Open switchgear (OSD) - distribution

a device whose equipment is located outdoors. All

outdoor switchgear elements are placed on concrete or metal bases.

The distances between elements are selected according to the PUE. At voltages of 110 kV and above under devices that use oil for operation

(oil transformers, switches, reactors) oil receivers are created - recesses filled with gravel. This measure is aimed at reducing the likelihood of a fire and reducing damage during

accidents on such devices. Outdoor switchgear busbars can be made both in the form of rigid pipes and in the form of flexible wires. Rigid pipes are mounted on racks using support insulators, and flexible pipes are suspended on portals using hanging insulators. The territory on which the outdoor switchgear is located must be fenced.

Advantages of outdoor switchgear:

Outdoor switchgear allows you to use arbitrarily large electric

devices, which, in fact, explains their use at high voltage classes.

When producing outdoor switchgear, no extra construction costs are required

premises.

Open switchgears are more practical than closed switchgear in terms of modernization and expansion

Visual inspection of all outdoor switchgear devices

Disadvantages of outdoor switchgear:

Difficulty working with outdoor switchgear under adverse weather conditions.

The outdoor switchgear is much larger than the indoor switchgear.

As conductors for outdoor switchgear busbars and branches from them

stranded wires of grades A and AC are used, as well as rigid

tubular tires. At voltages of 220 kV and above, splitting is required

wires to reduce corona losses.

The length and width of the outdoor switchgear depends on the selected station layout, location

switches (single-row, double-row, etc.) and power lines. In addition, access roads for automobile or

railway transport. The outdoor switchgear must have a fence with a height of at least 2.4 m. In the outdoor switchgear, live parts of devices, busbar conductors and

To avoid intersections, branches from busbars are placed on

different heights in two and three tiers. For flexible wires, busbars

placed in the second tier, and the branch wires in the third.

Minimum distance from the first tier conductors to the ground for 110 kV

3600 mm, 220 kV - 4500 mm. Minimum vertical distance between

wires of the first and second tiers, taking into account the sag of the wires for 110 kV - 1000 mm, for 220 kV - 2000 mm. The minimum distance between the wires of the second and third tiers for 110 kV is 1650 mm, for 220 kV - 3000 mm.

Minimum permissible insulating distances (in centimeters) in the clear

in the air of open installations between bare wires of different

phases, between live parts or insulation elements located

energized and grounded parts of structures:

Complete switchgear with gas insulation

(GIS)

Complete gas-insulated switchgear consists of cells whose space is filled with SF6 gas under pressure, connected into various switchgear circuits in accordance with technical design standards. GIS cells are made from standardized parts, which makes it possible to assemble cells for various purposes from the same elements. These include: poles of switches, disconnectors and grounding switches; measuring

current and voltage transformers; connecting and intermediate compartments; busbar sections; pole and distribution cabinets, pressure control system cabinets and voltage transformer cabinets. Each type of cell consists of three identical poles and control cabinets. Each pole of a linear, sectional or busbar connecting cell has a switch with a drive and its control elements, a disconnector with a remote electric drive, grounding switches with a manual drive,

current transformers and pole cabinets. Voltage transformer cells do not have switches or current transformers. Cells and their

The poles are connected by one or two single-pole or three-pole busbar systems.

Linear cells have terminals for connection to current conductors and

outgoing cables. The cells are connected to power cables using specially designed cable glands, and to overhead lines using gas-filled glands.

The safety and reliability of power supply depends on the switches,

protecting electrical networks from short circuits. Traditionally on

power plants and substations installed air circuit breakers

isolation. Depending on the rated voltage of the air

switch, the distance between live parts and ground may

be tens of meters, resulting in the installation of such a device

requires a lot of space. In contrast, the SF6 circuit breaker is very compact, and therefore the switchgear takes up a relatively small usable volume. The area of ​​a substation with switchgear is ten times smaller than the area of ​​a substation with air circuit breakers. The current conductor is an aluminum pipe in which the current-carrying busbar is installed, and is designed to connect individual cells and gas-insulated gas-insulated equipment of the substation. Also, current and voltage measuring transformers, voltage limiters (OSL), grounding switches and disconnectors are built into the switchgear cell.

Thus, the cell contains all the necessary equipment and

devices for transmission and distribution of electricity of various voltages. And all this is enclosed in a compact, reliable case. The cells are controlled in cabinets installed on the side walls.

The distribution cabinet contains all the equipment for remote electrical control, alarm and interlock circuits

elements of cells.

The use of switchgear can significantly reduce areas and volumes,

occupied by the switchgear and provide the possibility of easier expansion of switchgear compared to traditional switchgear. Other important advantages of GIS include:

Multifunctionality - busbars are combined in one housing,

switch, disconnectors with grounding disconnectors, current transformers, which significantly reduces the size and increases

reliability of outdoor switchgear;

Explosion and fire safety;

High reliability and resistance to environmental influences;

Possibility of installation in seismically active areas and areas with increased pollution;

Lack of electric and magnetic fields;

Safety and ease of use, ease of installation and dismantling.

Small dimensions

Resistance to pollution.

Cells, individual modules and elements allow switchgear switchgear to be configured according to various electrical circuits. The cells consist of three poles, cabinets and busbars. The cabinets contain equipment for alarm circuits, interlocks, remote electrical control, control of SF6 gas pressure and its supply to the cell, and power supply of drives with compressed air.

Cells for rated voltage 110-220 kV have a three-pole

or pole-pole control, and 500 kV cells - only pole-pole

control.

The cell pole includes:

Switching devices: switches, disconnectors, grounding switches;

Current and voltage measuring transformers;

Connecting elements: busbars, cable glands (“oil gas”), feedthroughs (“air-sulfur hexafluoride”), gas conductors and

The cost of switchgear is quite high compared to traditional types of switchgear, so it is used only in cases where its advantages are extremely necessary - this is during construction in cramped conditions, in urban environments to reduce noise levels and for architectural aesthetics, in places where it is technically impossible to place switchgear or closed switchgear, and in areas where the cost of land is very high, as well as in aggressive environments to protect live parts and increase the service life of equipment and in seismically active zones.

http://smartenergo.net/articles/199.html

“SVEL Group carries out the construction of block-packaged transformer substations (KTPB) for voltage classes 35, 110, 220 kV (TU 3412-001-63920658-2009), performing the functions of a general contractor (turnkey).

KTPB are designed for receiving, converting and distributing three-phase electrical energy alternating current industrial frequency 50 Hz, which can be used in the territory Russian Federation and abroad for power supply to industrial facilities in the oil and gas and mining industries, mechanical engineering enterprises, railway transport, urban and municipal consumers, agricultural areas and large construction projects.

Typical versions of KTPB were developed on the basis of the album “Typical schematic diagrams of electrical distribution devices with voltage 6-750 kV, substations and instructions for their use” No. 14198tm-t1, Institute “ENERGOSETPROEKT”, Moscow - 1993.

KTPB are designed for outdoor installation at an altitude of no more than 1000 m above sea level and operation in conditions corresponding to the UHL and KHL versions of placement category 1 according to GOST 15150.

Block complete transformer substations for voltage class 35; 110; 220 kV, developed by specialists of the SVEL Group (OKP code 34 1200), are modern layout solutions that meet the Rules for the Construction of Electrical Installations (PUE), as well as the requirements and recommendations of JSC FGC UES.

The main parameters and characteristics of the KTPB correspond to the values ​​indicated in the table “Technical parameters of the KTPB”.

This catalog contains a description, main characteristics, diagrams and other technical information on the KTPB as a whole and the components included in the substation.

Product designation:

Example of substation designation:

KTPB - 110 - 4N - 16 - UHL1

KTPB - Complete transformer substation block;
110 - Rated voltage = 110 kV;
4H - diagram of electrical connections of the switchgear;
16 - Transformer power = 16000 kVA;
UHL1 - climatic modification UHL, placement category 1 according to GOST 15150.

Technical parameters of KTPB

Design

Completeness

KTPB may include:

• power transformers (autotransformers);
• open distribution devices (hereinafter referred to as outdoor switchgear) 220, 110, 35, 6(10) kV;
• rigid and flexible tires;
• cable structures;
• secondary switching cabinets;
• contact and tension fittings;
• complete distribution devices for outdoor installation of switchgear switchgear (10) 6 kV;
• general substation control point (SCU);
• portals;
• lighting towers and lighting;
• grounding;
• foundations;
• lightning protection (lightning rods, etc.);
• PS fencing.

The complete set of KTPB can be changed in accordance with the individual requirements of the project and the customer and must be reflected in the questionnaire for the substation.

Power transformers

Power transformers installed at KTPB, developed and manufactured by the SverdlovElectro Group enterprise (SVEL Power Transformers), are used for energy facilities, electrified transport and substations industrial enterprises power up to 250 MVA for voltage classes up to 220 kV (types TDN, TRDN, TDTN) according to the nomenclature of GOST 12965-85. Power transformers manufactured by domestic and foreign manufacturers can also be used.

Consumers of converter transformers are plants for the electrolysis of non-ferrous metals and chemical products, electric drives of rolling mills and electric arc furnaces in metallurgy, electrified railway and industrial transport, and special electrophysical research facilities. Transformers comply with all requirements of GOST 16772-77.

Open Switchgear (Open Switchgear)

ORU 6 (10), 35, 110, 220, as part of KTPB, are switchgears, which include supporting metal structures with high-voltage equipment installed on them, rigid busbars, flexible busbar elements, cable structures, secondary switching cabinets, grounding elements . Supporting metal structures for high-voltage equipment are manufactured in block and block-modular designs (TU 5264-002-63920658-2009 “Metal structures for block-type complete transformer substations for voltage 6(10) - 220 kV).

The supporting metal structures are certified in accordance with the GOST R system, the quality and load-bearing capacity of the metal structures are confirmed by calculations and test reports:

Test report No. 19-10 dated 03/16/2010 of the Stavan-Test Test Center of the Ural Institute of Metals OJSC, reg. No. ROSS RU. 0001.22EF05 dated 05/28/2007

Test report No. 15.04.10 dated 04/05/2010 of the UralNIIAS Test Center of OJSC Ural Research Institute of Architecture and Construction, reg. No. ROSS RU.0001.22SL07 dated 04.12.2009

Outdoor switchgear 110 kV (Scheme 110-4N)

1. Support blocks.
2. High voltage equipment, including HF communication equipment.
3. The tires are hard.
4. Contact and tension fittings.
5. Cable structures.
6. Secondary switching cabinets.
7. Support insulators.
8. Portals.
9. Grounding and lightning protection elements.
10. Service sites

Figure 1 — Composition of outdoor switchgear-110 kV developed by the SVEL group

Figure 2— An example of the layout of a 110 kV outdoor switchgear (scheme 110-4N) developed by the SVEL group

Supporting metal structures, depending on the design, are designed to withstand seismic loads corresponding to the seismicity of the construction site up to 9 points inclusive on the MSK scale - 64. Metal structures have an anti-corrosion coating for protection from external sources of influence, made using hot or cold galvanizing methods, or paint coating.

The outdoor switchgear is equipped with high-voltage equipment of domestic and foreign production, certified by JSC FGC UES, which is provided in the electrical connection diagrams of the main circuits (see section “Main Connection Diagrams”). Units with high-voltage equipment 110, 220 kV are delivered to the site disassembled. Units with equipment for a voltage class of 35 kV can be supplied both in a disassembled state and in an assembled state of high factory readiness (supporting metal structures, high-voltage equipment, busbar elements, secondary switching cabinets, secondary switching circuits (piping), cable trays, etc. ).

Metal structures can be manufactured for any type of high-voltage equipment, both domestic and foreign, taking into account the individual requirements of the project. Blocks with equipment, which are used as the main solution in the construction and reconstruction of 6(10) - 220 kV switchgears, are easy to install, which is explained by the use of bolted connections instead of site welding.

For blocks with equipment included in outdoor switchgear of various voltage classes, a wide product range of “blocks” has been developed (see below), which is constantly updated.

Each standard block has a symbol, which contains information about the composition and relative position of the equipment placed on the metal structure, the height of such a block and the interphase distances of the equipment. The use of such a designation is convenient for selecting the required design of the block and for correctly placing an order for its production without wasting time on additional approval.

A metal structure with installed high-voltage equipment has the following designation:

Abbreviations in the names of high-voltage equipment:

VZ - high-frequency jammer
VK - switch
ZZ - ground electrode
Short circuit - short circuit
KM - cable coupling
KS - coupling capacitor
OD - separator
OI - support insulator
SHO - tire support
Surge arrester - surge suppressor
Surge arrester - neutral surge suppressor
PR - fuse
RZ - disconnector
SI - pulse counter
TN - voltage transformer
CT - current transformer
TSN - auxiliary transformer
FP - connection filter

Example of block designation:

B. 110. VK - 25 / 14.5 - UHL1

B - support block,
VK - switch,
25 - height of the supporting metal structure 25 dm = 2500 mm.,
14.5 - distance between phases in the switch 14.5 dm = 1450 mm.,
UHL1 - climatic version UHL, placement category 1.

Figure 3 - Disconnector block B.220.R3.2(1)-25.8/35.7-UHL1

Figure 4 — Block of disconnector, current transformers, support insulators B.220.R3.2/TT/OI-25/35.7-UHL1

Figure 5 — Block of coupling capacitors B.220.VL-25.8/35-UHL1 and Switch block B.220.VK-18/23-UHL1

Figure 6 — Switch block B.220.VK-25.8/35.7-UHL1

Figure 7 - Switch block B.110.VK-0.7/14.6-UHL1 and disconnector block B.110.R3.2(1)-25/20-UHL1

Figure 8 — Switch block B.110.VK.-22.3/17.5-UHL1 and Support insulator block B.110.OI-24.5/20-UHL1

Figure 9 — VL receiving unit B.110.VL-24.6/26-UHL1 and Current transformer unit B.110.TT-21/20-UHL1

Figure 10 — Neutral grounding block B.110.3N-32/00-UHL1 and Voltage transformer block B.110.TN-22/20-UHL1

Figure 11 — Block of coupling capacitors B.110.KS-24.6/20-UHL1 and Block of surge suppressors B.110.OPN-26.6/20 UHL1

Figure 12 — Switch block with surge arrester (for a two-winding power transformer) B.035.VK/R3.2/OPN-14/10-UHL1 and Switch block with surge arrester (for three-winding power transformer) B.035.VK/TT/RZ/OPN-14/10-UHL1

Figure 13 — Voltage transformer unit B.035.TN/R3.1/PR/OI-20/10-UHL1 and Voltage control unit B.035.TN/R3.1/PR/OI-20/10-UHL1 (compact )

Figure 14 — Disconnector block B.035.Р3.2.(1)-21/10-УХЛ1 and Support insulator block B.035.ОI-35/10-УХЛ1

Figure 15 — Block of support insulators B.010.ОИ-23/05-УХЛ1

A metal structure with installed high-voltage equipment has the following designation:

An example of a designation for a block-modular design:

KBM. 110. VK/ RZ/ TT – UHL1

KBM - block-modular design,
110 - rated voltage 110 kV,
VK / RZ / TT - Switch / Disconnector / Current transformers,
UHL1 - climatic modification UHL, placement category 1

Busbar is rigid

The rigid busbar, developed by specialists of the SVEL group, is intended for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy between high-voltage devices as part of both open (OSU) and closed KTPB switchgears. Rigid busbars are manufactured according to technical specifications 0ET.538.002 TU “Rigid busbar for open switchgears for voltage classes 6 (10) - 220 kV.” The use of rigid busbars makes it possible to abandon the use of busbar portals, installing foundations for them, and laying flexible busbars; this leads to a reduction in the land allocation of the switchgear, a reduction in construction and installation work, and savings in materials.

Figure 16 — Rigid busbar according to scheme 110-4N

Designation of rigid tires:

Hard bus parameters

Structurally rigid busbars are made from the following elements and assemblies:

• Tubular and flat tires made of aluminum alloy 1915.T, which, with good electrical conductivity, has a fairly high strength;
• Busbar fastening units, which are made in the form of steel brackets of round or flat cross-section, located on the support plate. Fastening units allow for rigid fastening of the tire (console), or free fastening, which allows longitudinal movement of the tire when thermal deformations occur (hinge);
• Temperature deformation compensators are made of aluminum wire grade A in accordance with GOST 839-80. The wire cross-section is selected based on the rated current value. Compensators also perform the role of current-carrying flexible connections between buses.

Tire mounting points:

110 kV bus fastening unit.
The horizontal busbar is fastened to the support busbar plate using round-section steel brackets with threads.

Figure 17 — 110 kV bus fastening unit

220 kV bus fastening unit.
Horizontal busbars are fastened with bent sheet steel brackets

Figure 18 — 220 kV bus fastening unit

Rigid tires are designed for rated currents from 1000 A to 2000 A.
The outer surface of the tires can be painted with a paint coating, or color marking is done with marking rings, which are made from heat-shrinkable tubing. Color in accordance with phasing, according to the PUE.
The busbar is designed for outdoor installation at an altitude of no more than 1000 m above sea level and operation in conditions corresponding to the UHL and KHL versions of placement category 1 according to GOST 15150.
Currently, rigid busbars using cast busbar holders are being developed.

Figure 19 — Designs of cast busbar holders

Figure 20 — Rigid busbar on cast busbar holders

Advantages of busbars with cast busbar holders

• Increased mechanical reliability

The use of bolted connections instead of welded ones during the installation of tires avoids the danger of annealing the metal and reducing mechanical strength tires in areas with welded seams.

• High operational reliability of electrical contacts

Since all mechanical forces arising in the busbar connection nodes are absorbed by cast busbar holders, this eliminates the negative impact of such forces on the state of electrical contacts in flexible connections.

• Compensation for thermal expansion and foundation deviations

Cast tire holders provide the possibility of free movement of tires during temperature changes in length, as well as with slight deviations of foundations that arise during construction and operation.

• High speed and ease of installation and dismantling of the busbar

The busbar has a high degree of factory readiness. The use of cast busbar holders and bolted connections allows installation quickly and without the use of welding equipment, as well as quick replacement of tires.

• Durable color designation (marking) of phases

Phase marking is carried out using pieces of high-voltage heat-shrinkable tubing produced by WOER™. This color coating has a wide range of operating temperatures, moisture resistance, long service life while maintaining color properties and versatility (marking is possible on any section of the tire of any length at the request of the customer). This color designation meets the requirements of the PUE.

• High damping properties

The use of cast tire carriers makes it possible to significantly reduce or completely dampen the amplitude of wind resonant vibrations of a rigid tire system due to the dissipation of vibration energy over a large friction surface in the cast tire carriers (they act as a damper).

Contact and tension fittings

Contact and tension fittings are used for electrical connection of high-voltage devices. Substations produced by the SVEL Group use certified contact-tension (linear, coupling, supporting, tensioning, protective, connecting) fittings, which do not require maintenance, repair or replacement during the entire service life.

Includes the following components:

• conductive flexible connections: aluminum or steel-aluminum wires in accordance with GOST 839-80. The type of wire, cross-section and number of wires in a phase are determined based on the design documentation for the substation, depending on the rated currents and requirements of the PUE;
• contact hardware clamps: standard certified products, used for connecting flexible connections to the contact terminals of high-voltage equipment. Selected depending on the cross-section of the wire, as well as the type and material of the contact plates of the equipment;
• tensioning and supporting elements: standard clamps designed for laying flexible connections within the outdoor switchgear in accordance with the requirements of the Electrical Code, as well as for connection to power lines.

Cable structures

• The distribution of power and control cables is carried out using suspended cable structures (trays), both foreign and domestic. Hanging trays are mounted directly on supporting metal structures. Cables are lowered into terrestrial cable routes using descents. The use of hanging cable trays makes it possible to avoid laying ground cable routes along the outdoor switchgear, which saves installation time and costs for the substation.
• The laying of secondary circuit cables from equipment to cable trays, and from trays to terminal cabinets, is carried out in metal hoses or in plastic corrugated pipes.
• The need to include overhead cable structures in the supply is specified in the substation questionnaire.
• The location of the cable route is determined by the design organization.

Complete switchgears (KRU) 10 (6) kV

10 (6) kV switchgear developed by specialists of the SVEL group are used as distribution points of KTBM. KRU - SVEL is equipped with separate cabinets, each of which houses the equipment for one connection to the busbars.

The developed switchgear has a number of advantages:

• the ability to install any type of equipment inside cells;
• the design of the switchgear - SVEL is made of blocks, which facilitates the quick implementation of customer wishes (it is enough to change the block);
• small dimensions, which is achieved through maximum use of internal space;
• the design does not have welded connections, bolted or riveted connections, which allows the use of galvanized sheets in all elements of switchgear - SVEL;
• Double coating of metal structures with metal powder coating allows you to avoid the appearance of corrosion for 25 - 30 years.

More detailed technical information on switchgear is contained in the catalog “Complete switchgears of the KRU - SVEL series”.

General substation control center

General substation control points (SCP) are designed and used for uninterrupted operation of the transmission and distribution of electricity. The control center is a modular building that houses substation equipment for auxiliary relay protection circuits, automation and control, high-frequency communication equipment and telemechanics.

The control center consists of separate functional blocks that are joined together and assembled into a separate room. In this room, low-voltage complete devices (LVDs) for auxiliary needs of alternating and direct current, relay protection, automation, control and alarm devices are installed. The point provides everything necessary for normal operation: electric heating, lighting, ventilation, as well as the supply of cables and internal communication wires.

Number of blocks in the control unit module, layout auxiliary premises and the type of control panels are determined by the design organization individually for a specific facility in accordance with the recommended layouts.

As a rule, the OPU equipment includes:

• Differential protection panels for power transformers;
• Panels automatic regulation power transformers under load;
• Control panels for sectional switches;
• High voltage line protection panels;
• Voltage protection panels;
• Input and distribution of the substation's own needs;
• Operating current control cabinet;
• Uninterruptible operating current supply kit;
• Central alarm system;
• RF communication panels;
• Remote control panel;
• Terminal cabinets.

To connect external control cables, intermediate terminal cabinets are provided, which are installed in each row of the NKU RZiA.

The lighting of the control center is made with lamps with fluorescent lamps. Heating is provided by electric heaters located along the walls and in the floor of the boxes. Heating control - manual or automatic.

The control room is equipped with natural supply ventilation through special louvered windows and forced exhaust ventilation using a fan. It is possible to install air conditioners in the control room.

Portals

The portals are designed and manufactured on the basis of standard albums “Unified steel portals of open switchgears 35-150 kV” No. 3.407.2-162, “Unified reinforced concrete and steel portals of open switchgears 220-330 kV” No. 3.407.9-149, developed by Severo -Western branch of the ENERGOSETPROEKT Institute; portals can also be manufactured according to individual customer requirements.

Portals can be coated by hot galvanizing according to GOST 9.307, or by cold galvanizing (primer TsINOL TU-2313-012-12288779-99, then ALPOL TU-2313-014-12288779-99).

Bolted portals are currently being developed.

Lighting towers and lighting

For technological lighting of KTPB, lighting installations with two lamps directed in opposite directions along the cells with a power of 1000 W each are used. Lighting installations, as a rule, are attached to the supporting metal structures of the receiving blocks of the supporting insulators, at a height of about 7 meters from the planning level. The design of the installations allows luminaires to be serviced directly from the ground.

Also, for lighting KTPB, floodlight masts are used, manufactured according to the standard album “Floodlight masts and free-standing lightning rods” No. 3.407.9-172, developed by the North-Western branch of the ENERGOSETPROEKT Institute.

Grounding

Grounding of metal structures with high-voltage equipment, power transformer housings, switchgear cabinets and other metal parts is carried out with a 4x40 GOST 103-76 steel strip, one end of which is attached to the equipment using grounding bolts, and the other is welded to beams or frames for electrical equipment of the supporting metal structure. The supporting metal structure is grounded directly to the substation grounding loop by welding. The grounding strip is covered locally in black. The substation grounding loop is calculated by the design organization.

Foundations

KTPB elements can be installed on Various types foundations. The type of foundations, as well as their location, is determined by the design organization based on engineering and geological surveys.

The following types of foundations are used:

• recessed;
• semi-recessed;
• shallow;
• monolithic columnar; pile (USO racks, screw piles, bored piles, driven piles);
• single bed;
• double bench.

When installing supporting metal structures on pile foundations and beds, transitional elements (grillages) are used to which the support plates of the metal structure racks are screwed.

When installed on other types of foundations, the support posts of metal structures are installed directly on the anchor bolts of the foundations. The support plates of the racks have holes Ш35 mm for an M30 anchor bolt, 400x400 mm square.

It is possible to install supporting metal structures on foundations based on individual project requirements.

Lightning protection

The function of external lightning protection at the facility is performed by rod and cable lightning rods (lightning protection cables), which provide protection against direct lightning strikes. Lightning rods are installed on bus portals 35-220 kV and power line supports 35-220 kV.

The external lightning protection system, organized according to the principle of a lightning protection grid, is designed individually for each specific structure.

Fencing

KTPB fencing is manufactured according to our own design documentation. The fencing consists of mesh panels (shields), which are mounted directly on the object by welding to posts made of steel pipe. Along the entire upper contour of the KTPB fence, a barbed, spiral fence OKS 54/10 according to TU-1470-001-39919268-2004 was installed.

Registration of the questionnaire

• The questionnaire is completed in the prescribed form. Changing the shape, size and content of the questionnaire is not allowed. The form of the questionnaire for KTPB is given on pages 40-41 of this catalogue. Questionnaire forms for switchgear and control gear are filled out in accordance with the catalogs for these types of products.
• The questionnaire, certified by the signature and seal of the customer, is sent to the manufacturer in 1 (one) copy.
• All columns of the questionnaire must be filled out; if there is no data in the columns, a dash must be added.
• In the “Equipment to be installed” section, you must indicate the type and full description equipment, reflected in the column “Additional. requirements" conditions affecting the completeness and design of products included in the KTPB.
• In the section “Requirements for rigid busbars”, it is necessary to indicate the values ​​of thermal and electrodynamic resistance currents and the permissible long-term current of rigid busbars. It is also necessary to indicate the version of the rigid busbar (welded version or on cast busbar holders) and the marking option (marking rings or continuous coating).
• In the “Climatic conditions of the construction site” section, it is mandatory to fill in all columns, with the exception of the “Additional” column. requirements". The design and material of supporting metal structures, as well as the design and diameter of tires in rigid busbars, depend on the correct completion of this section.
• In chapter " Additional requirements» it is necessary to indicate the type and height of the foundation from the planning level (+0.000), and also when ordering suspended cable structures, it is necessary to fill in the corresponding fields.
• In the “Delivery Contents” section, the block designations are indicated in accordance with the designation indicated above (see the outdoor switchgear section). When ordering portals and floodlight masts, indicate their full designation in accordance with the standard albums for these products (see section Portals).
• The questionnaire must be accompanied by a single-line diagram, plan and sections of the substation, a field of foundations and supports.

  Valid from 12/22/2015 to 12/21/2018.

  Obtained a license from RosAtom to design equipment for a nuclear installation. License conditions:

  Equipment for a nuclear installation classified as safety classes 2 and 3
  — complete block transformer substations of the KTPB series for voltages of 35, 110, 220 kV;
  — complete transformer substations of the KTPP and KTPN (BM) series with a capacity from 25 kVA to 2500 kVA;
  — complete distribution substations of the KRUN (BM) series for voltages from 6 kV to 35 kV;
  — complete distribution devices of the KRU series for voltages from
  6 kV to 35 kV;
  — low-voltage complete distribution, control and protection devices of the NKU type.

  Valid from 07/04/2016 to 07/04/2026.

  Reducing project development time

  • Use of catalogs for standard products.

  Convenient ordering procedure

  • Usage symbols for the main components of the KTPB, which reduces the order approval procedure.

  Versatility

  • The versatility of the blocks means the ability to install any type of high-voltage equipment, taking into account the individual requirements of the project.

  Reconstruction of existing switchgears

  • The blocks are adapted for any type of equipment.
  • Rigid busbars can be installed on a wide range of support insulators and disconnectors.
  • Development of outdoor switchgear layout taking into account individual project requirements.

  Reduced delivery times

  • Availability of developed design documentation.

  Reduced installation time

  • The use of bolted connections instead of welded ones, both in blocks with equipment and in rigid busbars.
  • Carrying out control assembly at the manufacturing plant, which in turn allows you to: eliminate incompleteness of delivery to the site; check the assembly of products.
  • The use of rigid busbars allows you to avoid bus portals, installing foundations for them, and laying flexible connections.

  Reducing the area of ​​distribution facilities

  • The use of rigid busbars eliminates the need for bus portals, which ultimately reduces inter-cell distances.
  • The use of block-modular design allows you to reduce the number of foundations compared to block structures.
  • The use of suspended cable structures eliminates the cost of additional work on laying of ground cable structures.
  • The location of secondary switching cabinets directly on the supporting metal structure of the blocks eliminates the cost of installing separate foundations for them.
  • Allows you to eliminate the cost of installing separate foundations for them.

Selection of busbars RU-10 kV

RU-10 kV busbars are selected according to the following conditions:

According to permissible current:

Rated current of busbars, A.

The rated current of the busbars is determined by (8.1.3).

By rated voltage:

By thermal resistance:

The selection of 10 kV busbars is presented in Table 18.

Table 18 - Selection of 10 kV busbars

Selection of 10 kV conductor

Current conductors with a voltage of 6-10 kV are intended for electrical connection of the transformer with switchgear cabinets (KRU), installed in three-phase alternating current circuits with a frequency of 50 and 60 Hz. Current conductors can also be used at other energy, industry, transport facilities, Agriculture and so on.

Current conductors are selected according to the following conditions:

According to permissible current:

where is the long-term permissible bus load current, A;

The maximum calculated current of the half-hour maximum load, which occurs when one of the two circuits of a double-circuit current conductor fails and the entire load is switched to the circuit remaining in operation, A.

The maximum design current of the conductor is determined by (8.1.3).

By rated voltage:

According to electrodynamic resistance:

By thermal resistance:

On the 10 kV side, we accept for installation a closed three-phase current conductor type TKS-10 kV (T - current conductor; K - round; C - symmetrical). Manufacturer: PJSC "ABS ZEiM Automation" (Cheboksary).

The choice of 10 kV current conductor is presented in Table 19.

Table 19 - Selection of 10 kV conductor

Selection of flexible busbar ORU-110 and ORU-35 kV and support insulators

The connections and jumpers between the equipment are made of flexible non-insulated wire of the AC grade.

Let us determine the economically feasible cross-section of the conductor:

where is the economic current density, A/mm2;

Estimated continuous network current, A.

The calculated continuous network current is determined by the formula:

where: - the sum of the rated power of consumers, kV;

Load distribution coefficient on busbars (- with the number of connections less than five).

Rated network voltage, kV.

For the 110 kV side, the economically feasible conductor cross-section will be equal to:

The resulting cross-section is rounded to the nearest standard value: . However, according to the PUE, the minimum permissible wire diameter for a 110 kV overhead line under corona conditions is . Based on this, we select AC-70 brand wire.

Similarly, we determine the economically feasible conductor cross-section for the 35 kV side:

The resulting cross-section is rounded to the nearest standard value: . We select one wire of the AC-50 brand.

Flexible busbar of ORU-110 and ORU-35 kV are selected according to the following conditions:

By heating:

where: - permissible current of the selected wire cross-section, A.

For 110 kV:

Thermal resistance test

We will make calculations for testing flexible non-insulated wire of grade AC for thermal resistance according to.

We carry out the calculation in the following sequence:

In Figure 8.9, we select the curve corresponding to the material of the conductor being tested, and using this curve, based on the initial temperature of the conductor, we find the value at this temperature. Temperature - is taken as the initial temperature, then:

The Joule integral under the design short circuit conditions is determined by the formula:

where: - three-phase rated short-circuit current on the line, A;

Relay protection operation time, s;

Equivalent decay time constant of the aperiodic component of the short-circuit current, s.

Let us determine the value corresponding to the final heating temperature of the conductor using the formula:

where: - cross-sectional area of ​​the conductor,

Based on the found value, using the selected curve in Figure 8.9, we determine the heating temperature of the conductor at the time the short circuit is turned off and compare it with the maximum permissible temperature (for a steel-aluminum wire).

Thermal resistance of the conductor is ensured since the following condition is met:

Checking the cross-section for electrodynamic resistance during short circuit

We will carry out calculations for testing flexible non-insulated wire of the AC brand for electrodynamic resistance according to.

When testing flexible conductors for electrodynamic resistance, the calculated values ​​are the maximum tension and maximum approach of the conductors during a short circuit.

The electrodynamic resistance of flexible conductors is ensured if the following conditions are met:

where is the permissible tension in the wires, N;

Distance between phase conductors, m;

Estimated displacement of conductors, m;

The smallest permissible distance between phase conductors at the highest operating voltage, m;

Phase splitting radius, m.

When testing flexible conductors for electrodynamic resistance during a short circuit, in which the sag exceeds half the distance between the phases, determine the value of the parameter:

where: - initial effective value of the periodic component of the two-phase short circuit current, kA;

Estimated short circuit duration ();

Distance between phases ();

Linear weight of wire (taking into account the influence of garlands), N/m;

A dimensionless coefficient that takes into account the influence of the aperiodic component of the electrodynamic force.

The schedule is shown in.

Decay time constant of the aperiodic component of the short-circuit current, s.

If the condition is met, then the calculation of the displacement of the conductors need not be carried out, since there is no danger of their excessive approach:

For 110 kV:

The maximum possible tension in a conductor should be determined by assuming that all the energy accumulated by the conductor during a short circuit is transformed into potential energy of tensile deformation when the conductor falls after turning off the short-circuit current, raised by electrodynamic forces above the initial equilibrium position.

This amounts to:

where: - modulus of elasticity ();

Cross-sectional area of ​​the wire, m2;

Energy accumulated by the conductor, J;

Tension (longitudinal force) in the conductor up to short circuit, N;

Span length, m.

The energy accumulated by the conductor is determined by the formula:

where: is the mass of the wire in the span, kg;

Estimated electrodynamic load on the conductor for a two-phase short circuit, N.

where: - span length, m.

where: - sag of the wire in the middle of the span ();

The length of the conductor in the span, which can be taken equal to the span length, m.

For installation, we select suspension insulators of type LK 70/110-III UHL1 with minimum breaking load. The permissible load on the insulator is:

For installation, we select suspension insulators of type LK 70/35-III UHL1 with minimum breaking load. The permissible load on the insulator is:

Corona check:

where: - initial critical electric field strength, kV/cm;

Electric charge intensity near the surface of the wire, kV/cm;

The initial critical electric field strength is determined by the formula:

where: - coefficient taking into account the roughness of the wire surface hole ();

Wire radius, cm;

The electric charge intensity near the surface of the wire is determined by the formula:

where: - linear voltage, kV;

Average geometric distance between phase wires, cm.

Let's make a calculation for a flexible conductor of 110 kV:

Examination:

Let's do the same calculation for a 35 kV flexible conductor:

Examination:

Based on the above calculations, we can conclude: the selected wires and suspension insulators for flexible busbars 110 and 35 kV satisfy all conditions.

This project covers construction, electrical solutions, busbars and equipment for a 110 kV outdoor switchgear

In the archives of KM, KZH, EP 110 kV outdoor switchgear. PDF format

Outdoor switchgear 110 kV decoding - open switchgear 110,000 volt substation

List of drawings of the ES kit

Total information
Substation plan.
Prefabricated tires. Cell 110 kV W2G. TV2G
Cell 110 kV C1G, TV1G. Sectional switch
Cell 110 kV 2ATG. AT2 input
Cell 110 kV 1ATG. input AT1
Summary specification
Installation of PASS MO 110 kV cell
Installation of disconnector RN-SESH 110 kV
Installation of three VCU-123 voltage transformers
Installation of surge suppressors OPN-P-11O/70/10/550-III-UHL1 0
Installation of bus support ШО-110.И-4УХЛ1
Installation of a set of two outdoor cabinets
Installation of a remote control unit for 110 kV disconnectors
Garland of insulators 11xPS70-E single-circuit tension for fastening two wires AC 300/39
Assembly for connecting two wires to a disconnector
Unit for connecting wires to the voltage transformer terminal
Connection of conductors
Mounting tension and sag of wire AS-300/39

KZH outdoor switchgear 110 kV (reinforced concrete structures)

Total information
Layout of foundations for equipment supports of outdoor switchgear-220 kV
Foundations Fm1 Fm2 FmZ Fm4, Fm5, Fm5a, Fm6 Fm7, Fm8
Steel consumption sheet,

KM outdoor switchgear 110 kV (metal structures)

Total information
Layout of supports for 220 kV outdoor switchgear equipment. Support OP1. Support OP1. Node 1
Supports Op3, Op3a. Cut 1-1. Node 1
Supports Op3, Op3a. Cuts 2-2, 3-3, 4-4
Supports Op3, Op3a, Section 5~5. Nodes 2-4
Support 0p4
Supports Op5, Op5a
Support Op7
Support Op8
Service platform P01

Basic design solutions for outdoor switchgear-110 kV

Busbar 0RU-110 kV made with flexible steel-aluminum wires 2xAC 300/39 (two wires in phase). The connection of wires in the branches is provided using appropriate press-on clamps. Descents to the devices are made 6-8% longer than the distance between the point of connection of the wires and the clamp of the device. Connection of wires to the devices is carried out using appropriate pressed hardware clamps.

Paired wires are mounted with a distance between them of 120 mm and fixed using standard spacers installed every 5-6 m.

According to Chapter 19 of the PUE (7th edition), the II degree of air pollution has been adopted. Fastening of wires to the portals is provided using single garlands of 11 glass insulators of the PS-70E type.

The specified mounting sag booms are calculated in the "Power Line-2010" program and are determined taking into account the suspension of wires at an air temperature during installation within the range of -30°... +30°C.

The pole-to-pole distance of all devices is taken in accordance with the recommendations of manufacturers and standard materials.

Laying cables within the outdoor switchgear adopted in above-ground reinforced concrete cable trays. The exception is branches laid in trenches and boxes to devices remote from cable mains.

On layout drawings 110 kV cells Filling diagrams are given.

Installation drawings are made on the basis of factory documentation.

The main equipment used at the 110 kV outdoor switchgear:

SF6 gas-insulated switchgear for outdoor installation type PASS MO for voltage 110 kV. The SF6 cell of the PASS MO series consists of a power switch, built-in current transformers, busbar and line disconnectors, grounding blades and high-voltage SF6-air bushings, manufactured by ABB;
- Three-pole PH disconnector SESH-110 with two grounding blades, cut by ZAO GC Zlektroshchit -TM Samara. Russia,-
- Voltage transformer VCU-123, K0NCAR, Croatia;
- Overvoltage limiter OPN-P-220/156/10/850-III-UHL1 0, manufactured by Positron JSC, Russia;
- Bus support Ш0-110.Н-4УХ/11, manufactured by ZZTO CJSC. Russia.

All installed equipment must be connected to the grounding loop of the substation using round steel diameter 18 mm. Grounding Perform in accordance with SNiP 3.05.06-85, standard design A10-93 " Protective grounding and zeroing of electrical equipment" TPZP, 1993 and a set of electronic signatures.

Fastening elements:

3.2.1 The dimensions of the welds should be taken depending on the forces indicated on the diagrams and in the lists of structural elements, except for those specified in the units, and also depending on the thickness of the elements being welded.
3.2.2 The minimum force for attaching centrally compressed and centrally tensioned elements is 5.0 t.
3.2.3 All mounting fasteners, tacks and temporary fixtures must be removed after completion of installation, and the tack areas must be cleaned.

Welding:

3.3.1 Materials accepted for welding should be taken according to table D.1 SP 16.13330.2011.
3.3.3 The dimensions of the welds should be taken depending on the forces indicated on the diagrams and in the list of structural elements, except for those specified in the units, as well as on the thickness of the elements being welded.
3.3.4 Minimum attachment force ± 5.0 t.
3.3.5 The minimum leg lengths of fillet welds should be taken according to Table 38 of SP 16.13330.2011.
3.3.6 The minimum length of fillet welds is 60 mm.

STO 56947007-29.060.10.005-2008

STANDARD OF THE ORGANIZATION OF JSC FGC UES

Guidance document for the design of rigid busbars for outdoor switchgear and indoor switchgear 110-500 kV

Date of introduction 2007-06-25

Preface

The goals and principles of standardization in the Russian Federation are established by Federal Law of December 27, 2002 N 184-FZ "On Technical Regulation", and the rules for applying the organization standard are GOST R 1.4-2004 "Standardization in the Russian Federation. Standards of organizations. Basic provisions."

Information about the Guidance Document

1 DEVELOPED: LLC Scientific and Production Association "Technoservice-Electro"

2. PERFORMERS: A.P. Dolin; M.A.Kozinova

3. INTRODUCED: Department of Current Planning Maintenance, repairs and diagnostics of equipment, Directorate of Technical Regulation and Ecology of JSC FGC UES

4. APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT: by order of JSC FGC UES dated June 25, 2007 N 176

5. INTRODUCED: FOR THE FIRST TIME

1. Introduction

1. Introduction

Application area

The guidance document is intended for the design of rigid busbars for outdoor switchgear and closed switchgear 110-500 kV and defines the scope of its application, as well as the requirements for the main elements and assemblies: busbars, branches, insulating (busbar) supports, busbar holders, temperature deformation compensators.

The guidance document is recommended for use by design organizations, manufacturing plants, testing centers, as well as operating and installation enterprises.

Normative references

This Guidance Document makes normative references to the following standards:

, 7th ed.

Rules for electrical installations, 6th ed.

GOST 10434-82. Welded contact electric. Classification. General technical requirements.

GOST 14782-86. Welded connections. Ultrasonic methods.

GOST 15150-69. Machines, instruments and other technical products. Versions for different climatic regions. Categories, conditions of operation, storage and transportation in terms of the impact of environmental climatic factors.

GOST 1516.2-97. Electrical equipment and electrical installations of alternating current for voltage 3 kV and higher. General methods for testing electrical insulation strength.

GOST 16962.1-89

GOST 16962.2-90. Electrical products. Test methods for resistance to mechanical external influences.

GOST 17441-84. Electrical contact connections. Acceptance and test methods.

GOST 17516.1-90. Electrical products. General requirements regarding resistance to mechanical external influences.

GOST 18482-79. Pipes pressed from aluminum and aluminum alloys. Technical conditions.

GOST R 50254-92 *. Short circuits in electrical installations. Methods for calculating the electrodynamic and thermal effects of short circuit current.
________________
* The document is not valid on the territory of the Russian Federation. GOST R 52736-2007 is valid, hereinafter in the text. - Database manufacturer's note.

GOST R 51155-98. Linear fittings. Acceptance rules and test methods.

GOST 6996-66. Welded joints. Methods for determining mechanical properties.

GOST 8024-90. Apparatus and electrical devices of alternating current for voltages over 1000 V. Heating standards for continuous operation and test methods.

SNiP 2.01.07-85. Loads and impacts.

SNiP 23-01-99. Construction climatology.

RD 34.45-51.300-97. Scope and standards for testing electrical equipment.

Terms and Definitions

The following terms and definitions are used in this Guidance Document:

Hard tire- busbar of outdoor switchgear and closed switchgear, made of rigid busbars, usually made of aluminum alloy pipes.

Outdoor switchgear (ZRU) with rigid busbar- switchgear, in which the busbars and/or busbars of intra-cell connections are made of rigid busbars.

2 Scope of application of rigid busbars

2.1 Rigid busbar can be used in outdoor switchgear of all voltages. The choice of the type of outdoor switchgear and closed switchgear busbar (rigid or flexible) is determined by technical and economic requirements and depends on the parameters of the electrical installation: voltage, operating current, short circuit current (short circuit), electrical connection diagram, requirements for outdoor switchgear designs, as well as expected climatic influences .

2.3 Structurally, a combination of flexible and rigid conductors, for example rigid busbars and flexible intra-cell connections, may be justified.

3 Technical requirements for rigid busbar elements

3.1 Rigid busbars include rigid busbars, busbar holders, thermal deformation compensators, descents or branches, insulators or insulating supports, building structures and other components.

3.2 All elements of the rigid busbar must meet:

- the level of the rated voltage of the electrical installation;

- established level of overvoltage;

- the highest operating current;

- maximum currents of one-, two- and three-phase short circuits (short circuits);

- conditions environment , ;*
________________
*Here and below is a link to the list of references used.


- expected maximum wind pressure;

- the expected greatest glaze deposits;

- maximum and minimum air temperatures;

- the highest (summer) level of solar radiation;

- degree of air pollution;

- acceptable level of radio interference and absence of general corona.

3.3 Rigid tires must satisfy aesthetic and psychological aspects. In particular, tires should not have significant deflections from their own weight (including the weight of the branches), as well as their own weight and the weight of ice deposits, causing a negative reaction from operating personnel.

Sustained wind resonant vibrations of tires (across the air flow) caused by vortex shedding at relatively low wind speeds must be effectively suppressed (even in cases where such vibrations do not pose a danger to the tire structure due to mechanical strength conditions).

3.4 High technical and economic indicators of outdoor switchgear with rigid busbars can be achieved as a result of using the following solutions:

- industrial bus structures of high factory readiness, including modular complete substations (switchgears), quickly installed modules, etc.;

- outdoor switchgear layouts that make it possible to reduce the occupied area, as well as material consumption, through the use of structures with rigid busbars, in combination with other advanced equipment (insulated gas circuit breakers, pantographic and semi-pantographic disconnectors, combined instrument transformers, etc.);

- metal structures of supports and portals made of corrosion-resistant steels or steels with a reliable anti-corrosion coating, as well as lightweight pre-stressed reinforced concrete posts and supports;

- reduction in construction time for outdoor switchgear, reduction in volumes or complete refusal to carry out welding work at the installation site, low busbar profile, etc.;

- ease of diagnostic testing, which ensures reliable operation of the busbar.

4 Selection of material, section shape, span length of busbars, branches and intra-cell connections

4.1 In an outdoor switchgear or closed switchgear (hereinafter - RU) with a voltage of 110-500 kV, it is recommended to use rigid tubular busbars (ring-section busbars) that are most optimal in terms of corona conditions, radio interference, material consumption, cooling, wind and electrodynamic resistance.

It is possible to use flat and spatial busbar trusses (made from pipes of relatively small diameter), primarily when creating long-span structures. The use of such structures requires a separate feasibility study.

4.2 As a material for rigid busbars of RU 110 kV and above, aluminum alloys should be used, which have high strength and good electrical conductivity. These requirements are met primarily by alloy 1915T, as well as AVT1 (and their foreign analogues).

4.3 Busbars, as well as intra-cell connections of the lower tier, can be made rigid. Intra-cell connections of the upper tier, as a rule, are made with flexible (steel-aluminum) wires. Individual sections of busbars and intra-cell connections of the lower tier can also be flexible. The question of choosing the type of tire is determined, first of all, by design considerations and technical and economic indicators.

It should be taken into account that the permissible distances between phases, as well as between live parts and grounded equipment in switchgear with rigid conductors are significantly lower than with flexible ones. At the same time, the distances between the conductors of intra-cell connections are, as a rule, determined by the distance between the phases of the switches. Therefore, the choice of conductor type here is determined by design considerations, ease of installation and construction, taking into account technical and economic indicators.

4.4 Rigid tubular busbars in the outdoor switchgear must have plugs in the end parts that prevent birds from nesting. It is advisable to provide holes in the tire plugs for air circulation or drainage holes in the bottom of the tires in places where they deflect the most from their own weight and the weight of the branches to drain condensate.

4.5 The span length of busbars (the distance between adjacent insulating supports), as a rule, is chosen equal to the cell pitch. It is allowed to use spans that are multiples of the cell pitch or equal to half (or less) of the cell pitch.

4.6 The longest span length (distance between supports) is determined by design considerations and technical and economic indicators, taking into account the strength of busbars, insulating supports, the value of mechanical loads, and the presence of rigid and flexible branches. It is limited by the permissible tire deflection from its own weight, as well as from its own weight, taking into account the weight of ice (clause 9.11 of this Guidance Document).

The length of the whole (or welded) section of the tire is usually taken equal to the span length (Fig. 1, a). It is allowed to use whole (or welded) tires, the length of which is equal to two or more spans (Fig. 1, b, c). It is justified to use such buses as intra-cell connections.

Fig.1 Bus structures with one-, two- and multi-span continuous tires

Fig. 1 Busbar structures with one-, two- and multi-span continuous busbars: 1 - insulators; 2 - tires; 3 - bus holders; - thermal expansion compensators

4.7 The height of the tires is determined by the requirements and is selected taking into account the passage of repair mechanisms, the level of electric field strength at the height equal to height person, parameters of the equipment used, features of the electrical connection diagram and equipment layout, as well as the task of reducing the overall profile (height) of the outdoor switchgear.

4.8 Busbars can be directly mounted on support insulators, instrument transformers or electrical devices (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, a), on extensions mounted on insulators (Fig. 2, b, c) or rigid busbars of the lower tier.

Fig.2 Options for installing busbars on support insulators: direct installation on insulating supports; mounting on vertical posts; fastening on V-shaped extensions. supports, insulators, tires, extensions

Fig.2 Options for installing busbars on support insulators: A- direct installation on insulating supports; b- mounting on vertical posts; V- fastening on V-shaped extensions. 1 - supports, 2 - insulators, 3 - tires, 4 - extensions

4.9 The material and profile of extensions are generally similar to tires. Extensions can be made in the form of vertical posts, V-shaped and other structures located in the plane of the axes of the insulators of each phase (Fig. 2, b, c, Fig. 3, a) or in the form of inclined posts (Fig. 3, b, c ). Extensions can be made in one, two or three phases depending on design considerations.

Fig.3 Busbars on vertical and inclined extensions

Fig.3 Busbars on vertical a) and inclined b), c) extensions: 1 - insulator, 2 - busbar; 3 - branch; 4 - disconnector.

It should be taken into account that the installation of busbars on extensions leads to an increase in bending moments on the insulating supports under electrodynamic and wind influences, as well as to additional consumption of busbar material.

4.10 Branches from rigid tubular busbars, as well as connections of individual sections of busbars, must be made by welding, crimping (for flexible conductors of descents) or certified factory-made crimp connectors. Detachable connections(including bus holders - expansion joints) must be accessible for diagnostic thermal imaging control using thermographic instruments from ground level. Welded connections must be made in the factory. In exceptional cases, this work can be carried out at the installation site under the supervision of representatives of the manufacturer.

4.11 When making welded connections to tires made of aluminum alloys, it should be taken into account that as a result of annealing, the strength of the material decreases (clause 9.14). It is not recommended to make welded joints in the section of the tire with the highest bending moment (mechanical stress) under static and dynamic loads.

4.12 The distances between the rigid busbars of switchgears 110 kV and above, as well as between live parts and grounded equipment, must meet the requirements, taking into account the possible greatest deviations of conductors and insulating supports at the highest design wind speed and after disconnecting two- and three-phase short circuits.

4.13 For fastening rigid busbars, porcelain and polymer support insulators and insulating supports are used.

As an exception, it is allowed to use busbar fastenings on suspended garlands of insulators to portals (Fig. 4). This solution makes it possible to reduce the distance between phases compared to flexible busbars (wires). However, as a rule, the solution with rigid busbars on suspended garlands of insulators is inferior in technical and economic indicators to traditional solutions with flexible conductors.

Fig.4 Fastening rigid busbars to suspension insulators

Fig.4 Fastening rigid busbars to suspension insulators

4.14 Tires must meet the conditions of heating in operating modes (load capacity), thermal, electrodynamic and wind resistance, and also meet the conditions of testing for corona, detuning from stable resonant oscillations (clause 4.6, section 8 of this Guidance Document).

5 Design of damping devices and methods for suppressing wind resonant vibrations

5.1 Tubular buses in outdoor switchgear are subject to vortex excitations (wind resonances, aeolian vibrations), which are accompanied by vibrations across the air flow. Such vibrations cause fatigue damage, primarily of contact connections, weakening of bolted structures, as well as a negative psychological impact on operating personnel.

5.2 To combat wind resonant vibrations, technical solutions should be used that provide increased energy dissipation when the tire oscillates in the vertical plane (across the air flow).

5.3 Reducing the level of vibration amplitude and increasing the efficiency of detuning from stable wind vibrations is facilitated by reducing the tire diameter and reducing the frequency of natural vibrations (for example, by installing additional weights on the tire).

5.4 To detune from resonances, it is possible to install special elements on the tires (for example, spoilers) that prevent the synchronous shedding of vortices along the length of the tire.

The use of interceptors is permissible only after full-scale testing (trial operation of individual spans), since their incorrect placement can provoke vortex excitations.

The tire (tire section) with installed spoilers must be tested for the absence of corona and radio interference in accordance with the requirements of clause 4.13.

5.5 Sufficient energy dissipation and effective suppression of stable resonant oscillations ensure:

- a wire, cable or rod installed inside the tire;

- structural damping in tire mounting points (in tire holders).

It is advisable to use specially designed tire holders that increase energy dissipation during tire vibrations.

5.6 It is allowed to check the effectiveness of the adopted design solutions for suppressing stable resonant oscillations (due to sufficient energy dissipation) based on the experimental determination of attenuation decrements when the tire oscillates in the vertical plane (with an oscillation amplitude equal to 1 to 5 tire diameters) and calculation results, in accordance with the instructions in p. .2.6 GOST R 50254-92. The calculation should be carried out without taking into account ice deposits, since the presence of ice, due to an increase in mass, helps to reduce the level of amplitude of resonant oscillations.

5.7 If the level of energy dissipation is insufficient to suppress wind resonant vibrations of the tires, the length of the cable laid inside the tire should be increased to a value equal to the span length, tire holders of a different design should be used that provide higher friction in the supporting section of the tire, tires of greater weight should be used or the recommendations of paragraphs 5.3 and 5.4 of this Guidance Document.

6 Design of intra-cell connections and branches

6.1 Lower intra-cell connections and branches can be made with rigid pipes or steel-aluminum wires. The choice of conductors is determined, first of all, by design and technical and economic considerations, taking into account ease of installation. It is advisable to make the upper cell connections flexible. The use of rigid conductors is allowed, taking into account the recommendations of clauses 4.11 and 4.14 of this Guidance Document.

6.2 Requirements for rigid conductors of intra-cell connections are set out in sections 4 and 5 of this Guidance Document; flexible conductors are selected in accordance with the requirements of current regulatory documents.

6.3 Rigid branches from busbars are made L-shaped (upper, lower), arched and others (Fig. 5).

Fig.5 Options for rigid branches: L-shaped top; L-shaped top in two directions; arched top; L-shaped bottom; insulator; tires; branch; disconnector

Fig.5 Options for rigid branches: a - L-shaped upper; b - L-shaped top in two directions; c - arched top; g - L-shaped lower; 1 - insulator; 2 - tires; 3 - branch; 4 - disconnector

6.4 Connections between busbars and rigid branches should be made with certified factory-made crimp-type fasteners or by welding, which is carried out at the manufacturer. Elements with welded connections are used for installation in the form of complete units.

In exceptional cases, it is allowed to carry out welding work at the installation site under the supervision of representatives of the manufacturer.

It is advisable to make welded connections at the manufacturer's plant and use them as complete branch units.

6.5 Branches from busbars with flexible conductors can be made using pressed clamps welded to rigid busbars at the factory or using special certified factory-made crimp-type fasteners shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6 An example of a flexible conductor branch unit from a busbar, made using a factory-made crimp-type connection

Fig. 6 An example of a flexible conductor branch unit from a busbar, made using a factory-made crimp-type connection.

6.6 The connection of rigid tubular busbars to the flat terminals of devices can be carried out by adapters connected to the busbar by welding or by factory-made adapter busbar holders, providing the necessary electrical contact (Fig. 7), and, if necessary, compensation for temperature deformations of the rigid busbar. Electrical devices should not experience additional loads from thermal deformation of the tires.

Fig.7 Option for connecting a tubular busbar to the device

Fig.7 Option for connecting a tubular busbar to the device

6.7 The span length of the intra-cell connections of the lower tier is usually less than the span length of the busbar. In this case, rigid intra-cell connections experience lower resulting loads (electrodynamic, wind, ice, from their own weight) than busbars. Therefore, it is allowed to use less strong aluminum alloys as the material for intra-cell connections than in busbars, but with greater electrical conductivity (AVT1, AD33, etc. instead of 1915T), if the use of different alloys reduces the material consumption of the busbar and meets all other requirements.

6.8 The span length of the busbars of the lower tier of intra-cell connections is determined by the distances between devices, other cell equipment and design considerations.

7 Design of thermal strain compensators and busbar holders

7.1 Thermal deformations (elongation and compression) of tires should not lead to additional forces on insulating supports, apparatus, instrument transformers and other equipment, as well as to additional mechanical stresses in the tire material.

7.2 Free longitudinal movement of tires over the entire possible temperature range is ensured by thermal deformation compensators. Compensation for thermal expansion due to deformation at turning points is not allowed.

7.3 The lowest tire temperature is equal to the minimum air temperature in the area where the outdoor switchgear is located. The highest bus temperature occurs during a short circuit with the highest expected current and duration. With a margin, the highest tire temperature can be taken equal to the permissible tire temperature at a short circuit of 200 °C (clause 9.9 of this Guidance Document).

7.4 Thermal deformation compensators are installed in the support sections of the tire and can be made as a single unit with a tire holder.

7.5 Compensation for thermal expansion of busbars is provided by flexible connections, which are recommended to be made of steel-aluminum or aluminum wires. The number of wires must be at least two. The total cross-section of the wires is determined by their total load capacity and thermal resistance.

7.6 Flexible connections (wires) of thermal deformation compensators can be attached directly to busbars or to factory-made crimp busbar holders (Fig. 8). In the latter case, longitudinal movements of the tires are ensured due to the possibility of moving individual elements of the bus holders.

Fig. 8 Examples of temperature compensators with different methods of attaching flexible connections: to busbars; to bus holders

Fig. 8 Examples of temperature compensators with different methods of attaching flexible connections: a) to tires; b) to the tire holders

7.7 When mounting a tire, two types of bus holders are used:

1) providing a fixed fastening of the tire (preventing its longitudinal movement);

2) tires with free fastening (with free longitudinal movement).

7.8 A continuous (solid, welded) section of a tire must have only one fixed fastening unit.

If a continuous section of a tire is equal to the length of the span (Fig. 1, a), then a fixed fastening unit is installed on one support (insulator) of the span, and a free fastening unit is installed on the other support.

7.9 In the fixed fastening points of split buses (Fig. 1, a), flexible conductors perform the functions of electrical communication, and in free fastening points, in addition, they act as temperature deformation compensators.

7.10 In addition to the main purpose (clause 7.9), the flexible connections of the expansion joints perform the functions of screens in the tire mounting unit. The effectiveness of shielding is checked in accordance with the instructions in clause 9.4 of this Guidance Document.

In the absence of flexible connections, as well as in case of unsatisfactory results of tests on the crown with flexible connections, it is necessary to install a separate electrostatic screen.

7.11 Tire holders (temperature deformation compensators) in free tire fastening units must ensure longitudinal movement of the tire during icy conditions.

7.12 Preference should be given to busbar holders that provide the least labor-intensive installation of the busbar (including eliminating or minimizing the amount of welding work and crimping of flexible structural elements). These requirements are best met by crimp-type bus holders, which have temperature deformation compensators in free fastening units (Fig. 8, b).

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