Who lived 300 years. Which animals have the longest life expectancy? flower - plant

Test tasks for self-test

In the discipline "Logic"

The test includes 100 closed-type tasks (you must select one correct answer) and covers the main topics of the course.

1. Find the correct definition of logic as a science. Logic is the science of

1. thinking;

2. conclusions and evidence;

3. forms of thinking and the truth of judgments;

Forms of rational thinking and logical laws.

1. Formal logic appeared in

1. Middle Ages;

2. antiquity;

3. New time;

1. Founder of formal logic -

1. Socrates;

2. Plato;

3. Aristotle;

4. Leibniz.

1. Traditional (formal) logic is also called

1. two-digit;

2. polysemantic;

3. symbolic;

4. mathematical.

1. The forms of sensory cognition include

1. concept; judgment; inference;

2. sensation; perception; performance;

3. perception; performance; concept;

4. sensation; perception; concept.

1. The odd one out in this list is

1. concept;

2. inference;

3. presentation;

4. judgment.

1. The elementary form of abstract thinking, in which the essential properties and characteristics of the designated object are recorded -

1. presentation;

2. concept;

3. judgment;

4. inference.

1. A form of thought by which a conclusion (conclusion) is drawn from one or more propositions (called premises)

1. concept;

2. judgment;

3. reasoning;

4. inference.

1. A form of thinking in which something is affirmed or denied about objects, their properties and relationships -

1. concept;

2. judgment;

3. inference;

4. offer.

1. Find the concept:

1. I'm talking.

Smart man.

3. This table is wooden.

4. Are you sick?

1. Find the concept:

1. 1st year student at Moscow State Pedagogical University.

2. I am a student at Moscow State Pedagogical University.

3. This student studies at Moscow State Pedagogical University.

4. There are excellent students in our group.

1. Any concept is expressed in the form

1. simple sentence;

2. complex sentence;

3. words or phrases;

4. coherent text.

1. Any concept has

1. size;

2. volume;

3. size;

4. figure.

1. The content of the concept is

1. the totality of all objects that it covers;

2. significant attributes of the object it expresses;

3. the judgment in which it can be used;

4. the word or phrase in which it is expressed.

1. The scope of a concept is

1. a set of objects, covered by this concept;

2. the most important features of the object it denotes;

3. the totality of all words or phrases that can express it;

4. all reasoning in which it is used.

1. The concept is unique

1. Serpent Gorynych.

2. Student at Moscow State Pedagogical University.

3. Desert.

Aristotle.

1. General concept is not

1. Dry water.

2. Moskvich.

3. Engine.

4. Deep lake.

1. Empty (null) is the following concept

1. Eiffel Tower.

2. Gymnast.

3. Football team.

A man who lived 300 years.

1. The scope of the concept “student” is greater scope of the concept “student”;

2. the scope of the concept “student” is less than the scope of the concept “student”;

3. The scope of the concept “student” is equal to the scope of the concept “student”.

1. Based on the law of the inverse relationship between the volume and content of concepts, choose the correct judgment:

1. The larger concept is called

1. species;

2. generic;

4. wide.

1. Find the right option restrictions concepts:

1. Moscow is the capital of Russia;

2. Moscow is a city;

3. capital - capital of Russia;

4. Moscow - Moscow region.

1. Find the right option generalizations concepts:

1. flower – plant;

2. flower – stem;

3. flower – a bouquet of flowers;

4. flower – tulip.

1. A possible result of the restriction for the concept “ pencil"there will be a concept

1. human product;

2. writing instrument;

3. wooden object;

4. layer semolina pencil.

1. The limit of the logical chain of limitation of any concept will always be some

1. zero concept;

2. single concept;

3. specific concept;

4. generic concept.

1. Incompatible concepts can't be in a relationship

1. submission;

2. subordination;

3. opposites;

4. contradictions.

1. Concepts " Paris" And " capital of France» are in relation

1. equivalence;

2. submission;

3. intersections;

4. subordination.

1. Concepts " Muscovite" And " student» are in relation

1. equivalence;

2. submission;

3. intersections;

4. subordination.

1. Concepts " birch" And " tree» are in relation

1. equivalence;

2. submission;

3. intersections;

4. subordination.

1. Concepts " Friend" And " enemy» are in relation

1. intersections;

2. subordination;

3. contradictions;

4. prot and the opposite.

1. Concepts " metro" And " tram» are in relation

1. submission;

2. with subordination;

3. contradictions;

4. opposites.

1. Concepts " even number" And " odd number» are in relation

1. incomparability;

2. subordination;

3. about contradictions;

4. opposites.

1. The following group of concepts corresponds to this scheme:

1. Boy. Girls A. Schoolboy.

2. Student. Athlete. Teacher.

3. Doctor. Father. Businessman.

4. University. Moscow University. MSPU.

34. This scheme does not correspond the following group of concepts:

1. Fish. Predator. Shark.

2. Plant. Tree. Pine.

3. Higher education institution. Moscow educational institution. MSPU.

4. Russian writer. Famous person. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy.

35. The relationship between concepts “ wolf" their east" is expressed by the following diagram

36. Definition “An island is a piece of land surrounded on all sides by water.”

1. correct;

2. incorrect (too wide);

4. irregular (contains a circle).

37. Definition “Existentialism is a philosophical movement of the 20th century, which examines various existential questions and problems”

1. correct;

2. incorrect (too wide);

3. incorrect (too narrow);

One of the oldest women in Italy, Theresia Staffler, died on Monday evening in the mountain town of Santa Valpurga in the northern Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige at the age of 112. Staffler was far from the only famous centenarian whose age exceeded 100 years.

The length of human life depends on many reasons. This is both a genetic predisposition and environment, and a person’s mood, his desire to live. Only a small fraction of one percent of the total number of people on Earth lives to be a hundred years old.

According to gerontological experts, the life expectancy of a modern person is 40% less than that allotted to him by nature: 100-120 years of active and fulfilling life is not the limit for the human body.

According to the World Health Organization classification, long-livers include elderly people who have crossed the 90-year mark.

According to the Guinness Book of Records, the limit for human life expectancy is 122 years. Jeanne Louise Calmat, a resident of France, born on February 21, 1875 in Arles, lived this long. Japanese resident Shigechio Izumi, who was born in 1865 and died of pneumonia in 1986, lived two years less.

But many scientists and journalists believe that the Guinness Book of Records does not have all the data on centenarians. Thus, a reporter from the Cairo newspaper Al-Akhbar talks about a man who, according to him, is 195 years old and perfectly remembers the opening of the Suez Canal.

The population census in Vietnam in 1991 also made its own adjustments to the question of centenarians. A man aged 142 was discovered in Cun Khol County, Nget Tinh Province. There, in Vietnam, they found a centenarian who was born in 1847, outlived her three husbands and has four children who are already over 100 years old.

According to unverified data, one of the oldest inhabitants of the planet was a Chinese citizen, Li-Chung-yang, who was born in 1680 and died in 1933 at the age of 253 years. However, these reports are not documented.

One of the oldest inhabitants of Colombia, Javier Pereira, lived to be 169 years old. A special postage stamp was issued in his honor. On the day Pereira turned 146 years old, government officials and senior officials came to congratulate him. They asked the hero of the day for his consent to issue a commemorative stamp with his image in his honor. Pereira agreed, but set a condition: at the bottom corner of the stamp it should be written: “I drink and I smoke.”

In the Soviet Union, a postage stamp was also issued in honor of the long-lived Mukhamed Eyvazov (he was 148 years old at the time). After this, Eyvazov lived for another three years. He died in August 1959.

An interesting case is described by English historians. In 1635, the peasant Thomas Parr came from the provinces to London to appear before King Charles as a miracle of longevity. Parr claimed that he had outlived nine kings and was 152 years old. In honor of the long-liver, the king threw a magnificent feast, after which Thomas Parr suddenly died. It was opened by the famous English doctor William Harvey, who discovered blood circulation. According to Harvey, Parr died of pneumonia, but, as legends say, the cause of his death was the rich treat at the king's table. Parr was buried with honors in Westminster Abbey.

Of the most famous centenarians, the following can also be noted:

Zoltan Petridzh (Hungary) - 186 years old.

Peter Zortai (Hungary) - 185 years old (1539-1724).

Cantigern is the founder of Glasgow Abbey. Known as Saint Mungo. Lived 185 years.

Tense Abziva (Ossetia) - 180 years old.

Huddiye (Albania) - 170 years old. His offspring numbered 200.

Hancer Nine (Türkiye). Lived 169 years. Died in 1964.

Sayyad Abdul Mabud (Pakistan) - 159 years old.

In the developed countries of the world there is a constant struggle for the survival and improvement of the nation, for increasing the life expectancy of each person. Increasing life expectancy in all countries of the world is achieved by reducing child mortality and reducing mortality from cancer and heart diseases. Thus, by defeating diseases, humanity strives to get closer to achieving the upper limit of human life.

Leonard Hayflick, a professor of anatomy at the University of California, based on his charts of human survival for individual countries and different periods, obtained a theoretical curve with an upper limit of 115 years. At the same time, Hayflick discovered another interesting pattern: it turns out that human life expectancy is proportionally related to the ratio of brain weight to body weight. The greater this ratio, the longer life, and this has changed quite dramatically at certain periods during evolution. The last time it significantly increased occurred 100 thousand years ago, after which it practically did not change, just as the ratio of brain weight to body weight did not change.

Leonard Hayflick also expressed an original point of view on the aging of the body. According to him, aging occurs after growth stops, and those creatures whose growth does not stop over time (shark, sturgeon, Galapagos tortoise) age very, very slowly.

Different scientists around the world speak differently about the upper limit of human life. The famous medieval physician Paracelsus believed that a person could live 600 years. Albrecht von Haller and Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland (scientists of the 18th century) considered the age of 200 years to be the limit of human life. Russian scientists Ilya Mechnikov and Alexander Bogomolets spoke about 160 years.

As paradoxical as it may sound, rarely do any long-livers die a natural death directly from old age. Almost always the cause of death is various diseases - cardiovascular, oncological, infectious.

In his “Etudes of Optimism,” Mechnikov pointed out that “in 1902 in Paris, out of 1000 deaths between 70 and 74 years, only 85 people died of old age. Most old people died from contagious diseases: pneumonia and consumption, from heart disease, kidney disease or cerebral hemorrhage." Even the famous long-livers, the Englishman Thomas Parr (152 years old) and the Turk Zara Aga (156 years old), died not from age, but from disease (the first from pneumonia, the second from uremic coma caused by prostate disease).

Among centenarians, drunkards are often found. The surgeon Politiman died at 140 years old (1685-1825); From the age of 25, he used to get drunk every day after finishing his studies. Gascony, a butcher in Trieu (Pyrenees), who died in 1767 at the age of 120, got drunk twice a week. The example of one Irish landowner Brown, who lived to be 120 years old, is striking. He bequeathed a tombstone inscription to be made for him, stating that “he was always drunk and so terrible in this state that death itself was afraid of him.”

But some centenarians loved wine, others coffee. So, for example, the famous Voltaire loved coffee very much, and when one doctor began to tell him that coffee is poison, Voltaire replied: “It will be 80 years since I have been poisoned by this poison.” Coffee lover Elizabeth Durien lived to be 114 years old.

They say that smoking shortens life. However, many centenarians smoked. Ross, who received the Longevity Award at age 102 (1896), was a heavy smoker.

Scientists have always been interested in the so-called “foci of longevity,” isolated areas where people live much longer than in other places and retain vitality and energy until the end of their lives. One such region is Abkhazia, where almost 3% of the population are centenarians, over 100 years old.

In 2000, there were an estimated 70,000 to 80,000 people in the United States aged 100 years or older. Centenarians represent one of the fastest growing age groups in the US population.

The average life expectancy in Cuba, a neighbor of the United States, is one of the highest in the world: 76 years. At the same time, for the country's 11 million population, there are about 3 thousand people who have crossed the century mark.

Taiwan boasts the number of its centenarians over 100 years of age. According to the Xinhua Agency as of October 2009, there are 1,223 of them in the state. Among the elderly people, 853 are women and 370 are men. The oldest of them are a 116-year-old resident of Kaohsiung City and a 113-year-old resident of Lianhua County, Taipei City.

In November 2009, peasant Halima Solmaz, the oldest woman on the planet who lives in eastern Turkey in the highland province of Diyarbakir, turned 125 years old. In confirmation of this, a representative of the provincial census bureau showed the identity card of the ecumenical hero of the day, which recorded the date of birth of grandmother Halime - 1884.

On January 11, 2010, at the age of 112, one of the oldest women in Italy, Theresia Staffler, died in the mountain town of Santa Valpurga in the northern Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige.

Staffler, who was born in 1898, managed to live in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. She ranked 45th on the world list of centenarians.

Teresia will be buried by her two daughters, who are 88 and 85 years old, as well as numerous grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Joel Wallock

Currently, we can count only 5 nationalities whose representatives live to the age of 120-140 years in the East, Tibet and Western China. These people were described back in 1964. James Hilton, who wrote the book Lost Horizon.

The oldest person, according to the data available there, although I admit that there are some exaggerations, was Dr. Li from China, born in Tibet. When he was 150 years old, he received a special certificate from the Imperial Chinese government certifying that he was indeed 150 years old, having been born in 1677.

When he turned 200 years old, he received a second charter. Documents show that he died at the age of 256. In 1933, when he died, he was written about in the New York Times and the London Times. Everything was pretty well documented.

In East Pakistan there lived a group of people called the Boghazs. These people are also known to be long-lived. They lived 120-140 years. Georgians who consume fermented milk products live up to 120 years. Armenians, Abkhazians, and Azerbaijanis live, perfectly preserved, to 120-140 years.

In 1973, the January issue of the National Geographic published a special article about people who lived 100 years or more. These materials are equipped with beautiful illustrations for which this magazine is famous. I remember three of these many photographs:

• One shows a woman aged 136 years. She sat in a chair, smoked a Cuban cigar, drank vodka and took part in the party. She was having a lot of fun, not confined to a bed in a nursing home that still needs $2,000 a month from her account. She enjoyed life at 136 years old.
• Another photograph showed two married couples, celebrating their 100th and 115th wedding anniversaries.
• The third photograph showed a man picking tea in the mountains of Armenia while listening to a small transistor radio. According to the records of his metrics: dates of birth, baptism, records of the data of his children, he is 167 years old, and he was the oldest person on the planet at that time.

In the Western Hemisphere, the Wolfband Indians and the famous inhabitants of Ecuador, who lived in the Andes, in southeastern Peru, as well as the beloved tribes of Titicaca and Machu Picchu, are famous for their longevity. So, representatives of the oldest Titicaca tribe live 120 years.

American Margaret Peach from Virginia, listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the oldest American woman, died at the age of 115 from malnutrition. More precisely, she died from complications after a fall. How many of you can tell what she could have died from?

Correct for osteoporosis. The woman died from calcium deficiency in the body. She did not have heart disease, cancer or diabetes, but three weeks after the fall she died because... She didn't have enough calcium in her body.

Very interestingly, her daughter said that Margaret Peach had a sweet tooth before she died. This disease is known as Pyka. Usually, if you are too fond of chocolate or sweets, it means that you do not have enough chromium and vanadium in your body.

In one of the third countries in the world, in Nigeria, the leader of the Baue tribe died at the age of 126 years. At the funeral, one of his many wives boasted that when her husband died at the age of 126, he had all his teeth, a sign that his other organs were performing their functions properly.

One man from Syria died at the age of 133 in July 1993. He was included in the Guinness Book of Records not because he was 133 years old, many live to that age, and not because at the age of 80 he married 4 times, but because after 80 years he became the father of 9 -ty children.

If you consider that each child needs 9 months plus a year for breast-feeding and a year between each child, you will get that this hero-producer became a father even after 100 years. That's why he was included in the Guinness Book of Records.

So don't despair guys, there is still hope for you!

Now for some science. In November 1993 An interesting experiment was carried out in Arizona: three couples spent three years in isolation, where they ate healthy food that they grew themselves, breathed purified air and drank unpolluted water.

When they came out, they were examined by gerontologists from the University of California, Los Angeles. All data, blood tests and others, vital important indicators were put into a computer at the University of Los Angeles, which predicted that if they continued to live in the same regime, they could live 165 years.

And all this once again proves that it is quite possible to live 120-140 years. The average life expectancy of Americans today is 75.5 years, and the life expectancy of a master or doctor is 58 years.

So if you want to take 20 statistical years out of life, don't go to medical school.

There are two main things you must do to become a long-lived person. If you really want to live to 100-140 years old, remember the most important things:

Firstly, you need to avoid dangers, do not step on mines, i.e. This means avoiding senseless and causeless dangers.

Of course, if you play Russian roulette, smoke, drink, run into the middle of the highway during rush hour and get hit by a car, you're unlikely to live to 120.

This all sounds funny, but you have no idea, thousands of people die a year because they do such stupid things. And I want you to think about this: where possible, you should protect and keep yourself safe. In other words, if you have the opportunity to prevent a disease, especially an incurable one, you should definitely take advantage of this opportunity.

Secondly, you should only do what benefits... (yourself and those around you).

The Man Who Lives for 300 Years After visiting the samadhi cave, we stopped in Kathmandu for three days. While I was putting expedition records in order, V.M. Lobankov, together with other members of the expedition, held two additional meetings, each of which turned out to be very interesting. What is written in the Vedas Expedition member Sheskand Ariel organized a meeting with the professor of the Nepal University, teacher of Sanskrit, Mr. Shivaraya Acharid Kavndaniayana. He was one of the best experts on the Vedas, and he knew the Vedas from the original source, written in the most ancient language of the world - Sanskrit. What are the Vedas? This is the most fundamental and ancient scripture, basically similar to religion, but more detailed. It was written by an unknown author. Sanskrit - now a dead language - is considered the language "that the Atlanteans spoke. The Vedas were written according to some unusual logic, which does not coincide at all with our human logic. The Vedas are difficult to comprehend and difficult to perceive. Therefore, summary the basic essence of the Vedas given by Professor Shivaraya was very valuable. Professor Shivaraya told Lobankov that in ancient times there was a global flood, as a result of which all the people of the previous civilization (Atlanteans) died. High in the Himalayas, one man survived, named Manu, who could meditate and enter the state of samadhi. When the water began to recede, he came out of samadhi. Manu was not God, but he had very great energy. He understood the language of the fish and from them he learned that on another unflooded mountain another man named Sid was waiting for him. The seed was a genetic clot and included everything: humans, animal seeds, plants, etc. Manu, together with Sid, revived human civilization. Manu also created many Buddhas who helped in the rebirth of humanity. This fragment from the Vedas, narrated by Professor Shivaraya, can be understood as evidence of the existence of the Gene Pool of humanity along with the gene pool of animals and plants, which helped to revive life on earth after the flood. And the Buddhas, emerging from the state of samadhi, helped the regenerating humanity develop along the path of progress. Lobankov especially carefully questioned the professor about samadhi. There is complete information about the phenomenon of samadhi in the Vedas. A person can enter samadhi by disconnecting his consciousness from physical objects, when consciousness is in its pure form (in itself). In this case, the metabolism decreases to zero and energy exchange stops. Short samadhi can be done anywhere, but not near the fire. The best places to enter samadhi are considered to be holy places - Sadbala, which are located in the mountains on the border of eternal snow. It is best to enter into long-term samadhi in a cave. A person can remain in samadhi for as long as he likes. - What is Shambhala? - asked Lobankov. - This is a system of caves with people in samadhi. This can be understood from the Vedas,” answered the professor. - Does Shambhala really exist on earth? - Yes, it exists. - Is it possible to visit any samadhi cave to really prove to people the existence of ancient people in a state of samadhi? - asked Lobankov. - You will never be able to touch, touch and photograph people in samadhi, because this cannot be done and because they are protected. It’s like mathematics, when by solving an equation we get a proof that cannot really be touched or felt,” answered Professor Shivaraya. A strange comparison - “like mathematics”! On the one hand, people in samadhi actually exist in the physical world, on the other hand, it is impossible to reach them and examine them. Apparently, the role of samadhi is too great for preserving life on earth. -It is quite possible that this is the same thing that E.P. Blavatsky wrote about, noting the creation of a “fenced off place - Var”, where, in addition to humans, there were seeds of animals, plants, etc. It was from him that V.M. Lobankov and V.G. Yakovleva learned about a man who has lived for more than 300 years and is still alive. Guru Noshari Nath runs one of the most famous ashrams (meditation schools) in Nepal and is a highly respected person in this country. He receives more than 100 parishioners every day. At the same time, he is the leader of the Spiritual Society for the study of ancient languages: Sanskrit, Prarite, Pali and Nepali. Guru Noshari Nath traveled extensively in Nepal and Western Tibet. During one of his trips in 1992 in the mountains of Western Tibet, he met a snowman (Yeti) and sketched him appearance . Lobankov and Yakovleva saw this drawing and say that it depicts a hairy humanoid creature of enormous stature, stooped with long arms and short legs. In the same 1992, guru Noshari Nat met in Western Tibet with a man who had lived on earth for more than 300 years. The name of this man is Kunga Georgi Lama. Usually in August, on the day of the full moon, he enters a cave and plunges into the state of samadhi. After 6 months he returns to people and lives a normal life for about 1 month. During this period of life, he eats only cow's milk and leaves of the soma plant. After that, he again goes into the cave and immerses himself in samadhi for 6 months. When guru Noshari Nath was in the area of ​​this cave. , a local Western Tibetan lama told him the above about a man living for more than 300 years. Then the guru asked permission to visit this cave and see Kungu Georgi Lama in a state of samadhi. Considering the religious rank and high spiritual level of the guru Noshari Nath, the Western Tibetan lama led him into the cave. into the cave, the guru soon found Kungu Georgie Lama there in a state of samadhi. He had a long conversation with him and became convinced that everything told about his 300-year life was true. Guru Noshari Nat Having told about the main content of our research, Lobankov and Yakovleva asked the guru several direct questions. - Is the phenomenon of samadhi that insurance moment of life on earth, when people who are in a state of long-term samadhi can, in the event of a global catastrophe, come out of samadhi and be a source of continued life for humanity? “Yes,” answered the guru. - Are there many samadhi caves in the Himalayas and Tibet? - Yes, a lot. - Is it possible to see people in a state of samadhi in a cave? - Can. “I saw Kunga Georgie Lama,” the guru replied. - Is it possible to go with you to the cave where Kunga Georgie Lama is in samadhi? - asked Lobankov. “It’s possible,” answered the guru. - But your stay in the samadhi cave next to Kunga Georgie Lama will be dangerous for him. You are not prepared and do not know how to meditate. - Why will our visit be dangerous for Kunga Georgie Lama? Will our bioenergy destabilize the state of his samadhi? -Yes. “Nevertheless,” Lobankov insisted, “maybe at some time it is still possible to visit Kunga Georgie Lama in a state of samadhi?” The Guru thought and answered: “It is better to enter the cave where Kunga Georgi Lama is located at 10-11 pm at any time of the year or month, but best in April or October.” Lobankov and Yakovleva insisted that guru Noshari Nat help organize this expedition to meet Kunga Georgie Lama. The Guru promised, but said that we needed to meet with him again in approximately 3-4 months - he would clarify some details. Will it be possible to meet with a man who has lived for more than 300 years? Four months after the end of the expedition, Lobankov specially went to Nepal to once again meet with guru Noshari Nat and discuss the issue of the upcoming expedition to meet with a man who has lived for more than 300 years. Why were we eager to meet this person? As a result of understanding the experience gained during the expedition (hiking to a samadhi cave, conversations with lamas, special people, etc.), we realized that it is unlikely that it will be possible to actually see and examine people of previous civilizations in samadhi - samadhi caves are protected by a psychoenergetic barrier . In this case, it seemed very interesting to see and, if possible, examine a person of our civilization in samadhi. We understood that the psychoenergetic barrier should not exist in samadhi caves with people of our civilization. Therefore, such a meeting seemed feasible to us. Guru Noshari Nat told Lobankov that he had received some new information. A man who has lived for more than 300 years (Kunga Georgie Lama) changed his plans and will leave the state of samadhi for only 2 days during the full moon in July 1997, and then again plunge into the state of samadhi in a cave. During these two days we can meet with him. The Guru also planned to go there himself. At other times, meeting Kunga Georgie Lama will be problematic for us. Moreover, Guru Noshari Nath added that we should dress in lama clothes and undergo some lessons in meditation and lama rituals. In addition, the guru emphasized that this journey is dangerous, since the cave is located in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bMount Kailash.