Lecture plan.

1. Classification of residential buildings. General design provisions and basic definitions.

2. Space-planning solutions for residential buildings.

3. The apartment and its elements. Design principles.

The population of cities, towns and rural settlements consists of families of very different composition. Each family should have a home that best suits its life and needs, which depend on its numerical and age composition, the degree of employment of family members in production, the nature of the work and many other reasons.

Due to the diversity of their needs, various types of residential buildings are designed with a certain set of residential premises of different size and composition, the required number of which, their percentage is determined on the basis of statistical data on the demographic composition of the population (age, gender, occupation, family composition) construction area.

1. Classification of residential buildings. General design provisions and basic definitions.

Depending on their purpose, number of floors, capital density, as well as structural materials, residential buildings are divided into types and classes, each of which has its own area of ​​application.

According to its purpose, i.e. Based on the population for which they are intended and the length of residence, residential buildings are divided into four main types:

apartment buildings for family occupancy and permanent residence;

hostels for temporary (long-term) accommodation for the period of work or study;

hotels for short-term accommodation of periodically changing contingents coming from other populated areas;

boarding schools for permanent residence of disabled and elderly people.

By number of floors residential buildings are divided into low-rise(1 – 3 floors), average number of storeys (4 – 9), increased number of storeys (10 – 16), high-rise(more than 16 floors). For urban development, the most economical are 5- and 9-story buildings. However, due to the fact that 5-story buildings are built without an elevator, which is not comfortable enough, where feasible, they are replaced with 4-story ones. Residential buildings with a height of 6, 7 and 8 floors are erected mainly when it is necessary to link new additions to the existing building - they are less economical, since the elevator in them is not fully loaded. Currently, due to rising prices for urban land, high-rise buildings and high-rise buildings are increasingly making their way into life.

The development of low- and medium-rise houses is used in villages and small towns, and in rural areas it is mainly low-rise. These houses usually have garden plots.

According to the space-planning structure residential apartment buildings divided into sectional, tower(point, consisting of one section), bellboys, gallery, corridor-sectional, gallery-sectional And blocked.

For the northern, western, central and eastern regions of Ukraine, sectional and partially tower houses are used as the main type; for areas with mild and hot climates (southern regions and Crimea) – gallery; corridor residential buildings are convenient for placing small one- and two-room apartments; Blocked residential buildings are used in small towns and cities with hot climates, urban-type settlements, and partly rural settlements.

All residential buildings capital(the sum of the requirements for the durability and fire resistance of the main structural elements of buildings, as well as for their internal amenities) are divided into four classes, in connection with which the degree of their durability, fire resistance structures and acceptable number of storeys(Table 1).

Table 6.1. Classes of residential buildings by capital capital

The main task of housing design is to create the most favorable living environment that meets the functional, physiological and aesthetic needs of modern people.

Functional needs are met by creating the most convenient conditions for all types of life activities in the home: recreation, raising children, housekeeping, communication, personal activities, etc.

Physiological characteristics of people are provided sanitary-hygienic requirements for the physical qualities of the living environment of the home: temperature, humidity, air purity, natural light, insolation, sound insulation from external and internal noise. The internal environment of a home is closely related to the external environment, and therefore sanitary and hygienic requirements for housing are directly dependent on natural, climatic and other local conditions and can only be established in connection with them.

Aesthetic people's needs must be satisfied by high quality architectural and artistic solutions for the internal spaces of homes, interior decoration, external architecture of buildings and surrounding buildings.

At the same time, residential buildings must meet technical And economic requirements for all types of buildings: strength, durability, provision of engineering equipment (water supply, energy supply, sewerage, etc.), fire safety, cost-effectiveness of construction and operation. All these diverse requirements should be taken into account in the design of housing comprehensively (simultaneously), in their interrelation and interdependence on the characteristics of the environment.

Main functional requirements for the design of residential buildings are as follows:

creating favorable conditions for settlement in accordance with the demographic composition of the population and modern standards for providing living space;

establishing the main functional groups of residential premises and ensuring the required relationships between them in accordance with the life processes occurring in them;

taking into account the characteristics of the population’s lifestyle depending on the type labor activity and professions;

taking into account the influence of natural and climatic conditions on the lifestyle of the population.

The creation of favorable settlement conditions is based on taking into account data on the demographic composition of the population of certain regions of the country, cities, rural areas, identifying the percentage of families of different quantitative composition, as well as characterizing the number of members of each family, their age, gender, and family ties. Depending on these demographic data, the need for residential buildings with different composition residential and utility rooms.

The main type of residential building is apartment buildings , which are houses in which the main space-planning element is an apartment intended for occupancy by one family. The number of apartments in them can be very diverse and depends on the nature of the house and the location of construction.

Based on the nature of the development, apartment buildings can be divided into two types: with apartment plots, in which each apartment has its own plot of land, and houses with green areas intended for public use. Houses with attached plots are used mainly for rural and town construction, in the suburbs, and partly for development in small towns. Houses without attached plots are the main type of urban development.

A special type of apartment buildings include hotel houses intended for singles and families consisting of 2 - 3 people who do not maintain a full household. In such houses, apartments have a small living area and a reduced number of utility rooms (kitchen niches instead of a kitchen, combined bathrooms with shower trays instead of bathtubs, etc.). As a rule, they provide a developed system of public utilities and consumer services.

Hotel-type houses can have a special purpose: for newlyweds, the elderly, etc., which determines their space-planning structure and the composition of service institutions. Thus, they create increased convenience for living of a certain category of the population and at the same time make it possible to increase efficiency housing construction.

In connection with the further growth of the population’s well-being and the widespread development of cultural and consumer services in our country, new, more advanced forms of housing organization are appearing.

An example of a new promising types of residential buildings are the so-called residential complexes or serviced buildings, which are a special group of multi-storey residential buildings with a varied range of modern apartments.

The system of such a group compositionally and functionally includes a complex of service institutions designed to satisfy the most diverse cultural and everyday needs of the population of this group of houses. In such residential complexes, apartments are designed, as a rule, with a complete set of premises.

For temporary (long-term) residence of singles or small families dormitories . Typically, dormitories have specialized purposes: for students, workers, construction workers, etc. Dormitories differ in that the main structural unit of such a residential building is not an apartment, but a room designed to accommodate, as a rule, two to four people.

For young families consisting of married couples, spouses with a child, or an adult with a child, special types of dormitories are designed, in which each family is provided with a separate small apartment.

In addition to living rooms, the dormitories house a complex of premises for versatile services and self-service for the population. Projects of hotel-type hostels with an increased degree of cultural and social services, close to the hotel service system for the population, are also being developed.

For short-term accommodation of people coming for a short period (usually from 1 to 30 days), they serve hotels .

Depending on the population for which the hotels are intended, they are divided into hotels: general type– for those coming on business trips or for personal matters; tourist – for domestic and foreign tourists; resort - for vacationers, as well as for motor tourists at motels (for short stays) and campsites (for recreation). In addition, some special types of hotels of a general type are used: for transport passengers at air, road, water, and railway stations, for athletes, departmental at industrial enterprises, institutions, and agricultural enterprises.

Depending on the composition of the premises, their areas, equipment and degree of comfort hotels are divided into five classes. General and tourist hotels can be of the highest, I, II, III and IV classes, and resort hotels - not lower than III class.

The forms of housing are changing, developing along with changes in the life of society. Therefore, the general trend in the development of housing construction in our country is further study of the needs of various categories of the population and the corresponding improvement and differentiation of types of residential buildings. So there are certain categories of people who demand special attention and worries. For example, single elderly people and children without parental care, the sick, etc. These people can live in special boarding houses.

Boarding schools are places of residence for categories of people who require certain care or supervision.

Boarding schools can be divided into two groups. First– with an expanded medical care network designed to accommodate sick and lonely elderly people. Second– for raising and supervising children who do not have parents. In turn, the first group of residential buildings is divided into two types. General purpose (sanatorium and boarding houses) for people who can move independently and partially take care of themselves. And sick leave – for those who need constant bed rest.

In general purpose boarding schools, rooms for 1–2 people (with a sanitary facility) are combined into groups of 10 people. Each group is provided with a kitchen, a recreation room and a utility room. Such boarding schools also include a complex of food, cultural and medical services. Their capacity is 100, 200 and 300 seats.

Hospital boarding schools have ward-type rooms for 1 - 2 and 4 beds with sanitary facilities and are combined into groups such as hospital sections. These boarding schools have a more developed complex of medical facilities, a centralized food system, and a somewhat smaller composition of cultural and community service facilities. The capacity of such boarding schools is 50 – 100 people for small settlements and 300, 400, 500 people. for cities.

The second group of boarding schools is a combination of school (educational) premises and a group of dormitory-type residential premises with all the necessary complex of service premises.

House - an individually defined building, which consists of rooms, as well as premises for auxiliary use, intended to satisfy citizens’ household and other needs related to their residence in such a building.

. Individual residential building - this is an individually defined building, consisting of rooms, as well as premises for auxiliary use, intended to satisfy citizens’ household and other needs related to their residence in it.

Thus, for a residential building to be considered individual, a combination of three conditions must take place:

1. The house must be separate.

2. The number of floors should not exceed three

3. The house must be intended for one family.

Types of residential buildings

One- and two-apartment residential buildings with individual plots and auxiliary outbuildings are usually called manor houses. Individual houses are divided into: country houses; city ​​cottages; rural manor houses; free-standing; blocked. The layout should provide for a clear functional division of the apartment into two zones: residential and utility. Residential and commercial zones must be separated. In the residential area there are: a daytime zone and a nighttime zone. In houses consisting of several floors and attics, such a division is possible by floor. Daytime use area - front, hall, common room, dining room, veranda, toilet; Night stay area - divided into an area for adults and an area for children and guests. In the utility zone there is a garage, outbuildings, and workshops.

Blocked houses, the residential blocks of which are self-contained and are considered as separate single-family houses.

A blocked house is primarily an apartment building, but in which all apartments have independent entrances. Also, for each apartment of the house there is a plot of land adjacent to the entrance (usually the second - courtyard). A block in such a house is an apartment (block-apartment). The minimum number of blocks is two, and the maximum is determined by the development project, based on the terrain, location of green spaces, driveways and other conditions.

In general, from a technical point of view, a blocked house can be called a building that consists of separate side cells (i.e., separate apartments), with 2-3 floors.

Functional zoning of a residential cell.

Planning organization of a residential building. The main method of planning a residential building is zoning, i.e., a clear planning allocation of groups of premises that have homogeneous functions and internal relationships. Houses are zoned by function, thermal conditions, illumination, orientation.

When designing, functional zoning is used to organize connections between rooms. Functional zoning is an effective way of planning organization of residential buildings, estates and entire villages. Zoning promotes the formation of the shortest connections and the independence of the functioning of zones. Functional zoning brings clarity and clarity to the architectural planning solution, and helps clarify compositional and structural schemes. Zoning can be carried out in one volume or for buildings of a single architectural complex - an estate. Functional zoning of a residential building is carried out on the basis of the general idea of ​​​​organizing premises.

Developed functional zoning of the home and the separation of each life process into a separate zone contributes to more comfortable living. In light of the ever-increasing demands of the population for housing, it is necessary not only to mechanically increase the area of ​​a residential cell, but also to develop planning solutions

The main directions for the development of a modern comfortable home, when it comes to a residential cell, are the differentiation of functional zones, ensuring the most comfortable relationships between different zones, and the development of auxiliary and utility areas.

Differentiation of functional zones is achieved by allocating each life process its own zone or room in the apartment. If for some zones it is possible to combine even in an elite home (living room-video room), then some require separation into a separate room (kitchen, utility room). This is due to negative factors affecting people who are not involved in the process of performing a specific economic task. The more pronounced the differentiation of functional zones, the higher the comfort of living. This principle underlies the determination of planning indicators: the number of rooms, the presence of certain premises, their areas and proportions.

Functional zoning of a single-family residential building. In the practice of designing residential buildings, two-part and three-part functional zoning is widely used.

Two-part zoning is the most common type of functional zoning in inexpensive, economical houses and cottages. Usually the house is divided into two parts: day and night use or family and personal use, residential and utility premises. In this way, they provide the required interconnection and isolation of family life processes, namely: active and passive rest, communication and solitude. The daytime zone (for general family purposes) contains the following rooms: front room, common living room, kitchen, restroom and storage room (living room, dining room, office). The overnight stay area (individual use) includes personal living rooms (bedrooms), a bathroom, a wardrobe and a corridor.

IN one-story house A daytime zone is located at the entrance, and a night zone is located in the depths of the building. Independence of use is ensured by the direct connection of each zone of the house with the front. All the variety of planning techniques for two-part zoning in one-story houses can be reduced to three main options.

When the house is located on two levels, floor (vertical) zoning is adopted: on the first floor there are family premises - the front room, a common room and a kitchen, on the second floor - personal living rooms (bedrooms) and a hygiene unit. The practice of housing construction gives two options for vertical two-part zoning. In the first case, a private room is placed in the family area (day stay) married couple, or an adult family member (son or daughter, grandmother), who is directly connected to the front. In the second case, in the personal area (night stay) a family room (playroom, study room, library) is designed, forming an auxiliary planning core in the depths of the house.

Three-part zoning of a house involves dividing it into three parts according to the principle of homogeneity of everyday processes.

In one-story single-family houses there are three parts : family, individual and household. The first two parts include the common room, dining room and bedrooms respectively. The third is formed by the entrance node, kitchen, pantries, bathrooms, work rooms, etc. The utility area is located in the center of the house, it serves as a buffer between family and personal premises, as well as the entrance to the house.

In multi-level single-family houses, premises zoned relative to ground level into three floors: the ground or underground floors are used for utility rooms (garage, workshop, storage rooms, furnace, etc.)” on the first floor there are family rooms and an office, on the second floor there are personal living and utility rooms (bedrooms and bathrooms).

Functional areas are located relative to the entrance to the house. This requires the location of family premises (common room, living room, dining room, kitchen) at the entrance, and personal premises in the back of the apartment. In an economical home, the common room should occupy a central position in the apartment, located next to the front room. In a comfortable home, a living room is designed at the entrance, and a dining room in the central part of the house. Bedrooms should be located in the most isolated part of the house, in its depths, away from the kitchen and stairs. They should be conveniently connected to the bathrooms.

Planning techniques. Along with the principle of functional zoning, variant, free and flexible layouts are used when designing residential buildings.

Variant layout- development of a number of options for planning solutions for one room or the entire house within the same design dimensions. Necessary to prolong the obsolescence of the layout of a residential building.

Open plan characterized by the use of functional zones as a structural element of building a house plan, which are freely placed in the living space. As a result, a large, undivided space of a hall type for multifunctional use is formed. Open planning is used in mansions and villas in the family area.

Flexible layout makes it possible to use rooms separately or combine them into one large room. The essence of flexible planning is changeability throughout the day and hours depending on the changing needs of residents. For flexible planning, transformable partitions (borders) and furniture (objects) are used. Flexible planning is effective in economical and comfortable housing.

Planning organization of a manor house . A manor residential building is located freely on the estate plot, so it is designed, firstly, as an individual house, and secondly, as part of the living space of the estate plot. The organic connection of the house with the site and outbuildings, the inseparability of functional connections between them predetermines the integrity of the entire structure of the estate. Thus, the architectural solution of a single-family residential building should combine three interconnected parts - the residential building itself, a landscaped area and outbuildings

A residential building can contain 2-5 or more living rooms for families of three or more people. The planning solution for a manor house should allow for gradual expansion by using the attic space, building on or adding additional rooms. Residential buildings include elements that take into account the specifics and lifestyle of the rural population - utility rooms, utility rooms for storing equipment and agricultural products.

Construction of the residential part individual house basically similar to a city apartment. However, there are some differences from apartments: the presence of a large private plot adjacent to the house with a garden and vegetable garden; developed entrance unit of large area with arrangement of cabinets for outerwear; storage rooms for fuel, gardening tools, food storage; garage and workshop; V manor house- outbuildings for livestock, poultry, feed storage; combining two functions: living and managing (caring for the house, plot).

Single-family houses on one level have two, three, four or more living rooms. For a small area, the latter are designed on two levels. In terms of its planning qualities, the layout of a one-story house can best meet the requirements: have a convenient plan shape and good proportions of rooms, rational placement of light openings, good orientation to the cardinal directions, and the best connection with the site.

Operational convenience is increased by the absence of stairs and direct connection to the site.

An important element of building a plan is the decision of the entrance to the house: the location of the entrances and their number. Unlike a city house, a rural and country house As a rule, they have two entrances: the main one, facing the street, and the secondary one, connecting the house with a garden or a residential yard. However, it must be borne in mind that two or more entrances to the house increase heat loss during operation. In a rural dwelling, the second entrance is the utility entrance, connecting the utility rooms of the house with the utility yard. In summer, the second entrance can be the main one. An entrance from the side or from the rear (yard) facade is installed in economical houses; entrances from the main facade and from the courtyard (rear) facade are designed in comfortable houses.

Orientation of living quarters - east, south, southeast; utility rooms - north, west.