The value of the gross harvest of agricultural crops in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE. Gross harvest of grain crops Gross harvest of grain formula

Calculation and selection of machines and equipment

Calculation of the gross harvest of grain (seeds) and the required throughput capacity of the ZOSP

The gross grain harvest is determined by the formula:

G in = F * Y (1.1)

where G in - gross grain harvest, t;

F - maximum possible area for grain sowing, hectares;

Y - maximum possible planned grain yield, t/ha;

G in =1000*25=2500 t

To calculate the amount of grain heap to be processed at the point, it is necessary to take into account the initial (initial) moisture content of the grain and its relative content in the heap coming from combines.

When calculated using the average initial moisture content and the average relative grain content in a heap of all crops, the total mass of the grain heap to be processed at the point will be:

where G sound is the total mass of the grain heap to be processed at the point, t;

W to - standard humidity, %; W k =14%;

G in - planned gross harvest of grain of standard humidity for the harvesting period, t;

W nsr - average initial moisture content of the grain heap during the harvesting period, %; W nsr =26%;

ср - average relative grain content in the heap during the harvesting period; =0.9.

G star =86*37.5=3225 t

The experience of operating the ZOSP in the farms of the Vologda region shows that the calculation of the required productivity of the point, the number of machines and equipment should be carried out for the maximum possible daily supply of grain heap.

The maximum possible daily supply of grain heap or the required daily productivity of the point is determined by the formula:

where G day max is the required daily productivity of the point, t/day;

K day - coefficient of daily unevenness of grain receipts

heap; K day =1.5…2.0; take K day =1.5;

T - duration of the harvesting period, days.

According to the technological design standards for the conditions of the North of NZ Russia T = 20...25 days.

G day max =4837.5/25=193.5 t/day

Maximum possible hourly supply of grain heap:

where G h max is the maximum possible hourly grain intake

heap, t/h;

Kh - coefficient of hourly unevenness of grain supply

heap, K h =1.2…2.0; we accept K h =1.2;

t k - duration of combine harvester operation per day, calculated

the value of tk for the conditions of the North of NZ Russia is 10 hours.

G h max =193.5*1.2/10=23.22 t/h

Calculation of the required productivity of machines and equipment

The main unit that determines throughput The most common concern, and which to a certain extent influences the choice of other machines and equipment, is the dryer.

To ensure continuous reception of the entire mass of grain heap arriving at the DFSP during the day, it is necessary that the total capacity of receiving bins with air chutes and active ventilation bins for temporary storage of seeds before drying is not less than the maximum daily receipt of the grain heap at the DFSP (G days max) .

The capacity of receiving bunkers with air chutes must be at least 0.5 G day max (t or m 3).

The capacity of the bunkers is determined by the formula:

where V is the capacity of the bunkers, m3;

Estimated density of grain heap, t/m 3 ; for a heap

wheat, rye, barley = 0.7...0.8 t/m 3 ; for oats =0.45...0.5 t/m3.

V=0.5*193.5/0.6 =161.25 m 3 ;

In the absence of receiving bins with air chutes, the capacity of active ventilation bins for temporary storage of seeds before drying must be at least G days max. In such cases, the capacity of the receiving hopper (dam pit) must be no less than the maximum hourly intake of grain heap (G h max).

The total capacity of receiving bins and bins for active aeration of grain before drying can be taken equal to half of its daily intake at the FZSP (0.5G day max).

In such cases, if there is a forced temporary stop of machinery and equipment of the ZOSP (breakdown, power outage, etc.), it will be necessary to stop the operation of combines in the field.

We assume that the total required capacity of bins with air chutes and active ventilation bins before drying is equal to the maximum possible daily intake of grain heap G days max, i.e. V sum = 322.5 m 3. The required productivity of machines for preliminary grain cleaning (heap cleaners) in the presence of receiving bins with air chutes can be calculated using the formula:

where Q pr.o is the required productivity of the dust clearers, t/h;

t is the operating time of the heap cleaners per day, h; when working in two shifts - t=20 hours;

Weighted average utilization rate of machine working time; =0.95;

k e - equivalence coefficient, taking into account the change in the productivity of the grain cleaning machine when cleaning grain different cultures; k e =0.8;

kp is a coefficient that takes into account the reduction in machine productivity compared to the rated value, depending on the humidity and contamination of the grain entering for preliminary cleaning.

For most pre-cleaning machines, the rated capacity is for pre-cleaning wheat seeds with a purity of 90% and a moisture content of up to 20%. Hence, the coefficient kn can be determined by the formula:

The required dryer performance can be determined by the formula:

where Q c is the required dryer productivity, t/h;

kz - safety factor, taking into account possible dryer stops for technical reasons and long-term supply of grain heap with a moisture content of more than 30%; in calculations it is taken to з =1.1…1.2;

to 1 - the total amount of impurities and moisture removed during the process of preliminary cleaning and temporary storage of grain before drying, %. When calculating, you can take: the amount of impurities removed is 5...6%, the amount of moisture removed during processing before drying is 3...5%, and the total value for 1 = 8...11%;

t s - estimated operating time of the dryer, hours. Accepted when designing for the conditions of the North of NZ Russia t s = 20 hours;

k ks is a coefficient that takes into account changes in the productivity of dryers when drying grain of various crops; k ks =1;

kc is a coefficient that takes into account the change in dryer productivity depending on the purpose of the grain. When drying grain for food and feed purposes, k c = 1. When drying seed grain on dryers, in technical specifications whose productivity is indicated for drying grain for food or feed purposes, k c = 0.5; we accept k c = 1 for SKVS-6 dryers;

k w - coefficient taking into account the change in dryer performance depending on the percentage of moisture removal; we take w =0.65;

The required productivity of primary cleaning, secondary cleaning and sorting machines, as well as special machines for cleaning seeds from difficult-to-separate impurities is determined by the formula:

where Q ok is the required productivity of secondary cleaning and sorting machines, t/h;

k - the total amount of waste (impurities, moisture and feed grain) separated from the seed material during the performance of technological operations preceding the calculated one, %.

For example, when calculating the required productivity of pneumatic sorting tables:

k = k 1 +k 2 +k 3 +k 4 +k 5,

where k 1 is the total amount of impurities and moisture removed during preliminary cleaning and temporary storage of seeds before drying,%; to 1 =8...11%;

to 2 - shrinkage, %; to 2 =8...12%;

k 3 - the total amount of impurities, small and puny seeds removed during primary cleaning,%; when calculating, the value for 3 can be taken as 4...6%;

k 4 - the total amount of impurities and forage fraction released during processing on air-sieve secondary cleaning and sorting machines, %; to 4 =10...12%;

k 5 - the total amount of impurities and forage fraction released in triremes, %; to 5 =3…5%. When using air-sieve trier machines or cleaning and sorting complexes for secondary cleaning and sorting of seeds, the total value of k 4 + k 5 is, as a rule, 15...20%.

t ok - operating time of final cleaning and sorting machines per day, h; t ok =20h.

When organizing the operation of primary cleaning, secondary cleaning and sorting machines in one, usually day shift, the capacity of storage bins for dry seeds after drying should be at least half the daily capacity of the dryers. If the operation of primary, secondary cleaning and sorting machines is organized in two shifts, then to ensure uniform loading of these machines it is enough to have a storage hopper with a capacity equal to the hourly productivity of the dryers. The productivity of transporting equipment must be equal to or slightly higher than the rated productivity of the machines whose operation they support.

Ministry Agriculture RF

Federal state budget educational

institution of higher professional education

"Perm State Agricultural Academy

named after academician D.N. Pryanishnikov"

Faculty of Agricultural Technologies and Forestry

COURSE WORK

discipline: Technology of storage and processing of crop products

on the topic: Technology of post-harvest processing and storage

grain at the enterprise

Performed):

3rd year student

Faculty of Agricultural Technologies and Forestry

Gilmadinova Maria

Vladimirovna

Checked:

Terentyev Valery Alexandrovich

Perm, 2015

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….…………….3

1. Gross grain production and the structure of its distribution……………….…5

2. Duration of harvesting…………………………………………….6

3. Features of post-harvest grain processing in the enterprise………………7

4. Quality of freshly harvested grain subject to post-harvest processing………………………………………………………………………………………….…..10

5. Agrotechnical requirements for the operation of grain pre-cleaning machines………………………………………………………………………………………………......11

6. Technology of cooling grain with atmospheric air in active ventilation units……………………………………………..……13

7. Agrotechnical requirements for the operation of grain dryers……………………….15

8. Agrotechnical requirements for the operation of machines for primary and secondary cleaning of seed grain…………………………………………………………..18

9. Quantitative and qualitative accounting of grain that has undergone post-harvest processing…………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Characteristics of grain storage modes…………………………….

11. Technology for storing seed grain in containers………………

12. Technology for storing grain in bulk………………………………

13. Control over the quality of grain during storage…………………………..

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….

Applications…………………………………………………………………………………..

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………

Introduction

As you know, grain is a raw material for many branches of the food and processing industry. These include primarily the flour milling, cereal, brewing, alcohol, starch and feed industries. They have both general and specific features of production activities. Those of them that are directly related to the production of certain food products can be combined into a general group of industries under the code name “grain processing industry.” For food purposes, Russia's annual need for grain is about 25 million tons, including:

• wheat for production wheat flour(14 million tons), alcohol, starch products (up to 2 million tons) - only about 16.0 million tons;
• rye for the production of rye flour and alcohol - 1.9 million tons;
• barley for the production of beer and cereals - 2.6 million tons;
• buckwheat for the production of buckwheat - 0.5 million tons;
• oats for the production of oatmeal, rolled oats, etc. - 0.3 million tons;
• other types of grain for the production of cereals and starch products - up to 1.5 million tons.

Purpose course work is to obtain, deepen and consolidate creative knowledge and skills by students while studying special disciplines and undergoing educational and industrial practice.

Working with grain is quite difficult. It is necessary to clearly understand the tasks that should be solved in the field of grain and grain products storage. The main tasks facing the enterprise of the agro-industrial complex and grain processing industry are as follows:

Preventing losses of grain and bakery products in mass or reducing their minimum;

Prevention of spoilage of grain and grain products;

Improving grain quality;

Preservation of seed funds without loss of mass and quality;

Improving seed quality;

Storage with the least amount of labor and money per unit mass of grain and grain products.

There are two main tasks for post-harvest grain processing:

1. In the process of post-harvest processing, the stability of the grain must be increased so that it can be preserved without significant losses until a new harvest and for a longer period; to increase safety, the grain mass is dried to a dry state;

2. Freshly harvested grain mass during post-harvest processing must be brought to the established standards for cleanliness.

Thus, to obtain high-quality raw materials, it is necessary to comply with all technological operations for preparing grain for storage, correct storage and further monitoring of it in order to prevent spoilage.

Gross grain production and the structure of its distribution

Gross production- an indicator characterizing the volume of products produced in the sphere of material production; For some enterprises, the gross output also includes the increase in work in progress balances.

The gross grain harvest (in weight after processing) amounted to 94.2 million tons in 2011, but in 2010 it was only 61.0 million tons, due to unfavorable conditions, namely a dry summer. In the Perm Territory, the gross harvest amounted to 444.2 thousand tons in 2011, and in 2010 it was 330.8 thousand tons, in 2009 it was 450.7 thousand tons. Again we see that 2010 was a lean year. If we look at the gross harvest by crop in the Perm region, we get the following figures:

2009 2010 2011

Wheat 200.3 138.0 182.2

Oats 106.1 75.3 107.0

Rye 26.3 29.3 28.0

Barley 100.1 75.6 108.5

Table 1

Gross grain production and the structure of its distribution

Analyzing Table 1 we can say that. Of the four crops, the most gross yield was obtained from wheat, and less from winter rye.

GROSS YIELD OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS – the volume of collected products varies. agricultural crops from both main and intermediate crops. crops. Calculated for individual crops (potatoes, sugar beets, etc.) or individual groups of crops (cereals and legumes, vegetables, melons, etc.). Statistical bodies take into account the size of the V. s. With. in general for all categories of farms and separately for agricultural ones. organizations, households, peasants. (farmer) to farms on the scale of republics, territories, regions and Russia. Fed. in general, and in agricultural enterprises - also for each administration. district. Actual The harvest (gross harvest, or granary harvest) is determined directly. weighing, measuring and counting products during the harvesting period and after its completion. There are three actual indicators. collection: 1. Initially capitalized. weight, received. during the grain harvesting process, i.e. with an admixture of weeds, earth, with increased. humidity. Previously, this weight was called bunker weight. This is really put together. harvest at the first stage of its production. Until 1990, in statistics it was the main indicator of harvest. 2. In weight after modification, i.e. excluding waste and shrinkage. Since the 1990s this is the main indicator of the harvest, and it is 9–12% lower than initially capitalized. weight. 3. Weight converted to standard. quality indicators (hay established moisture content) or in the test weight accepted by the procurer. organizations (grain). The expected yield is also determined, i.e. until the cleaning is complete. The harvest from areas not yet harvested is determined by multiplying them by the expected yield. They also use the net harvest indicator, which is part of the actual data. harvest after processing, minus the seeds, the entire plant is seeded. square.

For 2004 actual data in grain production on agricultural. Chuvash enterprises. Rep. were as follows: grain was initially capitalized. weight - 309.6 thousand.T ; grain in physical mass after processing (cleaning and drying) – 281.1 thousand.T , which was less than the first indicator by 28.5 thousand.T , or by 10.1%; The net grain harvest amounted to 208.6 thousand.T (grain in physical mass after processing - 281.1 thousand.T minus grain consumption for seeds – 72.5 thousand.T ). In potato production: the gross production amounted to 119.4 thousand.T ; net harvest - 84.8 thousand.T , gross potato harvest 119.4 thousand.T minus potato consumption for seeds – 34.6 thousand.T ), which was less than the gross harvest by 29.0%. In hop growing, the gross harvest amounted to 239.5 thousand.T . In 2013 actual data on grain production in farms of all categories in Chuvash. Rep. were as follows: grain in weight after processing (cleaning and drying) - 396.2 thousand. T, the gross harvest of products in potato production amounted to 633.0 thousand. T, in hop growing – 321.4 thousand. T.

The quality requirements for seeds of the main crops cultivated in the Vologda region are given in Table 1.4.

Table 1.4.

Sowing qualities of seeds

3.2.Calculation and selection of machines and equipment

3.2.1.Calculation of the gross harvest of grain (seeds) and the required throughput capacity of the ZOSP

The gross grain harvest is determined by the formula:

where Gв – gross grain harvest, t;

F – maximum possible area for grain sowing, hectares;

Y – maximum possible planned grain yield, t/ha;

Gв=1000*25=2500 t

To calculate the amount of grain heap to be processed at the point, it is necessary to take into account the initial (initial) moisture content of the grain and its relative content in the heap coming from combines.

When calculated using the average initial moisture content and the average relative grain content in a heap of all crops, the total mass of the grain heap to be processed at the point will be:

Gsv=(100-Wк)* ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ (1.2)

(100-Wnsr)*lsr

where Gsv is the total mass of the grain heap to be processed

at point,t;

Wк – standard humidity, %; Wк=14%;

Gв – planned gross harvest of grain of standard humidity

during the cleaning period, t;

Wnsr – average initial moisture content of the grain heap for the period

cleaning, %; Wnsr=26%;

l av – average relative grain content in the heap

during the cleaning period; l=0.9.

Gsv=86*37.5=3225 t

The experience of operating the ZOSP in the farms of the Vologda region shows that the calculation of the required productivity of the point, the number of machines and equipment should be carried out for the maximum possible daily supply of grain heap.

The maximum possible daily supply of grain heap or the required daily productivity of the point is determined by the formula: Gsv * Ksut

Gday max= ¾¾¾¾¾ (1.3)

where Gday max is the required daily productivity of the point, t/day;

Ksut – coefficient of daily unevenness of grain intake

heap; Ksut=1.5...2.0; take Ksut=1.5;

T – duration of the harvesting period, days.

According to the technological design standards for the conditions of the North of NZ Russia T = 20...25 days.

Gday max=4837.5/25=193.5 t/day

Maximum possible hourly supply of grain heap:

Gday max * Kch

Gch max= ¾¾¾¾¾¾ (1.4)

where Gч max is the maximum possible hourly grain supply

heap, t/h;

Kch – coefficient of hourly unevenness of grain supply

heap, Kch=1.2…2.0; we accept Kch = 1.2;

tк – duration of combine harvester operation per day, calculated

the value of tk for the conditions of the North of NZ Russia is 10 hours.

Gch max=193.5*1.2/10=23.22 t/h

3.2.2.Calculation of required machine performance

and equipment

The main unit that determines the throughput of the ZOSP, and which to a certain extent influences the choice of other machines and equipment, is the dryer.

To ensure continuous reception of the entire mass of grain heap arriving at the DFSP during the day, it is necessary that the total capacity of receiving bins with air chutes and active ventilation bins for temporary storage of seeds before drying is not less than the maximum daily receipt of the grain heap at the DFSP (Gday max).

The capacity of receiving bins with air chutes must be at least 0.5 Gday max (t or m3).

The capacity of the bunkers is determined by the formula:

V=0.5 ¾¾¾¾¾ (1.5)

where V is the capacity of the bunkers, m3;

r - estimated density of the grain heap, t/m3; for a heap

wheat, rye, barley r=0.7...0.8 t/m3; for oats r=0.45...0.5 t/m3.

V=0.5*193.5/0.6 =161.25 m3;

In the absence of receiving bins with air chutes, the capacity of active ventilation bins for temporary storage of seeds before drying must be at least Gday max. In such cases, the capacity of the receiving hopper (dam pit) must be no less than the maximum hourly intake of grain heap (Gch max).

The total capacity of the receiving bins and bins for active aeration of grain before drying can be taken equal to half of its daily intake at the ZZSP (0.5 Gday max).

In such cases, if there is a forced temporary stop of machinery and equipment of the ZOSP (breakdown, power outage, etc.), it will be necessary to stop the operation of combines in the field.

We assume that the total required capacity of bins with air chutes and active ventilation bins before drying is equal to the maximum possible daily intake of grain heap Gday max,

those. Vsum=322.5 m3.

The required productivity of machines for preliminary grain cleaning (heap cleaners) in the presence of receiving bins with air chutes can be calculated using the formula:

Qpr.o= ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ (1.6)

t*t*ke*kp

where Qpr.o is the required productivity of the dust clearers, t/h;

t – duration of operation of heap cleaners per day, h;

when working in two shifts – t=20 hours;

t - weighted average worker utilization factor

machine time; t=0.95;

ke – equivalence coefficient taking into account the change

performance of the grain cleaning machine during cleaning

grains of various crops; ke=0.8;

kp – coefficient taking into account the decrease in productivity

machines compared to the nameplate depending on humidity

and contamination of grain entering the preliminary

The gross harvest of agricultural crops is the total volume of agricultural products collected, which can be calculated for one specific crop or for a specific group of crops. The term has been used since 1954. The measure of measurement is natural units. A synonym for this concept is gross agricultural output.

The gross harvest of grain crops is one of the types of gross harvest of agricultural crops. It directly depends on the harvest, being, in fact, its equivalent.

What are grain crops?

Cereals are one of the most important types of agricultural crops for humans. They are playing main role in providing humanity with food, and the areas they occupy are maximum compared to those of other groups of agricultural crops. In addition to food products, grains produce alcohol and other organic substances, including those used for the production of biofuel. The third purpose of grains is the production of pet food.

All grain crops are divided into grains and legumes. The former belong to the cereal family and include species such as wheat, rice, oats, corn, rye, millet and other crops less known in our country. The exception is buckwheat, which belongs to the buckwheat family.

Pulses belong to the botanical family Legumes. In some cases, cereals refer only to cereals. The main crops are wheat, rice, barley, oats, corn and buckwheat.

The main ones are the USA, Russia, Argentina, the European Union, Canada, Australia. They account for over 85% of total world grain exports. The main grain consuming countries are China, Turkey, Japan and Saudi Arabia. Considering China's agricultural capabilities, it could be an important exporter of various agricultural products, but due to the high population, it is forced, on the contrary, to purchase them.

Corn, wheat and rice together provide 43 percent of the world's total calories consumed.

Gross grain harvest and harvest

The grain harvest is the total volume (or mass) of grain ripened in the fields. If we do not count losses during field harvesting, the gross grain harvest is equal to the harvest. Under unfavorable weather conditions, due to large losses, it may be significantly less than the harvest. However, the calculation of the size of the harvest is carried out precisely according to the gross harvest. Since it is quite difficult to calculate lost grain. When they say that such and such a crop was harvested, they mean the gross harvest.

What is yield?

The yield of grain crops is understood as the mass (or volume) of ripened grain per unit area (usually 1 ha). There are several types of yield:

• Planned yield is the average volume of grain production that can be obtained from 1 hectare under current conditions.
• Potential yield is the maximum amount of grain that can be obtained from one hectare under favorable conditions.
• Expected yield is an approximate estimate of the future harvest (gross yield) collected from 1 hectare of sown area.
• The actual yield is the average weight (volume) of grain obtained from 1 hectare of sown area.
• Standing yield is the entire mass of grain grown on one hectare of sown area. Determined by collecting all the grain from a certain area before harvesting or by other methods. Allows you to estimate the amount of losses that occur during harvesting.

Harvesting refers to a set of agricultural activities involving the removal of ripened grain from agricultural fields. It is considered the final stage of growing a crop. Over time, the degree of mechanization during harvesting increases.

Dynamics of grain harvest and yield over the past 100 years

Productivity and the total gross harvest of crops in Russia do not change in exactly the same way. Let's look at the dynamics in more detail. Before World War II, the yield and gross yield remained unchanged, experiencing only local fluctuations. Then a rapid rise in both indicators began. Beginning in 1970, the gross yield stopped increasing, while yields continued to increase, although at a slower pace. This indicates the beginning of a reduction in agricultural areas.

In the 90s, the gross harvest dropped sharply. Productivity fell to a lesser extent. In the 2000s, the gross harvest increased slightly, never reaching the level of the 70s and 80s, but the yield increased sharply. This picture suggests that in the 90s, the reduction in area was combined with a decrease in yields, which indicates a total decline in agriculture. In the 2000s, the reduction in cultivated areas continued, but a sharp increase in yields more than compensated for this effect.

What wheat harvest is expected in 2018?

According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the gross wheat harvest in 2018 will be 64.4 million tons, and the total grain harvest will be 100 million tons. At the same time, due to weather conditions, the total loss of grain mass will be at the level of 30 million tons. This data was reported by a ministry representative to the TASS agency.

Reasons for the decline in harvest in 2018

Adverse weather conditions (especially drought) are the main reason for lower forecasts for gross grain harvests in 2018. The subjects of the Russian Federation most affected by the drought were the Republic of Crimea, the Volgograd region, as well as Altai and Kalmykia. Also, a state of emergency due to a shortage of soil moisture can be introduced in the Rostov and Astrakhan regions, to a lesser extent in the Saratov and Samara regions, as well as in places in the Stavropol, Krasnodar territories and the Republic of Adygea.

In other areas, soil waterlogging poses a risk to crops. These regions are: Arkhangelsk region, Yakutia, Altai region, Novosibirsk Omsk and Kemerovo regions, as well as the Trans-Baikal Territory.

A difficult situation with harvesting due to heavy rainfall is observed in the Sverdlovsk, Kurgan and Tyumen regions. Here, a shift in the sowing time of crops is expected by approximately 2.5 weeks. According to the ministry, all this can also lead to a decrease in yield.

At the same time, the total gross grain harvest in 2017 hit a record level and amounted to 135.4 million tons, of which wheat accounted for 85.9 million tons. Annual grain exports reached 52.4 million tons.