Ancient Rome, one of the leading civilizations of the Ancient World and antiquity, got its name from the main city (Roma), in turn named after the legendary founder - Romulus.
slide 2
The center of Rome was formed within the swampy plain, bounded by
- Capitol
- Palatine
- Quirinal.
slide 3
The official language of the ancient Roman state was Latin, religion for most of the period of existence was polytheistic
- Neptune (god of the seas)
- Hephaestus (god of fire)
slide 4
The unofficial coat of arms of the empire was a golden eagle.
slide 5
- fire brigades
- Central heating
- apartment buildings
- paved roads
- Christianity
- Hourglass
- Aqueduct
- Water wheel
slide 6
According to legend, the sons of Romulus and his twin brother Rem were born to the daughter of the Local King Rhea Silvia and the Roman god of war Mars.
Legend of the founding of Rome
Slide 7
The mother of Romulus and Remus, Rhea Sylvia, was the daughter of the legitimate king Numitor, deposed from the throne by his younger brother Amulius.
Slide 8
Amulius did not want the children of Numitor to interfere with his ambitious plans: Numitor's son disappeared during a hunt, and Rhea Silvia was forced to become a vestal, which doomed her to a 30-year vow of celibacy. In the fourth year of service, the god Mars appeared to her in the sacred grove, from whom Rhea Sylvia gave birth to two brothers.
Slide 9
parental home Remus and Romulus...
Slide 10
Rubens "Romulus and Remus". She-wolf cave
Enraged, Amulius took her into custody, and ordered the babies to be put in a basket and thrown into the Tiber River. However, the basket was washed ashore at the foot of the Palatine Hill, where they were fed by a she-wolf.
slide 11
and the cares of the mother were replaced by the arriving woodpecker and lapwing. Subsequently, all these animals became sacred to Rome.
slide 12
The she-wolf who nursed Romulus and Remus….
slide 13
Slide 14
slide 15
slide 16
Then the brothers were picked up by the royal shepherd Faustulus. His wife, Akka Larentia, who had not yet consoled herself after the death of her child, took the twins into her care.
Slide 17
When Romulus and Remus grew up, they returned to Alba Longa, where they learned the secret of their origin.
They killed Amulius and restored their grandfather Numitor to the throne.
Slide 18
There is another version of this legend...
Romulus and Remus overthrew the criminal king and returned power over Alba to his grandfather. Themselves with their retinue moved to the banks of the Tiber - to those places where they were raised by a she-wolf.
Here they decided to lay a new city, but they could not agree on who would reign in it, because the twins had no advantage over each other.
Slide 19
Finally, relying on the will of the gods, the brothers began to follow the heavenly signs (omens).
Rem, who was guessing on the Aventine Hill, was the first to see a good sign - six kites soaring in the sky.
Slide 20
Romulus, who was sitting on the Palatine, saw 12 birds a little later.
Each of the brothers interpreted the signs in his favor, a quarrel broke out between them, and Romulus, having rashly hit his brother, killed him on the spot.
slide 21
On the Palatine hill, where fraternal blood was shed, the first fortifications of the city, which received the name of its founder, were erected.
In honor of Romulus, he was named Roma.
slide 22
Foundation of Rome.
The legendary date of the founding of Rome is 753 BC
However, settlements on the site of Rome existed long before this date.
On the left bank of the Tiber, on elevated hills, there were settlements, which later united into one city.
- Quirinal
- Viminal
- Esquiline
- Caelius
- Aventine
- Palatine
- Capitol
slide 23
At first, the main concern of Romulus was to increase the population of the city. To this end, he granted the newcomers rights, freedoms and citizenship on a par with the first settlers. For them, he assigned the lands of Capitol Hill.
slide 24
Thanks to this, runaway slaves, exiles and just adventurers from other cities and countries began to flock to the city.
Citizens of ancient Rome
Slide 25
slide 26
The ancient Romans lived in primitive houses made of willow twigs coated with clay.
Nearby were a garden and a vegetable garden, and outside the city - fields and pastures.
As a result of constant wars with neighboring cities, the Romans expanded their subject territory.
In addition to the patricians, immigrants from the Latin settlements conquered by Rome, as well as from other regions of Italy, lived in the city.
They were called plebeians.
Only the patricians took part in the management of ancient Rome.
The elders of the clans sat in the council, which was called the Senate.
Slide 31
The king was elected by the people's assembly for life (until 510 BC)
The order of the formation of the Senate in ancient Rome
Common holidays, mutual assistance
People's Assembly
- Family
- Family
- Family
- Family
- Family
- Elder
- Elder
- Senate
One elder from each clan (300 clans)
slide 32
People's Assembly (composed of male patricians)
- declared war
- made peace
- Chose the king (for life)
- Senate
- Patrician families
View all slides
slide 1
slide 2
Homework: Paragraph 7, summary in a notebook and oral answer on the item "Roman law".
slide 3
Plan: Early empire. Principate; late empire. Dominat; The emergence of Christianity; Roman law.
slide 4
Principate and Dominate Find on p. 84 the concept of "principate" Principate - a monarchy with the preservation of external signs republics. Find on p. 84 concept of "dominate" Dominate - the form of government established by Diocletian (284-305), includes a period of tetrarchy.
slide 5
Fill in the table: Form of government / dates of existence Politics Economy Culture Principate Dominat
slide 6
Check: Form of government/existing dates Politics Economy Culture Principate (1st century BC - 2nd century AD) Glavagos-va-emperor; A special role is the bureaucracy. The conquest of new territories, the spread of the Roman state, law, lifestyle. City building; Magnificent architectural structures (Flavian amphitheater, Pantheon temple); Poetry (Virgil's poem "Aeneid"); Writings of historians. Dominat
Slide 7
Check: Form of government/existing date Politics Economy Culture Principate (1st century BC - 2nd century AD) Dominate (284 - 305 AD) Rule of four - tetrarchy, emperor - "god and lord" . Reforms: administrative, state, municipal, military, judiciary, financial. Table of ranks (officials were divided into categories, which determined the status, payment, form of address). The process of attaching peasants to the land is the development of the colony. Large landowners appear - magnates.
Slide 8
Read the paragraph “The Rise of Christianity…”, p. 86-87, answer the questions: What is "Christianity"? When and where did it originate? Which organization played important role in the rise of Christianity? Who became followers of this religion? Who was at the head of the Christian communities? Who were their assistants? Who is a bishop? What does the term "clear" mean?
Slide 9
Christianity Christianity (from the Greek Χριστός - "anointed one", "Messiah") is a world religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ described in the New Testament. Christianity arose in the 1st century. in Palestine, which was at that time under the rule of the Roman Empire. Rome for 3 centuries persecuted Christians, they were persecuted throughout the empire, tortured, executed. But Christians, on the contrary, became more and more.
slide 10
Constantine I the Great (306 - 337) In 313, the Edict of Milan was issued, which allowed Christians to freely practice their religion. In 323 he became the sole ruler. In 325 - Council of Nicaea - Christianity becomes the state religion of the Roman Empire. In 330g. moved the capital of the state to Byzantium (Constantinople); 395 - division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern. Emperor Constantine the Great. Fragment of a mosaic. Cathedral of St. Sophia in Constantinople. End of the 10th century
1 slide
2 slide
3 slide
Lesson outline LESSON OUTLINE: Periodization of Ancient Roman History Roman Civil Society and the Early Republic Rome's Rise to a World Power
4 slide
5 slide
Age of Kings: 753 BC-510 BC (from the founding of Rome to the expulsion of the last of the kings) Early Republic: 510 BC -mid 3rd c. BC. (from the expulsion of the kings to the Punic Wars) Late Republic, the formation of the Roman state: the middle of the 3rd century. BC. – 27 BC Early empire, principate: 27 BC - 3 in. AD Crisis - 3rd c. Late Empire, Dominant: 4th century AD - 476 (fall of the Western Roman Empire
6 slide
The basis of the Roman people - the Romans, Sabines, Etruscans Etruscans - a special influence on Roman history (borrowed: the practice of building cities, the architecture of temples, many crafts) Further development - the Romans, who subjugate the peoples of the surrounding regions, and then all of Italy. Language - Latin
7 slide
KING (ruler, judge, priest) People's assembly Senate Council of elders of clans (patricians only) Male patricians, later plebeians 510 BC. - the uprising of the Romans, the overthrow of the last king a new form of government R E S P U B L I K A
8 slide
Plebeians - descendants of the indigenous people conquered by the Romans, aliens. Free people pay taxes, but do not have the right to serve in the army, participate in government. The main occupations are agriculture, craft, trade. Fight to get civil rights. Patricians - at first a small group of men who came with Romulus, later formed the dominant group in Roman society, had full rights and obligations (landowners, service in the army, participation in government) Result of the struggle: Patrician + plebeian elite = nobility
9 slide
The main features of the Roman civil community The combination of collective and private land ownership, in the presence of the supreme property of the community The connection between the concepts of "citizen", "warrior", "farmer" Equality of political and legal rights of citizens The power of the people's assembly in all critical issues Opportunities for the exploitation of fellow citizens as dependent workers, and even more so as slaves, have been significantly narrowed Acceleration of the transformation of foreigners into slaves
10 slide
11 slide
ROME - a world power 265 BC - the entire Apennine Peninsula was captured The struggle of Rome with Carthage - three Punic wars (264 - 146 BC) The winner Rome captured Spain and North Africa RESULT: CARTHAGE destroyed the redivision of the world .
12 slide
SOLVING THE PROBLEM There is evidence that some rich Romans had up to 20,000 slaves at that time. So, the slave owner Crassus and Danetria had so many slaves that a whole army could be recruited from them. Pompey actually made a squadron of 300 of his shepherds, another slave owner had 8,000 thousand slaves. What conclusions can be drawn from these data?
13 slide
Sources of Slavery in Ancient Rome Sources of Slavery in Ancient Rome Piracy of children of slaves Captives for desertion for debts Sale of children into slavery major cities in the center of Rome on the island of Delos
14 slide
Military victories led to an unprecedented spread of slavery. A huge number of slaves captured in the war poured into Italy. Gangs also operated on the sea and on land, kidnapping people and selling them into slavery. The inhabitants of the Roman provinces, who did not pay taxes, also turned into slavery.
15 slide
Slave markets existed everywhere. The main one was in Rome itself in the Bullish Forum. Here the days of selling cattle and slaves alternated. Not only strong men were sold in the markets, but also old men, women and children. The sellers touted their goods, but on the chest of each sold there had to be a sign with a list of bodily defects.
PreparedChernyakhovsk
2008
Smirnov Alexander,
8th grade student
MOU "Lyceum No. 7" Ancient Rome, foundation
Political structure
Everyday life
Roman entertainment
Roman army
Caesar
Dictionary
Information sources
Ancient Rome
Approximately in the X century. BC e. in the hills near the Tiber riverthe first Romans settled. By 264 BC. e. they already
controlled
all
territory
contemporary
Italy, and by 220 created a huge empire. They
were skilled engineers, built beautiful
cities and magnificent roads. The Roman Empire
controlled
extensive
territory
And
lasted until 476.
Founding of Rome
ViminalQuirinal
Capitol
Esquiline
Palatine
Aventine
Caelius
legendary
date
the founding of Rome is
753 B.C.
However, the settlements
place of Rome existed
long before this date.
On the left bank of the Tiber
sublime
hills
existed
settlements,
united
later in one city.
Founding of Rome
The oldestRomans
lived in primitive houses
from
willow
rods
coated with clay.
Nearby were a garden and
vegetable garden and outside
cities are fields and pastures.
As a result of constant
wars with neighboring cities
Romans
expanded
subject territory.
Founding of Rome
Romanswere engaged
agriculture
And
grown:
wheat,
barley, grapes, flax.
Rome developed
animal husbandry, Romans
raised cows and pigs,
horses and donkeys.
Founding of Rome
InhabitantsRome
were
skilled artisans:
blacksmiths,
weavers,
potters.
Huge
scope
bakery has reached
all
Latina
were
scattered
mills and
bread ovens.
Some
ancient
mills have survived to this day
pore in working condition.
The royal period of Roman history (753-509 BC)
Rome was ruled by seven kings:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Romulus
Numa Pompilius
Tull Hostilius
Ankh Marcius
Tarquinius the Ancient
Servius Thulius
Taquinius the Proud
The royal period of Roman history
Rome from a bird's eye viewDuring the reign
Rome became kings
real
city.
IN
city
appeared
market
square
–
forum.
On
himself
steep
hill,
capitol,
erected
fortress,
V
which
were
main
temples. For protection against
enemies surrounded the city
strong walls.
Roman Republic:
2 consulsSENATE
1. Declared war and
made peace;
2. Supervised
everyday
state policy;
In 509 B.C.
was expelled from
Rome's last king.
established in Rome
Republican system
– i.e. state
elected
on
their
posts
officials.
Roman Republic:
supreme body,consisted of men
MEETING
PATRICIEV
SENATE
GENUS
FAMILIES
FAMILIES
PATRICIANS
Council of Elders
childbirth
In the event that the state
threatened
emergency
danger, senate and consuls
appointed
on
six months
dictator who relied on
this period is unlimited
power.
The dictator is the leader of the people
Dictatorship–
emergency
job title
in ancient Rome,
entered into critical
For
state moments – during
wars or civil unrest. This
the word comes from the latin
verb
dictare
(repeat,
prescribe). At first
dictator (leader of the people)
elected from the patricians, but in 356
BC. became a dictator for the first time
plebeian.
supreme power
The Romans called the supreme power instate
empire.
This
term
going on
from
verb
imperare
–
"govern", "rule" and literally
means
"order",
"punishment".
Initially
empire
ordered
tsar. With the fall of kingship and
establishing
republics
at
Romans
there was a perception that the supreme
the bearer of the empire is the Roman himself
people. Curiously, within
own economy any citizen
Rome had a "home empire", then
have absolute power over all members
families.
Patricians and plebeians
PATRICIANSPlebeians
Descendants
ancient
inhabitants of Rome
Settlers from other
regions of Italy
2 folk
tribune
By 287 BC
plebeians
got
equal rights with
patricians.
ancient roman people
Romansociety
shared
on
some
social
classes.
Only
men could get status
citizen.
IN
period
Republican
board
citizens were divided into patricians
(know)
And
plebeians
(lower
classes). Women engaged
home and family, but some
noble ladies were certain
power
And
influence.
Fate
Roman slave was entirely dependent
from the will of the owner, but for the true
the service slave could be freed.
Roman daily life
Many Romans lived incities.
On
big
forums,
which
used as markets
Also
passed
political
assembly.
In addition, the Romans often
attended the theater and running. So
How
places
was
few,
the poor lived in apartments in
tall and narrow houses.
Roman forum
INcenter
everyone
the Roman city was
square,
called
"forum".
On
big
Forum in Rome was
a basilica is a building in which
the Senate met. There were
temples, shops and markets. On
forum stood statues and
triumphant
arches,
erected in honor of the glorious
deeds of the emperor. In that
the place the Romans appointed
meetings, listening to speakers and
accepted
important
public decisions. IN
Rome
all
power
belonged to men.
Man
was
head
families,
had
right
be present
on
meetings and participate in
management
city.
The women stayed at home and
brought up
children.
The boys went to school
while the girls stayed at home
learned to weave and spin,
run a household. All children
were considered adults from 14
years.
Trade in ancient Rome
The Romans understoodimportance
trade.
Thanks to
to her
empire
flourished.
Artisans
sold
their
products
merchants and townspeople. And I'm going
could be purchased at
numerous markets in
eateries
And
small
shops. were in motion
coins, the minting of which
controlled
myself
emperor. With this money
paid
salary
soldiers, they had
walking all over the empire,
which made trading easier.
Roman baths
Only wealthy citizenswere
homemade
baths.
Majority
Romans
enjoyed
public baths. After the hall for
undressing people passed
through a series of rooms
each of which was
hotter than before.
People were sweating, all the dirt
"melted out"
from
organism,
A
then
scraped off with metal
or bone tool,
called
"sheepshearer".
ablution
completed
diving into the pool
cold water.
Roman aqueduct
Romanshave learned
deliver water to their cities
through aqueducts - stone
closed gutter bridges,
through which flowing water
passed through deep
valleys and gorges. Roman
engineers have rich experience
in the construction of arches and bridges,
which allowed them to build
powerful and elegant aqueducts.
Some of them have been preserved
until now.
Roman fashion
Most Romans wore clothes fromlinen and wool. Many Roman women did
it themselves: they spun wool and twisted flax,
wove on the loom. Mostly Romans
wore simple tunics. Roman citizens
had the right to wear a toga - spacious
robe worn over
tunics. Togas were almost always white,
But
could
have
colored
border,
indicating the status of the owner. Only
roman emperor could wear purple
toga. Roman women wore over a tunic
loose dresses. Usually they were
white, but often decorated
pattern or embroidery.
big circus
Onefrom
favorite
entertainment of the ancient Romans
there were chariot races.
The largest playground
for the competition was Big
circus (Circus Maximus) in Rome.
It was calculated approximately
for 250,000 spectators. In
race time 12 chariots
had to go through seven
circles. Chariot drivers,
mostly
slaves,
were
divided
on
four
teams,
at
each
from
whose color was white, blue, red and
green.
Roman Coliseum
In order to purchasepopularity
V
people
emperors arranged for
Romans games and festivities. IN
72 Emperor Vespasian
ordered to build a huge
amphitheater - Colosseum. crowds
the Romans came to see
to fight gladiators with each other
friend and with wild animals.
And sometimes the central arena
flooded to portray
sea battle.
The Colosseum is translated from Roman as "huge". The Flavian Amphitheater was built under the emperor Vespasian. The amphitheater in antiquity was 5
ColiseumV
translation
With
Roman
–
means
"huge". Flavian Amphitheater
was erected under the emperor
Vespasians.
Amphitheater
V
antiquity was 500 meters in
circumference and height up to 50
meters.
stands
colosseum
seated up to 50,000 spectators. IN
bad weather under the arena, with the help
special
mechanism,
stretched
canvas
roof.
Floor
arenas
gave
opportunity to see underground
cameras,
which contained
wild
animals.
hungry,
brought
before
rage
animals were pushed out
up
With
help
lifting
mechanisms. Coliseum
was
practically
fully
mechanized building.
With ingenious gadgets
islands "grew" out of the blue,
between which water splashed, and from
niches,
arranged under the audience
tiers,
warships sailed.
All efforts of technicians were directed
on
That
to
amuse
compatriots with a bloody spectacle.
To the arena
released
approximately
equal
By
strength
warriors who
say the traditional greeting
emperor: "Coming
on
death
salute you, Caesar!"
Not
all gladiators
found
death
on
arena.
Some
freed from slavery and
freedmen
opened
own
schools
fighters.
Among
Spartacus was one of them.
To date, the Colosseum is considered
most
majestic
antique
building. This is what the Colosseum looked like in the distant past.
Colosseum: reconstruction of the exterior. The Colosseum played an important role in the life of the Romans,
therefore even depicted on coins.
Colosseum on an ancient Roman coin of 80 The Colosseum is the symbol of Rome
Colosseum today (appearance) Roman numeration
There is no reliable information about the origin of Roman numerals. IN
Roman numeration is clearly affected by traces of the fivefold
number systems. In the language of the Romans there are no traces
there is no quinary system. So these numbers were borrowed
the Romans from another people (most likely the Etruscans). Such
numbering prevailed in Italy until the 13th century, and in other countries
Western Europe - until the XVI century.
This is probably the most famous numbering, after Arabic. with her
we often encounter Everyday life. This
chapter numbers in books, indication of the century, numbers on the watch dial,
etc.
This numbering originated in ancient Rome. She was used for
additive alphabetic number system
I - 1, V - 5, X - 10, L - 50, C - 100, D - 500, M -1 000
Previously, the M sign was depicted with the F sign, which is why 500 became
represent the sign D as a "half" Ф. The pairs L and
C, X and V. Roman numeration
Numerical designations in ancient Rome resembled
the first way of Greek numbering. The Romans had
special notation not only for the numbers 1, 10, 100 and
1000, but also for the numbers 5, 50 and 500. Roman numerals had
like this: 1 - I, 5 - V, 10 - X, 50 - L, 100 - C, 500 - D and 1000 M. Perhaps the V sign meant an open hand, and X - two
such hands. But there is another explanation as well. When the count went
dozens, then, having drawn 9 sticks, the tenth of them
crossed out. And in order not to write too many sticks,
crossed out one stick and wrote ten like this:. from here
and the Roman numeral X turned out. And the number 5 turned out
simply by cutting the digit for the number 10 in half. Roman numeration
An interesting system of fractions was in the Ancient
Rome. It was based on dividing by 12
fraction of a unit of weight, which was called ass.
The twelfth of an ace was called an ounce. A
path, time and other quantities were compared with
visual thing - weight. For example,
a Roman could say that he had passed seven
ounce way or read a five ounce book. At
This, of course, was not about weighing
paths or books. It meant that passed
7/12 of the way or read 5/12 of the book.
Due to the fact that in the duodecimal system
no fractions with denominators 10 or 100,
The Romans found it difficult to divide by 10, 100, etc.
e. When dividing 1001 asses by 100 one Roman
the mathematician first received 10 asses, then
crushed the ace into ounces, etc. But from the remainder
he didn't get rid of it. Not to deal with
such
computing,
Romans
become
use percentages.
Since the words "one hundred" sounded in Latin "about
centum", then the hundredth part was called
percent.
Roman warfare
Roman conquests
RomeRoman conquests
TIMEWho fought
Romans
What happened
attached
Consequences
VI-IV centuries. BC.
Etruscans, Italian
tribes (Samnites,
Latins, etc.), Greeks
from the colonies
Italian territory
Apennine
peninsula
(Italy)
Rome joins the fight for
dominance in
mediterranean
III - II centuries. BC.
Carthage,
Macedonia, Greece,
Syria
north africa,
Spain, Greece,
Macedonia, Malaya
Asia, south of Gaul
Rome became the largest
power
mediterranean
1st century BC.
Gaul Celts,
Pontic and
egyptian kingdoms,
Germans
Gaul, Egypt,
Syria, Thrace,
banks of the Rhine
The influence of Rome extended to all developed
regions of Europe and the Middle
East
1st–2nd centuries AD
Parthians, Dacians,
celts Of Britain,
Germans, etc.
"barbarians"
land south of
Danube, Judea,
Dacia, Britannia,
Armenia
Rome is on the defensive
their borders along the Rhine,
Danube and Euphrates. Empire
"overeat" Roman
states
often
were at enmity.
Every
free
citizen was a soldier
and studied from childhood
military
art.
armies
were
from
hoplite foot soldiers,
led
strategists
(commanders).
Troops
took to the battlefield
dense
parts
phalanges.
ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY
During the era of the early republic, anyRoman aged 17 to 46
years owning property,
could be drafted into the army.
The service life was 20-25 years.
Enlisting a rookie
took an oath of allegiance.
Warriors trained every day
swimming, running, jumping, throwing
darts and fencing.
Three times a month the army made
forced marches for 30 km. The warriors were walking
at a fast pace at a speed of 6-8
km/hour.
Legionnaires learned to build and
dismantle the military camp.
Guilty
subjected
corporal punishment.
Legion
behind
disobedience
reduced diet.
Decimation - execution by lot
every 10th warrior.
ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY
Wealthy citizens couldacquire
horses,
And
so they served
cavalry.
The Romans fought victoriously
V
on foot
build,
grouped and
armed
swords,
spears
daggers
And
shields.
The poorest
citizens
fought in the beginning and
end of the battle. Their weapons are
stones and agricultural implements.
The structure of the Roman army in the 5th-2nd centuries BC
ConsulARMY
Legate
LEGION
Chief of the cavalry
HORSE TURMS
Legate
LEGION
military tribune
SIEGE AND THROWING MACHINES
military tribune
DESIGNERS AND OBOZ
centurions
PRINCIPLES
first centurions
MANIPULES OF THE HASTATS
first
MANIPULES
centurions
CENTURIES OF HASTATS
centurions
CENTURIES OF PRINCIPLES
decurions
CONCUBERNIA
decurions
CONCUBERNIA
first centurions
TRIARIAN MANIPULES
centurions
CENTURIES OF THE TRIARIAN
Armament and equipment
Helmet, shield and sword(gladius)
Roman soldier
Figure of a Roman soldier
Hiking equipment:
pick,
shovel,
bowler hat,
folded
tent, bag with dry
ration, flask
ARMAMENT OF THE ROMANS
NORTHITAL.HELMET
SHIELD
KLEPIUS
DAGGERS
ETRUSCAN
HELMET
ARMOR
MOUNTAIN
ITALIANS
SHELL
SWORDS
SPEARS
SHOES
CALCEI
The Roman infantry was divided into several parts. The basis of the army was the legion, which usually consisted of five thousand soldiers. The legion was divided into 10 cohorts,
Roman legionThe Roman infantry was divided into several parts. The basis of the army was
legion, usually consisting of five thousand soldiers. The legion was divided into 10
cohorts, about 500 people each, and the cohort consisted of six
centurion. There were from 80 to 100 legionnaires in the centuria, who
commanded by a centurion.
Armament
Roman
legionnaire
was
from
melee weapons pugio (dagger) and gladius
(short sword). One
time
legionnaires
armed with spears, but
later this weapon was
replaced
on
pilum
(dart).
Abandoned
skillful hand, pilum could
break through a strong shield. In
legionary siege time
used ballista and
catapults
siege
cars,
With
help
who threw stones,
arrows, logs, etc.
Roman military camp
Roman legionaries builtcamps
By
standard
plan
V
form
quadrilateral.
Camp
consisted of headquarters
stables
And
barracks,
V
which
behind
each
centuria
consolidated
a certain place. Camp
was
fenced
high
wall
co
sentry
towers
And
strong
gate.
At
legionnaires
were
hiking
camps,
which
Can
was
put on a halt, and
then quickly assemble.
Army on the march
Usually during the campaign, the army was on the road for 7hours a day, walking up to 30 km. The soldiers were forced
carry all your property and weapons on yourself.
Scouts went ahead, obliged to examine
terrain, collect information about the enemy, choose a place
for the camp. Then came the advance detachment (vanguard),
consisting of cavalry and light infantry; followed him
the main body of the army. They walked in one column, behind each
legion
followed
owned
to him
convoy,
And
lightly armed troops formed the rearguard.
If the enemy was close, the main forces of the army
moved in battle order, and the entire convoy followed
behind and part of the troops served as a cover (rearguard).
During the retreat, the convoy was sent forward with a detachment
troops, and the rest followed them.
Tactics. The art of the commander
Leadershiparmy
on
field
combat
Romans
paid very
important
meaning. Not
accidentally
talented
military leaders
(Sulla, Caesar, Vespasian, Trajan, etc.)
achieved supreme power in Rome, becoming
dictators and emperors.
Legion in battle
During the period of the Republic legionlined up for battle at three
lines
By
maniples.
Each maniple was built
V
form
square,
With
equal
at intervals
between line neighbors.
Archers, slingers, and javelin throwers marched in front of the legion. IN
the first line of the system was the hastati, the second - the principles, the third -
triarii. The cavalry was on the flanks. legion fast
approached the enemy, showering him with spears. The outcome of the battle was usually decided
melee.
From the 1st century BC. the legion began to be built on larger cohorts,
becoming in three lines in a checkerboard pattern.
Assault and siege of fortresses
Seizure (assault)Legion ballista
Ram
siege tower
Fortress
took:
with a sudden attack right
out of the way, tried under
cover shields to break
gates.
In case of impossibility
attack began a siege
fortified
item:
surrounding it on all sides
army. If this is the place
was too fortified
in abundance
supplied
food, then they took it
attack
With
help
siege
facilities
And
wall machines.
Roman fleet
Roman warship (bireme) of the end of the 2nd century. BC.)combat tower
"Raven" (boarding
bridge)
Ram
steering oar
Roman ships
To make your shipsfaster, the Romans
used both sail and
oars. On some ships
there were several rowing
rows. In order to
the ship was sailing at maximum
speed,
rowers
positioned so that they
could row at the same time.
Ship with two rows
the oar was called bireme, with
three - trireme. KVINKVEREMA (PENTERA) - warship
Carthaginians and Romans
During the First Punic War it became necessary
fast
building a navy. The Romans found
a warship abandoned by the Carthaginians and in 60 days
built 100 exact copies of it. Soon their fleet numbered
over 200 ships.
Combat tactics
Crew - 300 rowers; there were 120 warriors on deck;Ship speed - 19 km / h;
Throw bridge - corvus (raven) was thrown to the enemy
ship;
Some ships had underwater rams;
FRAGMENT OF THE FILM
CaesarGuy
Julius
Caesar
was
outstanding public
and politician,
commander and writer.
Compelled
at
Sulle
go to Asia Minor
returned to Rome after death
this emperor in 78 BC.
e. and immediately got involved
political struggle.
After
graduation
deadline
consulate Caesar achieved
destination
on
job title
viceroy in Tsizalpinskaya,
and then Narbonne Gaul.
During the Gallic campaigns of 5851. BC e. he conquered all
transalpine
Gaul
from
Belgica to Aquitaine. Caesar made changes to the organization of the Roman army and to the methods
conducting military operations.
Siege engines were included in each legion: light
ballistas, as well as onagers and catapults that threw heavy stones.
An important role began to be played by light auxiliary troops of archers.
and slingers
The cavalry of Roman citizens was replaced by mercenaries: the Germans,
Spaniards, Numidians.
Caesar's troops moved very quickly, and this largely
determined their success.
In battles, Caesar preferred to attack the enemy first. His
the legions marched on the enemy at a steady pace, which then turned into a run.
First, spears were launched, and then
swords, warriors tried
push the enemy back in hand-to-hand combat. Completed the defeat of the enemy
cavalry.
Caesar's army took the fortified points by siege or storm. At
field fortifications were erected around the enemy’s fortress during the siege:
ramparts, ditches, wolf pits, redoubts, etc. Siege weapons were widely used
towers, digging under the wall was also carried out.
Caesar was considered a great commander by A. Suvorov and Napoleon. His
military art was studied in military academies until the 19th century
Dictionary
Legion - a large division of the Roman army (from 4.5 to7 thousand people). Legionnaire - Legion warrior.
Centuria - a detachment of one hundred (from the 1st century BC - 80) legionnaires
Centurion - junior officer of the Roman army, commander
centuria or maniples
Manipula - a detachment, including 2-3 centuries. Until the 1st century
BC. the Roman army was built in 3 rows of maniples
Cohort - from the 1st century. BC. the main division of the legion from
6 (rarely 10) centuries. Commanded a cohort of a military tribune
Ballista - a throwing weapon in the form of a large
horizontal bow reinforced with a pair of vertical
twisted cords. Metal arrows, stones, metal
balls. Used on ships and during the siege of fortresses.
Dictionary
Hastati (spearmen) - young warriors who fought inthe first line of construction of the legion. They started the fight by throwing at
enemy spears from a long distance, and then attacked
with swords in hand.
Principes - Experienced Second Line Warriors
legion. Coming into battle at the most decisive moment,
deciding its outcome.
Triarii - warriors of the third line of the system
legion,
veterans. Engaged in battle only in the most extreme cases.
Concubernia - a group of warriors (8-10 people) living in
one tent and cook meals together during
rest in the camp. It was headed by a foreman (decurion).
Legate - assistant to the consul, commander of the legion.
INFORMATION SOURCES
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius
Encyclopedia "1001 questions and answers"
Encyclopedia "What, how and when it happened"
Great Children's Encyclopedia
http://ancientrome.ru/