History of exam tests in ancient Russia. Ancient Russia compositions

Terms and concepts for the section "Ancient Rus"

Anty - the name of the union of Slavic tribes among the Byzantine and Gothic writers (VI-early VII century.)

Varangians- (Normans, Vikings) the name of the participants in the predatory campaigns- immigrants from Scandinavia (Danes, Norwegians, Swedes)

Druzhina - a group of permanent combat associates, friends of the prince, professional warriors and advisers to the prince (armed equestrian detachment)

Verv - ancient Slavic community

The world is a peasant community. Social organization form

The temple is a place of idolatry, where the pagan cult cope

Idol - image of a deity

Magi and sorcerers - priests, ministers of pagan cults

Trizna - ritual actions and a feast in memory of the deceased

Party- people's meeting of the community members (male warriors)

Servants, servants, slaves

Events - crowded tribal holidays (from - to be together)

Polyudye - collecting tribute from the community members in favor of the prince

Youth, child - junior squad, ordinary soldiers

Voi - people's militia

Rat - an army

Warrior - warrior

Outposts - Frontier Fortresses

Vira - a monetary fine in favor of the prince in the ancient Russian state

Virnik - the fines collector

Glagolitic, Cyrillic - Slavic alphabets created by Cyril and Methodius. (the first is not

got accustomed)

Greedy - princely warriors, bodyguards of the prince, junior squad.

Outcasts - in Ancient Rus XI-XII centuries. peasants who broke ties with the community and did not

enjoyed her patronage, freed or redeemed

slaves and other persons.

Chronicles - historical works, weather records of the most important events.

A posadnik is an elected official in an ancient Russian city-republic. Chapter

executive power

Posad people (posad) - commercial and industrial population of Russian cities (townspeople)

who bore duties in favor of the prince (including military service) and paid him

Ognischanin, tiun - ruler of the prince's household

Gardarika - this is how Russia was called in Scandinavia - that is, the country of cities.

The churchyard is a place for collecting tribute, established by Princess Olga

Kupa - loan (grain, cattle)

Purchase - (peasant dependent on the feudal lord) - working in his field for a coupe (loan)

People - community peasants (hence the commoner)

Patrimony - land inherited from father to son (fiefdom)

Tysyatsky - appointed by the prince or elected head of the city administration and

militia leader.

Miniature - small colorful drawing

Yoke - (yoke) - oppression, heavy bondage, the burdens of enslavement.

Label-khan letter for the right to own the principality

Ulus - the specific possession of the khan (sons and grandsons of Genghis Khan)

Baskaki - tribute collectors

The Golden Horde - the state of the Mongol-Tatars

Paiza is a sign of the power of Mongolian officials (silver or gold platinum, on

which were cut out by the orders of the khan)

Yasa - a code of laws created by Genghis Khan

Exit - payment of tribute to the Golden Horde

Number - census of the population of Russia by the Mongols for collecting tribute.

Basic terms and concepts (16-17 centuries.)

Arshin- a measure of length equal to 16 vershoks -71.12 cm.

White settlements- the name of the settlements, the population of which was temporarily exempted from government duties.

Vershok- a measure of length equal to 4.4 cm.

Verst- Russian track gauge equal to 1066.7 m.

Head- the name of military and administrative positions in Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries.

Naughty beggars are poor. They fled south to the Cossacks and formed the Golutven (alien) Cossacks.

Golden Cossacks- (golutva - felling, a field cleared for processing) - was not included in the registered Cossack army, did not receive any income, was engaged in agriculture.

City clerk- Commandant of a fortified city, head of the garrison, later mayor.

Lip- a territorial district in Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries. led by the labial warden.

Lip reform- carried out in the 30-50s. XVI century on the removal from the court of the governors of the cases of robbers and their transfer to the labial institutions - local government bodies in the bay. First, they were in charge of the investigation and the court in criminal cases, then the issues of current management.

People walking- the common name for freed slaves, fugitive peasants and townspeople. They lived by work for hire and robbery.

Dragoons- a type of cavalry intended for operations in horse and foot formation.

Dummy boyars- members of the Boyar Duma, its first rank. In addition to them, it included okolnichi, Duma nobles, Duma clerks.

Heresy- a trend deviating from the dogmas of the official church, advocating its transformation.

Zaporizhzhya Sich- organization of Ukrainian Cossacks. It was located beyond the rapids of the Dnieper in the form of a freemen - a Cossack republic with a Sich Council headed by a Koshev ataman.

Zaseka- a defensive line from an external enemy.

Zemshchina- the main part of the territory of Russia, not included in the oprichnina.

Cossacks - free people who served in the border areas. Self-governing communities were created - Cossack freemen with an elected foreman.

Privateering(Dutch - sea robbery) - a legal form of piracy, an attack by armed merchant ships of a belligerent state on foreign ships carrying goods for the enemy. Used by Ivan the Terrible in Livonian War.

Equestrian-a court position, the highest rank of the Duma. Headed the Konyushenny order.

Penny- Russian bargaining chip, introduced into circulation in 1534, was 1/100 ruble.

Serfdom- the most severe form of dependence of the peasants, manifested in their attachment to the land and complete submission to the power of the feudal lord.

Manufactory - a large enterprise with manual labor, divided into specialties.

Small-scale production- the labor of artisans who manufacture products for the market in their workshops, mainly without the use of hired labor.

Moskovka- Moscow denga, Russian silver coin (0.34 g.)

Hiring- the general name of the ruined peasants and townspeople, runaway slaves, etc., who were hired to work and fell into personal dependence on the employer.

German settlement- the place of settlement of foreigners in Russian cities.

Odnodvortsy - state peasants from the former service people "by device" (archers, gunners, city Cossacks, etc.) until 1840. had the right to own serfs.

Oprich - according to Dahl's dictionary, it means: "Outside, outside, outside, outside of what."

Oprichnina- comes from Old Russian "Oprich" which means "special", "except"... 1. The oprichnina in the Moscow principality was called the "widow's share", which after the death of the prince was allocated to his widow. 2. The personal destiny of Ivan the Terrible, where a terrorist regime was established, carried out by the guardsmen in the fight against the alleged treason among the feudal lords.

Parsuna- (from the word persona) - portrait painting that used the techniques of icon painting in writing portraits.

Scribe books- summary descriptions of the farm for taxable land taxation;

Accompanying mates- peasants and townspeople who lost their economy. We lived in the courtyards of taxing people, helped them in their work.

Podyachiy- an employee in orders and local institutions (assistant clerk).

Ladles- feudal-dependent peasants who worked for the feudal lord, usually giving him half of the harvest.

Polushka- a bargaining chip, minted since the 15th century .. The smallest coin of the Moscow state, equal to 1/4 kopeck, was 0.17 g of silver

Local order- a centralized government agency. He endowed the nobility with estates, controlled changes in land ownership, carried out an inventory of lands and a census of the population, and searched for fugitive peasants. Central Land Court.

Orders- central government

Protectionism- (Latin - protection) - public policy protecting the domestic market from foreigners by strengthening exports and restricting imports, introducing high customs duties and a number of other measures.

Rogue order- central state. an institution that was engaged in the investigation and trial of major criminal cases, the performance of peasants and townspeople, the control of labial institutions.

Discharges - appointment to the service, taking into account parochialism and with an entry in the category books, which were kept by the Discharge Order in charge of the affairs of service people, the salaries of the nobles, the military administration, the appointment of regimental and city governors, the border service.

Split- separation from the Russian Orthodox Church of some of the believers who did not recognize Nikon's reforms. Supporters of the schism are schismatics (Old Believers), headed by Archpriest Avvakum.

Reiters- (German - horsemen) - heavy cavalry in the Russian army, mainly from foreign mercenaries.

Autocracy- a monarchical form of government in Russia, based on the strong, almost unlimited power of the tsar.

"The word and deed of the sovereign"- the system of political investigation at the end of the 15th-18th centuries: everyone, under pain of death, is obliged to inform about well-known intentions against the tsar, about high treason. The informer uttered the phrase "Word and deed" and stated the fact. The informer and the contractor were interrogated and tortured.

Sokha - unit of taxation, measured by the amount of labor, in the XV century. - the Novgorod plow was equal to 3 squeezes (ogloblya, a measure of land plowed per day by one horse) From the middle of the 16th century. a large plow consisted of several quarters (400-600 hectares of land).

Mill- an administrative-territorial unit. 2-3 stans made up the county.

Sagittarius- service people, infantrymen with firearms, constituted a permanent army. They were recruited from the free population, they could engage in trade, crafts. The service became lifelong and hereditary with a monetary and bread salary.

Tamga- the state duty levied for the carriage of goods, on which a special stamp was imposed. From this word came the concept - customs, an institution that controls the transport of goods across the border and sets customs duties.

Specific lands- the share of a member of the princely family in the ancestral possession, an integral part of a large grand duchy, ruled by a member of the grand ducal family - appanage principality: land property of the imperial family, created in 1797. from the palace grounds.

Enamel- a type of cloisonne enamel (in jewelry).

Kissing man- an official who was elected from among the townspeople or black-haired peasants to carry out financial and legal matters. Swore an oath (kissed the cross)

Quarter- an ancient measure of land equal to 40 fathoms in length and 30 in width. Fathom 2.134 m.

ANCIENT RUSSIA

Materials for preparing for the exam in history

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PERIOD.

The formation and flourishing of a unified Old Russian state cover the period from the 9th to the 11th century (frame dates 862 - the vocation of the Varangians and 1132 - the death of Mstislav the Great).

In the 5th-8th centuries. the settlement of the East Slavic tribes takes place along the route "From the Varangians to the Greeks" from the Baltic Sea to the mouth of the Danube. These tribes are at the stage of disintegration of the tribal system, which is commonly called "military democracy". The stratification of society is insignificant, the social structure is simple. The bulk of the population issmerds - rank-and-file community members. Stand outboyars -tribal nobility, heads of clans,princes - military leaders, andvigilantes , constituting a permanent military detachment under the prince.

The largest tribal unions of the Armed Forces are:

Priilmenskie Slovenia live near Lake Ilmen and along the Volkhov River, the city of Novgorod

glade Middle Dnieper, Kiev city

Drevlyans Iskorosten town

northerners the cities of Chernigov and Pereyaslavl

Krivichi Smolensk

Vyatichi Rostov

Polotsk Polotsk

Dregovichi

radimichi

bougeants

Volhynians

catch

Tyverians

duleby

white Croats.

Northern unions pay tribute to the Vikings, southern Khazars. In the northeast, the Slavs come into contact with the Finno-Ugric tribes Merya, Muroma, Vse, Chud, Mordva, Korela, Izhora.

The main occupations of the population are slash-and-burn agriculture, cattle breeding, beekeeping, hunting and fishing. Religion-paganism. The main gods are Svarog, Perun, Veles, Dazhdbog, Makosh, Simargl, Stribog, Rod.

The trade route "From the Varangians to the Greeks" had a decisive influence on the process of state formation. The tribal elite entered the international trade, acquiring luxury goods. The princes began to impose tribute on their relatives, taking it with the skins of fur-bearing animals, and sold these skins to passing merchants, at the same time charging a toll from them for traveling through their territory. This contributed to the concentration of wealth in the hands of the princes and the strengthening of their power.

The history of the Old Russian state is usually counted from the "vocation of the Varangians". According to the chronicle of Nestor, in 862. Priilmenskie Slovenes, wishing to end the internecine struggle, invited the Varangian king Rurik to reign. He came with brothers Snevors and Truvor and a squad and reigned in Novgorod for 17 years. In 879. Rurik died, leaving his young son Igor. His voivode or relative Oleg became the prince.

In 882. Oleg made a campaign against Kiev, captured the city and made it the capital of his principality. Oleg fought wars with the Khazars and made two campaigns against Constantinople.

From 912 to 945 Igor Rurikovich reigns in Kiev, continues Oleg's policy, fights with the Khazars and also makes two campaigns against Byzantium. In 945. Igor was killed by the Drevlyans while trying to take tribute a second time.

His widow Olga avenged his death and streamlined the collection of tribute, established a wagon system, determining the lesson-the size of the tribute and the graveyard-places for collecting tribute. Olga was regent with her young son Svyatoslav, made a trip to Constantinople and was baptized.

From 962 to 972 Svyatoslav ruled independently, but he spends almost all his time on campaigns of conquest outside Russia. He defeated the Volga Bulgaria, destroyed the Khazar Kaganate, founded the city of Pereyaslavets on the Danube, and planned to move his capital there. But in the war with Byzantium he was defeated, did not keep the conquered lands and was forced to return to Russia. On the way to Kiev, he died, and after his death the first princely civil strife took place. The eldest son of Svyatoslav Yaropolk killed the middle Oleg, and the younger Vladimir killed Yaropolk in 9870. became a Kiev prince.

Vladimir reigned from 980 to 1015. he completed the unification of the East Slavic tribes, created a system of defensive fortifications in the South, entered into an alliance with Byzantium and made Christianity the state religion of Russia. After the death of Vladimir, a second princely civil strife took place. Vladimir's stepson Svyatopolk killed four of Vladimir's sons, including Boris and Gleb, the first Russian saints.

As a result, in 1019. Yaroslav the Wise became prince of Kiev. The period of his reign is considered the time of the highest prosperity of Ancient Russia. Yaroslav defeated the Pechenegs, built the stone Sophia Cathedral and the Golden Gate in Kiev, created the first code of laws Russian Truth and strengthened the international authority of Russia.

After the death of Yaroslav, centrifugal processes intensify and the disintegration of a single state begins. Established by Yaroslav, the next order of reign led to endless "relocations" of the princes and provoked frequent civil strife. Yaroslav's grandson Vladimir Monomakh tried to end civil strife and restore the unity of Russia, in 1097. at the Lyubech Congress of Princes, it was decided to stop moving and jointly defend Russia. A crusade was made against the Polovtsians in 1111. During the period of the Kiev reign of Monomakh, the unity of Rus was temporarily restored, the formation of the Russian Truth was completed and the Tale of Bygone Years was written. The last prince of united Russia was the son of Monomakh Mstislav the Great. After it was swept away, as the chronicler put it, "the whole Russian land was torn." The so-called specific period began.

During the existence of a single Old Russian state, East Slavic society has changed a lot. Social stratification intensified, the social structure became more complex, feudal land tenure was formed, stable forms of organization of power were formed, culture and economy developed rapidly.

CHRONOLOGY

482-foundation of Kiev

862-calling of the Vikings

879-death of Rurik

882-Oleg's campaign to Kiev, the creation of a single ancient Russian state.

907, 911-Oleg's campaigns to Constantinople

912-death of Oleg

941, 944 - Igor's campaigns to Constantinople

945-Drevlyan uprising, Olga's reform

962-972-campaigns of Svyatoslav

972-980-feud between the sons of Svyatoslav

988-baptism of Russia

1015-death of Vladimir Svyatoslavich

1015-1019-strife between the sons of Vladimir

1036-defeat of the Pechenegs

1037-construction of St. Sophia Cathedral

1054-death of Yaroslav the Wise

1066-appearance of the Cumans

1097-Lubech Congress of Princes

1111-steppe crusade

1113-popular uprising in Kiev

1118 - Creation of the Tale of Bygone Years

1132-collapse of a single state.

GREAT DUCHES OF KIEV

862-879-Rurik, the founder of the dynasty, reigned only in Novgorod.

882-912-Oleg, the first Grand Duke Kievsky, but not Rurikovich.

912-945-Igor Rurikovich, the first Rurikovich on the Kiev throne.

945-972-Svyatoslav Igorevich (until 962 Olga was regency).

972-980-Yaropolk Svyatoslavich

980-1015-Vladimir Svyatoslavich

1015-1019-Svyatopolk the Cursed

1019-1054-Yaroslav the Wise

1054-1093-Yaroslavichi.

1093-1113-Svyatopolk Izyaslavich

1113-1125-Vladimir Monomakh

1125-1132-Mstislav the Great

PERSONNEL

Definition

Prince

War chief of the tribe

Druzhina

Standing armed detachment under the prince

Boyars

Tribal elders

Tribute

Population tax in favor of the prince

Polyudye

A detour by the prince of the subject lands in order to collect tribute

Smerd

Ordinary community member

Rope

Rural community

Vira

Penalty for the crime, paid in favor of the prince

Tiun

Keymaster of the prince

Magus

Pagan priest

Enoch

Monk

Abbot

Abbot of the monastery

Metropolitan

Head of the Russian Church

Bishop

Head of the Church District

Veche

National Assembly

Purchase

Insolvent debtor

Ryadovich

An employee who has entered into a contract for a specific period

Hiring

Employee without a contract

Slave

Bought slave

Forgiven

The criminal turned into slavery

Princely husband

Senior vigilante

Lad

Junior vigilante

Gridney

Prince's bodyguards

Patrimony

Inherited land ownership

Estate

Land tenure granted for service

Hryvnia

Monetary unit, 200g of silver

Kuna, cut, nogata

Small monetary units

Lesson

Tribute size

Churchyard

Place of collecting tribute

Lot

Share of a member of the princely family in common ownership

Rent

Payment of a dependent peasant to a landowner

Corvee

Free work of the peasant on the farm of the landowner

Kremlin

Fortress in the city center

Detinets

The main tower of the Kremlin

Posad

Settlement at the walls of the Kremlin

Hem

Lower part of Kiev

Tysyatsky

Militia leader

Plinth

Flat brick

Fresco

Painting on wet plaster

Mosaic

Pattern of pieces of stone or glass

Smalt

Mosaic of their stained glass

Grain, filigree

Jewelry technology

Vienna

Bride price

Cyrillic

The alphabet, invented by Saints Cyril and Methodius for the Slavs in the 9th century, came to Russia together with Christianity

Tithe

Part of the tribute allocated by the prince for the maintenance of the church

Norman theory

The concept of the creation of the Russian state as a result of the Varangian conquest, was created in 18 in the German scientists who worked in Russia (Bayer, Miller, Schlözer).

The next order of reign "princely ladder"

The order of inheritance of the Kiev throne is by family, not family, that is, not from father to son, but from older brother to younger. Until the older generation dies out, the younger is not allowed to inherit.

Borticulture

Collecting honey from wild bees

Feeding

Maintenance of the squad by granting the right to collect tribute from a certain territory

Topic: “Ancient Russia.

The period of the first princes "

Cheat sheet number 1.

September. 1st week.

Prince Igor collects tribute from the Drevlyans in 945.

Painting by artist K.V. Lebedev. 1903 g.

I propose a series of cards for preparing for the exam in history - generalization and repetition by topic. The material of each card must be memorized during weeks... Teach guys, repeat. If you systematically practice, then such weekly preparation will definitely yield results.

So, the first week of September is the study of the period reign of the first princes. Get started with us. Keep up.

Note:

This version of the test items was compiled on the topic “Ancient Russia. The first princes "in USE format... Testing will help in preparing for the exam.

Part 1

Arrange historical events in chronological order. Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence in the table.

1) Olga's adoption of Christianity

2) Battle of Dorostol

3) Formation of the Holy Roman Empire

Answer:

Correct answer

Explanation.

1) Olga's adoption of Christianity - 957

2) Battle of Dorostol - 971

3) Formation of the Holy Roman Empire - 962

Establish a correspondence between events and years: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Answer:

Correct answer

Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to events (phenomena) of the 9-10th centuries (the reign of the first princes)

1) polyudye; 2) localism; 3) purchases;

4) switch farming; 5) lesson summers; 6) lessons.

Find and write down the ordinal numbers of terms related to another historical period.

Answer:

Correct answer

Explanation.

2) parochialism is a way of distributing posts according to the nobility of the clan, became widespread from the 15th century, and was abolished in 1582.

5) fixed years are the years of the search for fugitive peasants, established by Tsar Fyodor in 1597.

Write down the term in question.

Collecting wild honey in Russia.

Answer:

Correct answer

beekeeping

Establish a correspondence between the processes (phenomena, events) and the facts related to these processes (phenomena, events): for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second

A

B

V

G

D

Correct answer

Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment marked with a letter, select two corresponding characteristics, indicated by numbers.

FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES

A) In the year 6390 (882). Oleg set out on a campaign, taking with him many soldiers: Varangians, Chud, Slovens, Meru, all, Krivichi, and came to Smolensk with Krivichi, and took power in the city, and put his husband in it. From there he went down, and took Lyubech, and also made his husband sit down. And they came to the mountains of Kiev, and Oleg learned that the princes were Askold and Dir. He hid some of the soldiers in the boats, and left others behind, and he himself proceeded, carrying the baby Igor. And he swam to Mount Ugorskaya, hiding his soldiers, and sent them to Askold and Dir, telling them that “we are merchants, we are going to the Greeks from Oleg and Prince Igor. Come to us, to your relatives. " When Askold and Dir came, all the rest jumped out of the boats, and said to Oleg Askold and Dir: "You are not princes and not a princely family, but I am a princely family," and showed Igor: "And this is the son of Rurik." And they killed Askold and Dir, carried it to the mountain and buried Askold on the mountain, which is now called Ugorskaya, where is now Olmin's court; on that grave Olm built the church of St. Nicholas; and Dirov's grave - behind the church of St. Irene. And Oleg, the prince, sat in Kiev, and Oleg said: "May this be a mother to the Russian cities." And he had the Varangians, and the Slavs, and others, who were called Rus.

B) We wrote this agreement on two charters: and one charter is with our tsarist majesty - a cross is depicted on it and our names are written; and on the other (wrote the names) your ambassadors and your merchants. Departing (back) together with the ambassador of our tsarist majesty, let (they) escort her to the Russian Grand Duke Igor and to his people; and those, having received the charter, let them swear that they will truly observe what we have agreed upon and what we have written on this charter on which our names are written.

But we (swear): those of us who are baptized swear in the cathedral church by the Church of St. and if (someone) from our country violates this, whether a prince or someone else, baptized or unbaptized, may he not receive help from God, may he be a slave in this life and in the afterlife, and may he be stabbed to death with his own weapon.

SPECIFICATIONS

1) This agreement was less profitable for Russia than the one signed with this state earlier.

2) This prince is considered the founder of the state according to the anti-Norman theory.

3) The events described in the fragment were recounted by Hilarion

4) The prince referred to in the fragment was invited to reign along with his brothers.

6) This prince suffered a crushing sea defeat, in which the Slavic fleet was destroyed by "Greek fire".

Answer:

Correct answer

Clarification.

The first text is an excerpt from the "Tale of Bygone Years".

2nd text - the treaty of Russia with Byzantium 944g.

Which of the following relates to Olga's tax reform? Please select three answer and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) the establishment of corvee

2) a detour by the prince and his squad of lands in order to collect tribute

3) the first administrative division of Russia

4) the introduction of deadlines for the delivery of tribute

5) the appearance of purchases

6) the appearance of churchyards and camps

Answer:

Correct answer

Fill in the blanks in these sentences using the list of missing items below: for each letter and blank sentence, select the item number you want.

A) ______________ the reform was carried out by Princess Olga.

B) "Our Alexander ancient history"Named N.M. Karamzin ____________, who conquered vast territories.

C) After the battle ________________ the prince was forced to make peace with Byzantium and leave the Balkans.

Missing items:

2) Dorostol

3) Prince Svyatoslav

4) Prince Igor

5) tax

6) Constantinople

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

A:

B:

V:

Correct answer

Establish a correspondence between events and participants in these events:

for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

A

B

V

G

Correct answer

Read an excerpt from the work and write the name of the author.

“The beginning of Russian History presents us with an amazing and almost unparalleled case in the annals. The Slavs voluntarily destroy their ancient rule and demand the Sovereigns from the Varangians, who were their enemies. Everywhere the sword of the strong or the cunning of the ambitious introduced Autocracy (for the peoples wanted laws, but feared captivity): in Russia it was established with the general consent of citizens: this is how our Chronicler tells us - and the scattered Slavic tribes founded the State, which now borders on ancient Dacia and the lands of Northern America, with Sweden and with China, connecting three parts of the world within their borders. Great nations, like great men, have their infancy and should not be ashamed of it: our fatherland, weak, divided into small regions until 862, according to Nestor's reckoning, owes its greatness to the happy introduction of Monarchical power. "

Answer:

Fill in the blank cells in the table using the list of missing items below: for each space indicated by a letter, select the number of the item you want.

Missing items:

2) Tribal reign in Russia - the first form of statehood

3) The proclamation of Charlemagne as emperor

4) the beginning of the collapse of the tribal system among the Eastern Slavs, the emergence of inequality.

8) The formation of prerequisites in Russia for the formation of a state

9) The rule of Justinian in the Byzantine Empire

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

A

B

V

G

D

E

Correct answer

Explanation.

2) Tribal reign in Russia - the first form of statehood (by the 8th century)

3) The proclamation of Charlemagne as emperor (800)

4) the beginning of the collapse of the tribal system among the Eastern Slavs, the emergence of inequality (6-7 c.)

8) the folding of the prerequisites in Russia for the formation of a state (by the 9th century)

9) The rule of Justinian in the Byzantine Empire (527-565)

Read an excerpt from the work of the Byzantine writer Procopius of Caesarea.

“These tribes ... are not ruled by one person, but since ancient times they have lived in the rule of the people (democracy), and therefore they consider happiness and unhappiness in life to be a common thing ... They believe that only God, the creator of lightning, is the ruler over everyone, and they bring him as a sacrifice of bulls ... they worship rivers, and nymphs, and all sorts of deities, sacrifice to all of them and with the help of these sacrifices they also perform fortune-telling. They live in pitiful huts, at great distances from each other, and all of them often change their place of residence. Entering the battle, most of them go to the enemies with shields and darts in their hands, but they never put on shells; some do not wear shirts (tunics) or raincoats, but only trousers, pulled up by a wide belt at their hips, and in this form they go to battle with the enemies ... They are very tall and of great strength. Their skin and hair color is very white. "

Using the passage and knowledge of history, select from the list below three correct judgments.

Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) The Eastern Slavs were in close contact with other countries.

2) Sacrifices are an obligatory ritual of the Eastern Slavs.

2) The religion of the Eastern Slavs is monotheism, that is, they believed in one god

4) Eastern Slavs were sedentary.

5) The Eastern Slavs are characterized by pagan beliefs.

6) The Eastern Slavs were cast in high stature, physical strength.

Answer:

Correct answer

Write the name of the prince during whose reign this waterway was under his complete control.

Answer:

Correct answer

Write the name of the city marked on the diagram with the number "3".

Answer:

Correct answer

constantinople

Write the number indicating the place of residence of the tribes who invited the Varangians to reign.

Answer:

Correct answer

Explanation.

1- this number indicates the place of residence of the Ilmen tribes who invited Rurik and his brothers to rule.

What judgments regarding the events indicated in the diagram are correct? Please select three judgments of the six proposed. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) During the reign of the first Russian princes, this waterway was the only one in Russia.

2) The prince, who established control over this waterway, was killed during the polyudya.

3) Wine, spices, jewelry and glass products, fabrics, books were brought from Byzantium along this route to Russia.

4) This path has lost its significance in Russia by the 11th century.

5) This waterway contributed to both internal and international trade of Russia.

6) The main floating means of the Eastern Slavs of this period was the boat.

Answer:

Correct answer

Explanation.

1) During the reign of the first Russian princes, this waterway was the only one in Russia ( No, great importance had the Volga waterway - from the upper Volga to the Caspian Sea, the highest flowering - the 2nd. 9th c).

2) The prince, who established control over this waterway, was killed during the polyudya ( No, this is not Igor, but Oleg).

3) Wine, spices, jewelry and glass products, fabrics, books were brought from Byzantium along this route to Russia (Yes).

4) This path has already lost its significance in Russia by the 11th century ( No, back in the 12th century, the path was important (according to academician D.S. Likhachev), when trade moved to the west, that is, the path was important in the 10th - mid-13th century)

5) This waterway contributed to both internal and international trade of Russia ( Yes).

6) The main floating means of the Eastern Slavs of this period was the boat (Yes).

Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters

Answer:

Correct answer

What judgments about the artist's painting are correct? Please select two judgments out of five suggested. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) The painting depicts a prince who failed to sign a lucrative trade agreement with Byzantium.

2) The artist who created the painting was not a Itinerant.

3) This is an illustration of the artist for the famous work of the Russian classic of the 19th century.

4) The prince depicted in the picture conquered many cities of Danube Bulgaria.

5) The picture reflects pagan beliefs in Ancient Russia.

Answer:

Correct answer

Explanation.

1.No, Prince Oleg signed a lucrative trade agreement with Byzantium in 911.

2.Painting created V.M. Vasnetsov... He was part of the Itinerant group, that is was a member of the "Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions" ( last third 19th century - 1923)

3.Yes, this is an illustration to the "Song of the Prophetic Oleg" by A.S. Pushkin.

4. No, the picture shows Prince Oleg, and Svyatoslav conquered the Danube Bulgaria.

5.Yes, century in the predictions of the Magi was characteristic of paganism in Russia.

1.	3.
2.	4.

Answer:

Correct answer

Explanation

1.No. M.I. Avilov (1882-1954). The duel of Peresvet with Chelubey on the Kulikovo field (this is the 14th century)

1. Yes... Painting by V.V. Lebedev (1891-1967) "Prince Igor collects tribute from the Drevlyans in 945"

3.No. The painting by V.G. Perov (1834-1882) "The Lament of Yaroslavna" is dedicated to the campaign of Prince Novgorod-Seversky, which took place in 1185.

4. Yes... Painting by the artist V.I.Surikov (1848-1916) "Princess Olga meets the body of Prince Igor".

Part 2

Use ANSWER FORM No. 2 to record the answers to the tasks in this part (20–25). First, write down the task number (20, 21, etc.), and then the detailed answer to it. Write down the answers clearly and legibly.

Read an excerpt from a historical source and briefly answer questions 20-22... The answers assume the use of information from the source, as well as the application of historical knowledge in the course of history of the corresponding period. To record answers to the tasks of this part (21-29), use ANSWER FORM No. 2. First write down the number of the task (21, 22, etc.) , and then a detailed answer to it. Write down the answers clearly and legibly.

Answer:

Correct answer

2) Wends, Sklavins, Antes

3) Rurik, began to rule in 862.

Answer:

Correct answer

Volynians, Polyana, Dregovichi

The names of the Slavic tribes often reflected the territories in which they settled.

Explain the names of the two tribes referred to in this passage.

Answer:

Correct answer

Uglich - from the word "corner" - on the shores of the Black Sea, along the Dnieper and the Bug, a corner was formed.

Dregovichi - from the word "swamp", lived in a swampy area.

Answer:

Correct answer

1. The need to strengthen the princely power;

2. the desire to establish strong ties with Orthodox Byzantium;

3. the need to increase the international authority of Russia

There are other reasons as well.

In historical science, there are controversial issues on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view that exist in historical science.

"Svyatoslav is an example of great generals who have won the glory of victories, respect for the state system and the good."

(Historian N. Chebotarev)

Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can confirm this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it. Be sure to use historical facts when presenting your arguments.

Write down your answer as follows.

- indicate at least two significant events (phenomena, processes),

relating to this period of history;

- name two historical figures whose activities are associated with the specified events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge historical facts, to characterize the roles of the persons named by you in these events (phenomena, processes);

Attention!

When characterizing the role of each person you named, it is necessary to indicate the specific actions of this person, which significantly influenced the course and (or) the result of these events (processes, phenomena).

- indicate at least two causal relationships that characterize the reasons for the occurrence of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred during the given period;

- using knowledge of historical facts and (or) opinions of historians, assess the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of this period on the further history of Russia.

In the course of the presentation, it is necessary to correctly use historical terms, concepts related to this period.

Answer:

Correct answer

“Every linguistic unity that covers a certain area is almost always the result of a previous political unity. The state is always a wonderful interpreter ”. How was the political unity of Russia achieved and then lost? To find out, we will solve the USE tests in history.

This is a parsing of test items for the topic. "Socio-political development of Kievan Rus". Check out some of the factors that held the unity of the Old Russian state together with a video lecture from an exam expert on this topic.

Kievan Rus history USE tests

How to study the history of Kievan Rus? In each of the versions of the USE in history, you will surely encounter several questions about the history of the Old Russian state. Of course, this is not such a seriously checked block of the USE in history, as, for example, the Great Patriotic War. Nevertheless, there are tasks of different difficulty levels.

However, let's take one of the options for the early 2014 USE in history, which were published by Rosobrnadzor on the eve of the 2014 USE. In one of the options, you will see tasks for this period in each of parts - A, B and C (parts 1 and 2 in option

We continue to analyze for each of the topics of the 2018 USE in history one task of each part - 1 (for a short answer) and 2 (a detailed answer). Let me remind you that it is preferable to solve tasks already encountered in the Unified State Exam when preparing for the Unified State Exam 2018. They are included in the so-called "closed segment" of the FIPI and are often found in real versions of the Unified State Examination of different years. Thus, you increase the chances that at the Unified State Exam 2018 you will meet an already analyzed task.

Setting the format of the OGE in history.

How to work with such tasks? In general, they test your ability to analyze the text from the source, and, more specifically, they check either the knowledge of the dates when the event described in the source occurred, or other contextual information (its participants, for example). In the variant of the year it is task 6.

We see that the source that is given to us for work is, and we are asked to choose the year of the event taking place. We immediately highlight this for ourselves in the KIM (this is the text of the assignments with which you need to work on the exam, as with a draft in order not to waste the necessary time).

Let's look at the dates that are offered to us. Three of them fall into the historical framework of the period of Kievan Rus (before 1132 years approximately - the disintegration of united Russia and the beginning of fragmentation). 1223 year- this is one of the key dates in the early history of Russia, which a seriously preparing graduate must know - the first encounter with the Mongols, battle on Kalka.Option 4 is incorrect.

Let's recall the main dates in the history of Kievan Rus:

We see that the event being checked lies in the interval of one century - from the beginning of the XI to the beginning of the XII century. And it refers to the activities of Yaroslav the Wise or his descendants - (the sons and grandsons of Yaroslav the Wise, the most prominent of whom was Vladimir Monomakh).

Now let's work with the source text.

What do we see? They came, defeated the squads of the Russian princes, and fled to their cities. The names of the princes do not tell us much, among them there are no serious historical characters worthy of our attention (Yaroslav the Wise, Vladimir Monomakh). Then comes the discontent of the people of Kiev, who oppose the authorities (the princely governor).

Now, having selected the main information from the text and discarding unnecessary information, let's analyze them. So, Yaroslav the Wise ruled in Kiev with 1019 to 1054... Means, option 1) year 1036 is not correct, since we do not see Yaroslav the Wise in Kiev. In addition, our knowledge should suggest that in 1036 year Yaroslav defeated other nomads - near Kiev. In honor of this event, the church of St. Sophia was laid in Kiev.

Now let's remember what we know about the uprisings in Kiev. with changes in the legislation of Russia - making additions to Russian Pravda.

Just in 1068 year the first Kiev uprising took place, after which the Yaroslavichs (and this is about them in the text) make additions to protect the property and its owners into the laws of their father. Answer 2 is correct! But answer 3 is not correct, let's remember this easiest date in the history of Russia - 1111 year Crusade Vladimir Monomakh against the Polovtsians.

Now let's look at the real task of the Unified State Exam in 2013, Part 1. In the version of the demo version of the Unified State Exam 2018, this is task 3.

This is a task of choosing one extra element from a given row. We are given the period of the VIII-XII centuries - Kievan Rus, respectively. Remember the terms of the topic.

So - - people who entered into an agreement (a number), a category of the population, distinguished by Russian Pravda. This term is appropriate for the period.

- priests of Slavic paganism. We remembered the date 988, it is logical that the Magi were before and after Epiphany.

- these are the places where, according to the tax reform of Princess Olga, the Slavs brought tribute. Olga - the ruler of the X century, fits.

- this is a tribute collection system before Olga's reform. Prince Igor Stary was killed by the Drevlyans at Polyudye in 945.

These are all appropriate terms. This means that the term ELDERLY falls out of this series. It is found, for example, in — legislative act of another period of history - Moscow Russia and is associated with the process of the peasants. The answer from us is asked in the form of a number, do not forget about it. So ANSWER 6.

And now the task of part 2 (written) from the real versions of the exam.

This is a complex theoretical task 24, which tests the ability to argue theoretical postulates. At the same time, if it is performed completely correctly, it is evaluated with 4 points.

Please note that we are offered a special form of response. In addition, what is required from us is not facts in support, namely arguments are our judgments based on facts.

To begin with, let's remember the concept of progress - the progressive development of society, its improvement. We need to prove twice that the disintegration of the united Kievan Rus was a positive phenomenon and twice to give arguments in favor of the opposite point of view.

What immediately comes to mind? The fact that within the framework of united Russia developed, first of all, the central cities - Kiev, Novgorod, temples were built there. The role of the outskirts of Russia consisted mainly in the payment of tribute to the princes. At the same time, united Russia was able to repel external threats, of which there were a lot - Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsians. But Russia, shattered into destinies, fell, if not easy, but a victim of the Mongol invasion of the middle of the 13th century.

Let's start to format the arguments. In confirmation:

What have we done? In fact, one argument was divided into two, the formation of urban centers continued the development of culture in them. This, incidentally, is the main argument in favor of fragmentation.

Now in rebuttal:

1) If united Russia could repel the raids of nomads, Polovtsians, for example, then fragmented Russia was conquered by Khan Batu during the invasion 1237-1240 Not a single prince, not wanting to obey another, came to the aid of a neighbor, the Mongols took one city after another.

What have we done? They showed our deep knowledge, confirming them with the date, terms (), facts. This is not just our thought, but confirmed knowledge that no expert, even with a strong desire, can refute!

And our answer:

24. Arguments in confirmation:

1) During the period of fragmentation, a number of new urban centers of Russia develop - Vladimir-on-Klyazma, Galich, Vladimir Volynsky, Chernigov, Ryazan, in which craft, trade is concentrated, while within the framework of Kievan Rus, first of all, the "capitals" - Kiev and Novgorod.

2) The period of fragmentation is the peak of the development of ancient Russian culture, each principality sought to surpass its neighbor in the beauty of temples, to become a cultural center. Stone cathedrals are being built in Vladimir (Uspensky, Pokrova-on-Nerl, Dmitrovsky).

Arguments in rebuttal:

1) If united Russia could repel the raids of nomads, Polovtsy, for example, then fragmented Russia was conquered by Khan Batu during the invasion of 1237-1240. Not a single prince, not wanting to obey another, came to the aid of a neighbor, the Mongols took one city after another.

2) During the fragmentation of the princely strife, the common population suffers, the princes storm each other's cities, take their inhabitants captive like slaves, rob churches, as Andrei Bogolyubsky did, taking Kiev. This undermined the productive forces of Russia.

And your homework will be in the comments to the analysis of the topic and in the "Historical essay" section of our group