The most dangerous diseases were widespread due to the fact that the causative agents of infectious diseases are perfectly preserved in the external environment, penetrate the human body in various ways. It is possible to determine which virus or mushroom that causes the development of alend is possible only with the help of special research carried out in the contemporary laboratory. Diseases from among infectious have a large number of common symptoms and can only be cope with the disease, if its pathogen is accurately installed. All pathogenic microorganisms that cause the development of infectious diseases are transmitted from a patient a healthy person, but how severe and dangerous the course of the disease will depend on the type of microbes that have penetrated into the body.

Microorganisms that cause the development of infectious diseases are not visible to the naked eye, there are no color and odor, are not determined by human senses.

All pathogenic microbes are divided into several species, depending on:

• biological properties;
• forms;
• sizes.

Infectious disease is a form of manifestation of a biological process in which micro and macroorganisms take part. The infectious process develops after a microscopic pathogen penetrates into the macroorganism (person, animal, plant). The result of their interaction becomes either the complete liberation of the macroorganism from the microbe, or the death of the first.

The infectious process proceeds in various kinds, each individual form is a specific disease. The beginning of the interaction of pathogenic microbes and the human body is manifested in the form of a violation of the functionality of various latter systems.

The described diseases have general characteristics:

1. They are infectious. This means that the disease can be transmitted from a sick person healthy, causing a massive spread of the disease, which threatens the emergence of the epidemic.
2. Cyclic. Each infectious disease has an incubation (hidden period), harbing alert, the height of the disease, its decline and recovery.
3. Immunity is formed to everyone.

The incubation period flows hidden, without any manifestations, may have a duration from several hours to several years. The causative agent is able to be in the human body in various quantities. The greater the number of microbes, the shorter the hidden period of the disease. The forerunners are general manifestations, considering, studying which it is impossible to determine the specific pathogen, to accurately establish a disease and put the correct diagnosis.

Height This stage is characterized by the emergence of symptoms of a particular illness. During this period, all typical clinical manifestations become explicit, which allows you to confirm or cancel a preliminary diagnosis. Features of each stage depend on the type of microorganisms provoked by their penetration the pathological process with a violation of the functionality of various organs and systems.

The pathogenic microbes are divided into pathogenic (penetrating the human body from the external environment or from an infected individual) and conditionally pathogenic (their penetration is possible after injury or surgery conducted).

Wrong the development of infectious disease is capable of pathogenic microorganisms, which include:

• mushrooms;
• prions;
• viruses;
• bacteria;
• helminty;
• simplest.

All listed microbes have features characterizing them as causative agents of infectious diseases.

These features include:

1. Poisonlessness or pathogenicity. It is due to the ability of the microbe not only to penetrate the human body, but also grow in it, multiply and present a danger to more susceptible with low immunity disturbed by the protective system of the body.
2. Viruncency is a quantitative basis, which varies depending on the conditions of the existence of microbes.
3. Specificity or ability to provoke the appearance of signs characteristic for one or another pathological process. Infection develops after the pathogenic microbes are attached to the most sensitive cells of a healthy organism and begin to multiply on their surface. The first two stages are the name of adhesiveness and colonization.

Powerful microorganisms have the ability to penetrate the intestinal epithelial cells and there are rapidly multiplied. Do not become an obstacle for them mucous membranes and connective tissues. Many pathogenic microbes are able to overcome the protective barrier created by the immune system.

The negative effect of such microorganisms is subject to a person with a weakened immunity, and an animal becomes often the source of infection.

There are several ways to infection:

1. The first way of transmitting infection is air-drip. The infection penetrates a healthy body through the breathing authorities. Microbes enter the air during sneezing and patient's cough.
2. Through household items and everyday life. This is the use of common dishes, personal hygiene subjects.
3. During sexual communication (sexual intercourse) without using contraceptives.
4. The food path is no less dangerous and common. Infection enters the body of a healthy person with spoiled or overdue food.
5. Parenteral not transmission. Microbes can be transmitted during medical procedures, this is due to non-compliance with the rules of asepsis and antiseptics. It is possible to infection when reuses tools not subjected to thorough quality processing.
6. Transmission - transmission of infection with saliva in the bite of insects or animals.

In any case, it is necessary to have certain factors under which the transmission of the pathogen is possible. This is not only a low level of immunity, but also the presence of an infection source, and suitable conditions for the development of pathogens of microorganisms.

The existing classification of pathogenic microorganisms, which are causative agents of infectious diseases, distinguishes several types with which a person is most often faced:

1. Rickettsia. Microorganisms that cause the occurrence of such hazardous diseases as TIF. They are able to develop only in a natural medium and do not multiply in artificially created conditions. They are called middle link between bacteria and viruses. They are characterized by a high degree of resistance to drying and freezing.
2. Mushrooms (fungi) are multicellular organisms, in their form resembling threads. They become the cause of the development of diseases affecting the skin, nails, hair. Some are transferred to the sexual way and provoke the development of genital infections. Some species dwell solely on the surface of the dermis, hair and nails, while others grow and multiply inside the organs, violating their functionality. The transmission method is contact and through household items, use, personal hygiene.
3. Unicellular microbes are pathogens of such hazardous diseases as typhoid typhoids and paratif. Transmitted through household items and everybody, but the most common transmission is air-drip. It is during seasonal flu epidemics and colds that may be infected with pararatif.
4. Viruses are caused by the development of influenza, measles, encephalitis, poliomyelitis. It is viruses that cause such dangerous diseases such as genuine pieces and AIDS, hepatitis, rabies and lush. They are extremely resistant to the effects of high temperature and withstand heating to 60-65 ° C. However, they are quite quickly destroyed under the influence of ultraviolet rays. You can fight with disinfecting solutions.
5. Bacteria. Their main distinguishing feature - the ability to breed rapidly. This occurs with the help of simple division every 25-30 minutes. They make a big danger and carry a threat to the human body, since even under the influence of ultraviolet and high temperatures, not all die - some of them turn into disputes, which, occur in favorable conditions, germinate and go into a special form capable of vital activity . Bacteria cause diseases such as cholera and plague, penetrating into the body with water; Keep all your properties and quality, getting into the soil and saving in it. Life products bacteria - toxins. They pose a huge danger to a person. A botulinical toxin recognized by the most dangerous poison on Earth is especially dangerous. The staphyococcal enterotoxin, which is formed, formed by non-compliance with the rules of canning mushrooms or pigs of pigs.
6. The simplest is multiplied by division, which occurs every 1.5-2 hours. They are very sensitive to freezing and quickly die under the influence of high temperatures, disinfecting solutions and ultraviolet rays. The result of their penetration into the human body becomes diseases such as malaria and dysentery.

The causative agents of infectious diseases is quite difficult to detect in the environment, and due to the incubation period, to identify the patient person is no less difficult. This contributes to the rapid spread of infection and primarily diseases transmitted by air-drip.

The conditions in which the infection is successfully developing cannot be called suitable for a person, but they are favorable for pathogenic microorganisms. The medium is convenient for long-term survival of bacteria and other microbes - contaminated soil and water.

Over the years, scientists of doctors have conducted work aimed at creating drugs, the use of which will help people not only cope with illnesses, but also to withstand various causative agents of infectious diseases. Despite the fact that the number and variety of diseases increases every year, today there is a sufficiently large amount of vaccines, with the help of which you can prevent infection and avoid the serious consequences of diseases caused by viruses and bacteria.

Products of vital products of pathogenic microorganisms

The result of growth and reproduction of bacteria and other pathogens - toxins or poisons that become the cause of poisoning, sometimes with death. Source - water. It is with it (less often with food) toxins fall into the human or animal organism. One of the most dangerous poisons, according to scientists, is a botulinical toxin. Mortality in poisoning them reaches 70-75%.

Its feature is extreme resistance to such influences as:

1. Freezing.
2. Drying.
3. Changing environmental humidity.

It is possible to destroy the toxins using quite a long boiling and exposure to disinfecting solutions.

Toxins fall into the human body through open wounds, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. A certain number of poisons causes the development of poisoning or intoxication. The attack of the cell of the immune system (immune response) becomes the answer to the introduction of toxin.

The high level of protection allows the human body to fight with some toxins, but with a weakened immunite, the share of risk is high that the disease (intoxication) will lead to patient death. Toxins depressingly and even destructively act on the nervous system, heart, liver, kidney and many other internal organs, provoking a violation or a complete absence of their functionality.

You can secure a person from the negative action of toxins by conducting various activities aimed at combating infections and causative agents of infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases are caused by certain microorganisms - causative agents, are transmitted from an infected organism healthy and can cause an epidemic or a pandemic. Among the causative agents of infectious diseases can be allocated:

Microbes (bacteria);

Rickettsia;

Spirochetes;

Simplest.

Bacteria - These are unicellular microorganisms having the shape of sticks (causative agents of abdominal typhoids, paratifies A and B), a ball (staphylococci, streptococci), winding threads (spirillas) or curved sticks (cholera vibrion). The rod shape is represented by the most numerous and most diverse group of bacteria.

Viruses - These are the smallest microorganisms, the dimensions of which are measured in millimecrons. These include influenza pathogens, pockets, polio, natural smallpox, encephalitis, measles and other diseases.

Rickettsia - The causative agents of the rapid typhoid, ku-fever, etc. - occupy an intermediate position between bacteria and viruses. Ricketcies have the shape of chopsticks, or coccobs. They are significantly less than many bacteria. Unlike bacteria, they do not grow on artificial nutritional media. Diseases caused by various types of pathogens of this group were called ricketersiosis.

Spirochetes (Returnal typhoid pathogens, syphilisa) have the shape of thin, corkscrew, actively bending bacteria.

Fungi, or microscopic mushrooms, in contrast to bacteria have a more complex structure. Most of them are multicellular organisms. Cells of microscopic fungi elongated form, similar to the thread. Dimensions range from 0.5 to 10-50 microns or more.

Most fungi - saprophytes, only a few of them cause human and animal diseases. Most often, they determine various skin lesions, hair, nails, but there are views that affect the internal organs. Diseases caused by microscopic mushrooms are the name of mycoses.

Depending on the structure and features of the mushrooms are separated into several groups.

1. Pathogenic fungi includes:

Yeast-like mushroom, causing severe disease - blastomycosis;

Radiant mushroom causing an actinomycosis;

The pathogens of deep mycoses (histoplasmosis, coccidoid).

2. From the group of so-called "imperfect fungi", the pathogens of numerous dermatomycosis have widespread.

3. From non-propogenic mushrooms most common mold and yeast.

Thus, the cause of the infectious disease is the penetration of the pathogenic microorganism into a susceptible organism in sufficient quantities and specific to the pathogen. Most infectious diseases have an incubation period - a period of time between infection and the manifestation of the first symptoms.

Microbiology - This is a science that studies the life and development of living microorganisms (microbes). Microorganisms are an independent extensive group of single-cell organisms associated with its origin with a vegetative and animal world.

The development of microbiology began during the times of antiquity, when the doctors first suggested that "the infection is transmitted from man to man" through some living beings. As a result of the subsequent development of natural sciences, special methods of scientific research appeared, which allowed scientists to finally be convinced of this statement.

Among the prominent scholars-microbiologists, L. Pasteur, R. Kokha, I.I. Mechnikova, D.I. Ivanovo.

Among microbes there are also saprofites. - harmless microorganisms. Their role is reduced to the decomposition of dead organic residues in the soil, wastewater, etc.

There are I. conditionally pathogenic organismswho are constantly inhabited inside a living organism without harming him. Their pathogenic effect is manifested only when the habitat conditions change and reduce the body's protective forces caused by various factors. In these cases, they can show their pathogenic properties and cause relevant diseases.

In structure and form, pathogenic microorganisms are divided into groups: bacteria, spirochetes, rickettsia, viruses, mushrooms and simplest (see 3.1). Each of these groups includes numerous species, varieties and types of pathogenic representatives and related non-pathogenic microbes.

The bacteria cell consists of the following elements: about the pet, protoplasm, nuclear substance. Some bacteria from the outer layer of the shell are formed capsules. Pathogenic bacteria are able to form a capsule, only being in the human body or an animal. The formation of the capsule is a protective reaction of the bacterium. Bacterium inside the capsule is resistant to the action of antibodies.

Many row-shaped bacteria inside the body, in the middle or at one end there are characteristic formations - endogenous disputes Round or oval shape. Disputes appear with adverse external conditions of the existence of bacteria (lack of nutrients, the presence of harmful exchange products, unfavorable temperature, drying). One bacterial cell forms one endospore, which, falling into a favorable environment, germinates, forming one cell. Disputes are resistant to external influences.

Many bacteria possess active mobility. Movable are all spirillas and vibrios. Multi-shaped bacteria are characterized by mobility. Cockki are still, with the exception of single species. The mobility of bacteria is carried out using zHUTIS - Thin threads, sometimes spirally convinced.

In some pathogenic microbes, at certain external influences, weakening or even loss of pathogenic properties can be achieved. However, at the same time, the ability of them with the introduction of a person to cause immunity to the disease, or immunity, is preserved. The specified position was based on the acquisition of living weak vaccines, which were widely used in the prevention of morbidity through vaccinations.

For recognition and study of the characteristics of various types of microbes use sowing They are on artificial nutrient media that are prepared in laboratories. Pathogenic microbes are growing better if the nutrient media in the composition is fully reproduced by their feeding conditions in the living organism.

Unlike saprophytes, the external environment is unfavorable for pathogenic microbes. The most powerful factor of exposure to microorganisms is the ambient temperature. Many microorganisms die already at a temperature of 60 ° C, and at a higher temperature it occurs even faster. Microbes disputes have the greatest resistance to changes in the temperature of the external environment.

From other factors of the external environment, the drying devices are degrading, radiant energy (especially solar - ultraviolet part of the spectrum), many chemicals, etc.

Some types of pathogenic microorganisms in the process of vital activity allocate special poisonous products - toxins. Microbial toxins significantly affect the course of infectious disease, and in some diseases they play a major role (botulism, diphtheria, tetanus). After neutralizing exotoxins (formalin and high temperatures) they are called anatoksyn. Anatoksins are used for vaccinations in order to create immunity to some infectious diseases, such as tetanus, diphtheria, botulism.

Interferon - It is a protein contained in normal tissue cells. When lysis cells, for example, under the influence of the virus, it enters the surrounding fluids. By blocking some enzyme cell systems, free interferon has the ability to prevent the damage to these cells by the virus. Further reproduction of the virus is possible only in those cells that are not blocked by interferon. Thus, interferon is a mechanism for protecting cells from alien nucleic acids.

Epidemiology It studies the patterns of the emergence and distribution of infectious diseases in human society and uses the data of its theoretical conclusions and generalizations to prevent and combat them.

The emergence of infectious diseases is always due to infection, penetration into the human body of those or other pathogenic microbes, on the species affiliation of which dependent specificity of the clinical manifestation of the disease and its outcome. In order to be infected, there must be a source of infection. Source of infectionit is the object that serves as a place of natural stay and reproduction of pathogens, in which the process of natural accumulation of a contagious start and from which the pathogen can infect healthy people in one way or another (L.V. Gromashevsky).

The presence of a source of infection, the transmission factors and the susceptibility of the body maintain continuity and patterns in the chain of the following cases of each infectious disease, whose combination is called epidemic process. The absence of any of the factors of distribution leads to a break of the epidemic process chain and the termination of the further spread of the relevant diseases.

Infectious process It is a combination of physiological protective and pathological reactions arising under certain conditions of the external environment in response to the impact of pathogenic microbes.

Epidemic focus (The focus of infection) is the place of stay of the source of infection with its surrounding territory in the areas in which it is capable of in this situation under this disease to convey a contagious beginning.

Immunology - This is the science that studies the ability of the human body to resist the activities of pathogenic microorganisms and deal with them. Respectively, immunity- immunity of the body to the contagious beginning or any foreign substance for the body.

The immunity is due to the set of all the hereditary and individually acquired devices that prevent the penetration and reproduction of microbes, viruses and other pathogenic agents and the action of harmful products allocated by them. In modern conditions, immunity includes a wider range of phenomena, including many important physical, chemical and physiological phenomena. By origin there is congenital and acquired immunity.

Congenital Immunity is due to the biological features of the species and is inherited, due to which animals or people become immune to certain infections.

Acquired Immunity is not congenital. It is acquired by the body during its individual life, after the suffering disease, or artificially, by vaccination (vaccinations). Such immunity is called active.

Active immunity occurs in 2-3 weeks after the disease or vaccination and keeps 1-2 years and more. Acquired immunity can be due to the transmission of antibodies with a placental way from the mother to the fetus (to diphtheria, scarletin, etc.), i.e. passive. The duration of such natural passive immunity is small (usually a few months).

Passive immunity is formed with the introduction of serum of overdigel or vaccinated people and animals. In this case, a person also receives ready-made protective or immune substances, but himself does not participate in their development. The duration of such immunity is not more than 3-4 weeks.

In the system of protective mechanisms of the body against microbes, nonspecific factors are of great importance: the general condition of the body, age, etc. People who are weakened by overwork, starvation, adverse effects of external conditions and diseases, as well as in old age are more susceptible to various infections.

The skin and mucous membranes, especially in adults, perform the role of a barrier that protects the body from the introduction of foreign microbes. The mechanical function of the barrier is supplemented with the release of them from various substances that are destructively acting on the microbes. In the skin, mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, conjunctiva, sputum, saliva, peritoneal liquid, plasma and serum, leukocytes, maternal milk and other tissues and organs contain a special enzymatic substance, which destructively affects many microbes or delays their reproduction. It's called lysozyme. The largest concentration of lysozyme is contained in tears and cartilage. Many microbes that fall into the stomach die under the action of high acidity of gastric juice. However, with a significant concentration of bacteria, skin and mucous barriers may be insufficient to protect against the introduction of pathogenic causative agents, and begins to show a more powerful mechanism for the protection of a specific order - phagocytosis and antibodies.

Phagocytosis - This is the process of absorption and digestion of microbes or other extraneous particles by special cells, named phagocytes. These cells are divided into micro and macrophages. TO microfhams Blood granular leukocytes and lymphocytes. The most active of them are polymorphic nuclear neutrophils. Among macro Fahigs There are two types of cells - movable and fixed.

Movable macrophages are blood monocytes, large lymphocytes of lymph nodes and spleen, as well as cells located in loose connective tissue, called polyblasts, histiocytes, etc. Fixed macrophages are cells of the vessels walls, liver, bone marrow. Together with moving macrophages, they combine under the general name of the reticulondothelial system.

Antigens - Body capable of causing the formation of specific antibodies in the body and join with them into different compounds. These include various substances of protein nature, mixtures of proteins with other substances (lipoids, carbohydrates), toxins, serum, microbes, animal cells and plants and other substances harmless to it. In relation to infections, antigens of microbes are most important. Bacterial cells contain a whole range of various antigens of both full-fledged protein nature and haptanes - carbohydrates and lipoids.

Antibodies- These are microorganisms produced in response to irritation with specific antigens in infectious diseases, as well as in the immunization of microbes and their toxins. Antibodies have strict specificity. When interacting with the antigen, changing the condition and structure of them, they neutralize the latter, in connection with which they are called protective immune bodies.

Antibodies appear in the body not immediately. Their growth occurs gradually, reaching the maximum by the 16-20th day, then after a while the level of antibodies begins to decline and after 2-3 months it falls to the initial one. With repeated administration of antigen, the formation of antibodies is faster and they are saved for a longer time. This phenomenon serves as the basis for the formation of active immunity, its duration and tension.

Vaccines They are preparations consisting of killed or weakened pathogens (respectively, killed or living vaccines), as well as from the products of the life of microbes - toxins, which are used in the neutralized state and are called anoxins. Vaccines are introduced into the human body to generate artificial immunity.

In addition to active immunization, serum, as well as gamma-globulin of sera artificially immunized animals and people who have suffered infectious diseases is used as a means of specific prophylaxis. Such preparations contain ready-made antibodies. The passive immunity caused by the short-term (2-3 weeks), and therefore the method of passive immunization is more often used when the infection has come or suspected.

The value of safety vaccinations is reduced to a more or less sharp decrease in morbidity among the grafts compared to non-immiscounted, and in the case of diseases of the grafts - to a lighter course of the disease and, consequently, a decrease in mortality. Thus, although immunity caused by vaccinations is not absolute, reducing the incidence, achieved as a result of individual immunization methods, is always a major and valuable achievement in combating infections.

The main direction in health care is not to obtain new methods for the treatment of infectious diseases, but compliance with their prevention measures. The complex of preventive measures can be distinguished by a number of measures aimed at three elements of the epidemic process:

1) the source of the disease;

2) paths of its transfer;

3) the human body capable of perceiving the infection.

To prevent appearance source of the diseaseand for its localization are held:

Timely detection of sick;

Insulation and treatment of victims;

Disinfection of the focus of infection.

The elimination of the second elevation of the epidemiological process is carried out by the destruction transmission paths causative agent. For this, the following events are held:

Monitoring compliance with citizens of the necessary rules and norms of personal hygiene;

Implementation by health authorities anti-epidemic actions.

TO anti-epidemic action include sanitary and hygienic control over the sale of food, especially in lesion foci; control over the state of nutrition and water supply; checking the execution of the rules of preparation, storage and transportation of products, ready food, water quality, etc.

In order for the human body to be immune to infectious diseases, health authorities carry out measures creating and strengthening immunity in the population. The immunity is called the body's ability to resist and resist the actions of pathogens of diseases. Immunity can be both congenital (natural) and acquired (artificial). Congenital immunity man receives at birth through the blood of the mother, acquired appears as a result of the transfer of diseases or adopting special measures - vaccinations (vaccinations). Congenital kinds of immunity include immunity against chicken cholera, cattle plague, other diseases. As a result of the suffering diseases, a person appears immunity against measles, genuine smallpox, etc.

In the case when causative agents are unknown and no appropriate vaccines are used emergency prevention - The use of antibiotics and other antimicrobial means to confront the disease. Vaccination can be carried out by intradermal administration, subcutaneous administration, butting and aerosol methods.

At the same time, it is necessary to remember that a person who behaves a healthy lifestyle is properly powered and monitored its physical condition, much less susceptible to infectious diseases. Proper nutrition and healthy lifestyle is one of the basic measures for the prevention of infectious and other types of diseases.

For some infectious diseases, such as AIDS and hepatitis B, prevention is the main way of struggle. These diseases with difficulty or are not at all treatable at the modern level of development of medicine. They are transmitted from a person to man through blood, so the possible ways of penetration of viruses of these diseases include blood transfusion, an infected needle and a sexual path. Based on this, the prevention of data of deadly diseases includes the following measures:

Compliance with personal hygiene rules;

Excluding indiscriminate sexual bonds;

Application of special protection methods for sexual bonds;

Use of disposable syringes;

Sterilization of medical instruments.

It is extremely important to raise the diagnosis of these diseases in a timely manner, since in the early stages of the disease it is possible if not complete cure, then at least a significant extension of the patient's life. At the same time, a person who knows about the presence of this disease, must comply with all precautions to prevent its distribution. Currently, in most countries of the world, there are anonymous points of diagnostic surveys on AIDS and hepatitis in, where each person can control the state of his health. At the same time, remembering the threat that these deadly diseases carry, it is impossible to forget that a person who is ill, such as AIDS, is not infected with the rules of communication with him.

If multiple cases of infectious diseases arise in a certain area, quarantine is superimposed. Quarantine A set of regime, administrative and sanitary anti-epidemic measures aimed at preventing the spread of infectious diseases and the elimination of the focus of the defeat is called. With quarantine, the organization of armed segments of the focus of infection, the prohibition of movement beyond the quarantine zone of persons and groups of the population without preliminary temporary insulation and medical observation, export from the focus of property without prior disinfection, as well as the passage of transport and people through the lesion focus is possible.

With quarantine, contacts are limited between people. Employees of medical institutions and other employees associated with constant communication with people take special measures to avoid mutual infection. One of these measures is special clothing. For example, a complete anticipant suit consists of a jumpsuit, a hood, boot, a cotton-marelie bandage on the area of \u200b\u200bthe nose and mouth, canned glasses, rubber gloves and a medical bathrobe.

If, as a result of research in the hearth, the pathogens of particularly dangerous infections are not revealed and there is no threat to the spread of mass diseases, quarantine is replaced with the observation regime. Observation A set of measures is called enhanced medical observation of the focus of the defeat and the conduct of medical and preventive and restrictive measures in it. The quarantine and observation period is determined by the duration of the maximum incubation period of the disease calculated since the insulation of the last patient and the end of disinfection in the focus.

Timely isolation of patients in the quarantine zone is one of the most important measures against the spread of infections in the infection area. The elimination of the emergence of foci of infectious diseases is carried out by the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia, etc.

The work of medical institutions in the infectious focus has a number of features. To eliminate the possibility of the removal and dissemination of an infection beyond the hospital, the work of the medical institution is carried out in strict anti-epidemic mode, which provides:

Protection and isolation of the territory of the medical institution (infectious hospital);

Barrage accommodation of the hospital personnel;

Organization of the transfer of medicines, food and other necessary sanitary and economic property through special gear ratios;

Improving the protection of personnel from nosocomial infections by using during the work of special means of individual protection of workers (for example, anticipated costumes).

Disinfection, or disinfection, is a complex of special events aimed at the destruction of pathogens of contagious diseases in the environment. Private species disinfection are disinsectionunder which they understand the destruction of insects and ticks - carriers of infectious diseases, and deratization - extermination of rodents dangerous in epidemiological terms.

Disinfection preventive, current and final. Preventive disinfection is carried out in order to prevent the possibility of infectious diseases or infection from objects and things in general use. Current disinfection is carried out by bed of the patient in order to prevent the dispersion of infection (disinfecting the discharge of the patient and the objects infected). Final disinfection is carried out in a focus of infection after isolation, hospitalization, recovery or death of the patient to complete the liberation of the infection hearth from the causative agents of the disease.

Depending on the disinfection indications, biological, mechanical, physical and chemical methods and means of disinfection are used. The biological method is used when cleaning wastewater on the irrigation fields. The mechanical methods of disinfection include wet cleaning of premises and furnishings, knocking out clothes and bedding, freeing of rooms from dust using vacuum cleaners, whitewashes and painting rooms, washing hands.

The most simple and accessible ways of disinfection are physical means and methods. These include the sun rays and irradiation with ultraviolet emitters, stroking the hot iron, burning garbage and objects that are not valuable, processing boiling water or heating to boiling.

Reliable disinfection and disinsection of infected clothing, bedding and other accessories can be carried out in special disinfection chambers - steam-air or vapor formaline. The essence of chamber disinfection consists in heating the contents of the chambers with hot air (ferry) to a certain temperature, and if it is necessary to enhance the effects of steam - in an additional introduction to the formaldehyde (formalin) chamber.

Among the chemicals that destroin the microbial cell, the following disinfectants are most widely used:

Chlorine lime - used to disinfect water, vessels, premises, patient discharge, toilets, etc. in the form of 0.7-0.5%, 2-3%, 5-10% aqueous solutions and in dry form;

Aqueous solution of sulfalloranine;

1% BigLUCONATE orgoxidine solution (hibitan);

Sodium (potassium) water;

Dichlorizocianuric acid (DHTC).

Disinsectional events are conditionally divided into preventive and fighter. Preventive disinsection activities include the content of the cleanliness of housing and utility rooms, equipping window and door openings with grids, clearing of small water bodies and Arykov, etc.

Fighter disinsection activities are carried out by physical and chemical. For these purposes, in addition to disinfection chambers and physical agents, poisons called insecticides are widely used, among which can be called hexahlorane (hexachlorcyclohexane), carbofos, methyl acetophos, alphacron (phosphothioate), alfothine, intzorcid-MP, etc.

To destroy rodents - carriers of pathogens of infectious diseases of human and animals use mechanical and chemical methods. The mechanical method is to apply various traps, traps, mousetrap, leaps, etc. The essence of the chemical method consists in poisoning rodents to poisonous substances - raticides.

Effective raticides are zinc phosphide, Ratinan, zoocumarine, toll sulfate, thiosemicarbazid, barium carbonate, fluoro-tamide, etc.

Gas deratization is used mainly for the extermination of rodents on maritime courts, in railway cars, aircraft and in field conditions.

The school is not only the "Temple of Knowledge", but also a place of cluster of a large number of people. In the context of infection, the school can become one of the foci of the disease. This is due to the fact that children still have a strong and sustainable immunity, not always sufficiently fulfill the requirements of personal hygiene. Teachers and parents need to be remembered: on how children will be accustomed to follow themselves, their security depends on the occurrence of infectious diseases.

Each student must comply with the following personal hygiene rules.

1. Daily make the morning toilet.

2. Thoroughly wash your hands before taking food and after each visit to the toilet.

3. Do not take extraneous objects: handle, pencil, etc.; When reading books do not shorn your fingers.

5. Take food only in specially designated places (if available), etc.

There are also a number of measures for the prevention of infectious and other types of diseases, the execution of which should be monitored by the teacher and the school administration. To this end, it is necessary:

To regularly air the training premises;

To carry out a wet cleaning of school classes and corridors;

Check the presence of replaceable shoes from students, especially in the autumn and spring periods;

Carry out the antibacterial processing of toilets;

Comply with the hygienic purity of the geographics;

Conduct food control.

Dieseneria is one of the types of intestinal infections. The disease is manifested by the lesion of the mucous membrane of the fat intestine with a dysenteric stick, while there are painful sensations and phenomena of intoxication.

The pathogens of dysentery are bacteria of several types, biologically close among themselves, belonging to the intestinal-typhoid group: Grigorian sticks are shygi, shrimitz, flexner, zone, etc. On the territory of the Russian Federation, the main pathogens of the dysentery are the stones of the zonne and flexner. These bacteria are stationary due to the lack of their movement organs; They are highly resistant in the external environment: in the discharge of the patient, it is preserved up to 48 hours, and in winter, dysenteric sticks are killed on the sunlight for 30 minutes, when heated to 50-60 ° C - for 10 minutes, in solution Phenol (1%) - for 30 minutes.

The source of the occurrence of dysentery is a sick man, the allocation of which contains causative agents of the disease. The sickness is dangerous from the very first days of the disease, since with his hands, pathogenic microbes fall into household itemies and as a result they can get on food and in water. That is why dysentery is sometimes called "dirty hand disease."

Ways of distribution of dysentery are similar to the distribution of other intestinal infections - contact-applying infection against the background of violation of personal hygiene rules. Microbes fall into the human body through the mouth (mainly through water). A significant role in the spread of infection is played by flies that carry dysenteric sticks on their paws from cesspools, toilets, with dumps for food. And although the pathogens of dysentery are less resistant in the external environment than the pathogens of typhoids, which reduces the likelihood of the epidemic, however, with a negligence attitude to a sanitary and hygienic situation in the village of Dieseneria can bring a lot of trouble.

Flares of Dysentery Diseases are seasonal: arise in the autumn and summer months. This is due to the features of pathogens and paths of infection. Penetrating the stomach, like all the food, dysenteric sticks are exposed to the action of gastric juice and partially die. The remaining pathogens penetrate into the fat intestine and are delayed in the folds of the mucous membrane. Here they feed, highlighting toxins, and multiply. As a result, the intestinal mucosa is damage: swelling, redness, bleeding, mucus isolation, appearance of yasels. Products of the vital activity of pathogens - toxins - through blood spread throughout the body, affecting organs and systems.

The first symptoms of dysentery are manifested in 3-5 days. Depending on the severity of dysentery disease, there is a light, moderate and severe (toxic).

For medical imagingsymptoms appear suddenly. The body temperature rises to 38-38.5 ° C. The patient's condition deteriorates sharply: weakness is developing, lethargy, and the appetite is declining or completely disappears; Possible nausea, vomiting. Feling becomes liquid. After 1-2 days, the chair becomes typical for dysentery. View: mucous-purulent discharge with streaks of blood. The chair is expensive, accompanied by stitching gravity pains, more often in the left half of the abdomen. When examining, the stomach will be separated somewhat, painful when pressing, the tense sigmoid gut is tense on the left. The amount of mucus increases rapidly, the chair loses its own character and its volume is significantly reduced. These symptoms are saved for about a week, after which the overall condition of the patient is improved, the body temperature is reduced. The number of feces per day is reduced and the chair becomes more decorated, but for another 1-2 weeks it can be unstable, while maintaining a mucola-blood form.

Toxic form Dysentery is quite rare. It begins immediately from the signs of general poisoning of the body with the livelihoods of microbes: very high temperatures, rapidly increasing cardiovascular insufficiency and disturbances. Because of the frequent chair (20-30 times a day), multiple vomiting and refusal of food The general condition of the patient is rapidly deteriorating: it is dehydrated and loses weight. The patient is sharpened by the features of the face, their eyes pumped deeply, the look becomes blurred, the skin is pale. Possible disorders of consciousness up to the comatose state. The breath of the patient is rare, deep, noisy. The amount of urine is reduced in which protein is detected. Renal failure is developing.

The toxic form of dysentery is difficult to distinguish from other severe forms of infectious diseases, so it is precisely it most often leads to a fatal outcome.

Light formdysentery proceeds with a slight temperature, which holds several days. Footing up to 4-5 times a day, usually have a mucolic-purulent nature with rare streams of blood. The patient feels a slight ailment. The danger of a light form of dysentery is that with such symptoms patients prefer to be treated independently, not referring to the doctor and being a source of illness.

As a result of improper treatment of various forms of dysentery or in the absence of treatment, the mild form of the disease may occur chronic formdysentery characterized by periodic exacerbations of the disease. In this case, the following symptoms are observed: mucous membrants, lowering appetite, increasing dystrophy, periodic abdominal pain, sleep disorders, increased irritability of the patient. This form of dysentery takes place for years and is poorly treatable.

As a result of the suffered disease, a sick person acquires immunity only to the given causative agent of the disease.

Treatment. Treatment of diseased dysentery implies their mandatory insulation. Patient recommended peace, compliance with mandatory hygiene measures. For seven days, in case of need and longer, antimicrobial drugs are applied. During the treatment period, special nutrition is prescribed, abundant drinking, with toxic form uses intravenous administration of drugs and nutrients. The bed of the patient needs the current disinfection.

Prevention of dysentery.Prevention of dysentery in school is one of the necessary measures to localize the disease. When identifying a patient with dysentery of a child, its immediate isolation and examination of persons who were in direct contact with it are needed.

The disinfection of school premises is carried out: the classroom, the food, the toilet, the lobby, the gym, and other catering staff examine the bacillos.

Children who have suffocated dysentery attend classes only after the permission of the doctor. Measures to prevent the emergence and distribution of dysentery in school include:

Compliance with the purity of educational premises;

Fulfillment of the rules of storage and trade of food products;

Destruction of flies;

Timely emptying of garbage boxes;

Strict control over the personal hygiene of schoolchildren;

Removal of children from harvesting bathrooms, bathing places for general use, garbage and food waste;

The right organization of the drinking regime in school;

Familiarization of students and their parents with symptoms and danger of dysentery.

Hepatitis is an acute infectious disease that is mostly affected by the liver fabric, causing the pathology of the functions of the liver and in this background - a violation of metabolism in the body. Hepatitis is also called Botkin's disease - by the name of the scientist who studied this disease.

Hepatitis can be primary, and in this case it is an independent disease, or secondary, then it is a manifestation of another disease. The development of secondary hepatitis is associated with the effects of hepatotropic factors - viruses, alcohol, drugs or chemicals.

Viral hepatitis - Viral nature disease, characterized by general poisoning of the body with products of the vital activity of pathogenic viruses. At the same time, there is a violation of the pigmentation of the skin (jaundice color), an increase in the size of some internal organs (spleen, liver). Viral hepatitis have an independent value, and they should not be mixed with hepatitis caused by yellow fever viruses, mononucleosis, herpes, etc.

There are two types of viral hepatitis of viral hepatitis - Viruses of Types A and V. Hepatitis A wears the name of infectious hepatitis, hepatitis B - serum. The source of viral hepatitis is a sick person or a medium of a virus. The maximum infinity of the patient falls on a barn period of the disease and the first days of the jaundice period.

For various types of hepatitis, the mechanisms of transmission of infection are also distinguished. The pathogens of hepatitis A from the blood of the virus carrier or patient fall into its discharge, and then contact-household - to the body of a healthy person. The pathogens of hepatitis B are only in the blood of the patient, where they persist for a long time after his recovery. Infection of hepatitis can occur through various medical instruments when overflowing blood or intrauterine path.

The incubation period of infectious hepatitis is 7-45 days; Serum hepatitis - 2-6 months. During this period, there are no external manifestations of the disease.

The course of the disease can be divided into two periods:

Pricky (more than 1 week). The main symptoms of this period are general weakness, malaise, loss of appetite, feeling of gravity in the opposite region, belching, short-term increase in temperature, pain in the joints, in the liver area. At the end of this period there is a change in the color of the selection: urine acquires a brown color, and cal - white;

Justice (2-4 weeks). The main manifestations of this period are the change in the color of the soft sky and later - the skin (yellowing); The appearance of the skin of the skin. Against this background, the size of the liver and spleen increases, sometimes there is a bleeding of the skin and mucous membranes.

Hepatitis B is transferred heavier than hepatitis A. For hepatitis B is characterized by constantly growing weakness, disgust for food, the appearance of multiple vomiting, sleep disruption, sharp yellow painting of the skin and visible mucous membranes, skin itch.

Hepatic coma - Complication of hepatitis B is one of the main causes of death of the disease. In addition, the disease can go into a chronic form at which periods of exacerbations are manifested.

Treatment of viral hepatitis. The patient is prescribed bedding - in such a position the blood supply to the liver is improved. Due to the reduction of blood clotting due to hepatitis, the danger of various kinds of bleeding increases, therefore care must be taken care when carrying out injections.

A special diet with a restriction in the feed of the amount of fat, the exception of the protein and an increase in the amino acid content is prescribed to the patient. Also prescribed a large amount of fluid.

With the symptoms of intoxication, an intravenous drip infusion of a 5% glucose solution, hemodesa to 1-1.5 liters is shown. At the same time prescribe hormonal therapy (prednisone, hydrocortisone). Also apply ointment, removing skin itching.

In case of symptoms of hepatic coma, hormonal drugs and antibiotics are used.

It is important to remember that the patient is a source of infection, so it is necessary to disinfect its underwear, dishes, as well as highlighting. Sanitary cleaning of the room must be carried out at least three times a day.

Hepatitis Prevention.Prevention of viral hepatitis at school includes the following events.

1. Information about the absence of students in classes is transmitted to medical items.

2. Educational institution is notified of all cases of diseases of students and their families.

3. Students who missed classes at school for more than three days, allowed for lessons with the permission of a doctor.

4. An explanatory work is underway with students and their parents about the danger, symptoms and measures for the prevention of viral hepatitis.

5. Strict control over school employees is carried out, especially by catering workers.

6. Strictly checked compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements, transportation and storage rules, etc.

In the event of a virus hepatitis in school, additional measures are taken.

1. Active work is carried out to identify cases that have no symptoms of the disease.

2. All cases of the disease are reported to sanitary and epidemic services.

3. The disinfection of all the premises of the school (especially toilets) is carried out.

4. If necessary, quarantine is declared.

In the prevention of incidence hepatitis in the main role is played by sanitary measures aimed at preventing injection infectionFirst of all, when carrying out mass preventive vaccinations. The hepatitis causative agent is resistant to physical and chemical factors, it loses its activity only when sterilizing the ferry under pressure or at boiling.

Continuous control of teachers and parents for compliance with the child the necessary rules and personal hygiene rules is also necessary.

Consider in more detail some infectious diseases, as well as their symptoms, the main directions of treatment and prevention.

Tif and Parathipa A and V.These are acute infectious diseases of bacterial nature belonging to intestinal infections. Their pathogens are bacteria from the Salmonella group. Salmonella - movable short gram-negative wands with rounded ends. All three pathogen is quite stable in the external environment - in water, soil, food products, it is stored for 2-3 months.

The source of the disease is a patient or a bacteria carrier. The greatest number of pathogens stand out in the midst of the disease together with the feces and urine. The patient becomes infectious from the first days of the disease and remains such even in the last days of the incubation period, and in some cases after recovery. The contagious of a person can last from several months to decades.

The paths of transmission of typhoparathosic diseases are fecal-oral. Transmission of infection is carried out through water, food products, contaminated hands, home appliances, etc. The intensity of the dissemination of the disease depends on the prevalence of one or another distribution path.

The most massive outbreaks of the disease occur when pathogenic microorganisms hit in the water supply system. The food path of the propagation of titofarathosic diseases is also dangerous. Infection through hands and household items (household road) is most often registered as separate, sporadic diseases.

In the abdominal title, the hidden incubation period of the disease ranges from 7 to 20 days, on average - 14 days, during parathy - from 3 to 14 days, on average - 7-8 days.

Symptoms and current. Typically, the course of typhoparathose diseases is cycled: the first 5-6 days there is a gradual increase in painful symptoms, the temperature increases to 39-40 ° C; On the 4-5th day, headaches appear, insomnia, adamius, darkening of consciousness, nonsense; The language is covered, on the skin rash, the pulse is rare, uneven; On the 7-8th day, the main symptoms and complications appear (intestinal bleeding, intestinal ulcers with subsequent peritonitis, otitis, parotitis, psychosis, meningitis). In the future, the weakening of clinical manifestations of the disease occur and the gradual decrease in temperature: the last period of the disease occurs - reconvaluescence (normalization of the state, decrease in temperature).

The diagnosis of typhoparathosic diseases is made on the basis of blood tests from veins and surveys for bacteridation by sowing detergents and urine.

Treatment.Antibiotics of Levomycetin and syntomicin are applied to the treatment of patients with typhoparathosic diseases. It is important that the patient observed bed and a strict diet. Due to abundant bleeding, the patient needs constant drinking and regular nutrition even in the absence of appetite. The use of anti-epidemic measures is important.

Prevention.Preventive measures in the fight against typhoparathosic diseases are carried out by neutralizing the source of infection, neutralizing it or the preventing factors and paths of dissemination of the disease and increase immunity to it. These goals are consistent with the hospitalization of infection with neutralization of infection, treatment using all the most effective methods, an extract after complete clinical recovery and a negative result of a two-time bacteriological examination.

Neutralization of infection transmission mechanisms is achieved by a complex of sanitary and hygienic measures involving the improvement of settlements, providing people with benign drinking water, food, compliance with sanitary rules in places of storage and cooking, an increase in sanitary culture and personal hygiene in everyday life and at work (especially among workers Food enterprises and staff of children's institutions).

Another way to prevent the abdominal epidemic and parathy is timely conduct vaccinationsthat are applied by epidemic testimony. Vaccinations are carried out at a high level of morbidity in this area or in the threat of an outbreak of the disease. The following types of vaccines are used for immunization:

Killed vaccine - it is injected subcutaneously at 0.5 and 1 ml twice with an interval of 10-14 days;

Chemical vaccine - is introduced once in a dose of 1 ml.

Repeated vaccinations (revaccination) are carried out in a year once with both vaccines at a dose of 1 ml.

Food toxicoinfection. These are diseases caused by pathogens belonging to Salmonella groups, staphylococci (streptococci) and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. Infection occurs as a result of receiving infected food.

Salmonellosis Salmonella is caused by hovern - very stable microorganisms that remain in food for a long time. The main source of infection - animals (cattle, dogs, pigs) and poultry (especially waterfowl). The man is ill with salmonellosis when eating meat, milk or eggs of sick animals and birds.

The first signs of salmonella disease appear after 12-24 hours. His symptoms are nausea, vomiting, headache, pain in the abdomen, diarrhea, convulsions, a drop in cardiac activity. In this case, the body temperature is normal or slightly increased, in severe cases high. The severity of the disease depends on the type of pathogen and the number of microbes falling from food. Duration of the disease - 3-5 days. Heavy forms of this disease can lead to a fatal outcome.

The diagnosis is established on the basis of these epidemiological analysis and surveys, acute principles and rapid development of symptoms of the disease, as well as laboratory studies.

Treatment.Light forms of salmonellosis treatment do not require. With severe forms, medical assistance is needed in the washing of the stomach and the subsequent restoration of the activities affected by the disease. Heat, roofing to feet or warm bath are recommended as auxiliary means to raise cardiac activity.

For staphylococcal food toxicoinfection Poison substances are formed in food - enterotoxins, characterized by thermal stability and antigenic properties.

Food toxicoinfections caused by conditionally pathogenic pathogens (intestinal sticks, protea, Morgan sticks, etc.), flow easier and occur after the use of finished dishes infected after culinary processing.

Symptoms of the disease arise suddenly, their character and treatment do not differ from Salmonellaz symptoms.

Botulism- Food poisoning caused by toxin botulinum sticks. The pathogen of botulism is a movable sporing stick (bacilloma), living in anaerobic conditions. Its disputes are widespread in the external environment and are distinguished by high resistance. Botulism wand produces poison - exotoxin, which is in the first place for toxicity.

The source of infection is warm-blooded animals, in the intestines of which the stick of botulism dwells. A person's infection occurs through various products in which the causative agent is multiplied and toxin is accumulated. Especially dangerous in this regard are canned products from fish and vegetables.

There are also often diseases of botulism as a result of the use of mushrooms, incorrectly canned at home.

The first symptoms of the disease occur around a day after the use of the products infected with the botulinical wand. At the same time, there are signs of lesion of the central nervous system, manifested by nausea, total weakness, dizziness, headache, and bias in the eyes, the expansion of pupils, difficulty and swallowing.

Treatment: Immediate washing of the stomach and the introduction of special serum. Serum therapy is recommended to be combined with biomycin.

Cholera- acute intestinal infection, characterized by weight clinical flow, high mortality and ability to bring a large number of victims in a short time. The causative agent cholera is a cholera vibrion that has a curved shape in the form of a comma and possessing great mobility.

The most dangerous way of distribution cholera is a waterway. This is due to the fact that the cholera vibrion can be maintained in water for several months. Hole also is also characterized by the fecal-oral transmission mechanism.

Recent cases of outbreaks cholera are associated with a new type of pathogen - Vibrion El Tor, who has a number of features, such as:

- the existence of long-term vibrine after the suffering disease;

- the presence of a significant amount of broken atypical forms and healthy vibrine;

- more pronounced stability (resistance) to the effects of adverse environmental factors.

The incubation period cholera ranges from several hours to five days. She can leak asymptomatic. There may be cases when, as a result of the hardest forms of the disease, the cholera are dying in the first days and even the clock of the disease. The diagnosis is made using laboratory methods.

The main symptoms of cholera: a sudden watery profuse diarrhea with floating flakes, resembling a rice decoction, passing over time in casket-shaped, and then into a liquid chair, abundant vomiting, reduce the urination due to fluid loss, leading to a state at which blood pressure drops, the pulse becomes Weak, the strongest shortness of breath, skin sinusiness, the tonic convulsions of the muscles of the limbs appear. The features of the patient are sharpened, the eyes and cheeks spawned, the tongue and mucous membrane of the mouth dry, the voice is sapper, the body temperature is reduced, the skin is cold to the touch.

Treatment: Depends on the shape and severity of the disease. In severe form, the massive intravenous administration of special saline solutions is crucial to replenish the loss of salts and fluid in patients. Antibiotics (tetracycline) are prescribed as additional measures.

Of great importance in the treatment of cholera have current disinfection and personal hygiene.

Combating measures and prevention measures. To eliminate foci of the disease, a complex of anti-epidemic measures is carried out: patients are detected by the so-called "residents", insulation of persons who were in contact with them; There is a provisional hospitalization of all patients with intestinal infections, disinfection of foci, control over the benignness of water, food products and their neutralization, etc. If the real danger of the distribution of cholera is arranged as an extreme measure, quarantine is used.

In the threat of disease, as well as in the territories where cholera cases are noted, the immunization of the population was immunized to the murdered cholera vaccine subcutaneously. Immunity to cholera is short and not enough high tensions, in connection with this, after six months, revaccination is carried out by one-time introduction of a vaccine at a dose of 1 ml.

Zoonomy. Zoonoses are infectious animal diseases, which are susceptible to both people. Zoosos includes a large number of infectious and invasive diseases, such as plague, tularemia, Siberian ulcers, rabies, brucellosis, etc.

The group of zoonoses includes diseases such as SAP and Meloidosis. Their causative agents are thin, curved sticks - according to properties are very close to each other.

Glanders- This is a disease, the source of which are single-free animals, most often horses. Infection occurs when caring for horses through hands and various items. Human disease Sap is rare.

For the spa, a sharp start of the course of the disease with severe chills, head and muscle pain is characterized. Later, pain in the joints and their swelling appear. At the site of the deployment of the pathogen, the primary nodule develops, then a red-bug papule appears, which goes into an ulcer. Sapny ulcers are distinguished by a sown bottom and imposed edges. The ulcers are formed on the mucous membrane of the nose, which is accompanied by greenish-purulent or (sometimes) bloody discharges. The patient's condition gradually worsens and becomes very difficult.

With an acute salt, recovery cases are not observed. In the chronic flow of the SAP, three forms are distinguished: skin, pulmonary and nasal. All phenomena in chronic suspension develop slowly and are characterized by changing the deterioration and improvement of the state.

Treatment: Strictly in hospital conditions. The patient is prescribed bedding. Carefully conduct the current disinfection. When careing for patients, it is necessary to strictly observe precautions.

Meloidosis - The disease, the causative agent of which is a delicate wand with high mobility and characterized by high resistance in the external environment. The source of infection is rodents (wild rats and mice), which have a chronic course of the disease with the allocation of contagious beginnings from the affected organs. People are infected with meloidosis when entering the causative agents of the disease or in the bite of insects.

Symptoms of the disease are diverse. The most severe form is sharp sepsis. The disease is characterized by rapid and rapid flow: chills, vomiting, diarrhea and sharp dehydration of the body. The temperature quickly rises and keeps about 40-41 ° C. Strong headache, nonsense and loss of consciousness are noted. The pulse is sharply readier and comes to 130-150 beats per minute. Death comes on the 8-15th day from the beginning of the disease.

To confirm the diagnosis, along with symptoms, epidemiological data and blood test are important.

Treatment: The use of antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs. Good results give sulfodiazin. Chloromacetin is most effective from antibiotics, both individually and in combination with other antibiotics - aureomycin or terramicin.

Brucellosis- zonosal disease, whose pathogens are brubells - small fixed kokkid bacteria. Brucellians are divided into three types: the causative agent of brucellosis of small cattle, causative agent of brucellosis of cattle and causative agent of brucellosis of pigs. It is characterized by long-term stability in the external environment (soil, water) and in food products, especially dairy and meat.

A person's infection occurs most often from small cattle in contact with the discharge of patients with animals, as well as through food and water. The disease is professional in nature: more often is observed among shepherds (shepherds), milkers, veterinary workers. For other population groups, infected products are of great importance in the transmission of infection: milk, cheese, cheese of sheep milk, meat.

Clinical course and diagnosis. The incubation period of Brucellize lasts from 7 to 21 days, while the disease is characterized by a variety of symptoms. The temperature increases gradually, reaches 39-40 ° C, and then for 2-3 months and is more coated with a wave-like fever with periods of reduction to normal values. Chills, abundant sweat, headaches, pain in muscles and joints, lymphadenitis, increase in liver and spleen, lesions of the joints are also possible.

The diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical symptoms, epidemiological data and laboratory studies.

When brucellosis, a chronic course of the disease is often observed with frequent exacerbations.

Treatment: Vaccine therapy, radiotherapy, mud. Also apply antibiotics and hormones.

Prevention of brucellosis and struggle against it are associated with a set of veterinary and health events, such as compliance with the rules and norms of labor in farms, immunization on epidemic testimony of a living vaccine.

Plague - acute infectious disease belonging to the group of zoonoses. The source of infection is rodents (rats, gopters, gerbils, etc.). The disease occurs in bubonna, septic (rarely) and light Forms. The lung form of plague is most dangerous. The causative agent of infection is a plague stick, stable in an external environment, well carrying low temperatures.

There are two types of natural foci of the plague: the foci "wild", or steppe, plague and foci of rat, urban or port, plague. With the pulmonary form of the plague, the source of infection is a sick person.

The pathways of the plague are associated with the presence of insects (fleas, etc.). With the pulmonary form of the plague, the infection is transmitted by air-droplet (when inhaling droplets of the sputum of a patient, containing the pathogen of the plague).

Symptoms of the disease appear suddenly three days after infection, while there is a strong intoxication of the whole organism. Against the background of strong chills, the temperature of up to 38-39 ° C is rapidly rising, a strong headache appears, the face hyperemia appears, the tongue is covered with a white chain. In more severe cases, nonsense of hallucinatory order, the sinusiness and pointedness of the features of the person with the appearance of suffering expressions on it, sometimes horror. Quite often, with any form of the plague, multiple skin phenomena are observed: hemorrhagic rash, pustling rash, etc.

For bubonna The form of plague arising, as a rule, in the bite of infected fleas, a cardinal symptom is a bubon, which is inflammation of lymph nodes. The most frequent lower limb bubers. In the acute period, the characteristic indicator of the severity of the developing disease is the height of the lift and the movement of the temperature curve.

A week later, the manifestation of symptoms is declining and the person recovers, but complications are possible, among which the most dangerous - secondary pulmonary plague. At the same time, there is an increase in temperature, sharp stitching pains in the chest, cough with the selection of bloody sputum containing a huge amount of plagis chopsticks. Development of secondary septic The form of plague in a patient with a bubonic form may also be accompanied by numerous complications of a non-specific nature and increases its epidemic hazard.

Primary lungy The form represents the most dangerous epidemic and very heavy clinical form of the disease. Its beginning. Its sudden: the body temperature is rapidly rising, cough appears and profuse sputum, which then becomes a bloody. In the midst of the disease, characteristic symptoms are general oppression, and then an excited-delusional state, high temperature, the presence of signs of pneumonia, vomiting with blood admixture, sonyusiness, shortness of breath. The pulse is readier and becomes filamentous. The general condition deteriorates sharply, the forces of the patient will fuss. The disease lasts 3-5 days and without treatment ends with death.

The diagnosis of plague is placed on the basis of a clinical picture of the disease.

Treatment. Treating all forms of plague is made using antibiotics. Streptomycin, terrarsicin and other antibiotics are prescribed separately or in combination with sulfanimamides.

Treatment is starting with the appointment of a shock (elevated) dose: in the first two days, streptomycin is administered intramuscularly, in the following days - after 6 hours. Together with antibiotics, other medical agents are used, especially cardiovascular, and with tambon form - oil compresses, etc.

It is very important when leaving for sick plague observe precautions. Patient is assigned strict mode. In addition to the shift duty, no one (even medical workers) should not be in the department. A quarantine is assigned, which ends six days after the recovery of the last patient.

Prevention.Very important in the fight against plague preventive measures. In natural foci, observations of rodents and carriers, examination of them, deratization in the most threatened areas, examination and vaccination of a healthy population are conducted.

A special role in the fight against Chuma is given to the timely identification of the first cases of the disease, immediate isolation and hospitalization of patients. All persons in contact with patients infected with things and a man's corpse who deceased from the plague are also isolated for six days. Emergency prevention is carried out with antibiotics of all contacting patients. On the settlement in which the patient is detected, quarantine is superimposed. It is prohibited from the departure of the population.

Vaccination It is carried out by a dry live vaccine subcutaneously or kajked. The development of immunity begins from the 5-7th day after one-time introduction of the vaccine.

Tularemia- infection from the group of zoonoses. The source of infection is rodents. Tularemia causative agent is a fixed short chopstick, characterized by great resistance in the external environment. Disease distribution pathways: aquatic, food, air-dust, contact and transmissive.

The clinical course of Tularemia depends on the transmission mechanism and the path of infection. It is customary to distinguish (RUDnev) several forms of Tularemia: bubonic, ulcerative-bubonic, eye-beam, anginal-bubonic, abdominal, or intestinal, pulmonary, generalized. There are lungs, moderate severity and severe cases of the disease. Laboratory studies are conducted to confirm the diagnosis.

The beginning of the disease is sharp. Patients feel chills, headache, general branches, muscle pain in the area of \u200b\u200bICR and the lower back, dizziness, no appetite. The body temperature rises to 38-39 ° C and higher. In more severe cases, vomiting and bleeding from the nose, the perisage of consciousness and nonsense is observed.

For bubonna Forms are characteristic of inflammation of lymphatic nodes (lymphadenitis). Mortulate, cervical and submandibular bubos prevail.

It fell more hard generalized The form of the disease in which the phenomena of intoxication may be sharply expressed: nonsense, loss of consciousness. Fever keeps about three weeks.

Treatment It is carried out taking into account certain manifestations of symptoms of the disease. With all clinical forms of the disease, cardiac agents and antibiotics are used.

Prevention Tularevia is divided into general procedures and specific measures. Anti-epidemic general measures are aimed at neutralizing the mechanisms of transmission of infection by exterminating rodents, protection of food products, disinfection of water. For specific prophylaxis for epidemiological indications, a lively weakened tularemia vaccine is used. Vaccinations are carried out by civic method. Immunity is preserved 5-7 years. Grafs are rarely sick.

anthrax - Typical zoonotic infection. The causative agent of the disease is a thick fixed wand (bacilloma) - has a capsule and dispute. Disputes of the Siberian ulcers are saved in the soil of up to 50 years. Source of infection - pets, cattle, sheep, horses. Patients animals highlight the pathogen with urine and feces.

The spreadsion paths of the Siberian ulcers are diverse: contact, food, transmissible (through bloodsowing bite insects - blind and flies). Incubation period of the disease is short (2-3 days). In clinical forms, skin, gastrointestinal and pulmonary Siberian ulcers are distinguished.

For skin The form of Siberian ulcers is first formed by a stain, then papula, vesicle, pustlane and ulcer. The disease occurs hard and in some cases ends with a fatal outcome.

For gastrointestinal The form predominant symptoms are a sudden beginning, a quick body temperature rise to 39-40 ° C, sharp, stomach cutting pain, bloody vomiting with bile, bloody diarrhea. Usually the disease lasts 3-4 days and most often ends with death.

Lungy The form has an even more difficult course. It is characterized by a high body temperature, violation of the activity of the cardiovascular system, a strong cough with the selection of bloody sputum. After 2-3 days, patients dying.

Treatment.The most successful is the early use of specific anti-proteinous serum in combination with antibiotics. When careing for patients, it is necessary to follow personal precautions - work in rubber gloves.

Prevention The disease includes identification of patients with animals with a quarantine appointment, disinfection of fur clothing in suspected infection, immunization on epidemic indicators.

Smallpox. This is an infectious disease with an air-drip transmission mechanism of a contagious start. The causative agent of smallpox - the Virus "Taurus Pashen - Morozova", which has a relatively large resistance in the external environment. The source of infection is a sick person during the entire period of the disease. The patient is infectious for 30-40 days, until the absorbed crusts are completely discharged. Infection is possible through the clothes and item items, with which the patient comes into contact.

The clinical course of smallpox begins with an incubation period, which is defined 12-15 days.

Three forms of natural smallpox are possible: a light shape - variolloid and suite without rash; Natural base of ordinary type and drain case; A severe hemorrhagic form flowing with hemorrhage phenomena to the elements of the rash, as a result of which the latter become a crimson-blue ("black smallpox").

Easy The shape of the osse is characterized by the absence of rash. Common lesions are weakly expressed.

Smallpox conventional type It starts suddenly with a sharp chill, lifting body temperature up to 39-40 ° C, headache and sharp pain in the sacrum and lower back. Sometimes it is accompanied by the appearance on the skin of a rash in the form of red or red-bug spots, nodules. The rash is localized in the field of the inner surface of the hips and the lower abdomen, as well as in the field of the chest muscles and the upper inner part of the shoulder. Rash disappears in 2-3 days. In the same period, the temperature is reduced, the patient's well-being is improved. After that, a sprayed rash appears, which covers the entire body and the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx. At first, rash has the character of pale-pink dense spots, on the top of which the bubble is formed. The contents of the bubble gradually flies and caught up. In the period of suppuration, the patient feels the rise of temperature and acute pain.

Hemorrhagic The shape of the sieves (purple) flows hard and often ends with death. In this form, as a result of hemorrhage, the skin quickly acquires a purple shade, mucous membranes bleeding. There are bleeding from the intestines and urinary tract. Common toxicosis increases sharply, cardiac activity falls. Death comes 3-4 days after the start of the disease.

Treatment Based on the use of specific gamma globulin. Treating all forms of smallpox begins with immediate insulation of the patient in a boxing or a separate ward.

In patients with typical smallpasses with skin lesions, it is necessary to monitor the condition of the skin and mucous membrane of the mouth. During the formation of bubbles, a strong itch appears, so it is necessary to wipe the skin with a tampon, moistened with potassium permanganate solution. To reduce itching, during the drying period, the crust must be lubricated by 1% mentholic ointment.

Prevention Oseps consists in the livestock vaccination of children starting from the second year of life and subsequent revaccinations. As a result of this case, there is practically no smallpox disease.

In the occurrence of diseases, natural inspiration is carried out revaccination of the population. Persons who were in contact with the patients are isolated by 14 days per hospital or in the temporary hospital deployable.

Flu. This is an air-drip infection, the most intense infectious disease. Periodically, the flu proceeds in the form of large epidemics, during which in large cities it moves from 30 to 70% of the population.

Influenza causative agent is a virus that is characterized by variability. There are four types of influenza virus: A, B, C and O. In recent years, variations of the virus A have been identified, which were called A1 and A2. In the harsh flu, immunity is produced only to the virus that caused this disease. Immunity formed by the disease is short-term. The flu virus perishes at room temperature.

The source of infection is a sick person. The incubation period for influenza is from several hours to 2-3 days. Infection occurs with the close contact of the patients.

Symptoms of the disease: chills, elevated body temperature, loss of appetite, headache, malaise, pain in the muscles. The disease lasts for 2-3 days, with the exception of severe toxic fluctuations.

Influenza recognition is difficult due to the fact that many infectious diseases have similar signs. For diagnosis, flu is resorted to laboratory research.

Treatment.In the treatment of influenza, a number of funds are used to prevent complications, including antibiotics - penicillin, leftomycetin, from sulfanilamine drugs - Nisulfazole. A good therapeutic effect in recent years is obtained with the introduction of a specific Gamma Globulin.

Prevention The flu is in immunization of a lively anti-influenza vaccine, as well as serum. In children's institutions with a preventive purpose, a specially manufactured gamma globulin is used.

In conclusion, we note that many of the above diseases are found in medical practice very rarely. This happened due to the development of modern medicine, the invention of new drugs, as well as the use of the livestock vaccination of children and adults.

Infectious diseases are caused by certain microorganisms - causative agents, are transmitted from an infected organism healthy and can cause an epidemic or a pandemic. Among the causative agents of infectious diseases can be allocated:

Microbes (bacteria);

Rickettsia;

Spirochetes;

Simplest.

Bacteria - These are unicellular microorganisms having the shape of sticks (causative agents of abdominal typhoids, paratifies A and B), a ball (staphylococci, streptococci), winding threads (spirillas) or curved sticks (cholera vibrion). The rod shape is represented by the most numerous and most diverse group of bacteria.

Viruses - These are the smallest microorganisms, the dimensions of which are measured in millimecrons. These include influenza pathogens, pockets, polio, natural smallpox, encephalitis, measles and other diseases.

Rickettsia - The causative agents of the rapid typhoid, ku-fever, etc. - occupy an intermediate position between bacteria and viruses. Ricketcies have the shape of chopsticks, or coccobs. They are significantly less than many bacteria. Unlike bacteria, they do not grow on artificial nutritional media. Diseases caused by various types of pathogens of this group were called ricketersiosis.

Spirochetes (Returnal typhoid pathogens, syphilisa) have the shape of thin, corkscrew, actively bending bacteria.

Fungi, or microscopic mushrooms, in contrast to bacteria have a more complex structure. Most of them are multicellular organisms. Cells of microscopic fungi elongated form, similar to the thread. Dimensions range from 0.5 to 10-50 microns or more.

Most fungi - saprophytes, only a few of them cause human and animal diseases. Most often, they determine various skin lesions, hair, nails, but there are views that affect the internal organs. Diseases caused by microscopic mushrooms are the name of mycoses.

Depending on the structure and features of the mushrooms are separated into several groups.

1. Pathogenic fungi includes:

Yeast-like mushroom, causing severe disease - blastomycosis;

Radiant mushroom causing an actinomycosis;

The pathogens of deep mycoses (histoplasmosis, coccidoid).

2. From the group of so-called "imperfect fungi", the pathogens of numerous dermatomycosis have widespread.

3. From non-propogenic mushrooms most common mold and yeast.

Thus, the cause of the infectious disease is the penetration of the pathogenic microorganism into a susceptible organism in sufficient quantities and specific to the pathogen. Most infectious diseases have an incubation period - a period of time between infection and the manifestation of the first symptoms.

What diseases are infectious? Infectious diseases (latelage. Infectio infection) is a whole section of diseases that develop in the human body in the penetration of specific pathogens. These include microbial pathogens, prions and viruses.

To cause an infection, any of them should overcome the power of the body's immunity and show their toxic effects. This property is called virulence.

Therefore, the features of infectious diseases in their mandatory contagious, the presence of the incubation period, cyclic flow and leaving after the post-infectious immunity.

The term "infectious diseases" used in the world was introduced by Gufelland (CH. W. HUFELAND).

Some infectious pathogens are produced by exotoxin (tetanus, diphtheria), the other endotoxins (cholera, typhoid), which are formed only with their destruction.

Any infection always has a hidden period or incubation - from the moment of infection to the manifestations of the disease. In different infections, it is very different: can be calculated by the clock or years.

The place of penetration of the pathogen into the body is the entrance gate of infection; Each pathogen has their own. By mortality, despite the general favorable forecast I.B., leading AIDS, TB and Malaria. And, the AIDS, this indicator is constantly growing.

Classification of infectious diseases

Classifications of infectious diseases proposed a lot and not all of them are successful. They are based on different principles: on etiology, the degree of contagiousness, the localization of pathologies causing pathology, in terms of infection, the habitat, the sharpness of the forms, etc.

The infectious diseases are classified in Russia on the Acad Table. Gromoyshevsky L.V. From 1947, where the main criteria are the mechanism for the development of infection and the localization of it in the body.

There are 4 groups of infections:

• Intestinal infections are transmitted by fecal-oral way; It is cholera, parathy, dysentery, yersiniosis, pseudotuberculosis, amebiaz, abdominal typhoid, leptospirosis, toxicoinfection, brucellosis, rotavirus, poliomyelitis, botulism, hepatitis A, salmonellosis, eschechiosis, etc. With these infections, the source of infection becomes the patient and bacteria carrier. The inttion is contained in the allocated vomit masses, urine, feces, saliva.
• Respiratory tract infections - aerogenic transmission path - mycoplasmosis, flu, adenoviruses, paragripp, rhinoviruses, herpes, natural and monkeys; Children's infections (pig, pertussus, cortex, rubella, scarletten, windmill, diphteria); Hemorrhagic fevers, ornithosis, cytomegalovirus, legionnaire disease, infectious mononucleosis, meningococci. The source of infection is the same; Infection Aerogenic, through inhalation of air virus infected with droplets.
• Blood infections (a man is infected through the bite of insects): plague, raw, flea and returning typhracy, tick ricketersiosis, fever: trench, yellow, Marseille, Omsk, Crimean, ku; Tulara'yia, Leishemaniosis, Lyme, Malaria, Magnifier and North Asian, mosquito encephalitis. In the absence of insect patients are not dangerous; This does not apply only to the plauma. With these infection, the causative agent circulates in the crime and lymph.
• Infections of external coverings - conception, all STIs, leprosy, face, lemgery, rabies; vaccine, paravaccine, soda, meloidosis, tetanus is transmitted through a wound surface; trachoma, rabies, viral hepatitis B, Siberian ulcer; HIV, sap and lush; Fever Ebola and Marburg. Entrance gate - micro leather damage and mucous membranes.

There are also microbes with multiple transfer paths: plague, leishmaniasis, Siberian ulcers, etc. Therefore, there is no clear distinction for 4 groups. Systematization is convenient and applied so far.

Foreign classifications adhere to the species specificity of the pathogen.

Classification of infectious diseases by source of infection, i.e. the habitat of pathogens in the natural environment; From it they infect a man. There are anthroponous, zoonotic and protozoonomes on this basis of infection:

1. Anthroponous - only in humans arise, the source is a bacteria carrier and a patient. In the midst of disease, infectiousness is the greatest, as it is recovered, it decreases. The worst forms are most dangerous, since they are difficult to diagnose. Bacteridation is acute and chronic. Up to 3 months - it is sharp, more than 3 months - chronic.
2. Zoonoses are transmitted from sick animals.
3. Protozoonoza - infection comes from the simplest.

Frequent terms

Atypical forms - the clinic does not have leading classic symptoms. These include subclinical and erased forms.

With erased - the symptoms are weak and quickly pass. Subclinical - do not have symptoms at all; Only laboratory is diagnosed.

Uncomplicable manifestations are common for most infections: fever, Malgia, headaches and dizziness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, SSN, etc. With lightly forms, all this is weakly expressed.

With an average of a heavy version - all manifestations are already expressed already moderately: the temperature is 38-39 degrees, a headache, there is no appetite; There is weakness and rare vomiting.

Heavy forms - all the symptoms are sharply expressed and persistent: becomes multiple vomiting, diarrhea; The patient is fevering, the work of the SCS is disturbed. With this degree, there are particularly heavy syndromes: menigial, convulsive, encephalitic, etc.

Local symptoms are specific and determined by the localization of the pathogen in the body. For example, influenza gives catarrhal syndrome; dysentery - intestinal spasms; Scabies - itching and skin manifestations, etc.

Classification of infectious diseases in character: distinguish the smooth and non-smooth flow:

1. Smooth - does not give the wave-like flow, complications and refunds.
2. Unmoved - the opposite option.

By duration I.B.:

• 1-3 months - acute infection;
• 4-6 months - protracted;
• more than half a year - chronic infections.

The aggravation is so called the appearance of the symptoms at the stage of the element of the clinic. Recurrement - Return of recovery disease. Recurrements always leak easier.

Infection transmission factors are elements of the external environment, thanks to which the pathogen is transmitted from the source of infection to a healthy person.

Most frequent common symptoms

Fever - an optional symptom of infections, in some infections it does not happen at all. It occurs in non-infectious diseases.

Types of feveries are distinguished by temperature height:

• subfebrile (up to 38 ºС);
• moderate (from 38 to 39 ºС);
• high (39-41ºС);
• hypertichetic (above 41 ºС).

By the nature of the course, the fever is divided into:

• perverted or inversion fever - in the morning the temperature is above the evening;
• irregular fever - irregular - there is no regularity;
• intermittent or intermittent fever - increase temperatures alternate with normal periods of indicators;
• lucky or remitting fever - daily fluctuations are 1-1.5 degrees, but not reach the norm;
• continuity fever or constant - fluctuations per day no more than half generators;
• exhausting or hectic fever - temperature per day fluctuates 2-3 degrees and more;
• a wave-like or adultery - the temperature is growing gradually, then it keeps several days and is also gradually decreasing, but before subfebrile numbers; Then there is the next wave of lifting. This happens with typhoid typhoid;
• the recurrent - the temperature is reduced to the norm for several days, then again goes up to a different period and falls again - in malaria, returning the title.

Migraines are characteristic of general intoxication (abdominal typhus, flu), brain vessel lesions (malaria), increasing the GFD.

On prof. Schok V.N., Headache can be the leading or only symptom of pathology with 45 diseases, most often noncommunicable.

Clinically estimated in combination with other manifestations. It is a specific symptom when meningitis and encephalitis, when there is an organic brain lesion.

Malgia can be localized and spilled. Moderate spilled muscle pain is often present constantly with many infections, determined by the degree of intoxication. More often is the result of hypoxemia, toxemia.

It can be a pathognomonic symptom, for example, with trichinosis, influenza, enterovirus, tetanus, hemorrhagic fever.

Possible complications

They can be at any stage of the disease. There are specific and nonspecific. Specific appear under the influence of the pathogen itself; Non-specific - appear under the action of other pathogens, for example, conditionally pathogenic. Especially formidable are complications that require emergency care and intensive therapy.

These include different types of shock, diphtheria croup; Influented pulmonary swelling; Malari and leptospyrosna OPN, meningeal cerebral swelling.

Viral infections

Can be transmitted from the mother to the fetus through the placenta, the CNS is striking by slow infections. Often turn the normal gene in oncogen, which increases the risk of cancer. By classification, they are all divided into 2 large groups: DNA and RNA-containing.

DNA-containing virus infections:

• adenoviruses;
• herpes Viruses: Simple Herpes Virus
• (HSV) and VARICELLA / ZOSterVirus (VZV). VARICELLA / ZOSTER virus causes two different infections: chickenpox and listened;
• cytomegalovirus;
• epstein-Barra virus;
• panvirus;
• hepadnaviruses.

RNA-containing virus infections:

• rovirovi (here includes rotavirus infection and hepatitis C virus);
• flavovirus (cause fever, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, etc.);
• paramixes (paragripp, cortex, pig, PC);
• rabdarus (rabies);
• fingerlips (Virus of the Marburg and Ebola);
• retroviruses (HIV);
• ortortiksovirus (flu);
• picornavirus; They are divided by another 4 subgroups and cause poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, rhinovirus infection, etc.

Rinovirus infection - occurs everywhere, causes a sharp seasonal runny nose. In general, 60% of respiratory infections are caused by viruses, the cockes are in second place. And the respiratory pathologies themselves are 70% among all infections.

These infections are highly contagious and lead to the massability of the disease, in economically plan - disrupting performance, lead to large economic losses.

The diagnosis of ORVI is raised only when the accurate pathogen is not defined. But to put an ARVI with any respiratory syndrome it is also impossible, since in etiology, chlamydia, mycoplasma, rickettsia, etc., etc. If the syndrome is not associated with viruses, it is more correct to talk about ORZ.

But there is most often another infection, with an unpredictable result (meningitis, for example). Therefore, the final diagnosis is often different.

Respiratory infections facilitate the penetration into the body of bacteria, which often gives complications.

Viral infection - features and symptoms:

• leading are the catarrhal manifestations in the form of hyperemia of the mucosa of the pharynx, the injection of vessels of the rear wall of the rotogling;
• ressation of different intensity, fever, muscle and articular pain;
• ozbin;
• tearing, conjunctivitis, symptoms of intoxication, headache.

Rinoviral infection is characterized by minor intoxication, abundant runny nose, frequent sneezing, tear, mucous pharynx slightly hyperemic.

Symptoms of tracheobronchitis rinoviral infection does not give; But there are pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, tonsillitis. The temperature is more likely subfebrile or normal.

In the people, rinoviral infection is often called a contagious runny nose, more elderly and children, all ages, are subject to him.

The incubation period is no more than 3 days. Then the catarrhal symptoms appear: the above signs, lubrication in the muscles, bones, the swelling of the nasal mucosa and the wall of the oralogotage, nasal congestion and the difficulty of nasal respiration.

After some time, 4-5 days, nozzles are thick, intoxication begins to fade. There is no specific prophylaxis against it.

Treatment symptomatic and reception of antiviral drugs. A serious threat rinovius infection does not represent.

Treatment of infections

It should always be comprehensive. The basis of it is etiotropic therapy aimed at the destruction of the causative agent. This includes the appointment of antibacterial agents to which the identified pathogens of IB are sensitive.

With different infections, they are different, there is no treatment template. It is very valuable to carry out the culture method in diagnosis.

Therapeutic measures should not strive for quantity, they must be minimally specific, to eliminate the unpredictability of side effects. Symptoms and treatment are closely related in terms of the appointment of symptomatic therapy.

The second main direction in the treatment of infections occupies specific and non-specific immunotherapy. Specific is the use of antitoxic sera: against botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, globulins. Antimicrobial serums and globulins - from influenza, measles, staphylococcus, etc.

In the middle of the last century, humanity has achieved certain success in combating some infections. But, as it turned out, it is too early to celebrate the final victory over such a victim as infectious diseases. Their list has more than 1,200 items, and is constantly updated with newly open diseases.

How infectious diseases were studied

Mass illnesses are known to a person since ancient times. There is information that back in the 5th century BC. Philosophers and doctors guess the existence of some tiny, invisible to the eye of living organisms that can cause diseases that are distinguished by rapid propagation and high mortality. In the period of the Middle Ages, however, these materialistic views were forgotten, and outbreaks of mass diseases were explained exclusively by Kari God. But that patients need to be isolated, as well as destroy infected things, buildings and corpses, knew already then.

Knowledge accumulated gradually, and the middle of the 19th century was marked by the emergence of such science as microbiology. Then the pathogens of many diseases were discredited: cholera, plague, tuberculosis and others. Since then, allocated in a separate group.

Terminology

The word "infection" translated from Latin means "pollution", "infection". As a biological concept, this term denotes the penetration of the microscopic causative agent of the disease into a higher-organism. It can be both a person or an animal and a plant. Next, the interaction between the micro and macro-organism systems, which proceeds, of course, is not isolated, and under the specific conditions of the external environment. It is a very complex biological process, and it is referred to as infectious. As a result of this interaction, macroorganism is either completely exempt from the causative agent of the disease, or dies. This form in which the infectious process is manifested is a specific infectious disease.

Common characteristics for infectious diseases

The beginning of infectious disease can be said if, after meeting the pathogen and macroorganism, in particular a person, there is a violation of the functioning of the latter's life, symptoms of the disease appear, and the titer of antibodies occurs in the blood. There are other forms of infectious processes: healthy virus carrier in the presence of immunity or natural immunity to this disease, chronic infections, slow infections.

In addition to the fact that all infectious diseases begins with pathogenic microorganisms - causative agents, there are other common characteristics for them. Such diseases are infectious, that is, capable of transmitted from a diseased person or an animal to healthy. Under certain conditions, epidemics and pandemics may occur, that is, the mass spread of the disease, and this is a very serious threat to society.

In addition, infectious diseases, a list of which can be viewed in any medical handbook, always flow cyclically. This means that in the process of the disease, in turn, some other periods are replaced by some time intervals: the incubation period, the stage of precursors of the disease, the period of the sickness of the disease, the period of recession and, finally, the recovery period.

The incubation period has no clinical manifestations yet. It is in short, the higher the pathogenicity of the pathogen and the more of its dose, and it can be both a few hours and a few months and even years. The harbingers of the disease are the most common and sufficiently uncertain symptoms, on the basis of which to suspect a specific infectious disease is difficult. Typical clinical manifestations for it are maximal at the stage of misdirement of the disease. Next, the disease begins to fade, but for some infectious diseases is characterized by recurrence.

Another specific characteristic of infectious diseases is the formation of immunity in the process.

Causative agents of infectious diseases

The causative agents of infectious diseases are mushrooms. So that the introduction has passed for pathogenic microorganism successfully, one meeting of the macro and microorganism is not enough. Requires certain conditions. The actual state of macroorganism and its protective systems is of great importance.

Much depends on the pathogenicity of the pathogen itself. It is determined by the degree of virulence (poisonousness) of the microorganism, its toxicity (otherwise, the ability to produce toxins) and aggressiveness. The conditions of the external environment also play a big role.

Classification of infectious diseases

First of all, infectious diseases can be systematized depending on the causative agent. In the general case, viral, bacterial and fungal infections are distinguished. Separately, chlamydial, mycoplasma, ricketersy, spirochetous infections, albeit chlamydia, and mycoplasma, and rickettsia, and spirochetes relate to the kingdom of bacteria. Viruses are perhaps the most common pathogens of diseases. However, bacteria are able to cause many ailments. Among the most famous - such as angina, meningitis, cholera, plague, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, tetanus. The fungal infectious diseases, or methods include candidiasis, dermatophytium, onichomicosis, deprive.

The most often infectious diseases are classified according to the location of the localization of pathogens, taking into account the mechanism of their transfer, but this concerns those diseases that apply to person to a person. Accordingly, there is intestinal infectious diseases transmitted by the fecaral-oral route (asteroviral infection, poliomyelitis, cholera, abdominal typhoid). There are infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract. The method of infection with them is referred to as air-drip (ARVI, Diphthery, Scarlatina, Influenza). Infectious diseases are still able to localize in the blood and transmitted through insect bites and medical manipulations. We are talking about injections and blood transfusions. These include hepatitis B, plague, there are still external infections affecting the skin and mucous membrane and transmitted by contact path.

In the process of evolution, their entrance gate of infection was entrenched for each species of the causative agent of the infectious disease. Thus, a number of microorganisms penetrate through the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, others - through the digestive tract, sex paths. It is, however, that the same pathogen is able to get into the human body at the same time different paths. For example, hepatitis B is transmitted through blood, from mother to child and contact path.

There are three basic habitats of causative agents of infectious diseases. This is the human body, animal organism and non-residential environment - soil and reservoirs.

Symptoms of infectious diseases

Common symptoms of infectious diseases include malaise, headache, pallor, chills, lubrication in muscles, temperature rise, sometimes - nausea and vomiting, diarrhea. In addition to general, there are such symptoms that are characteristic only for a single disease. For example, rash with meningococcal infection is very specific.

Diagnostics

As for the diagnosis, it should be based on a comprehensive and comprehensive study of the patient. The study includes a detailed and thorough survey, inspection of organs and systems, and necessarily analysis of the results of laboratory research. Early diagnosis of infectious diseases presents certain difficulties, but is of serious importance for both timely adequate treatment of the patient and to organize preventive measures.

Treatment

In the treatment of such ailments, as infectious diseases, the list of which is so frighteningly extensive, allocate several directions. First of all, these are measures aimed at reducing the activity of pathogenic microorganism and the neutralization of its toxins. For this purpose, antibacterial drugs, bacteriophages, interferons and other means are used.

Secondly, it is necessary to intensify the protective forces of the body, using immunomodulating drugs and vitamins. The treatment must be comprehensive. It is important to normalize the disturbed organs of organs and systems. In any case, the treatment approach should take into account all the individual characteristics of the patient and the flow of its disease.

Prevention

In order to maximize themselves and their loved ones from such a threat as infectious diseases, the list of which includes diseases of viral, bacterial and fungal nature, must be remembered for quarantine measures, vaccination, strengthening immunity. And sometimes to escape from infection, sufficiently comply with the elementary rules of personal hygiene.