places for the most "important" visitors) below and Gonzago calculates their compositions on the viewer sitting in the parter. You should know it.
Always to understand the works of art, you need to know the conditions of creativity, the goals of creativity, the personality of the artist and the era. Art can not catch with bare hands. Spectator, listener, readers should be "armed" - armed with knowledge, information. That is why entrance articles, comments and general work on art, literature, music have such great importance. Arm yourself!
To be continued
No wonder the words: knowledge is power. But this is not only power in science, it is power in art. Art is not available powerless. Weapons of knowledge - peaceful weapons. If the folk art is fully understood and not to look at it as a "primitive", it can serve as a starting point for understanding any art - as some joy, independent value, independence from various, preventing the perception of the art of claims (such as demands of unconditional "similar" primarily). Folk creativity teaches to understand the conditionality of art. Why is it so? Why is the folk art after all, it serves this source and best teacher? Because folk art embodied the Millennium's experience. The division of people on the "cultural" and "non-cultural" is often caused by extreme self-conceit and its own revaluation of "citizens". The peasants have their own complex culture, which is expressed not only in the amazing folklore (compare at least deep in its content traditional Russian peasant song), not only in folk art and folk wooden architecture in the north, but also in difficult life, complex peasant politeness rules, Beautiful Russian wedding ritual, rite of reception of guests, common family peasant meal, complex labor customs and labor festivals. Customs are created not in vain. They, too, the result of a centuries-old selection for their feasibility, and the art of the people - beauty selection. This does not mean that traditional forms are always the best and always need to follow them. It should be striving for a new one, to the artistic discoveries (traditional forms were also discoveries in their time), but the new should be created taking into account the previous, traditional, as a result, and not as the abolition of the old and accumulated one. End of the first part |