Lev Gumilev personal life children. Watch what is "L. N. Gumilev" in other dictionaries. Passionaria theories: Scientific battles Humilev historian

"The only desire in life (and now I am already old, I will soon have 75 years old) is to see my works printed without bias, with a strict censored check and discussed scientific public without bias, without interfering with certain interests of certain influential people or those stupid interests. that belong to science is not as me as I, that is, we use it for your personal interests. They may well tear away from this and discuss problems correctly - they are enough for this qualified. Hear their impartial reviews and even objections is the last thing I would like in my life. "

The desire of the author of these lines came true - in the late 1980s he not only managed to see his works printed, but also recorded a whole series of television lectures. In the late 1980s - early 1990s Lev Gumilev became one of the most popular scientists in the post-Soviet space. On his passionary theory of ethnogenesis loved to talk even those who, with difficulty pronounced this name.

The words we led at the beginning were taken from the "Autonomist" - so the scholar himself called himself about himself. The right to think freely, to put forward the theory that the scientific world is in a standstill, Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev stood out, passing through prisons, camps, war and conflict with the most close.

October 181912 Lev Gumilev-Russian historian-ethnologist, philosopher, poet, translator with Farsi was born. Pic.Twitter.com/GC5UGPYXZ4.

- Library of good (@ CBS151) October 1, 2016

"Child of Russian Poetry"

He was born on October 1, 1912 in St. Petersburg, in the family, which "Star" would be called today. His father was an outstanding poet of the Silver Century Nikolai Gumilev, mother - no less outstanding poetess Anna Akhmatova.

Love, the fruit of which was the newborn lion, could not be a long - Gumileu and Akhmatova were characterized by a gust, and not consistency.

The care of the "Son of Russian Poetry" Parents entrusted grandmother - Anna Ivanovna Gumileva. The first years of his life Lev conducted a blind-evenly Bezhetsky district of Tver province in her estate.

In 1917, the estate had to be left. The peasants were treated with respect to their baryn - she was allowed to take the library from the house, as well as personal belongings.

"My childhood I remember very foggy and can not tell anything about him. I only know that I was transferred immediately to my grandmother's hands - Anna Ivanovna Gumileva, was taken to the Tver province, where we were first a house in the village, and then we lived in the city of Bezhetsk, in which I cum high School. At that time, I got carried away with the story, and became stunning, because I reread all the books on the story that were in Bezhetsk, and I remember a lot of child's memory, "Humilyov wrote in autobiography.

"Wrong" origin

Parents in early childhood Lion saw only occasionally. In 1921, Nikolai Gumilev was shot on charges of participating in the anti-Bolshevik plot. There are still disputes, whether Gumilen-Sr. was a conspirator. However, contemporaries who knew the poet well did not doubt that he could plunge into a similar adventure.

Be that as it may, but the Father's shooting on the life of the Son will be fully reflected. "Dad-Counterrevolutionary" will be a real curse for Lev Gumilyov.

The lion in the school was carried away by history, gave out in the best students, and became the "White Voronov". Odnoklassniki considered him an upset, and constantly remembered the "Barskaya" origin.

In 1929, Lev Gumilev left for his mother to Leningrad, where he graduated from school.

Sochest life with mother and stepfather Nikolai Puninit was complicated. Requirements made by stepfather, sometimes irritated, however, he was ready to endure in order to continue their studies.

In 1930, Lev tried to enter the university, but he was denied acceptance due to social origin.

Lev Gumilyov with Mother Anna Akhmatova and Grandma A. I. Gumileva. Mid 1920s. Photo: Commons.Wikimedia.org.

Geology and poems

After that, Gumilev first settled in black-workers at the plant, and then finished the departments of geological expedition collectors.

In the harsh conditions of geological expeditions, they did not pay attention to the origin, and Gumilev felt good. "I tried to study geology, but I didn't have any success, because this science was not my profile, but nevertheless in the position of the smallest - the younger collector - I went to Siberia, to Baikal, where he participated in the expedition, and these months that I spent there, were very happy for me, and I got fascinated by the field work, "Lion Nikolayevich recalled.

In 1932 he was included in the expedition to study the Pamirs. For 11 months of work in Tajikistan, he learned to speak in Tajiksky, which later helped him in scientific activities.

In 1933, Gumilyov came to Moscow, where he was engaged in translations of poems of the poets of the National Republic of the USSR.

Lev Gumilev wrote poems and himself, and the censor advocated mother, Anna Akhmatova. She practically forbid his son to imitate the stylistry of the Father, believing that he should look for his way.

Ultimately, Lev Gumilev decides that the science is closer to him, although some of his works, according to critics, did not give way to the creations of "star" parents.

Locking windy memory
In the space of river lights
Flows Neva Fur Stones
Lies at the iron door.
But in the street stone bloody
Lights burst
And the chronicle of glory burned out in it
Forever desired centuries.
This stone cipher viewing
And the meaning of learning in the footsteps
Think that the share of holy
And the best - memory in centuries.

"Release from under arrest"

In the summer of 1934, the dream of Lion Gumileva came true - he was enrolled at the Historical Faculty of Leningrad State University.

Donos on Lion wrote classmates who treated him with suspicion because of the desire to stay apart, refusal to participate in public life. In October 1935, Gumilev was arrested.

Anna Akhmatova went to Moscow, ask Stalin Loose son and husband - Schifami Leo Nikolai Punin also found himself behind bars.

The appeal, oddly enough, was heard. Stalin imposed a resolution: "t. Berry. Release from under arrest and Punin, and Gumileva and report execution. I. Stalin. "

Gumilev was free, but from the institute was excluded - the Komsomol organization tried.

Avoiding shooting

Summer in 1936 he spent in an archaeological expedition who studied the Khazar settlement Sarkel. In the autumn of the same year, Gumileva restored at the university.

Five years of imprisonment Gumilev spent in Norillag, in a balanced, according to his own words, conditions. But to leave Norilsk after the expiration he could not - after the beginning of the Great Patriotic War The liberated prisoners remained in the workplace.

Gumilev dreamed of a historian's career, and for this it was necessary to return to Leningrad. The only way to return was lying through the service in the army, and in 1944 Gumilev achieved a military service.

"I graduated from war, being a member of the Storm of Berlin"

It was sent to the front shortly before the start of the Visto-Oder offensive operation. Gumilev served in the 1386th anti-aircraft shelf of the 31st zenith-artillery warsaw red-known Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Division.

"I graduated from the war, being a member of the Storm of Berlin," Lion Gumilev recalled, unfortunately, I didn't get into the best of the batteries. Commander of this battery Senior Lieutenant Finkelsteini hadlented me and therefore deprived of all rewards and promotions. And even when, under the city of Toyipice, I raised the battery on the alarm to reflect the German counterattack, was made the form that I had nothing to do with anything and the counterattack, and I didn't get any reward for it. But when the war ended, and it was necessary to describe the combat experience of the division, which was instructed to write to our brigade of the ten-twelve intelligent and competent officers, sergeants and ordinary, the command of the division only found me. And I wrote this essay, for which I received in the form of awards clean, fresh uniforms: a gymnaster and sharovars, as well as exemption from outfits and work to demobilization, which was supposed to be in 2 weeks. "

Lady military career was crowned with two medals - "For the capture of Berlin" and "For the victory over Germany", as well as gratefully. But the main thing - he managed to return to Leningrad, for several months, externally finished the university, and then defended the thesis.

After that, Gumilev entered the graduate school of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

- AnnaakhMatova Museum (@akhmatovamuseum) March 18, 2016

The term "for mom"

It seemed that life was settled. But then problems began again. Lev Nikolayevich himself ironically told his friends that "before the war was sitting for the dad, and after the war - for mom."

Gumileva was expelled from graduate school, but he, however, managed to finish the dissertation. The defense of the thesis on the "Political History of the First Turkic Kaganata" was scheduled for December 28, 1948. On the defense, he showed the excellent abilities of the speaker and the controversy, and the dissertation council voted "for".

In November 1949, Gumilev was arrested again. On September 13, 1950, a special meeting in the MGB of the USSR sentenced him "For belonging to the anti-Soviet group, terrorist intentions and anti-Soviet campaigns" by 10 years of camps.

The second conclusion was far behind him much harder - led his health. Gumilev even outwardly surrendered, aged, and his mood was falncable. "My health worsens very slowly, and, apparently, summer I can exist, although it seems to be no need ... I reconciled with fate and I hope that it's not long for a long time, because I don't fulfill the norm on earthworks without I am not, "he wrote in letters.

He was awarded disabilities, and this allowed to settle for the position of the camp librarian, on which it was possible to repeat scientific ideas. Dreams of scientific work remained the only thing that forced to live on.

"For her, my death will be a reason for the tombstone poem"

Only after the XX party congress, when the work on the rehabilitation of political prisoners began to be carried out in a massive manner, it came to Gumilyov. On May 11, 1956, Lev Gumilev was recognized as innocent on all articles and released, on June 2, 1956, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court abolished the decision of a special meeting in the MGB, and on July 30, the case was discontinued "for the lack of a crime composition."

Bureaucratic Volokat did not prevent Gumilev to come to Moscow already in May 1956. Return, however, it turned out heavy. Lev Nikolayevich wrote in autobiography: "My mother, about a meeting with which I dreamed of all time, has changed so much that I learned it with difficulty. She changed both physiognomically, and psychologically, and in relation to me. She met me very cold. She sent me to Leningrad, and herself remained in Moscow to, obviously, do not prescribe me. "

The conflict between mother and son increased, and in 1961 there was a final gap. The fans of Anna Akhmatova are inclined to believe that the lion broke into the camps, and became unfairly to blame the mother in his trouble.

Lev Nikolayevich, in turn, believed that the suffering on his son, which mother expressed in verses, were much stronger than her real experiences in life. While in prison, he wrote to friends: "Mom, like a poetic nature, terribly lazy and selfish, despite the transit. She is too lazy to think about unpleasant things and that it is necessary to make some effort. She very saves himself and does not want to get upset. Therefore, it is so inert on everything that concerns me ... For her, my death will be a reason for the tombstone poem about what kind of poor - a son lost, and only. "

In the autobiography, written in freedom, Gumilev was softer: "I must say that for me my mother is presented in two hypostasses: a cute, cheerful, frivolous lady, which could forget to make dinner, leave me money for me somewhere, She could forget - she was all in verses, all was in reading ... But when I returned after the 56th year and when my good creative work life began, she lost all interest. Sometimes I did her visits, but she did not want me to live on her apartment, nor even close to her. "

Passionaria theories: Scientific battles Humilev historian

Anna Akhmatova did not consider the activities of the Son on the Niv of the Story of something serious, and it was offended by Lion Gumilyov, perhaps, the strongest.

The conflict with the mother could not distract humilev from the main - scientific work. Having got a librarian in the Hermitage, he collected materials for a doctoral dissertation. The first three years after the return of Humileva's scientific flights did not publish - colleagues with caution treated his innovative work, and he himself was ready for any doubts to see not scientific disputes, but intrigue.

But since 1959, the articles of Lev Gumilyev in scientific publications begin to appear regularly. In 1960, he produces a monograph "Hunna: Middle Asia in ancient times." There are serious disputes around this work, but in the end, Gumilev receives recognition.

In 1961, Lev Gumilev defends thesis on the topic "Ancient Turks. The history of Middle Asia on the verge of antiquity and the Middle Ages (VI-VIII century), "and receives the degree of doctor of historical sciences.

In 1962, Lev Nikolayevich was invited to the position of senior researcher at the Research Geographic and Economic Institute of LSA, in which he worked until retired in 1987.

Let the characteristic of Leo Gumilev as a scientist is very difficult. The point is not even that an unprepared person will not master his passionary theory of ethnogenesis. In fact, Gumileev's lectures in the 1970s gathered anchlags - he knew how to speak interestingly, fascinating the listeners. His historical books were also written for a wide range, and not for academic layers. But this, and forced many colleagues to consider his work "lightweight".

It was recognized as a wide range of incredible performance, but his hypothesis and theory were questioned, and sometimes they were broken in fluff and dust.

His attempt to protect his doctoral dissertation on geography ended in failure - critics considered that "the dissertation of Gumileva did not make anything to geographic science, did not enrich it with new scientifically proven provisions."

All the fact that in the early 1980s, the scientific articles of Gumilyev ceased to publish - not due to political prohibitions, but due to the negative opinion of the scientific community.

Lev Gumilev. 1989 Photo: www.globallookpress.com

Later recognition

When the restructuring began, he was remembered about Gumilev as the son of their parents - publishing articles about Nicolae Gumilev and Anna Akhmatova, journalists turned to Lion Nikolayevich. Taking advantage of this, Gumilev sent a letter to the CPSU Anatoly Lukyanovawith a complaint that scientific journals and publishers do not print his books and articles.

This letter had an action - the scientific works of Lion Gumileev began to publish, and they very quickly became incredibly popular. In 1990, Leningrad TV recorded a cycle of Lion Gumileev lectures, thanks to which he was hardly the most famous historian in the country.

This triumph was pleasant to Lion Nikolayevich, but he did not allow scientific activity and reading lectures. By the beginning of 1992, chronically diseases were so volatile him that he began to send farewell letters to friends.

In May 1992, Gumileva made an operation to remove the gallbladder. The patient's condition after surgery remained heavy. At the end of May he was connected to life support equipment. On June 15, 1992, Lev Nikolaevich Gumileva did not.

"I believe that I continued the creative contribution to the culture of my parents in my area, original, not porty, and very happy that my life was not useless for our Soviet culture," he himself summed up his way.

The grave of Lion Gumilev at the Nikolsky cemetery of St. Petersburg. Photo: Commons.Wikimedia.org / Martov Vladimir

In 1929, Gumilev returned to Leningrad, to his mother. I tried to enter the Pedic Institute, but because of the noble origin, the Reception Commission refused to accept documents. Gumilev had to be laid in black workers, and then a collector in the Geological Committee, where he participated in expeditions, including Tajikistan.

In 1934, the young man comes in LDU to the historical faculty, but after a year of his husband and the husband of Akhmatova are arrested, but soon they are released at the petition. In 1939, Gumilev again falls under arrest. The young man was sentenced to five years of the camps and stood in Norillag. In conclusion, Gumilelev communicated with the intelligentsia, wrote poems. In 1944, Leo called to the front. After the war, demobilized, graduated from externally several courses and became a graduate student of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences (Ivan).

In January 1949, Gumilev got a researcher in the Museum of the ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR, in the same year the first article of the scientist "Figurines of warriors from Tuyuk-Mazara" was published. Another arrest in 1949 was a big blow for Gumileva, who undermined his health. Stalin's death in 1953 softened the terms of reference: the young scientist corresponded with his mother, which sent him books to work on the history of Hunn. After liberation in 1956, Gumilev settled in Leningrad and settled up with a senior researcher in the Hermitage Library, where the materials collected in the conclusion were processed. Since 1959, Gumilov's articles are printed in the Journalists of the Soviet Archeology, "Bulletin of Ancient History", etc.

In 1960, the first book of Gumilyov "Hongna: Middle Asia in ancient times" was published. Despite the criticism of work related to obsolete sources, it was noticed in the scientific world, as the information about Hunnu had been few to do.

In 1961, Gumilev defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic "Ancient Turks. The history of Middle Asia on the verge of antiquity and the Middle Ages (VI-VIII century). "

During expeditions, the Volga was engaged in the problem of Khazar and the Khazar state. Then Gumilev first expressed his assumptions that the climate had influenced the life and political system of the peoples of Eurasia. At the same time, Gumileev is working in foreign languages.

Starting from 1964, Gumilev is developing its main passionary theory of ethnogenesis. The scientist described 40 cycles of ethnogenesis for various peoples and brought the concept of passionate jokes, which changed the course of history. Based on this theory, Gumilyov was going to protect the second doctoral dissertation, already in the field of geography, but the work was not approved and caused a lot of controversy about her science. Later, the work of Gumilev lay down the basis of the book "Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere of the Earth", which was officially released only in 1989 together with the work of "Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe."

In 1990, Gumilev performed on television and lectured, despite the worsening health. At the end of his life, Gumilev became a popular scientist and died at the peak of Glory in 1992.

Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov (October 1, 1912 - June 15, 1992) - Soviet and Russian scientist, historian-ethnologist, doctor of historical and geographical sciences, poet, translator from the Persian language. The founder of the passionary theory of ethnogenesis.

Born in the royal village on October 1, 1912. Son of poets Nikolai Gumileva and Anna Akhmatova (see Pedigree),. As a child, he was brought up at the grandmother in the estate of the blind-evenly Bezhetsky district of Tver province.
From 1917 to 1929 he lived in Bezhetsk. Since 1930 in Leningrad. In 1930-1934 he worked in expeditions in Sayanov, on the Pamirs and in the Crimea. From 1934 began to study at the Historical Faculty of the University of Leningrad.

Sitting in the chamber, I saw a beam of light falls out of the window to the cement floor. And then I realized that passionality is energy, the same as that that plants absorb.

Gumilyov Lev Nikolaevich

In 1935, he was excluded from the university and arrested, but after a while was released. In 1937 he was restored in LSU.

In March 1938, he was again arrested, being a LNGU student, and was convicted for five years. He took place in one case with two other students of LSU - Nikolai Yerehovich and Theodore Nochivsky.

The term was departing in Norillag, working as a geologist in a copper-nickel mine, was left to the departure of the period in Norilsk without the right to leave.

In the fall of 1944, voluntarily entered the Soviet Army, fought ordinary in the 1386th anti-aircraft artillery regiment (Zenap), which was part of the 31st anti-aircraft artillery division (Zenad) on the first Belarusian front, finishing the war in Berlin.

In 1945, he was demobilized, restored in LSU, who graduated from early 1946 and entered the graduate school of the Leningrad branch of the Institute of Oriental Science of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, from where he was excluded with the motivation "in connection with the inconsistency of philological preparation of the chosen specialty."

On December 28, 1948, he defended the dissertation of the candidate of historical sciences in LHU, adopted by a researcher at the Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR.
On November 7, 1949, he was again arrested, condemned by a special meeting for 10 years, which was departed first in a special appointment camp in Sherbai Nura near Karaganda, then in the camp in Mezhdurechensk in the Kemerovo region, in Sayanov. May 11, 1956 is rehabilitated due to the absence of a crime.

People surround various natural systems, including managed - rarity. But many unmanaged phenomena are predictable, for example, cyclones, earthquakes, tsunami. They bring disasters that cannot be completely prevented, but it is possible to protect them from them. That is why we need meteorology, seismography, geology and hydrology. Ethnology is similar to these sciences. It cannot change the patterns of ethnogenesis, but can warn people who do not know what they are doing.

1912-1992) - Ethnographer, historian and philosopher .. Concept N.L. Gumileva distinguishes the desire to associate social and natural in a single series of development. This task is carried out due to the fact that the initial category of the ethnos is considered in two ways as a socio-cultural community and as a form of internal differentiation of the type "man" is reasonable depending on geographic conditions.

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Gumilev Lev Nikolaevich

1812-1982) - Russian historian, philosopher, geographer. He put forward the concept uniting worldwide history with various influences cosmic forces. From his point of view, the World History is the history of ethnic groups (peoples), each of which is a "specific human integrity." All ethnic groups are "acting persons" in the story theater. The world history of peoples depends on geographic space and develops in historical time. Under Etnos, Gumilev understood the team of people, opposing himself with all other things in the same team. At the same time, people subconsciously feel the proximity on the principle of "We - they". Ethnic groups are distinguished by certain stereotypes of behavior with respect to the geographical environment. Their appearance is associated with genetic mutations and the influence of cosmophysical processes on the Earth's biosphere. In the emergence of new ethnic groups, increased thrust of action plays a large role, activity ("passionation"). People in which new genetic signs appear due to micromutations are called "passioniaries". Passionics have increased ability to fight, ready to transfer any tests, overcome difficulties and deprivation. They seek to change their habitat. Increased activity and energy of passionars have, according to the ideas of Gumilyov, biochemical nature, since their body is able to "absorb" energy from the environment more than necessary for it to maintain his own life. This excess energy is spent on the struggle. Passionics transfer their excess energy to the management of tribesmen, to develop new stereotypes of behavior. As a result of the activity for one or two generations, a new ethnos arises for some "critical mass" of passionaries. The development of peoples is held by Gumilev, several stages: the emergence and rise of the ethnos, caused by a passionary push: the phase of the greatest lift of ethnic activity, which is accompanied by inta-ethnic rivalry; Phase dispersion of passionary energy, its crystallization in cultural and art monuments; The phase of the life of the ethnos "on inertia" and, finally, the phase of the irreversible degradation of the ethnos and, ultimately, philistine rest. The average period of existence of an ethnic group, by Gumilev, from 1200 to 1500 years.

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Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev

October 1, 1912-15 June 1992, St. Petersburg, Russia) - Soviet and Russian scientist, historian-ethnologist, doctor of historical and geographical sciences, poet, translator from the Persian language. In 1961 he defended his doctoral dissertation on history ("Ancient Turks of the VI-VIII century"), and in 1974 - a doctoral dissertation on geography ("ethnogenesis and the biosphere of the Earth"). The founder of the passionary theory of ethnogenesis. At the initiative of the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev in 1996 in Astana, the National University was named in Astana. In 2002, the Cabinet Museum of L. N. Gumilyov was created within the university walls. Main Works: "Ancient Turks" (1967), "Searches for a fictional kingdom" (1970), "Hunna in China" (1974), "Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere of the Earth. Vol. 1-3" (1979, 1989), "Ancient Rus and the great steppe "(1989)," geography of an ethnos in the historical period "(1990)," Law of God "(1990)," Millennium around Caspian "(1991)," from Russia to Russia: essays of ethnic history "(1992), "Ethnosphere: History of People and History of Nature" (1993), "Rhythms of Eurasia. Epochs and civilization" (1993), "from the history of Eurasia" (1993) and others. Gumilev seeks to operate under the ethnic integrity of the biophysical basis, which leads to cultural integrity Unity and peculiarity. In his views, he relies on the ideas of classical geographic determinism, the concept of V. I. Vernadsky, applies energy views. The formation of a new ethnos occurs as a result of the following from the cosmos of an energy push, which informs the group of individuals an excess energy called humil "passionation". This word comes from Passion - passion. Passionarity manifests itself in the fact that the individuals acquired in a non-collapse of its individuals asking for some activities related to achieving the target target. "Each ethnic group - or a cluster of ethnic groups, super ethnos - arises as a result of micromutation that changes the existing stereotype of behavior, that is, the motivation of actions, to a new, unusual, but viable ... The ethnic group has passes the lifting phases, overheating and slow down for 1200-1500 years, after which it crumbles, or persists as a relictar, in which self-development is no longer noticeable. " The ideas of Eurasianism, almost forgotten by the second half of the 20th century, were largely resurrected by Lv's Gumilev and gained widespread by the beginning of the XXI century. Heritage L.N. Gumileva is deeply relevant in a political, international sense - it is, in fact, the scientific and historical justification of Eurasianism as a worldview and as the concept of interstate and inter-ethnic relations in the context of regional integration and globalization.

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Gumilev Lev Nikolaevich

(1912-1992) - Rus. Historian, geographer, academician of the Raen, one of the most original representatives of Oetch. cultural studies. Son N.Gumileva and A. Aakhmatova, subjected to repression in the 1930s. In its fundamental works on Eurasian history considers culture as a result of organic interaction natural environment, ethnos and mutational cosmic influences causing the so-called "passionation", i.e. The cyclic ability of people to superfrequency and creativity. G. believes that the beginning of his Eastor. Ethnic tract paths are obtained from space. The formation of new peoples (ethnogenesis) is a natural phenomenon, while in the process of passing lift the ethnic groups create their own special type of culture - the creation of the hands of a man and his mind. For all passionars, the dedication of one or another life goal is characteristic. Any culture not only crystallizes a new, original type of thinking and stereotype of behavior, but is necessarily associated with genetically with the previous cultures, their traditions. Existing approx. 1200-1500 years, ethnos develops its cult. Tradition, then new passionars appear in it, announced the formation of a new ethnos. Meanwhile, the extinction of activity, the death of an ethnos can pass as falling asleep, dissolving the ethnos in the other peoples, but can bring huge social. Conflicts and shocks. Research on the influence of geogr. The mediums on the ethnogenesis and the development of culture are determined. Consonance with the ideas of Eurasianism. G. Strengthens N.S. Trubetsky's argument that it does not exist. Culture. Turning to the theory of systems, he emphasizes the idea of \u200b\u200bEurasianism on the development of nat. Culture. It follows from it that only a sufficiently complex system is survived and successfully functions. Understood. Culture can only exist when Simplified when all NCs are destroyed. Culture. But the limit simplification of the system means its death; On the contrary, a system that has a significant number of elements having uniform functions is viable and promising in its development; Such a system will correspond to the culture of dep. "Nats. organism. " According to the thoughts, Eurasianism represents such a "idea-power", Kraya can save Russia as an Eurasian power. OSN. Works, in which cultural bulb is reflected. Ideas g.: "Ancient Turks" (1967), "Ethnogenesis and Biosphere of the Earth" (1979; 1989), "Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe" (1989), "From Russia to Russia (1992). The author is pain. novel "Blue Iron" (1964) and publ. Posthilly fantastic novel "Magic Papots" (1942). So.: Ethnogenesis and biosphere of the Earth. L., 1990; In search of a fictional kingdom. M., 1992; Ancient Tibet. M., 1996; Opening of Khazaria. M., 1996; Ancient Rus and the Great Steppe. M., 2004; The history of the people of Hunn. M., 2004; End and new beginning. M., 2007; Millennium around the Caspian Sea. M., 2008; Black legend. St. Petersburg., 2008. M.MOVIKOV

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Russian historian-ethnologist, philosopher, author of the original concept of the historical process. Son of poets Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumilev. It was arrested in 1933 and 1935. In conclusion on the White County and in Norilsk (1938-1943). In 1948, defends the dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences (the topic - "the detailed political history of the first Turkic kaganant"), but not having time to obtain VAC documents, it is arrested. Again in conclusion - until 1956. Doctor of Historical Sciences (1961, theme - "Ancient Turks 6-8 BB."). Doctor of geographic sciences (the thesis - "Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere of the Earth", deposited in VNIInti in 1979). Main Works: "Hunna" (1960), "Jacinf (Bichurin). Meeting of information on the historical geography of Eastern and Middle Asia" (1960), "Fegg Bakhrama" Chubina "(1962)," Opening of Khazaria "(1966)," Ancient Turks "(1967)," Searches for a fictional kingdom "(1970)," Hong-us in China "(1974)," Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere of the Earth. Vol. 1-3 "(1979, 1989)," Ancient Rus and the Great Steppe " (1989), "geography of an ethnos in the historical period" (1990), "Law of God" (1990), "Millennium around the Caspian Sea" (1991), "from Russia to Russia: essays of ethnic history" (1992), "Ethnicurity: History People and History of Nature "(1993)," Rhythms of Eurasia. Epochs and civilization "(1993)," From the history of Eurasia "(1993)," black legend. Friends and enemies of the Great Steppe "(1994) and others. Paradoxical content and The non-academic in the method of presentation is emphasized, the philosophical and historical concept of G. At the grounds of its own, the treatise "Ethnogenesis and the Earth's biosphere". The originality of the concept of G. is determined primarily by its initial settings: 1) overcome the understanding of historical as "handy" through the consideration of history in the context of geographical processes; The sphere of historical and geographical laws is associated with the Phenomenon of the Ethnic Sheet; 2) emphasize the fundamental "mosaicity" of mankind, depriving the foundations of the Euro-centrist division of peoples on historical and non-historical, advanced and backward; Historical accomplishments bind not to the progress of a single human civilization, but with the activity of discrete formations - ethnic groups; 3) emphasizing the inhomogeneity of historical time, focus on extraordinary surplus of human activity that have huge historical consequences (for example, the conquest of Alexander Macedonian or Napoleon), but mysterious in their sources and still not found an intelligible explanation; 4) to reduce the difference between humanitarian and natural scientific knowledge to the difference in the degree of reliability, focus on research standards and conceptual apparatus of natural sciences; Ethnos interpreted As a natural (although not biological) phenomenon. The attitude of G. To historical materialism is reminiscent of a lateral concept of "two truths": the progressive development of socio-economic formations is not denied, but actually refers to the category of "Truth of Faith", while strictly scientific "empirical generalization" presents history as a network of natural ethnogenesis processes. The ethnology, developed by G., is emphasized and consistently heretic - they are rejected by all the signs of ethnos allocated by traditional science: language, characteristics of culture, ethnonym, self-consciousness, unity of origin. The only real ethnifferentiating sign of the city is the ethnic stereotype of behavior, followed by a hypothetical "ethnic field". The ethnos is interpreted by G. as an energy phenomenon associated with the biochemical energy of a living substance, open Vernadsky. The ability of the ethnos to the performance of work (in the physical sense - hikes, construction, landscape transformation, etc.) is directly proportional to the level of "passionate" voltage. "Passionarity" is determined by G. as the ability and desire to violate the inertia of the aggregate state of the medium. Manifestations of passionateness are easily distinguishable from everyday actions dictated by instinct of self-preservation - they are spontaneous and can be self-disperse. Individual passionaries (in the surprise - "great people") by means of passionate induction "infect" of their tribesmen, providing a high level of passing stress of the ethnos in general. The universal system of ethnogenesis includes a passionary push, referring to a new ethnic system, and an inertial movement of the waste of the resulting energy impulse to the state of homeostasis (equilibrium with the environment). Analysis of the geography of ethnogenesis processes (the ethnogenesis zones are solid stripes on the earth's surface, a limited curvature globe) leads to a hypothesis about an unscheduled origin of passionate jokes. In ethnology, ethnogenesis and ethnic history differ. Ethnogenesis is due to an extraterrestrial passionary impulse that gives rise to a superethnos in a certain region (complex of related ethnic groups, analogue of the "local civilizations" Toynbee). Ethnic history - the history of a separate ethnos, due not only to the rhythm of ethnogenesis, but also the peculiarities of the landscape, cultural traditions, contacts with neighbors, etc. It is these features that determine the internal originality of the superethnos. The ethnology of G., which is an unusual combination of richest factactology, superfluous hypotheses and visionary conviction, is significant, first of all, as a radical setting of the problem of developing a new understanding of the story, entering it into the context of global natural processes.

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Gumilyov Lev Nikolaevich

1912-1992) - Soviet ethnologist, the creator of the passionary theory of ethnogenesis, opened the phenomenon of complimentaryness, revealed a factor in the development of ethnic systems - energy that explained the laws of the formation of the super eton. The approach proposed by Gumilev meets the standards of interplanetary analysis, since it explains the process of ethnogenesis by emissions of cosmic energy. The phenomenon of the passionary phenomenon arising on the basis of these emissions (from lat. Passio - passion) jump leads to an ethnos, which exists 12,000-15,000 years and undergoes the stage of lifting, an apeat stage, the phase of the mouth, inertial, the obscuration stage and the memorial stage. Throughout the historical process, the inevitable mixing of ethnic groups occurs, which is not always positive. The imposition of incompatible ethnic groups of ethnic groups, the assimilation of the variektheal behavioral stereotypes, a non-harmonic combination of two-three elementary ethnic groups creates such a phenomenon as "chimer" (in biology is a special form of cells resulting from vaccinations). According to Gumilev, "ideological concepts generated by chimeras, like vampires," suck blood "from healthy ethnic groups." The theoretical core of its concept is "passionation" means a special type of energy, "evasion of the species norm" is a biophysical factor, the ability and striving for environmental change or (speaking of physics language) to violating the information of the aggregate environment, this is a wave source every time Forcing the matter to reorganize. Passionate push leads to mutation. The birth of mutants is, by Gumilev, the birth of passionaries - individuals with increased energy. Pulse passionation can be so strong that the media of this feature cannot calculate the consequences of their actions. Therefore, passionarity should be understood not as an attribute of consciousness, but as an important sign of the constitution of the nervous system. Passionation dwells in the field of emotions, in contrast to the activity associated with the activities of consciousness. Moreover, passionars can characterize very far from ideal qualities: ambitiousness, pride, vanity, greed, etc. "Passionarity is a characterological dominant, the necessary inner desire (conscious or more often unconscious) to activities aimed at carrying out any purpose (more often illusory) . Note that this goal is consisted of a passionary individual more valuable even its own life and happiness of contemporaries and tribesmen. The degree of passionary may be different, but in order for the phenomenon of passionation to be explicit and fixed in the history of manifestation, it is necessary that passionaries have a lot, i.e. Passionarity relies as a sign not only individual, but also population. Gumilev formulates a very curious law, according to which the work performed by the ethnic team is directly proportional to the level of passing voltage, and the passionary voltage of the ethnic volume is the number of consisting in the ethnic system of passionation, divided into the number of people constituting the ethnos. Periods of stable growth of culture and standard of living are associated with periods of general reduction and downturn in passing voltage. The theory of phase development of the ethnos allows us to talk about the birth of a new direction - socio-abuse. Passionarity includes two factors: the loss of the energy of the initial push (aging) and the violent effect of neighboring ethnic groups or other forces of nature (offset). The latter has a deforming character. Fast lift of passionation and slow loss - scheme, valid for all well-known ethnic groups. The principle of ethnogenesis indicates the extrusion of the impulse due to entropy, or (which is the same) system loses passionality due to the resistance of the environment - ethnic or natural. In general terms, the source of passionality is associated with the factors of the cosmic order, in particular with the cyclic processes of solar activity. The hypothesis of variable space exposure offers a certain answer to the question about the mechanism of education of ethnic groups. The surface of the Earth as the screen takes the space rays, the source of which can be either perennial variations of solar activity, or flash of new stars. Most of them are delayed by the ionosphere. The remaining part, deformed by the magnetic or gravitational field of the Earth, takes the appearance of geodesic lines, some of which has mutagenic properties. Mutants appear in the irradiated areas, but mutants freaks are eliminated by natural selection quickly, and passionars - slowly, for they have a norm. The human mind relates to the formulas of energy flows, it determines the actions corresponding to energy flow pulses. If we assume that the human mind is the path to the screen dropping the biochemical impulses, as the mirror drops the solar beam, turning it into the face, the return route of the biochemical pulse, fixed by the human consciousness, will be called to call the world that, however, not Consciousness and worldview should be mixed. Gumilev emphasizes that biogenic migration of atoms chemical elements Always strives for the material manifestation in the biosphere, i.e. Means the fact of increased activity. The evolution of sociogenesis is quite complex. The modern stage of development of ideas about social evolution introduces the concept of "muled-cultural configurations", showing not only the well-known graduation of the world to the East-West, North-South, but also interaction of the above, between and regional communities. The fundamental basis of the multicultural evolution is the widespread expansion of the transnational market model. It entails shifts in the sphere of social relations, changing the stereotypes of all kinds. Five species of specific civilization spaces are distinguished: Atlantic, Pacific, Eurasian, South and Transnational. According to philosophers, the process of social evolution assumes the formation of a new world order not as the conquest of one civilization by others, but as the emergence and formation of global, generallylanet civilization, whose subject is humanity as a whole. I mean, the imperative "think globally - act locally" becomes. A distinctive symptom and a sign of such universalization is the possibility of a quick network computer communication of a person with intellectual resources of all mankind, collective intelligence and brain of the planet.

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Gumilev Lev Nikolaevich (1912-1992)

Historian culture, ethnographer. Rod. In the family of N.S. Gumileva and A.A. Ahmatova. Shot in 1921 Father and constant persecution of the Mother's authorities affected life path G. In 1936-56, it was arrested four times and were imprisoned three times. After the second liberation G. (1943) is sent by a volunteer to the front and comes to Berlin. Starting from the 30s. - time study in Leningrad. Un-Te-G. shows an interest in the nations Center. Asia, especially Kochye, in the future leads a scientist for a special study of their history and culture.

GL Ideas G. is the theory of passionation. Its main provisions were formulated in March 1939 in imprisonment. According to their own. Recognition of the author, the ideas of Vernadsky, Eurasians and the author of the theory of the system approach L. von Bertalanfi had a special influence on the development of his concept. Apparently, this row should be put on it. Anthropogeograph Ratzel, who proposed to explore the culture as a phenomenon arising at the junction of geography and history, as well as Freud with his teaching about the unconscious and submission of culture as a residence of the libido sublimation, which was probably affected on the development of the city of passionary theory.

Cultural worker. The concept of G. denies cyclicity. In his opinion, culture develops impulsively and consists of "ends and began." Some cultures serve as the basis for others, but there can be no talk about any continuity. The dynamics of the development of culture passes, according to its theory of passionation, a number of natural phases from a non-neutrophy progress to the final entropy phase of homeostasis.

Under the culture of G. understands the totality of material production and traditions. Fix the moment, and even more so the process of the origin of cultures is impossible. Definition is amenable to only the formation phase, K-paradium has completely ODA. Signs. Previous phase, i.e. Actually catpourogenesis, is incubative in relation to becoming. But it was during this period that the sense and direction of culture take shape, its stereotypes, imposing a print on all subsequent development of culture, up to its disappearance.

Exploring the problem of the origin of the culture, G. adopts the concept of S. Lem, according to the F-in Kul-tourogenesis, along with the factors of physical., Biol., Social and technical economy. The "purely cultural variation" involved, related to the possibility of choosing certain solutions. For the implementation of the choice, "Energy, refracted through the psychophysiology of the individual, i.e. passionation". So Passionarism is understood as G., as the basis of any culture, while the factors of Lem are determined by the CONKR. The nature and meaning of culture.

The phase of culture genesis is not peculiar to the creation of original art, because All the forces of the young ethnos, the carrier of the emerging culture are spent on the development of the economy, war and the organization of the public system. Art in this case either continues the cultural traditions of the previous era, or borrow elements of someone else's culture, which is determined by ethnopsychol. Sympathy of carriers of one culture to another, called the city of complementarity. Eg, Scyth. Culture has provided a strong impact on its conquerors of Justle (Sogds) and Hunov's neighbors, the culture of the rhymes also goes back to Andronovsky culture II of the millennium BC.

The appearance of a new culture is initiated by a powerful burst of passionate voltage. This leads either to the absorption of a number of neighboring crops, or to the expansion of the range due to the non-cultural territories, or to the combination of both processes. Despite the fact that culturegenesis is directly dependent on passionation, its excess negatively affects the subsequent development of culture, because In this case, the passionary supernature is sent to self-destruction. Therefore, only the expansion of the range leads to a decrease in the level of passionation to the optimum, when the productive activity becomes possible and "crystallizes the culture of a particular ethnos."

Combining the culture with the vital activity of people, G. considers it one of the properties of the ethnos and, by virtue of this, distinguishes the culture of possible ethnic. Associations: Conscrees, Conviksius, Substones, Ethnicities, Supened. The unifying point is the presence of ethnocultural dominant, verbal expressions of certain ideals, which in each case have the same values \u200b\u200band similar semantic trends determined by the rhythm of culture. The similarity of rhythmich. Figure of all the people. The associations within the framework of the ethnos and the super ethnos leads to cultural opposition to other groups at the level of "its own" and determines the relation "We - they".

Ethnocultural rhythm is not congenital; What is the property of ethnic. The collective, and not the individual. Rhythm of culture is given by the CONKR. Ethnic grouping, which is a passionate field of one rhythm, which distinguishes it from other ethnic. associations.

In turn, Rhythm. A drawing of one or another culture is determined by the Eastr. Factor - preceding cultural traditions and geogr. Factor - accommodating landscape, i.e. The place where culture originated. Special attention G. is given geogr. Factor: a homogeneous landscape area prevents the rapid development of culture, but thereby stabilizes the culture of ethnic groups in him. The heterogeneous landscape contributes to the occurrence of cultural genesis, and also stimulates changes leading to the change of cultures.

One of the options for the appearance of heterogeneous landscapes of G., apparently, considers its targeted anthropogenic change. Recognizing that the cultures of peoples actively transforming nature are developing more dynamically, it does not consider carriers of extensive cultures primitive and low-disabilities (here he refers to the Greeks, Arabs, Central Asian. Nomads). Classifying cultures according to the method of their interaction with nature, highlights two types: 1) adaptation to natural conditions; 2) Changes in natural conditions. Considering the second type, the city claims that the radical change in natural conditions is possible only once for the entire existence of culture. Secondary change will definitely lead to a change of cultural type, because OSN. Purpose of culture - preservation of ODA views. People about his relationship with nature. Culture is a fairly rigid closed system incapable of independent, development, because It lies outside the natural self-development and is a matter of human. Hands. Therefore, culture can either be maintained or collapsed. Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Gumilev Lev Nikolaevich

(1912-1992) historian of culture, ethnographer. Rod. In the family of N.S. Gumileva and A.A. Ahmatova. Shot in 1921 Father and the constant persecution of the Mother's authorities affected the life path of G. In 1936-56, he was arrested four times and three times were given in prison terms. After the second liberation G. (1943) is sent by a volunteer to the front and comes to Berlin. Starting from the 30s. - time study in Leningrad. Un-Te-G. shows an interest in the nations Center. Asia, especially Kochye, in the future leads a scientist for a special study of their history and culture. GL Ideas G. is the theory of passionation. Its main provisions were formulated in March 1939 in imprisonment. According to their own. The recognition of the author, the ideas of Vernadsky (see Vernadsky, Georgy), Eurasians and the author of the system approach L. Burtalanfi were specially affected by the development of his concept. Apparently, this row should be put on it. Anthrophegeran Ratzel (see Ratzel), who proposed to explore the culture as a phenomenon that arises at the junction of geography and history, as well as Freud with his teaching about the unconscious and submission of culture as a sharp limit of libido, which was probably affected on the development of the city of theory Passionarity. Cultural worker. The concept of G. denies cyclicity. In his opinion, culture develops impulsively and consists of "ends and began." Some cultures serve as the basis for others, but there can be no talk about any continuity. The dynamics of the development of culture passes, according to its theory of passionation, a number of natural phases from a non-neutrophy progress to the final entropy phase of homeostasis. Under the culture of G. understands the totality of material production and traditions. Fix the moment, and even more so the process of the origin of cultures is impossible. Definition is amenable to only the formation phase, K-paradium has completely ODA. Signs. Previous phase, i.e. Actually culturegenesis, is incubative in relation to becoming. But it was during this period that the sense and direction of culture take shape, its stereotypes, imposing a print on all subsequent development of culture, up to its disappearance. Exploring the problem of the origin of culture, G. adopts the concept of S. Lem, according to the F-in culture genesis, along with the factors of physical., Biol., Social and technical economy. The "purely cultural variation" involved, related to the possibility of choosing certain solutions. To implement the choice, "Energy, refracted through the psychophysiology of the individual, i.e. Passionarity. So Passionarity is understood by G., as the basis of any culture, while the factors of Lem are determined by the CONKR. The nature and meaning of culture. The phase of culture genesis is not peculiar to the creation of original art, because All the forces of the young ethnos, the carrier of the emerging culture are spent on the development of the economy, war and the organization of the public system. Art in this case either continues the cultural traditions of the previous era, or borrow elements of someone else's culture, which is determined by ethnopsychol. Sympathy of carriers of one culture to another, called the city of complementarity. Eg, Scyth. Culture has provided a strong impact on its conquerors of Justle (Sogds) and Hunov's neighbors, the culture of the rhymes also goes back to Andronovsky culture II of the millennium BC. The appearance of a new culture is initiated by a powerful burst of passionate voltage. This leads either to the absorption of a number of neighboring crops, or to the expansion of the range due to the non-cultural territories, or to the combination of both processes. Despite the fact that culturegenesis is directly dependent on passionation, its excess negatively affects the subsequent development of culture, because In this case, the passionary supernature is sent to self-destruction. Therefore, only the expansion of the range leads to a decrease in the level of passionation to the optimum, when the productive activity becomes possible and "crystallizes the culture of a particular ethnos." Combining the culture with the vital activity of people, G. considers it one of the properties of the ethnos and, by virtue of this, distinguishes the culture of possible ethnic. Associations: Conscrees, Conviksius, Substones, Ethnicities, Supened. The unifying point is the presence of ethnocultural dominant, verbal expressions of certain ideals, which in each case have the same values \u200b\u200band similar semantic trends determined by the rhythm of culture. The similarity of rhythmich. Figure of all human. The associations within the framework of the ethnos and the super ethnos leads to cultural opposition to other groups at the level of "its own" and determines the relation "We - they". Ethnocultural rhythm is not congenital; This is an ethnic property. The collective, and not the individual. Rhythm of culture is given by the CONKR. Ethnic grouping, which is a passionate field of one rhythm, which distinguishes it from other ethnic. associations. In turn, Rhythm. A drawing of one or another culture is determined by the Eastr. Factor - preceding cultural traditions and geogr. Factor - accommodating landscape, i.e. The place where culture originated. Special attention is paid by geogr. Factor: a homogeneous landscape area prevents the rapid development of culture, but thereby stabilizes the culture of ethnic groups in him. The heterogeneous landscape contributes to the occurrence of cultural genesis, and also stimulates changes leading to the change of cultures. One of the options for the appearance of heterogeneous landscapes of G., apparently, considers its targeted anthropogenic change. Recognizing that the cultures of peoples actively transforming nature are developing more dynamically, it does not consider carriers of extensive cultures primitive and low-disabilities (here he refers to the Greeks, Arabs, Central Asian. Nomads). Classifying cultures according to the method of their interaction with nature, highlights two types: 1) adaptation to natural conditions; 2) Changes in natural conditions. Considering the second type, the city claims that the radical change in natural conditions is possible only once for the entire existence of culture. Secondary change will definitely lead to a change of cultural type, because OSN. Purpose of culture - preservation of ODA views. People about his relationship with nature. Culture is a rather rigid closed system unable to independently. development, because It lies outside the natural self-development and is a matter of human. Hands. Therefore, culture can either be maintained or collapsed. The existence of the cultures of G. binds with the duration of the passionary voltage from the shock until the passing of passionary energy in the ethnos - carrier of culture. On average, this time is 1500 years. So, according to the calculations, the Vost.-Slavic Old Russian. The culture existed in 1-15 centuries., And Russian culture from it distinguished from it for today is 800 years old. Cit.: Ethnogenesis and the biosphere of the Earth. L., 1990; M., 1994; Ethnosphere: History of people and history of nature. M., 1993; Rhythms of Eurasia: era and civilization. M., 1993; From the history of Eurasia. M., 1993; Ancient Turks. M., 1993. Works. M., 1994; From Russia to Russia: Essays Ethnic. stories. M., 1994; End and new beginning. M., 1994; Black legend: friends and enemies of the Great Steppe. M., 1994; Ancient Tibet. M., 1996. A. V. Shabaga. Culturality of the twentieth century. Encyclopedia. M.1996.

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Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov. Born on September 18 (October 1), 1912 in St. Petersburg - died on June 15, 1992 in St. Petersburg. Soviet ethnologist, archaeologist, orientalist, writer, translator.

Lev Gumilyov was the only child in marriage of the famous poets of Nikolai Gumileva and Anhmata Anna. During pregnancy, Akhmatova spouses were in Italy, this trip is almost preserved information. Returning to Russia, the whole second half of July and the beginning of August 1912, Nikolai and Anna spent in the blinding of the Bezhetsky County - the estate of the mother of the poet Anna Ivanovna Gumilevoy. The birth of the heir was the expected event, for the marriage of the older brother Gumilyov - Dmitry - turned out to be childless, and in rural gathering, peasants promised to forgive debts if a boy is born.

Lev Gumilyov was born on September 18 (October 1) of 1912 in the maternity shelter of Empress Alexandra Fedorovna on the 18th line of Vasilyevsky Islands in St. Petersburg. A few days later, the child was transported to the house of humilles to the royal village, they baptized it on October 7 in the old style. Contemporaries in their memories indicated that Ahmatov was quite quickly freed from maternal concerns, and from the first day of life, Lev Gumilyov was on the care of her grandmother. The circumstances of the poetic life of the young family of humilians conveys the humorous poem of V. V. Hippius "On Fridays in" Hyperborery ", which drives into the insert.

In the summer of 1917, due to the threat of the pogrom, A. I. Gumileva left his generic estate in the blind and departed in Bezhetsk, and the peasants allowed her the library and part of the furniture. Akhmatova and N. Gumilyov officially divorced in 1918 on the initiative of Anna Andreevna. At the end of August 1918, A. I. Gumileva moved to Petrograd to N. Gumilev. Gumilyov took her son with himself, going to the city in literary affairs, drove him and A. Akhmatova, who lived then with Easternist V. K. Shileiko. By this time, Lev Nikolayevich himself belonged the first hobby of history.

In the summer of 1919, A. I. Gumileva with the second wife of his son - Anna Nikolaevna Engelhardt - and children went to Bezhetsk, where Nikolai Stepanovich periodically drove a day or two. The last time the Father and Son saw in Bezhetsk in May 1921. Certificates, as those who were perceived by Lviv Gumilev, to lead about the death of his father, extremely contradictory.

In the city of Gumileva, together with relatives - Kuzmina Karavaev - they took an apartment on Christmas street (now miracle) in the wooden house, which occupied the entire second floor, with time, due to the seal, the only room remained. Anna Ivanovna Gumilyova was trying not to integrate into a new Soviet reality: among her acquaintances the clergymen prevailed and in general people from the former, correspondence with A. Akhmatova dated church calendar. Nevertheless, she understood that the grandchildren would have to live in the Soviet power, and in one of the letters she asked Ahmatov "Return" to the son of the metric, in which there was no testimony of his noble origin.

In addition to the grandmother, Alexander Stepanovna Schurchkov (Aunt Shura, 1869-1952) played a big role in the education of L. Gumilev ("Aunt Shura", 1869-1952), she even wanted to adopt him. It is at the expense of the teacher's salary A. S. Scharchkova (62 rubles) and the monthly transfers of Akhmatova from its pension (25 rubles) a family existed; Significant assistance was provided by the garden, located outside the city. In this setting, Lev Gumilev grew and brought up from 6 to 17 years. A. Akhmatova visited the Son during this period twice - for Christmas 1921 and in the summer of 1925 (from July 21 to July 26). In June 1926, Leningrad visited Lion with her grandmother.

Gumilyov studied in the three schools of Bezhetsk - the 2nd Soviet (educated merge of the women's gymnasium and the real school), railway (A. Sverchkova taught there) and in the 1st Soviet (in 1926-1929). For a number of reasons, the relationship of a lion with classmates did not make up, according to memories: "Lyova held a mansion. We were all the Komsomol pioneers, he did not enter anywhere, on change, when everyone played, stood aside. " At the same time, the school council of the 2nd Soviet school voted for the deprivation of Lion Gumilyov - as the "son of the counter-revolutionary and class of an alien element" - who had relying to each student of the textbooks. In the railway school, a teacher of literature and social studies A. M. Pererestiegin (1891-1973) provided an exceptional influence (1891-1973), they led the correspondence to the end of the life of Alexander Mikhailovich. During training in the 1st Soviet school, teachers and classmates rated literary abilities of Leo, he began to write for the "Progress" school newspaper, and for the story of the "Mystery of the Sea Depth" was awarded the Monetary Prize of the School Council. He was also a permanent visitor by Bezhetsk City Library.

Lev Gumilyov even performed in the library with reports of modern Russian literature and led the literary section at the club's club's club. However, attempts to write poems that resemble N. Gumileva - "exotic," - the mother was pregnant, and L. Gumilyov returned to the poetic activity in the 1930s.

In the summer of 1930, graduating from school, Lev Gumilyov decided to enter the German branch of the Pedagogical Institute, to which she was preparing for about six months, studying the language on courses. Because of the noble origin, the Commission refused to even take documents, and he left in Bezhetsk. There is a version (based on the words of Humileva himself) that he was kicked up Punin. After returning, the relative arranged a lion in the famine to the plant. Sverdlov, located on Vasilyevsky Island, he moved to the "Steel and current service" (tram depot). In 1931, he was transferred to the courses of manifold geological expeditions. Geological expeditions at the time of industrialization were formed in a large number, the staff constantly lacked, so little attention paid for social origins. Gumilev recalled subsequently that in any of his earliest (before the university), expeditions did not feel a bandwidth, they were not worse than to others.

On June 11, 1931, Gumilyov went to Baikalia - to Irkutsk. From the Moscow railway station, I was accompanied by A. Akhmatova. The base of the expedition was Slyudyanka, the main area of \u200b\u200bthe survey - Mountain Hamar Daban. Judging by the memoirs of colleagues - A. Dashkova, - he did not show much interest in the expedition, but established himself with a reliable companion. Because of the early winter, the expedition ended in early August. Since then, almost every summer, Lev Gumilyov went to a variety of expeditions - first geological, then archaeological and ethnographic; In total, according to the calculations of biographers in 1931-1967, he participated in the 21st expeditionary season. The work allowed to eat well and earn a little, making a lion independent of the mother and N. Punin.

Stopping in Stalinabad, Gumilyov went to the Gissar Valley, where to conflict with the head worked as a gelmintologist with a laboratory assistant, after which he was deducted for a violation of labor discipline. After that, he moved to the Vakhsha Valley and settled on a malaria station in Dangarin's exemplary state farm. It was not bad here (by the standards of the 1930s) and there were no food problems.

Here, Gumilev in live communication with Dekhkans learned Tajik language and from all languages, which studied, knew him best.

Returning from the expedition in 1933, Lev Gumilyov stopped in Moscow, where it was closely communicating with O. Mandelstam, who saw in him "continuation of his father." From the autumn of the same year, Gumilyov found a literary work - transfers of poets of the poets of the USSR national republics with subterronts.

In Mandelstamov, he met E. Gerstein, a doctorship daughter, who was then served in the Central Office of Scientific Workers at the Central Bank; An idea arose to help the lion with accession to the trade union, which would help to get rid of the status of the Lyshevna. Despite the fact that it failed, their acquaintance lasts about 60 years.

On December 10, 1933, the first of the four arrests of Gumilyov occurred. This happened at the apartment V. A. Eberman - Orientozhd, whose Leo consulted about translations from Arabic. He spent 9 days in conclusion, after which he was released without charge, he had never even interrogated.

In 1930-1940, aware of the attraction to historical science, composed his own poems and prose; At the turn of the 1950-1960s translated poetry from the Persian language. Since 1931, he actively participated in geological and archaeological expeditions (in just 1967 he took part in 21 expeditionary season).

In 1934 he entered the Leningrad State University for the newly restored historical faculty.

Among the teachers of Gumilev were the world-class scientists - the Egyptologist V. V. Struve, Antique S. Ya. Lurie, Kitaevad N. V. Kuner, he called his mentor and teacher. Cuner helped Gumilev in conclusion, sent him a book to the camp. With his mentor, Gumilyov called Alexander Yuryevich Yakubovsky, who read the history of the Khaliphat history. The course of the new story was read by Evgeny Viktorovich Tarl, who had Gumilyov on the exam in the winter session of 1937 he was evaluated "excellent."

In 1935, undergoing the second arrest, but thanks to the intercession of many literature figures, he was released and restored at the university.

The causes of the arrest wrote a lot, but all the authors converge on the fact that Gumilev and N. Punin fell under the wave of repression against the Leningrad intelligentsia that followed after the murder of S. M. Kirov. The case of Gumileva was preserved in the Central Archive of the FSB of the Russian Federation, and its materials were published by A. N. Kozyrev in 2003. The author of the Donos on Lion Gumilyova was his classmate Arkady Borin, who was in the house on Fontanka (his first report was dated May 26). It is characteristic, however, Borin was arrested on September 1 on charges of creating a youth terrorist group.

After arrest and Gumilyov, and Punin gave confessions, and Punin - in the first interrogation. Gumilev confessed to anti-Soviet conversations and "terrorist sentiments", as well as in the authorship of the anti-Soviet (dedicated to the murder of Kirov), the poem "Ekbata", although his text was not found. A. N. Kozyrev suggested that the ultimate goal was the arrest of Akhmatova, since the head of the NKVD Department for the Leningrad Region L. M. Zakovsky was even filed by the Commissar of G. G. Berry, a memorandum of note, where he asked to give a sanction on the arrest of Akhmatova.

Anna Andreevna a week after the arrest of her husband and son went to Moscow, where E. Gerstein stopped, it was from her Emma Grigorievna who learned about the arrest of Gumilev. Then Ahmatov moved to the apartment of Bulgakov. Further events are known in several versions. According to the memories of E. Gerstein, she took the Akhmatov to L. Seifullin, but herself did not present when they were conversation. According to the Akhmatova, Seifullina, with her, Prachkurbyshev, and the next day (October 31) gave a letter to the Secretariat to the Name. According to the version of E. S. Bulgakova, Akhmatova Chernovik writing to Stalin rewritten on their apartment. Elena Sergeyevna accompanied Anna Andreevna to the Kremlin, and then she went to Pilnyak. The letter said: "The arrest of the two unique people close to me puts me a blow that I can no longer move. I ask you, Joseph Vissarionovich, return my husband and son, confident that no one will regret it ".

On November 2, Ahmatova went to Pasternaks, and Pilnyak came to dinner, who convinced to write a letter to Stalin, which Boris Leonidovich was taking the next day. By that time, Stalin had already read the letter of Akhmatova, imposing a resolution: "T. Berry. Release from under arrest and Punin, and Gumileva and report execution. I. Stalin ".

Already on November 3, the "Decision on the change of preventive measure" was signed, according to which Gumileva and Punin were to "immediately" release, and on November 4, the investigative case was discontinued, and all the detainees were released right in the midst, and Punin asked them to leave them until the morning.

Gumilyov briefly described the events after his arrest: "Punin returned to work, and they expelled me from the university."

The deduction has become for Gumileva Catastrophe, since it remained without housing and livelihoods (scholarship of the Easta Student then was large enough - 96 rubles, not counting the bread surcharge at 23 rubles). Humilyov on his own admission was hungry in the winter of 1935-1936, but Ahmatov insisted that he should live with her. On the other hand, the same winter Lev Nikolayevich wrote his first scientific work. Already in January 1936, Punin and Akhmatov began to apply for his recovery.

In the summer of 1936, Humilyov on the protection of M. I. Artamonov settled in the archaeological expedition to the Don, the ripped Khazar settlement Sarkel. After his returning in September, there was hope to arrange him in Moscow University, but not on the historical, but on the geographical faculty than the lion was offended. However, at the end of October he was restored in LSU, and the decision was received personally rector - Mikhail Semenovich Lazurkin. In the semester of 1937, Gumilyov began working with N. V. Kuner, headed by the Department of Etnographies of Eastern and Southeast Asia at the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences; Kuner even attracted Gumileva to work in his department.

In general, the life of Gumileva from the winter 1936-1937 to the spring of 1938 is poorly reflected in the sources, there are only single evidence. Judging by the memoirs of contemporaries, he was then worried about the novel with the postgraduate study of the Academy of Sciences - Mongolki Polyn Namserizav, their connection continued before his arrest. In the 1970s, they resumed a correspondence, which was not interrupted until the death of Gumileva.

In 1938, he was subjected to the Third Arrest and received five years of the camps, the punishment was serving in Norilsk.

On the night of March 10-11, 1938, Gumilyov was arrested. He connected his arrest with the lecture of Lev Vasilyevich Pampian about the Russian poetry of the beginning of the century.

There are several eyewitnesses about the life of Gumilev in Norillag, whose testimonies contradict each other. A very many negative information is contained in the memoirs of D. Figiletov, which were used by D. V. Semishin and L. S. Klein. There is also first mentioned that Lev Nikolayevich, allegedly, was engaged in the camp thesis. In fact, in 1945, Gumilyov wrote N. V. Kuner about his camp attempts to engage scientific work: In Norilsk, he read the writings of E. Tylora, L. Ya. Sternberg, and after liberation already under Turukhansky "gathered folk demonological material among Tungs and Ketov." However, it was absolutely impossible to engage in systematic work on the dissertation in the absence of sources and literature.

A lot of details reported S. Snowdered, friendly with Gumilev in conclusion. He wrote that in the summer they loved to relax on the banks of the coal stream with Gumilyov, closing the face with towels (from the "Satnery" mosquitoes), and argued to the burning topics: "Lee Kaspar Schmidt ... Friedrich Nietzsche and whether there is a rational meaning in James Lewis pragmatism ... " Once the zeki staged a camp poet tournament, who, to the displeasure of Gumilyov, won the snow. The offended lion even called a comrade for a duel. He composed during the 1940-1944 fairy tales in verses "Visit Asmodeus" and "Magic Papots", a poetic historical tragedy in two pictures "Death of Prince Jamugi, or an interior war." Many poems of the Norilsk period were lost. Sergey Snowmen mentioned the poem about Qing, Elena Kheruvimov wrote that Gumilyov dedicated her one of his poems. Lev Nikolayevich wrote and prose: 1941 Both of his story, "Hero El Cabrillo" and "Tad Vakka", but about their existence it became known only after his death (homemade notebooks were preserved in the archive). The comic lecture on the jargon "The History of the Netherlands from Spain is also known from the snowmamars. According to S. Belyakova, "For Gumileva" History of the Council of Netherlands ... "was primarily a literary game, designed for an intelligent, but already sophisticated in the thieves and thieves' concepts of the zeka."

The main circle of communication Gumilev was intellectuals - Poet Mikhail Doroshin (Misha), Chemist Nikanor Palitsyn, Engineer, "Expertline of Renaissance, Lyubomudr and Fans of Poetry" Evgeny Reichman and Astrophysicik Nikolay Kozyrev, who was sitting in the Pulkovo case from 1936. He entered Norillag only in the summer of 1942, their communication spurned the interest of Gumilev to the natural sciences.

On October 13, 1944, Turukhan Railoencomat called Gumileva in the ranks of the Red Army. After a brief stop in Krasnoyarsk, he fell into the study part, and from there - to war. In December, Echelon got to Moscow, from Kievsky railway station, he got through to V. Ardova and V. Shklovsky, and also met with N. Hardzhiev and I. Tomashevskaya. Further, the ordinary Gumileva sent to Brest, where they were taught on the Zenitchik and sent to the front shortly before the start of the owl-Oder offensive operation. He served in the 1386th anti-aircraft-artillery regiment of the 31st anti-aircraft artillery warsaw red-known Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Division. The division was used as a front-line reserve.

During military service Casus happened to Gumilev: in the houses abandoned by the Germans there were reserves that the advancing Soviet soldiers were willing. Once Lion Nikolayevich was fucked by marinated cherries found in some kind of house, and he was reached only three days later. The accuracy of this story is confirmed by E. Gerstein from April 12, 1945. According to indirect data, it is possible to determine that he began service in another part, and by the 1386th anti-aircraft artillery regiment was seconded after this case.

In early March, the ordinary Gumilev was declared thanks "For excellent fighting in the breakthrough of a strongly fortified defense of the Germans east of the city of Stargard and mastering important nodes of communications and strong reference points of the German defense in Pomerania." Gumilev was present at the capture of Altdamma on March 20, 1945.

After demobilization, he graduated from an external historical faculty, in 1948 he defended his dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences.

In 1949, he was again arrested, the charges were borrowed from the investigative case of 1935; He was convicted at 10 years of camps, the punishment was serving in Kazakhstan, in Altai and Siberia.

In 1956, after the 20th century, the CPSS Congress was released and rehabilitated, for several years he worked in Hermitage, from 1962 before retirement in 1987, it was held in the state of the Research Institute in the Geographical Faculty of LDG.

In June 1957, Lev Nikolayevich received from the Institute of Oriental Study a proposal to publish a monograph. In December of the same year, he handed over to the editorial and publishing department of the institute, the manuscript "Hunna" - recycled "History of Mid-India in antiquity". The manuscript was considered slowly, and in February 1959 returned to the author to refine. He was unhappy, but the comments followed, and at the end of April 1960, the Publishing House of Eastern Literature released its first book - "Hunna: Middle Asia in ancient times."

In 1961 he defended his thesis for the degree of doctor of historical sciences, in 1974 he defended the second doctoral dissertation - according to geography, but the degree was not approved by WA. Scientific heritage includes 12 monographs and more than 200 articles.

Since the 1960s, began developing its own passionary theory of ethnogenesis, with the help of which he tried to explain the patterns of the historical process. The vast majority of professional historians and ethnologists consider it unscientific; A truly large contribution of Gumilev to science is the theory of periodic moistening of Central Eurasia and the popularization of the history of nomads. In historical studies, L. N. Gumilyov adhered to ideas close to Eurasianism.

In 1964-1967, Gumilyov published 14 articles in the "Landscape and Ethnos" in the "Herald", and 9 of them were devoted to ethnogenesis. According to S. Belyakov, the passionary theory of ethnogenesis was supposed to answer three questions:

1. What is this ethnos and what place does it take in the historical process?
2. What laws determine the emergence and development of the ethnos?
3. How do ethnic groups interact with each other?

Greek word "Ethnos" Gumilev used instead of a more common Latin word "nation" as less politicized. The term "ethnos" was both universal, and neutral, and purely scientific. However, in 1968, when communicating with N. V. Timofeyev-Resovsky Gumilyov could not give a clear definition of an ethnos, actually repeating the definition of S. M. Wesnogodov, who introduced him to Russian science. At the same time, the main part of its main work is "ethnogenesis and the biosphere of the Earth," it is dedicated to the properties of the ethnos, and not passionateness.

For the first time, the belonging to Gumilev to Eurasia began to speak and write in the late 1970s, Lev Nikolayevich himself in numerous interviews of the 1980s was also eagerly called himself by the Eurasian. Nevertheless, according to many modern researchers, despite some generality, the views of Gumilev and Eurasians diverged in fundamental issues. According to S. Belyakov, the main points of discrepancies are:

1. Evrasians included in the "Eurasian Nation" or "Multipurbal Person" all nations Soviet Union, and Gumilyov counted at least seven superethnos in the USSR.

2. Humidly, almost did not touch the political views of Eurasians and their state-legal theory. The question of the state strict and the form of the Board was generally interesting for him.

3.Gumile, a lot and eagerly criticized West (especially in the last years of life), neither criticized a liberal democracy nor the market economy nor the more legal state. From his point of view, the unlimited borrowing of the reaches of the West is bad only by the fact that Russia is simply not ready to perceive them. He believed that the Russian superethnos is 500 years old "younger" Romano-German.

4. It was not joined by the Eurasian criticism of Catholicism and ignored the theological issues at all, so did the Eurasians.

Thus, Gumileva can be considered the Eurasian in the literal sense of the word - a supporter of the Russian-Turkic-Mongol fraternity. For Gumileva, Eurasianism was not a political ideology, but thoughts. He tried to prove, as if Russia was a continuation of the Horde, and many Russian people were the descendants of the baptized Tatars, to which he spent fifteen recent years Life.

These views were set forth in its later works - essays "Echo Kulikovsky battle", "Black Legend", the popular book "From Russia to Russia", the monograph "Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe." Briefly their content comes down to the following: Alexander Nevsky helped Khan Batyu to resist in power and instead "demanded and received assistance against the Germans and Germanophiles." The Tatar-Mongolian IHO, actually, was not an ig, but was a union with the Horde, that is, the Russian-Tatar "symbiosis" (in particular, Sartak was twinned by Alexander Nevsky). Mongol-Tatars are defenders of Russia from German and Lithuanian threats, and the Kulikovsky battle was won by the baptized Tatars, which passed to the service of the Moscow Prince. Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich on the Kulikov Field fought with the "aggression of the West and the Allied with her Horde Mamay."

In 1986, the magazine "Ogonosk" and "Literary Gazeta" began to publish the poetic works of Nikolai Gumilyov, the editorial was in touch with his son. In December 1986, Lev Gumilyov took a trip to Moscow on the anniversary of D. S. Likhachev and the poems of Father readed in the Central Committee, which was a strong impression. In the same year in LSU returned the course "Peopia".

In March 1987, Gumilev sent a letter to the CPSU Central Committee to A. I. Lukyanov with a complaint that scientific journals and publishers do not print his books and articles. The result was the fact that the second half of 1987 and 1988 published 2 books and 14 of the articles of Gumilyov, more than 10 previous years. In 1989, the "ethnogenesis and biosphere of the Earth" and the "Ancient Rus and the Great Steppe" were published with the difference in half a year. "Ethnogenesis" was published with the review D. S. Likhacheva, the preface was written by R. F. ITS. ITS, who never agreed with the theories of Leo Nikolayevich, described the treatise as a literary work, but at the same time stipulated that "not a single ethnographer, which takes this original theory of ethnogenesis."

The peak of the popularity of Gumileva came in 1990, when Lion Nikolayevich was recorded on Leningrad television, his interview was constantly published in leading literary magazines. On May 15, 1990, at a meeting of the Synergetic Section of Geographical Systems of the RGO, dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the passionary theory of ethnogenesis, L. G. Kolotilo made a proposal to nominate Gumilev to the real members of the USSR Academy of Sciences, bypassing the election by a correspondent member. On the same day, this proposal was announced by the participants of the round table on Leningrad television in the program "Mirror", where Lev Nikolaevich, A. M. Panchenko, K. P. Ivanov and L. G. Kolotilo participated. Ultimately, the Academician of the USSR Humilyov was not elected. On December 29, 1991, he was elected a valid member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (Raen), established as opposed to the official and "bureaucratic" Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In those days, the status and future of the Raen were still unclear, but he was proud of him and until the end of his life signed letters "Academician Raen L. N. Gumilyov".

Coming by retirement in the summer of 1987 at the age of 75 (he remained a leading scientific consultant officer in Geofak), Gumilyov did not reduce scientific and publishing activity. However, soon after moving to Kolomenskaya Street - in the first in his life a separate apartment - Lev Nikolaevich suffered a stroke, was partially paralyzed. Later he recovered, continued to write and receive guests, but could not fully recover. The consequences of stroke and ulcers were added to the disease of the feet, because of which he was drove on classes under his hands in the early 1980s. In the autumn of 1990, he read his last lecture. Since the autumn of 1991, he began to disturb the liver pain. On April 7, 1992, he was hospitalized with a diagnosis of "biliary disease and chronic cholecystitis". After discharge, the state has worsened again. It is characteristic that he began to say goodbye to the old friends, with whom he could not communicate with decades. He sent E. Gerstein's messages and Purified Namserizing.

On May 23, 1992, Gumilev was made to remove the gully bubble; Almost all native and close scientists considered it unnecessary. Strong bleeding has opened. Thanks to A. Nevzorov, the news about it spread to the whole country, there were many donors and sacrifices.

Judging by the descriptions of K. Ivanov, the two last weeks of his life Gumilyov spent in a coma, and from May 28 was connected to life support equipment. On June 15, the equipment was decided to disable and report his death, which was done at about 23:00.

On June 20, civilian memorial hall was held in the Great Memorial Hall of the Geographical Society, they fought him in the Church of the Resurrection of Christ from the Warsaw Station. After a number of bureaucratic wires, the body was buried at the Nikolsky cemetery of Alexander Nevsky Lavra.